You are on page 1of 170

Chuyn bi dng ho hc

hc sinh lp 8-9
nm hc 2008-2009
Chc nng c bn :
- H !h"ng h#$ %i&n !h'c( gi)p hc sinh nh nh$nh( nh s*u+
- ,o snh( !-ng h.p( %hi /u! ho cc %hi nim+
- 0$ 1$ di d2ng cc c3ng !h'c( s4 d5 hi6u( %7ch !h7ch
!7nh !8 m8( !9 !:m hi6u c;$ hc sinh+
- <o=n b> cc d2ng b=i !?p !h@o ch4ng !1:nh c;$ A> Bio dCc
- 0=o !2o
-
Dgo=i 1$ c# !h6 chi$ $Ei! !h=nh $Ei! m2nh F= $Ei! y&u

Axit mnh Axit trung bnh Axit yu Axit rt yu
H

p

c
h

t

v

GEi! HI
E
G
y
J
IEi! HH
n
AJ
A$K4- LHGHJ
n
Lu"i HL
E
A
y
J
GEi! $Ei!M CG
2
( ,G
2
( ,G
N
( DG
2
( D
2
G
O
( ,iG
2
(
P
2
G
O
GEi! b$K4M Qi
2
G( D$
2
G( R
2
G( C$G( A$G(
CuG(S@
2
G
N
GEi! !1ung !7nhM CG( DGT
GEi! lng !7nhM UnG( Il
2
G
N
( C1
2
G
N

IEi! %h3ng c# oEi HHid1$Ei!JM HCl( HA1( H
2
,( HS
IEi! c# oEi HGE$Ei!JM HDG
N
( H
2
,G
V
( H
N
PG
V
T+
A$K4 !$n HRimJM D$GH( RGH( C$HGHJ
2
(
A$HGHJ
2
A$K4 %h3ng !$nM LgHGHJ
2
( CuHGHJ
2
( S@HGHJ
N
T
Lu"i $Ei!M D$H,G
V
( D$HCG
N
( C$HHCG
N
J
2
T
Lu"i !1ung ho=M D$Cl( RDG
N
( C$CG
N
T
PHn loi HCVC
HDG
N
H
2
,G
V
HCl
H
N
PG
V
H
2
,G
N
CH
N
CGGH
H
2
CG
N
H
2
,
oxit oxit axit axit baz baz mui mui
nh nh
ngha ngha
Q= h.p chW! c;$ oEi Fi X
nguyn !" %hc
Q= h.p chW! m= ph*n !Y
gm X h$y nhiu nguyn
!Y H lin %&! Fi g"c $Ei!
Q= h.p chW! m= ph*n !Y
gm X nguyn !Y %im lo2i
lin %&! Fi X h$y nhiu
nh#m GH
Q= h.p chW! m= ph*n !Y
gm %im lo2i lin %&! Fi
g"c $Ei!+
CTHH CTHH
Bi nguyn !" !1ong oEi!
l= I ho !1Z n+ C<HH l=M
- I
2
G
n
n&u n l[
- IG
n\2
n&u n ch]n
Bi g"c $Ei! l= A c# ho
!1Z n+
C<HH l=M H
n
A
Bi %im lo2i l= L c# ho
!1Z n
C<HH l=M LHGHJ
n
Bi %im lo2i l= L( g"c
$Ei! l= A
C<HH l=M L
E
A
y
Tn gi Tn gi
<n oEi! ^ <n nguyn !" _
oEi!
Qu `M Ram !h@o ho !1Z
c;$ %im lo2i %hi %im lo2i c#
nhiu ho !1Z+
Rhi phi %im c# nhiu ho
!1Z !h: %am !i&p bu
ngc+
- IEi! %h3ng c# oEiM IEi! _
!n phi %im _ hid1ic
- IEi! c# 7! oEiM IEi! _ !n
phi %im _ 4 H14J
- IEi! c# nhiu oEiM IEi! _
!n phi %im _ ic H1icJ
<n b$K4 ^ <n %im lo2i
_ hid1oEi!
Qu `M Ram !h@o ho !1Z
c;$ %im lo2i %hi %im lo2i
c# nhiu ho !1Z+
<n mu"i ^ !n %im lo2i _
!n g"c $Ei!
Qu `M Ram !h@o ho !1Z
c;$ %im lo2i %hi %im lo2i
c# nhiu ho !1Z+
TCHH TCHH
X+ <c dCng Fi nc
- GEi! $Ei! !c dCng Fi nc
!2o !h=nh dd IEi!
- GEi! b$K4 !c dCng Fi n-
c !2o !h=nh dd A$K4
2+ GE$E _ dd A$K4 !2o
!h=nh mu"i F= nc
N+ GEbK _ dd IEi! !2o
!h=nh mu"i F= nc
V+ GE$E _ GEbK !2o !h=nh
mu"i
X+ Q=m /ud !7m e
hng
2+ <c dCng Fi A$K4
Lu"i F= nc
N+ <c dCng Fi oEi! b$K4
mu"i F= nc
V+ <c dCng Fi %im lo2i
mu"i F= Hid1o
O+ <c dCng Fi mu"i
mu"i mi F= $Ei! mi
X+ <c dCng Fi $Ei!
mu"i F= nc
2+ dd Rim l=m -i
m=u chW! chf !hZ
- Q=m /ud !7m E$nh
- Q=m dd ph@nolph!$l@in
%h3ng m=u hng
N+ dd Rim !c dCng Fi
oE$E mu"i F= nc
V+ dd Rim _ dd mu"i
Lu"i _ A$K4
O+ A$K4 %h3ng !$n bZ
nhi! ph*n oEi! _ nc
X+ <c dCng Fi $Ei!
mu"i mi _ $Ei! mi
2+ dd mu"i _ dd Rim
mu"i mi _ b$K4 mi
N+ dd mu"i _ Rim lo2i
Lu"i mi _ %im lo2i mi
V+ dd mu"i _ dd mu"i
2 mu"i mi
O+ L>! s" mu"i bZ nhi!
ph*n
Lu - GEi! lng !7nh c# !h6 !c
dCng Fi cg dd $Ei! F= dd
%im
- HDG
N
( H
2
,G
V
hc c#
cc !7nh chW! 1ing
- A$K4 lng !7nh c# !h6
!c dCng Fi cg dd $Ei! F=
dd %im
- Lu"i $Ei! c# !h6 phgn
'ng nh X $Ei!
Tnh cht ho hc ca cc h!" cht #$ c
_ dd Lu"i
_ $Ei!
_ dd b$K4
_ %im lo2i
!
0
_ dd mu"i
!
0
_ $Ei! _ GE$E
_ GEi! A$K4
_ A$K4
_ dd Lu"i
_ RQ _ Dc _ Dc
O
x
i
t

