Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I.
I.1.
a.
nh Ngha:
b.
Ha cht nguy him l ho cht c mt hoc nhiu cc c tnh nguy him sau
y:
D n
xi ho mnh
n mn mnh
D chy
c cp tnh
c mn tnh
Gy kch ng vi con ngi
Gy ung th hoc c nguy c gy ung th
Gy bin i gen
c i vi sinh sn
Tch lu sinh hc
nhim hu c kh phn hu
c hi n mi trng.
c.
Page 2
e.
bao b. Nhn ho cht c in chm, in ni trc tip hoc c dn, nh, ci chc chn
trn bao b cha ho cht.
n.
Hip hi ho hc c bn v ng dng.
o.
Page 3
ng da
ng tiu ho
ng mt
b.
- Bnh bi phi.
Page 5
II.
Thnh Phn:
Mt bng ch dn an ton ha cht (MSDS) phi bao gm t nht l cc mc sau:
p Dng:
Ti M, OSHA yu cu rng MSDS phi bo cho ngi lao ng v cc kh nng gy
thng tn tim n ca mi ha cht trong khu vc sn xut theo lut "Cc quyn ngi
lao ng c bit".
MSDS ch yu c s dng trong cc khu vc sn xut c s dng ha cht c coi l
c hi m khng phi l cho cc ha cht c s dng ph bin trong i sng hng
ngy. V d, MSDS cho cc cht ty ra l khng thch hp lm cho nhng ngi ch s
Page 7
dng mt can ha cht ny trong nm, nhng n l cc k cn thit cho nhng ngi
lm cng vic ty ra trong mt khu vc cht hp ti 40 h trong tun.
Ti Vit Nam, cc x nghip sn xut cng nghip hin i u bt buc phi c MSDS.
II.3. Dn nhn
Nhng thng, ti v cc vt cha khc nn c kim tra k v dn nhn chnh xc.
Mc ch dn nhn l thng bo cho ngi lao ng s c hi ca ho cht v nhng
bin php thn trng cn thit v phi lm g trong trng hp khn cp.
Ni dung ca dn nhn bao gm nhng ni dung sau:
Tn thng mi.
c im ca ho cht.
Tn, a ch v s in thoi ca ngi cung cp.
Nhng biu tng gy hi.
Nhng tc hi c bit khi s dng ho cht.
Page 8
Nhng gi gn m bo an ton.
Nhn din tng loi.
Khng nh gi liu an ton ca ho cht, thng tin b sung c sn t ngi s dng
lao ng.
S phn loi n nh theo mt h thng c thit lp bi c quan c thm quyn.
Khi mt ho cht c hi c chuyn t thng cha gc sang vt cha th 2 v tip
theo u phi c dn nhn chnh xc. Nhng nhn ny s c dn tt c cc vt
cha theo nhn gc ca n m bo s c lp hoc chuyn nhng. Bt c ho cht
no m khng c nhn phn loi th khng c chuyn nhng.
III.
III.1.
Chy
Page 9
a.
Page 10
Axeton
-18
Xy len
24
Du ha KO-20
40
Heptan
-4
Toluen
b.
Nhin liu rn
Mt vi ha cht trng thi rn (th d: Magi) s chy mt cch nhanh chng khi bt
la v s rt kh dp tt.
Mt s loi bi, bt cng c kh nng bc chy v gy n khi t mt t l nht nh
trong khng kh. Khi trn v ngun la xut hin, nhin liu dng bt s chy to ting
n lin tc bi lng nhin liu b kch thch chy n thm vo.
c.
Nhin liu kh
Page 11
III.1.2 Nhit
Nhit - yu t th 2 ca b ba gy chy n (hnh 13). Nhit l yu t a nhin liu
ti im chp chy (nu im chp chy trn nhit xung quanh) v kch thch hn
hp chy bng chy. Ngun nhit c th l cc dng in, tnh in, phn ng ha hc,
quy trnh nhit, s ma st, ngn la trn, nhit bc x v tia la in...
Vn then cht phng chy n cc ha cht nguy him l kim tra cc ngun nhit
a.
Dng in
b.
Tnh in
Page 12
c.
Nh gii thiu chng I, khi 2 hay nhiu ha cht pha trn, nh hng kt hp c
th nguy him hn tng nhng nh hng ring r, tc l cng c th cng dn ti mt
nguy c chy n cao hn. Chng hn:
Vic pha trn to ra hp cht c im chy v im si thp hn, khi s d dng kch
thch hi hp cht chy hn.
Khi 2 ha cht phn ng c th sinh nhit, lm cho cc ha cht b nng n nhit
nguy him v phn ng chy dy chuyn xy ra c th li nhng hu qu thm khc.
d.
Nhit sinh do ma st
Page 13
e.
Bc x nhit
f.
Ngn la trn
III.1.3 xy
xy l yu t th 3 ca b ba gy chy n (hnh 17). Hu ht nhin liu cn t nht 15%
xy chy, vt qu 21% xy c th t chy v dn ti n. Ngun xy, ngoi lng c
trong mi trng khng kh cn gm c bnh cha xy dng trong cc hot ng ct hn,
xy c cung cp bi mt ng dn dng cho qu trnh hot ng v xy to ra trong
cc phn ng ha hc. xy c th thot ra khi mt ha cht (thng l cht xy ha) b
t nng.