a
x
i
t
O
x
i
t

b
a
z

Lu"i
_ nc
$Ei! Rim
Lu"i
_ dd IEi! _ dd A$K4
A
x
i
t
Lu"i _ H2G
Q
u

Lu"i _ h
2
Lu"i _ IEi!
M
u

i
A$K4
Rim %+!$n
Q
u


x
a
n
h
P
h
e
n
o

p
h
a

e
i
n


!
"
m
#
u


h
$
n
%
Lu"i _ h
2
G
oEi! _
h
2
G
M
u

i

&

a
x
i
t
Lu"i _ b$K4
Lu"i _ mu"i
Lu"i _ %im lo2i
Cc
sgn phim %hc
nh$u
Tchh ca oxit Tchh ca %xit
Tchh ca mui Tchh ca baz
Qu `M <hjng chf ghp O oEi! b$K4 !$n .c !1ong nc l= Qi
2
G( D$
2
G( R
2
G( C$G( A$G+
0*y ckng l= cc oEi! b$K4 c# !h6 !c dCng Fi oEi! $Ei!+
0"i Fi b$K4( c# cc !7nh chW! chung cho cg 2 lo2i nhng c# nhcng !7nh
chW! chf c;$ Rim hohc b$K4 %h3ng !$n
L>! s" lo2i h.p chW! c# cc !7nh chW! ho hc 1ing( !1ong n=y %h3ng
c?p !i( c# !h6 E@m phbn c !hm hohc cc b=i gii !hiu 1ing !1ong sg%+
Lu"i _
b$K4
&i 'uan h( gi)a cc *o+i h!" cht #$ c &i 'uan h( gi)a cc *o+i h!" cht #$ c
Cc "h Cc "hng t,-nh ho hc minh ho+ th ng t,-nh ho hc minh ho+ th.ng g/" .ng g/"
VIl _ NG
2
2Il
2
G
N
CuG _ H
2

0
t
Cu _ H
2
G
S@
2
G
N
_ NCG
0
t
2S@ _ NCG
2
, _ G
2
,G
2
C$G _ H
2
G C$HGHJ
2
CuHGHJ
2

0
t
CuG _ H
2
G
C$G _ 2HCl C$Cl
2
_ H
2
G
C$G _ CG
2
C$CG
N
D$
2
CG
N
_ C$HGHJ
2
C$CG
N
_ 2D$GH
D$GH _ HCl D$Cl _ H
2
G
2D$GH _ CG
2
D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G
A$Cl
2
_ D$
2
,G
V
A$,G
V
_ 2D$Cl
,G
N
_ H
2
G H
2
,G
V
P
2
G
O
_ NH
2
G 2H
N
PG
V
P
2
G
O
_ lD$GH 2D$
N
PG
V
_ NH
2
G
D
2
G
O
_ D$
2
G 2D$DG
N
A$Cl
2
_ H
2
,G
V
A$,G
V
_ 2HCl
2HCl _ S@ S@Cl
2
_ H
2
2HCl _ A$HGHJ
2
A$Cl
2
_ 2H
2
G
lHCl _ S@
2
G
N
2S@Cl
N
_ NH
2
G
Ph*n
hum
_ H2G
_ dd Rim
_ GEbK
_ A$K4
_ IEi!
_ Rim lo2i
_ dd Rim
_ IEi!
_ GE$E
_ dd Lu"i
!
0
_ H2G
_ IEi!
_ GEi _ H2( CG _ GEi
Lu"i _ h
2
G
GEi! $Ei! GEi! b$K4
A$K4
Rim %+!$n
_ GE$E
Rim lo2i Phi %im
_ GEbK
_ dd Lu"i
IEi!
L2nh y&u
Lu :
- L>! s" oEi! %im lo2i nh Il
2
G
N
(
LgG( A$G( C$G( D$
2
G( R
2
G T
%h3ng bZ H
2
( CG %hY+
- Cc oEi! %im lo2i %hi n !12ng !hi
ho !1Z c$o l= oEi! $Ei! nhM C1G
N
(
Ln
2
G
o
(T
- Cc phgn 'ng ho hc Egy 1$ phgi
!u*n !h@o cc iu %in c;$
!png phgn 'ng+
- Rhi oEi! $Ei! !c dCng Fi dd Rim
!h: !ud !h@o !f l s" mol sq !2o
1$ mu"i $Ei! h$y mu"i !1ung ho=+
rsM
D$GH _ CG
2
D$HCG
N
2D$GH _ CG
2
D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G
- Rhi !c dCng Fi H2,GV hc(
%im lo2i sq !h6 hin ho !1Z c$o
nhW!( %h3ng gigi ph#ng Hid1o
rsM
Cu _ 2H
2
,G
V
Cu,G
V
_ ,G
2
_
H
2
G
2HCl _ C$CG
N
C$Cl
2
_ 2H
2
G
0i1u ch2 cc h!" cht #$ c 0i1u ch2 cc h!" cht #$ c

t
X9
20
2X
XN
XV
XO
Xl
Xo
X8
X2
l
o
8
9
X0
XX
X
2
N
O
V
Rim lo2i _ oEi
Phi %im _ oEi
H.p chW! _ oEi
oEi!
Nhit phn mui
Nhit phn baz khng
tan
A$K4
Phi %im _ hid1o
GEi! $Ei! _ nc
IEi! m2nh _ mu"i
Rim _ dd mu"i
GEi! b$K4 _ nc
in ph*n dd mu"i
Hc# m=ng ngnJ
IEi!
X+ NS@ _ 2G
2

0
t
S@
N
G
V
2+ VP _ OG
2

0
t
2P
2
G
O
N+ CH
V
_ G
2

0
t
CG
2
_ 2H
2
G
V+ C$CG
N

0
t
C$G _ CG
2
O+ CuHGHJ
2

0
t
CuG _ H
2
G
l+ Cl
2
_ H
2

askt
2HCl
o+ ,G
N
_ H
2
G H
2
,G
V
8+ A$Cl
2
_ H
2
,G
V
A$,G
V

_ 2HCl
9+ C$HGHJ
2
_ D$
2
CG
N

C$CG
N
_ 2D$GH
X0+ C$G _ H
2
G
C$HGHJ
2
XX+ D$Cl _ 2H2G
dpdd

IEi! _ b$K4
GEi! b$K4 _ dd $Ei!
GEi! $Ei! _ dd %im
GEi! $Ei!
_ oEi! b$K4
sd mu"i _ dd mu"i
sd mu"i _ dd %im
Lu"i _ dd $Ei!
Lu"i
Rim lo2i _ phi %im
Rim lo2i _ dd $Ei!
Rim lo2i _ dd mu"i
X2+ A$HGHJ
2
_ H
2
,G
V
A$,G
V
_
2H
2
G
XN+ CuG _ 2HCl CuCl
2
_ H
2
G
XV+ ,G
2
_ 2D$GH D$
2
,G
N
_ H
2
G
XO+ C$G _ CG
2
C$CG
N
Xl+ A$Cl
2
_ D$
2
,G
V
A$,G
V
_
2D$Cl
Xo+ Cu,G
V
_ 2D$GH CuHGHJ
2
_
D$
2
,G
V
X8+ C$CG
N
_ 2HCl C$Cl
2
_ CG
2
_
H
2
G
Tnh cht ho hc ca 3im *o+i
456 ho+t 07ng ho hc ca 3im *o+i8 456 ho+t 07ng ho hc ca 3im *o+i8
9: ;a: &g: %*: <n: =>: ?b: @HA: Cu: %g: %u
H9hi ;=o &$y %# <p BCt ?hgi Hei C)c D+c EFngJ
` nghu$M
R A
$
C
$
D$ Lg Il U
n
S
@
Di ,
n
P
b
H C
u
I
g
H
g
I
u
P
!
_ G
2
M nhi! > !hjng n nhi! > c$o Rh# phgn 'ng

R A
$
C
$
D$ Lg Il U
n
S
@
Di ,
n
P
b
H C
u
I
g
H
g
I
u
P
!
<c dCng Fi nc Rh3ng !c dCng Fi nc n nhi! > !hjng
R A
$
C
$
D$ Lg Il U
n
S
@
Di ,
n
P
b
H C
u
I
g
H
g
I
u
P
!
<c dCng Fi cc $Ei! !h3ng !hjng gigi ph#ng Hid1o Rh3ng !c dCng+
R A
$
C
$
D$ Lg Il U
n
S
@
Di ,
n
P
b
H C
u
I
g
H
g
I
u
P
!
Rim lo2i 'ng !1c iy %im lo2i 'ng s$u 1$ %hei mu"i
R A
$
C
$
D$ Lg Il U
n
S
@
Di ,
n
P
b
H C
u
I
g
H
g
I
u
P
!
H2( CG %h3ng %hY .c oEi! %hY .c oEi! cc %im lo2i n=y n nhi! > c$o
Ch :
_ IEi!
_ G2
_ Phi %im
_ ss Lu"i
Rim
lo2i
oEi!
Lu"i
Lu"i _ H
2
Lu"i _ %l
X+ NS@ _ 2G
2

0
t
S@
N
G
V
2+ 2S@ _ NCl
2

0
t
2S@Cl
N
N+ S@ _ 2HCl S@Cl
2
_
H
2

V+ S@ _ Cu,G
V
S@,G
V
_
Cu
- Cc %im lo2i 'ng !1c Lg phgn 'ng Fi nc n nhi! > !hjng !2o !h=nh dd
Rim F= gigi ph#ng %h7 Hid1o+
- <1p Iu F= P!( cc %im lo2i %hc u c# !h6 !c dCng Fi HDG
N
F= H
2
,G
V
hc
nhng %h3ng gigi ph#ng Hid1o+
Bo Gnh tnh cht ho hc ca nh$m #F GCt Bo Gnh tnh cht ho hc ca nh$m #F GCt
H Iing:
- 0u c# cc !7nh chW! chung c;$ %im lo2i+
- 0u %h3ng !c dCng Fi HDG
N
F= H
2
,G
V
hc ngu>i
H 9hc:
<7nh chW! %* HD<R ^ 2oJ => HD<R ^ OlJ
<7nh chW!
F?! l`
- Rim lo2i m=u !1vng( c# nh
%im( nhw( dxn in nhi! !"!+
- !
0
nc
^ ll0
0
C
- Q= %im lo2i nhw( d5 d! meng(
d[o+
- Rim lo2i m=u !1vng Em( c#
nh %im( dxn in nhi! %ym
h4n Dh3m+
- !
0
nc
^ XON9
0
C
- Q= %im lo2i nhng( d[o nn d5
1an+
<c dCng Fi
phi %im
2Il _ NCl
2

0
t
2IlCl
N
2Il _ N,
0
t
Il
2
,
N
2S@ _ NCl
2

0
t
2S@Cl
N
S@ _ ,
0
t
S@,
<c dCng Fi
$Ei!
2Il _ lHCl 2IlCl
N
_ NH
2
S@ _ 2HCl S@Cl
2
_ H
2
<c dCng Fi
dd mu"i
2Il _ NS@,G
V
Il
2
H,G
V
J
N
_
NS@
S@ _ 2IgDG
N
S@HDG
N
J
2
_
2Ig
<c dCng Fi
dd Rim
2Il _ 2D$GH _ H
2
G
2D$IlG
2
_ NH
2
Rh3ng phgn 'ng
H.p chW! - Il
2
G
N
c# !7nh lng !7nh
Il
2
G
N
_ lHCl 2IlCl
N
_ NH
2
G
Il
2
G
N
_ 2D$GH2D$IlG
2
_
H2G
- IlHGHJ
N
%&! !;$ d2ng %@o( l=
h.p chW! lng !7nh
- S@G( S@
2
G
N
F= S@
N
G
V
u l=
cc oEi! b$K4
- S@HGHJ
2
m=u !1vng E$nh
- S@HGHJ
N
m=u n*u e
92t *uJn - Dh3m l= %im lo2i lng !7nh( c#
!h6 !c dCng Fi cg dd IEi! F=
dd Rim+ <1ong cc phgn 'ng
ho hc( Dh3m !h6 hin ho
!1Z zzz
- ,v! !h6 hin 2 ho !1ZM zz( zzz
_ <c dCng Fi $Ei! !h3ng !hjng(
Fi phi %im y&u( Fi dd mu"iM zz
_ <c dCng Fi H
2
,G
V
hc
n#ng( dd HDG
N
( Fi phi %im
m2nhM zzz
Iang #F thK" Iang #F thK"
Gang Thp
0\D - B$ng l= h.p %im c;$ ,v! Fi - <hyp l= h.p %im c;$ ,v! Fi
C$cbon F= X s" nguyn !" %hc
nh Ln( ,i( ,T H{C^2O{J
C$cbon F= X s" nguyn !" %hc
H{C|2{J
,gn EuW! C _ G2
0
t
CG
2
CG
2
_ C
0
t
2CG
NCG _ S@
2
G
N

0
t
2S@ _ NCG
2
VCG _ S@
N
G
V

0
t
NS@ _ VCG
2
C$G _ ,iG
2

0
t
C$,iG
N
2S@ _ G2
0
t
2S@G
S@G _ C
0
t
S@ _ CG
S@G _ Ln
0
t
S@ _ LnG
2S@G _ ,i
0
t
2S@ _ ,iG
2
<7nh chW! C'ng( gi8nT C'ng( =n hiT
tnh cht ho hc ca "hi 3im8 tnh cht ho hc ca "hi 3im8
_ GEi! RQ _ G2
A$ d2ng !h} h:nh c;$ C$cbon
_ D$GH
_ RGH( !
0
_ D$GH
_ H2G
_ Rim lo2i
_ Hid1o
_ Hid1o
_ G2
_ Rim lo2i
Phi
Rim
GEi! $Ei!
Lu"i clo1u$
sgn phim %h7
Clo
HCl
GEi! %im lo2i hohc mu"i
HCl _ HClG D$Cl _
D$ClG
Dc Bi$-F@n
RCl _ RClG
N

c$cbon
Rim c4ngM Q= chW! 1vn
!1ong su"!( c'ng( %h3ng
dxn inT
Q=m !1$ng s'c( mki
%ho$n( d$o cv! %7nhT
<h$n ch:M Q= chW! 1vn(
mm( c# %hg nng dxn
in
Q=m in c9c( chW! b3i
!14n( 1u>! b)! ch:T
C$cbon F3 Znh h:nhM
Q= chW! 1vn( E"p( %h3ng
c# %hg nng dxn in(
c# 7nh hWp phC+
Q=m nhin liu( ch& !2o
mh! n2 ph8ng >cT
CG
2
Rim lo2i _ CG
2
Cc "hng t,-nh ho hc 0ng nhL
X+ 2S@ _ NCl
2
2S@Cl
N
2+ S@ _ ,
0
t
S@,
N+ H
2
G _ Cl
2
HCl _ HClG
V+ 2D$GH _ Cl
2
D$Cl _ D$ClG _ H
2
G
O+ VHCl _ LnG
2