Bng 2: Mt vi ha cht c th thot ra oxy khi b t nng
Hp cht cha gc
- (NO3)-
V d
NaNO3, NH4NO3
Page 14
- (NO2)-
NH4NO2
- (-O-O-) vi cc cht v c
H2O2
- (MnO4)-
KMnO4
* Lu :
Khng phi trong bt k trng hp no cng phi c 3 yu t trn th mi xy ra
chy, v d: phot pho, bi nhm.. c th t chy khi tip xc vi khng kh m khng
cn c mi la, hoc hyro c th chy trong clo m khng cn c oxy.
Mt s cht c th t chy ngoi khng kh m khng cn c mi la. Nguyn nhn
ca s t bc chy l do cc cht hu c b xy ha ta nhit gy ra chy. Hin
tng r lau du t bc chy khi phi ngoi nng l mt v d v s t chy (trong
nng nghip, tnh trng tng t xut hin bi nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ln
men khi c m c ng gi v ct gi trong kho). Bin php n gin gim cc
nguy c ny l ct gi cc mnh r lau du trong cc thng cha c np y (do s
gim lng xy).
Bng 3: Nhit t bc chy ca mt s cht
Nhit t bc chy oC
400
518
523
557
Tn ha cht
Ete sunfuaric
Ru amylic
Glycerin
Ru etylic
III.2.
Nng g/m3
Ti thiu
7
7
17,2
Ti a
13,7
13,7
34,4
Tnh cht n
(k hiu)
CNN
CNN
Nhit
bng chy
24
Gii hn n (% th tch)
Trn
Di
2,5
11
3,11
28,5
Page 16
Isobutan
CCK
77
1,81
Mt vi loi kh c nh gi l nguy him n (vit tt CNN) tc l c kh nng n hay
kch thch n m khng cn c s tham gia ca xy.
Gii hn n s thay i ty theo: nhit ca hn hp, t l cc cht khng chy, p
lc...v nhiu yu t khc.
IV.1.
Gy ngt
a.
Ngt th n thun
Cht gy ngt n thun thng dng kh nh: CO2, CH4 (m tan), N2, C2H6 ( tan),
H2 ...; khi lng cc kh ny tng s lm gim t l xy trong khng kh v gy ngt
th; nu khng c cp cu kp thi c th s dn n t vong. Bnh thng khng kh
cha khong 21% xy, nu nng xy h xung di 17% th khng p ng
nhu cu ca cc t chc c th v xut hin cc triu chng hoa mt, chng mt, bun
nn v ri lon hnh vi. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra ni lm vic cht hp, di cc
ging v trong cc hm l (hnh 8)
Page 17
.
Hnh 8: Mi trng lm vic cht hp, thiu xy c th dn ti t vong
b.
Ngt th ha hc
IV. 2.
Gy m v gy t
Tip xc vi nng cao mt trong cc ha cht nh: etanol, propanol (ancol bo),
axeton v metyl-etyxeton (xeton bo), axetylen, hyrocacbon, etyl v isopropyl ete... c
th lm suy yu h thn kinh trung ng, gy ngt thm ch dn n t vong. Nhng cht
ny gy nh hng tng t nh say ru. Khi tip xc thng xuyn vi cc ha cht
ny nng thp mt s ngi b nghin chng.
IV.3.
Gy tc hi ti h thng cc c quan ca c th
qu x gan v gim chc nng gan. Cc dung mi: alcol, cacbon tetraclorua, tricloetylen,
clorofom c th gy tn thng gan, dn n vim gan vi cc triu chng vng da, vng
mt.
Thn l mt phn ca h tit niu, chc nng ca h tit niu l bi tit (o thi) cc
cht cn do c th sinh ra, duy tr s cn bng ca nc v mui, kim sot v duy tr
nng axt trong mu (hnh 10). Cc ha cht cn tr thn o thi cht c gm etylen
glycol, cacbon isunphua, cacbon tetraclorua, cabon isulphua. Cc hp cht khc nh
cami, ch, nha thng, etanol, toluen, xylen... s lm hng dn chc nng ca thn.
H thn kinh (hnh 11) c th b tn thng do tc ng ca cc ha cht nguy him, v
d nh:
Tip xc lu di vi cc dung mi s dn ti cc triu chng mt mi, kh ng, au u
v bun nn; nng hn s l ri lon vn ng, lit v suy tri gic.
Tip xc vi hecxan, mangan v ch s lm tn thng h thn kinh ngoi vi, li hu
qu lit r c tay.
Tip xc vi cc hp cht c photphat hu c nh parathion c th gy suy gim h thn
kinh; cn vi cacbon isunfua c th dn n ri lon tm thn...
Page 19
IV.4.
Ung th
IV.5.
thai nhi d b nh hng nht bi cc t chc quan trng ca no, tim, tay v chn ang
hnh thnh. Cc nghin cu ni tip nhau ch ra rng s c mt ca ha cht nh thy
ngn, kh gy m, cc dung mi hu c c th cn tr qu trnh bnh thng ca vic
phn chia t bo, gy bin dng bo thai.
IV.6.
IV.7.
Bnh bi phi
Page 21