0
t
LnCl
2
_ Cl
2
_
2H
2
G
l+ D$Cl _ 2H
2
G
dpdd
mnx

2D$GH _ Cl
2

_ H
2
l+ C _ 2CuG
0
t
2Cu _ CG
2
o+ NCG _ S@
2
G
N

0
t
2S@ _ NCG
2
8+ D$GH _ CG
2
D$HCG
N
9+ 2D$GH _ CG
2
D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G
H.p chW! hcu c4
Hid1o c$cbon sxn EuW! c;$ ~H
Hid1oc$bo
n no
In%$n
C<<
CnH2n_2
rsM CHV
HL@!$nJ
Hid1oc$cbon
%h3ng no
In%@n
C<<M
CnH2n
rsM C2HV
H!il@nJ
Hid1oc$cbo
n %h3ng no
In%in
C<<M
CnH2n-2
rsM C2HV
HIE@!il@nJ
Hid1oc$cbo
n !h4m
I1@n
C<<
CnH2n-l
rsM ClHl
HA@nK@nJ
sxn EuW!
ch'$
H$log@n
rsM
C2HOCl
ClHOA1
sxn EuW!
ch'$ GEi
rsM
C2HOGH
CHNCGG
H
ChW!
sxn EuW!
ch'$
Di!4
rsM
P1o!@in
?hMn *o+i h!" cht h)u c
H.p chW! L@!$n !il@n IE@!il@n A@nK@n
C<P<+
P<R
CHV ^ Xl C2HV ^ 28 C2H2 ^ 2l ClHl ^ o8
C3ng
!h'c cWu
!2o
C
H
H
H
H
Qin %&! 4n
C
H H
H
C
H
Qin %&! 3i gm X lin %&!
bn F= X lin %&! %ym bn
C
H
H C
Qin %&! b$ gm X lin
%&! bn F= 2 lin %&!
%ym bn
Nl% 3i F= Nl% 4n E@n
%q !1ong F8ng l c2nh
u
<12ng !hi Rh7 Qeng
<7nh
chW! F?!
l`
Rh3ng m=u( %h3ng m}i( 7! !$n !1ong nc( nhw h4n %h3ng %h7+ Rh3ng m=u( %h3ng !$n
!1ong nc( nhw h4n nc(
ho= !$n nhiu chW!(
>c
<7nh
chW! ho
hc
- Bi"ng
nh$u
C# phgn 'ng chy sinh 1$ CG
2
F= H
2
G
CH
V
_ 2G
2
CG
2
_ 2H
2
G
C
2
H
V
_ NG
2
2CG
2
_ 2H
2
G
2C
2
H
2
_ OG
2
VCG
2
_ 2H
2
G
2C
l
H
l
_ XOG
2
X2CG
2
_ lH
2
G
- Rhc
nh$u
Chf !h$m gi$ phgn 'ng
!h&
CH
V
_ Cl
2

anhsang

CH
N
Cl _ HCl
C# phgn 'ng c>ng
C
2
H
V
_ A1
2
C
2
H
V
A1
2
C
2
H
V
_ H
2

0
, , Ni t P

C
2
H
l
C
2
H
V
_ H
2
G C
2
H
O
GH
C# phgn 'ng c>ng
C
2
H
2
_ A1
2
C
2
H
2
A1
2
C
2
H
2
_ A1
2
C
2
H
2
A1
V
rp$ c# phgn 'ng !h&
F= phgn 'ng c>ng H%h#J
C
l
H
l
_ A1
2

0
, Fe t

C
l
H
O
A1 _ HA1
C
l
H
l
_ Cl
2

asMT

C
l
H
l
Cl
l
'ng
dCng
Q=m nhin liu( nguyn
liu !1ong ji s"ng F=
!1ong c3ng nghip
Q=m nguyn liu iu ch&
nh9$ P( 1.u !ylic( IEi!
IE@!ic( %7ch !h7ch /ug
ch7n+
Q=m nhin liu h=n E:(
!hvp sng( l= nguyn
liu sgn EuW! PrC( c$o
su T
Q=m dung m3i( diu
ch& !hu"c nhu>m( d.c
phim( !hu"c Ar<rT
0iu C# !1ong %h7 !hin ,p ch& ho dbu me( sinh Cho W! an _ nc( sp ,gn phim chng nh9$
ch& nhin( %h7 ng h=nh(
%h7 b}n $o+
1$ %hi /ug ch7n
C
2
H
O
GH
0
2 4
, H SO d t


C
2
H
V
_ H
2
G
ch& ho dbu me
C$C
2
_ H
2
G
C
2
H
2
_ C$HGHJ
2
!h$n +
Dh?n
bi&!
Rh3g l=m mW! m=u dd
A1
2
Q=m mW! m=u Clo ngo=i
$s
Q=m mW! m=u dung dZch
A1om
Q=m mW! m=u dung
dZch A1om nhiu h4n
!il@n
Ro l=m mW! m=u dd
A1om
Ro !$n !1ong nc
, ,!u Nt6*ic !u Nt6*ic %xit %x>tic %xit %x>tic
C3ng !h'c
C<P<M C
2
H
l
G
C<C<M CH
N
CH
2
GH
c
h
o c h
h
h
h
h
C<P<M C
2
H
V
G
2
C<C<M CH
N
CH
2
CGGH
c
h
o c h
h
h o
<7nh chW! F?!
l`
Q= chW! leng( %h3ng m=u( d5 !$n F= !$n nhiu !1ong nc+
,3i n o8(N
0
C( nhw h4n nc( ho= !$n .c nhiu
chW! nh zo!( A@nK@nT
,3i n XX8
0
C( c# FZ chu$ Hdd Ic@ 2-O{ l=m giWm
nJ
<7nh chW! ho
hc+
- Phgn 'ng Fi D$M
2C
2
H
O
GH _ 2D$ 2C
2
H
O
GD$ _ H
2
2CH
N
CGGH _ 2D$ 2CH
N
CGGD$ _ H
2
- ~.u !ylic !c dCng Fi $Ei! $E@!ic !2o !h=nh @s!@ !yl IE@!$!
CH
N
CGGH _ C
2
H
O
GH
0
2 4
, H SO d t


CH
N
CGGC
2
H
O
_ H
2
G
- Chy Fi ngn lY$ m=u E$nh( !og nhiu
nhi!
C
2
H
l
G _ NG
2
2CG
2
_ NH
2
G
- AZ GH !1ong %% c# m@n E)c !c
C
2
H
O
GH _ G
2

mengiam
CH
N
CGGH _ H
2
G
- L$ng ; !7nh chW! c;$ $Ei!M Q=m e /ud !7m(
!c dCng Fi %im lo2i !1c H( Fi b$K4( oEi! b$K4( dd
mu"i
2CH
N
CGGH _ Lg HCH
N
CGGJ
2
Lg _ H
2
CH
N
CGGH _ D$GH CH
N
CGGD$ _ H
2
G
'ng dCng
s}ng l=m nhin liu( dung m3i ph$ s4n( ch& 1.u
bi$( d.c phim( iu ch& $Ei! $E@!ic F= c$o
suT
s}ng 6 ph$ giWm n( sgn EuW! chW! d[o( !hu"c
nhu>m( d.c phim( !4T
0iu ch&
Ang ph4ng php ln m@n !inh b>! hohc jng
C
l
H
X2
G
l

0
N0 N2
Men
C
2C
2
H
O
GH _ 2CG
2
Hohc cho !il@n h.p nc
C
2
H
V
_ H
2
G

ddaxit
C
2
H
O
GH
- Qn m@n dd 1.u nh2!
C
2
H
O
GH _ G
2

mengiam
CH
N
CGGH _ H
2
G
- <1ong P<DM
2CH
N
CGGD$ _ H
2
,G
V
2CH
N
CGGH _
D$
2
,G
V
g*ucoz g*ucoz Gacca,oz Gacca,oz tinh b7t #F x>n*u*oz tinh b7t #F x>n*u*oz
C3ng
!h'c
ph*n !Y
C
l
H
X2
G
l
C
X2
H
22
G
XX HC
l
H
X0
G
O
J
n
<inh b>!M n X200
l000
@nluloK4M n X0000
XV000
<12ng !hi
<7nh
chW! F?!
l`
ChW! %&! !inh( %h3ng m=u( FZ
ng!( d5 !$n !1ong nc
ChW! %&! !inh( %h3ng m=u( FZ
ng! svc( d5 !$n !1ong nc( !$n
nhiu !1ong nc n#ng
Q= chW! 1vn !1vng+ <inh b>! !$n .c
!1ong nc n#ng h !inh b>!+ @nluloK4
%h3ng !$n !1ong nc %6 cg un n#ng
<7nh
chW! ho
hc /u$n
!1ng
Phgn 'ng !1ng g4ng
C
l
H
X2
G
l
_ Ig2G
C
l
H
X2
G
o
_ 2Ig
<hum ph*n %hi un n#ng !1ong
dd $Ei! long
C
X2
H
22
G
XX
_ H
2
G

(
o
ddaxit t
C
l
H
X2
G
l
_ C
l
H
X2
G
l
glucoK4 1uc!oK4
<hum ph*n %hi un n#ng !1ong dd $Ei!
long
HC
l
H
X0
G
O
J
n
_ nH
2
G

(
o
ddaxit t

nC
l
H
X2
G
l

H !inh b>! l=m dd zo! chuy6n m=u
E$nh
'ng
dCng
<h'c n( d.c phim <h'c n( l=m bnh %wo T Ph$
ch& d.c phim
<inh b>! l= !h'c n cho ngji F= >ng
F?!( l= nguyn liu 6 sgn EuW! jng
BlucoK4( 1.u !ylic+ @nluloK4 d}ng 6
sgn EuW! giWy( Fgi( g F= F?! liu
E*y d9ng+
0iu
ch&
C# !1ong /ug ch7n HnhoJ( h2!
ngy mbm iu ch& !p !inh
b>!+
C# !1ong m7$( c; cgi jng <inh b>! c# nhiu !1ong c;( /ug( h2!+
@nluloK4 c# !1ong Fe $y( g$i( s.i
b3ng( g
Dh?n
bi&!
Phgn 'ng !1ng g4ng C# phgn 'ng !1ng g4ng %hi
un n#ng !1ong dd $Ei!
Dh?n 1$ !inh b>! bng dd zo!M c# m=u
E$nh hc !1ng
Chu6n 01 O: Chu6n 01 O:
;gu6n tPQ ;gu6n t ho hc ;gu6n tPQ ;gu6n t ho hc
R8 9i2n thc c bn
X\ D< l= h2! F3 c}ng nhe (!1ung ho= F in F= !p # !2o mi chW! +D<
gm h2! nh*n m$ng in !7ch _ F= Fe !2o bni @l@c!1on H@J m$ng in
!7ch -
2\ H2! nh*n !2o bni p13!on HpJ m$ng in !7ch H_J F= n4!1on HnJ %o
m$ng in +Dhcng D< c}ng lo2i c# c}ng s" p !1ong h2! nh*n +Rh"i l.ng HD
^%h"i l.ng D<
N\Ai&! !1ong D< s" p ^ s" @ + lu3n chuy6n >ng F= svp E&p !h=nh
!png lp+Dhj @ m= D< c# %hg nng lin %&! .cFi nh$u
X\ Dguyn !" ho hc l= nhcng nguyn !Y c}ng lo2i(c# c}ng s" p !1ong h2!
nh*n +
rny M s" P l= s" hc !1ng cho m>! nguyn !" ho hc +
V\ Cch bi6u di5n nguyn !"MLi nguyn !" .c bi5u di5n bng m>! h$y
h$i chc ci (chc ci bu .c Fi&! d2ng ho$ (chc ci h$i n&u c# Fi&! !h-
jng ++Li %7 hiu c8n chf m>! nguyn !Y c;$ nguyn !" #+
rdMR7 hiu D$ bi6u di5n nguyn !" n$!1i (m>! nguyn !Y n$!1i
O\L>! 4n FZ c$cbon H FCJ ^ X\X2%h"i lg c;$ m>! ngun !Y C
m
C
^X9(920l+X0
-2o
%g
XFC ^X9(920l+X0
-2o
%g\X2 ^ X(ll00O+X0
-2o
%g+
l\Dguyn !Y %h"i l= %h"i l.ng c;$X nguyn !Y !7nh bng 4n FZ C +
RR8 DFi TJ"
Bi 1: <-ng s" h2! p (@ (n !1ong nguyn !Y l= 28 (!1ong # s" h2! %o m$ng
in chi&m EWp Ef NO{ +<7nh s" h2! mi lo$Z +rq s4 cWu !2o
nguyn !Y +
Bi 2 Mnguyn !Y sv! gm 2l p(N0 n (2l @ (
$J <7nh %h"i l.ng @ c# !1ong X %g sv!
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng sv! ch'$ X%g @ +
Bi MDguyn !Y oEi c# 8 p !1ong h2! nh*n+Cho bi&! !h=nh phbn h2! nh*n
c;$ N nguyn !Y ( (U !h@o bgng s$uM
Dguyn !Y H2! nh*n
8p ( 8 n
8p (9n
U 8p ( X0 n
Dhcng nguyn !Y n=y !hu>c c}ng m>! nguyn !" n=o F: s$o
Bi !: $JDguyn !Y nhng gWp h$i lbn nguyn !Y oEi +
bJnguyn !Y nhw h4n nguyn !Y m$gi@ 0(O lbn +
cJ nguyn !Y U nhng h4n nguyn !Y n$!1i l= Xo Fc +
Hy !7nh nguyn !Y %h"i c;$ ( (U +!n nguyn !" (%7 hiu ho hc c;$
nguyn !"#
Bi " M L>! h.p chW! c# P<R bng l2 +<1ong ph*n !Y oEi chi&m 2O(8{ !h@o
%h"i l.ng ( c8n l2i l= ngun !" n$!1i +Hy cho bi&! s" nguyn !Y c;$ mi ngumn
!" c# !1ong ph*n !Y h.p chW! +
DFi S
Dguyn !Y c# !-ng cc h2! l= O2 !1ong # s" h2! m$ng in nhiu h4n s"
h2! %h3ng m$ng in l= Xl bh2!+
$JHy Ec Znh s" p( s" n F= s" @ !1ong nguyn !Y +
bJ rq s4 nguyn !Y +
cJ Hy Fi&! !n( %7 hiu ho hc F= nguyn !Y %h"i c;$ nguyn !" +
DFi T8
Dguyn !Y L c# s" n nhiu h4n s" p l= X F= s" h2! m$ng in nhiu h4n s"
h2! %h3ng m$ng in l= X0+Hy Ec Znh L l= nguyn !" n=o
DFi U+<1ong phgn 'ng ho hc cho bi&!M
$J H2! Fi m3 n=o .c bgo !o=n( h2! n=o c# !h6 bZ chi$ nhe 1$
bJ Dguyn !Y c# bZ chi$ nhe %h3ng
cJr: s$o c# s9 bi&n -i ph*n !Y n=y !h=nh ph*n !Y %hc r: s$o c#
s9 bi&n -i chW! n=y !h=nh chW! %hc !1ong phgn 'ng h#$ hc
Chu6n 01 V Chu6n 01 V
Cht #F GW bi2n 0Xi cht Cht #F GW bi2n 0Xi cht
%Y9i2n thc cZn nhL
X\+Hin !.ng F?! l7 l= s9 biyn -i h:nh d2ng h$y !12ng !hi c;$
chW!+
2\+Hin !.ng ho hcM l= s9 bi&n -i chW! n=y !h=nh chW! %hc+
N\ 04n chW!M l= nhcng chW! .c !2o nn !p m>! nguyn !" ho hc !p m>!
nguyn !" hh c# !h6 !2o nhiu 4n chW! %hc nh$u
V\H.p chW! M l= nhcng chW! .c !2o nn !p h$i nguyn !" ho hc !1n
ln+
O\Ph*n !YMl= h2! gm Xs" nguyn !Y lin %&! Fi nh$u F= !h6 hin
by ; !7nh chW! ho hc c;$ chW! +
l\Ph*n !Y %h"i M- Q= %h"i l.ng c;$ nguyn !Y !7nh bng 4n FZ
c$cbon
- P<R bng !-ng cc nguyn !Y %h"i c# !1ong ph*n !Y+
o\<12ng !hi c;$ chW!M<ud iu %in m>! chW! c# !h6 !n !2i 4!1$ng !hi
leng (1vn h4i
DY DFi tJ"
Bi 1:Rhi un n#ng ( jng bZ ph*n hum bi&n -i !h=nh !h$n F= n-
c+Dh F?y (ph*n !Y ujng do nguyn !" n=o !2o nn 0jng l= 4n chW!
h$y h.p chW! +
DFi VM$J Rhi nh dim c# lY$ bv! chy( hin !.ng # l= hin !.ng g:
bJ <1ong cc hin !.ng s$u *y( hin !.ng n=o l= hin !.ng h#$ hcM
!1'ng bZ !h"i m9c h8$ !$n F=o nc !iy m=u Fgi E$nh !h=nh !1vng+
DFi [Mm hy cho bi&! nhcng ph4ng php F?! l` !h3ng dCng d}ng 6 !ch cc
chW! 1$ %hei m>! hn h.p+ m hy cho bi&! hn h.p gm nhcng chW! n=o !h:
p dCng .c cc ph4ng php #+ Cho F7 dC minh h$+
DFi \MPh*n !Y c;$ m>! chW! I gm h$i nguyn !Y( nguyn !" lin %&! Fi m>!
nguyn !Y oEi F= nhng h4n ph*n !Y hi1o NX lbn+
$J I l= 4n chW! h$y h.p chW!
bJ <7nh ph*n !Y %h"i c;$ I
cJ <7nh nguyn !Y %h"i c;$ + Cho bi&! !n F= %` hiu c;$ nguyn !"+
Chu6n 01 [ hu6n 01 [
Hi(u xut "hn ng @H]A Hi(u xut "hn ng @H]A
%8 ^_ thu62t
C#$h 1: %&a '( )*ng $ht thiu tham gia ph+n ,ng
H ^ Q .ng !h9c !& phgn 'ng +X00{
Q.ng !-ng s" lWy
- Q.ng !h9c !& phgn 'ng .c !7nh /u$ ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !h@o l.ng sgn
phim bi&!+
- Q.ng !h9c !& phgn 'ng | l.ng !-ng s" lWy+
Q.ng !h9c !& phgn 'ng ( l.ng !-ng s" lWy c# c}ng 4n FZ+
C#$h 2: %&a '( 1 tr(ng $#$ $ht -+n ph.m
H ^ Q .ng sgn phim !h9c !& !hu .c +X00{
Q.ng sgn phim !hu !h@o l` !huy&!
- Q.ng sgn phim !hu !h@o l` !huy&! .c !7nh /u$ ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !h@o
l.ng chW! !h$m gi$ phgn 'ng Fi gig !hi&! H ^ X00{
- Q.ng sgn phim !h9c !& !hu .c !hjng cho !1ong b=i+
- Q.ng sgn phim !h9c !& !hu .c | Q.ng sgn phim !hu !h@o l` !huy&!
- Q.ng sgn phim !h9c !& !hu .c F= Q.ng sgn phim !hu !h@o l` !huy&! phgi c#
c}ng 4n FZ o+
D8 DFi tJ"
DFi OM Dung X %g F3i ch'$ 80{ C$CG
N
!hu .c XX2 dm
N
CG
2
H%!cJ +<7nh
hiu suW! ph*n hum C$CG
N
+
DFi V:
$J Rhi cho %h7 ,G
N
h.p nc cho !$ dung dZch H
2
,G
V
+ <7nh l.ng H
2
,G
V
iu
ch& .c %hi cho V0 Rg ,G
N
h.p nc+ Ai&! Hiu suW! phgn 'ng l= 9O{+
bJ Dgji !$ d}ng /uhng boEi! 6 sgn EuW! nh3m !h@o s4 phgn 'ng s$uM
Il
2
G
N
in ph*n n#ng chgy( E)c !c Il _ G
2
H=m l.ng Il
2
G
N
!1ong /uhng boEi! l= V0{ + 06 c# .c V !Wn nh3m nguyn
chW! cbn b$o nhiu !Wn /uhng+ Ai&! H c;$ /u !1:nh sgn EuW! l= 90{
DFi [:
C# !h6 iuch& b$o nhiu %g nh3m !p X !Wn /uhng b3Ei! c# ch'$ 9O{
nh3m oEi!( bi&! hiu suW! phgn 'ng l= 98{+
P<M Il
2
G
N
in ph*n n#ng chgy( E)c !c Il _ G
2
DFi \
Dgji !$ d}ng V90%g !h$n 6 "! l8 ch2y my+ ,$u %hi l8 ngu>i( !hWy c8n V9%g
!h$n ch$ chy+
$J <7nh hiu suW! c;$ s9 chy !1n+
bJ <7nh l.ng C$CG
N
!hu .c( %hi cho !o=n b> %h7 CG
2
F=o nc F3i !1ong d+
DFi `MDgji !$ iu ch& F3i s"ng HC$GJ bng cch nung F3i HC$CG
N
J+ Q.ng
F3i s"ng !hu .c !p X !Wn F3i c# ch'$ X0{ !2p chW! l= 0(VO !Wn+ <7nh hiu
suW! phgn 'ng+
0p s"M 89(28{
DFi SMC# !h6 iu ch& b$o nhiu %g nh3m !p X!Wn /uhng boEi! c# ch'$
9O{ nh3m oEi!( bi&! hiu suW! phgn 'ng l= 98{+
0p s"M V9N %g
DFi TMRhi cho %h7 ,G
N
!c dCng Fi nc cho !$ dung dZch H
2
,G
V
+ <7nh l.ng
H
2
,G
V
iu ch& .c %hi cho V0 %g ,G
N
!c dCng Fi nc+ Ai&! hiu suW! phgn
'ng l= 9O{+
0p s"M Vl(OO %g
DFi U+Dgji !$ iu ch& F3i s"ng HC$GJ bng cch nung F3i C$CG
N
+ Q.ng
F3i s"ng !hu .c !p X !Wn F3i c# ch'$ X0{ !2p chW! l=M
I+ G(NO2 !Wn A+ 0(Vo8 !Wn C+ 0(O0V !Wn s+ 0(lXl
!Wn
Hy gigi !h7ch s9 l9$ chn Big sY hiu suW! nung F3i 2! X00{+
Chu6n 01 \ Chu6n 01 \
T+" cht #F * T+" cht #F *!ng abng a !ng abng a t,ong "hn ng t,ong "hn ng
R: T+" cht
<2p chW! l= chW! c# lxn !1ong nguyn liu b$n bu nhng l= chW! %h3ng
!h$m gi$ phgn 'ng+ r: F* phgi !7nh 1$ l.ng nguyn chW! !1c %hi !h9c hin
!7nh !on !h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
DFi OM Dung 200g F3i c# lxn !2p chW! .c F3i s"ng C$G F= CG
2
+<7nh %h"i
l.ng F3i s"ng !hu .c n&u H ^ 80{
DFi V
0"! chy l(O g lu hudnh %h3ng !inh %hi&! !1ong %h7 oEi d .c V(V8l %h7 ,G
2
n
%!c
$J ri&! P<HH Egy 1$+
bJ <7nh > !inh %hi&! c;$ mxu lu hudnh !1n
Ihi chcM 0> !inh %hi&! ^ X00{ - { !2p chW!
Hohc > !inh %hi&! ^ %h"i l .ng chW! !inh %hi&! +X00{
Rh"i l.ng %o !inh %hi&!
DFi [M
Dgji !$ iu ch& F3i s"ng bng cch nung F3iH C$CG
N
J +<7nh l.ng F3i
s"ng !hu .c !p X !Wn F3i ch'$ X0{ !2p chW!+
DFi \: n X n3ng !1jng ngji !$ d}ng mu"i ng?m nc Cu,G
V
+OH
2
G 6 b#n
1u>ng+ Dgji !$ b#n 2O%g mu"i !1n Xh$ W! Q.ng Cu .c $ F= W! l= b$o
nhiu H Fi l.ng ph*n b#n !1nJ+ Ai&! 1ng mu"i # ch'$ O{ !2p chW!+
H 0," l(08 %gJ
RR8 ^!ng abng a t,ong "hn ng
Q.ng lWy d X chW! nhm !h9c hn phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n X chW! %hc+ Q.ng
n=y %h3ng $ F=o phgn 'ng nn %hi !7nh l.ng cbn d}ng phgi !7nh !-ng l.ng
; cho phgn 'ng _ l.ng lWy d+
<h7 dCM <7nh !h6 !7ch dung dZch HCl 2L cbn d}ng 6 ho= !$n h&! X0(8g
Il( bi&! d}ng d O{ so Fi l.ng phgn 'ng+
BigiM -
10,8
0, 4
27
Al
mol
n

2Il _ lHCl 2IlCl
N
_ NH
2
0(Vmol X(2mol
-
1, 2
HCl
mol
n

rdd HCl Hp'J ^ X(2\2 ^ 0(l li!
r dd HClHdJ ^ 0(l+O\X00 ^ 0(0N li!
----- rdd HCl d}ng ^ rp' _ rd ^ 0(l _ 0(0N ^ 0(lN li!
DFi O8 <1ong ph8ng !h7 nghim cbn iu ch& O(l l7! %h7 G
2
H%!cJ+ Hei
phgi d}ng b$o
nhiu g$m RClG
N

Ai&! 1ng %h7 oEi !hu .c s$u phgn 'ng bZ h$o hC! X0{J
Chu6n 01 ` Chu6n 01 `
^J" c$ng thc ho hc ^J" c$ng thc ho hc
%: ^ thu62t
Dng 1: Bit t l khi l ng cc nguyn t tong h! ch"t#
Cch gii: - 0h! c3ng !h'c !-ng /u!M I
E
A
y
- <$ c# !f l %h"i l.ng cc nguyn !"M L
I
+E M L
A+
+y ^ m
I
M m
A
- <:m .c !f l ME M y^ m
I
M m
A
^ !f l cc s" nguyn d4ng
L
I
L
A
rsM <:m c3ng !h'c ho hc c;$ h.p chW! %hi ph*n !7ch .c %&! /ug s$uM
m
H
\m
G
^ X\8
BigiM - 0hy c3ng !h'c h.p chW! l=M H
E
G
y

- <$ c# !f lM E\Xly ^ X\8---- E\y ^ 2\X
r?y c3ng !h'c h.p chW! l= H
2
G
Dng $: %u &' ()i cho (it !h*n t+ khi c,a h! ch"t l) M - xBy
C#$h gi+iM Bi"ng !1n !hm bcM L
I
+E _ L
A+
+y ^ LIEAy
Dng .: Bit th)nh !h/n !h/n t0m 1' khi l ng cc nguyn t 1) 2h*n t+
khi3 M 4
Cch gigiM - 0h! c3ng !h'c !-ng /u!M I
E
A
y

. .
% % 100
X Y
A B
A B
x y
A B
M
M M

- Bigi 1$ .c E(y
DFi OM h.p chW! c# ph*n !Y %h"i bng l2 FC+ <1ong ph*n !Y c;$ h.p chW!
nguyn !" oEi chi&m 2O(8{ !h@o %h"i l.ng( c8n l2i l= nguyn !" D$+ ," nguyn
!Y c;$ nguyn !" G F= D$ !1ong ph*n !Y h.p chW! l= b$o nhiu
Dng 5: Bit th)nh !h/n !h/n t0m 1' khi l ng cc nguyn t m) &' ()i
kh6ng cho !h*n t+ khi#
C#$h gi+iM - 0h! c3ng !h'c !-ng /u!M I
E
A
y
- <$ c# !f l %h"i l.ng cc nguyn !"M L
I
+E ^ {
I
L
A+
+y {
A
- <:m .c !f l ME F= y l= cc s" nguyn d4ng
DFi VM h$i nguyn !Y %&! h.p Fi X nguyn !Y oEi !2o 1$ ph*n !Y oEi! + <1ong
ph*n !Y( nguyn !" oEi chi&m 2O(8{ F %h"i l.ng +<:m nguyn !" H0sM D$J
DYDFi TJ":
DFi OM Hy Ec Znh c3ng !h'c cc h.p chW! s$uM
$J H.p chW! I bi&! M !h=nh phbn { F %h"i l.ng cc nguyn !" l=M V0{Cu+
20{, F= V0{ G( !1ong ph*n !Y h.p chW! c# X nguyn !Y ,+
bJ H.p chW! A Hh.p chW! %h7 J bi&! !f l F %h"i l .ng cc nguyn !" !2o !h=nhM
m
C
M m
H
^ lMX( m>! l7! %h7 A H%!cJ nhng X(2Og+
cJ H.p chW! C( bi&! !f l F %h"i l.ng cc nguyn !" l= M m
C$
M m
D
M m
G
^
X0MoM2V F= 0(2 mol h.p chW! C nhng N2(8 g$m+
dJ H.p chW! s bi&!M 0(2 mol h.p chW! s c# ch'$ 9(2g D$( 2(Vg C F= 9(lg G
DFi VMDung 2(VO g$m m>! chW! h#$ hc I !hWy !ho! 1$ lo2 ml %h7 G
2
H%!cJ+
Phbn 1vn c8n l2i ch'$ O2(NO{ %$li F= Vo(lO{ clo HF %h"i l.ngJ+
<:m c3ng !h'c h#$ hc c;$ I+
Dai [:T:m c3ng !h'c ho hc c;$ cc h.p chW! s$u+
$J L>! chW! leng d5 b$y h4i (!h=nh ph*n !Y c# 2N(8{ C +O(9{H (o0(N{Cl
F= c# P<R bng O0(O
b J L>! h.p chW! 1Wn m=u !1vng (!h=nh ph*n !Y c# Vo{ C +l(o{H +ON(N{ G
F= c# P<R bng X80
DFi \MLu"i n gm 2 nguyn !" ho hc l= D$ F= Cl <1ong # D$
chi&mN9(N{ !h@o %h"i l.ng +Hy !:m c3ng !h'c ho hc c;$ mu"i n (bi&!
ph*n !Y %h"i c;$ n# gWp 29(2O lbn P< Rhu me sv! n <12i C$u H<hi DguynJ
c# m>! lo2i /uhng sv!+ Rhi ph*n !7ch mxu /uhng n=y ngji !$ nh?n !hWy c#
2(8 g$m sv!+ <1ong mxu /uhng !1n( %h"i l.ng S@
2
G
N
'ng Fi h=m l.ng sv! n#i
!1n l=M
I+ l g$m A+ 8 g$m C+ V g$m s+ N g$m
0p s"M C
DFi `+c Znh c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ Cu
E
G
y
( bi&! !f l %h"i l.ng gic$ ng
F= oEi !1ong oEi! l= V M X+ ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng iu ch& ng F= ng
sun$! !p Cu
E
G
y
Hcc h#$ chW! %hc !9 chnJ+
DFi SM<1ong ph8ng !h7 nghim c# cc %im lo2i %qm F= m$gi( cc dung dZch
$Ei! sunu1ic long H
2
,G
V
F= $Ei! clohi1ic HCl+ Lu"n iu ch& .c X(X2 l7!
%h7 hi1o H%!cJ phgi d}ng %im lo2i n=o( $Ei! n=o 6 chf cbn m>! l.ng nhe
nhW!+
I+ Lg F= H
2
,G
V
A+ Lg F= HCl
C+ Un F= H
2
,G
V
s+ Un F= HCl
0p s"M A
DFi UM $J<:m c3ng !h'c c;$ oEi! sv! !1ong # c# S@ chi&m o0{ %h"i l.ng+
bJ RhY ho=n !o=n 2(V g$m hn h.p CuG F= S@
E
G
y
c}ng s" mol nh nh$u bng
hi1o .c X(ol g$m %im lo2i+ Ho= !$n %im lo2i # bng dung dZch HCl d !hWy
!ho! 1$ 0(V88 l7! H
2
H%!cJ+ c Znh c3ng !h'c c;$ oEi! sv!+
0p s"M $J S@
2
G
N

bJ S@
2
G
N+
+
Chu6n 01 S Chu6n 01 S
Tnh th>o "h Tnh th>o "hng t,-nh ho hc ng t,-nh ho hc
%8^ thu62t
X+s2ng XM<7nh %h"i l.ng Hhohc !h6 !7ch %h7( %!cJ c;$ chW! n=y %hi bi&!
Hhohc !h6 !7chJ c;$ X chW! %hc !1ong ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
2+ s2ng 2M Cho bi&! %h"i l.ng c;$ 2 chW! !h$m gi$( !:m %h"i l.ng chW! !2o
!h=nh+
N+ s2ng NM <7nh !h@o nhiu phgn 'ng
D8 DFi tJ"
DFi OMCho 8(V g$m sv! !c dCng Fi m>! l.ng dung dZch HCl Fp$ ;+ sxn
!o=n b> l.ng %h7 sinh 1$ /u$ Xl g$m ng HzzJ oEi! n#ng+
$J <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 hi1o sinh 1$ H%!cJ
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng %im lo2i ng !hu .c s$u phgn 'ng+
DFi VMRhi "!( !h$n chy !h@o s4 s$uM
C$cbon _ oEi

%h7 c$cbon ioEi!
$J ri&! F= c*n bng ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
bJ Cho bi&! %h"i l.ng c$cbon !c dCng bng 9 %g( %h"i l.ng oEi !c dCng bng
2V %g+ Hy !7nh %h"i l.ng %h7 c$cbon ioEi! !2o !h=nh+
cJ D&u %h"i l.ng c$cbon !c dCng bng l %g( %h"i l.ng %h7 c$cbonic !hu .c
bng 22 %g( hy !7nh %h"i l.ng oEi phgn 'ng+
0p s"M bJ NN %g
cJ Xl %g
DFi [MCho O(X g$m hn h.p Il F= Lg F=o dung dZch H
2
,G
V
long( d !hu .c
O(l l7! %h7 H
2
H%!cJ+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mi %im lo2i b$n bu+ Ai&! phgn 'ng Egy
1$ ho=n !o=n+
Da- \MCho 2(8 g$m sv! !c dCng Fi XV(l g$m dung dZch $Ei! clohi1ic HCl
nguyn chW!+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$+
bJ ChW! n=o c8n d s$u phgn 'ng F= d b$o nhiu g$m
cJ <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 H
2
!hu .c H%!cJ
dJ D&u mu"n cho phgn 'ng Egy 1$ ho=n !o=n !h: phgi d}ng !hm chW! %i$ m>!
l.ng l= b$o nhiu
0p s"M bJ 8( V g$m cJ N(Nl l7! dJ 8( V g$m sv!+
DFi `:Cho hn h.p CuG F= S@
2
G
N
!c dCng Fi H
2
n nhi! > !h7ch h.p+ Hei
n&u !hu .c 2l(V g$m hn h.p ng F= sv!( !1ong # %h"i l.ng ng gWp X(2
lbn %h"i l.ng sv! !h: cbn !W! cg b$o nhiu l7! %h7 hi1o+
0p s"M X2(2N l7!+
DFi SMCho m>! hn h.p ch'$ V(l g$m n$!1i F= N(9 g$m %$li !c dCng Fi nc+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
bJ <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 hi1o !hu .c H%!cJ
cJ sung dZch s$u phgn 'ng l=m /u: !7m bi&n -i m=u nh !h& n=o
0p s"M bJ N(Nl l7!
cJ m=u E$nh
DFi T:C# m>! hn h.p gm l0{ S@
2
G
N
F= V0{ CuG+ Dgji !$ d}ng H
2
HdJ 6
%hY 20 g$m hn h.p #+
$J <7nh %h"i l.ng sv! F= %h"i l.ng ng !hu .c s$u phgn 'ng+
bJ <7nh s" mol H
2
!h$m gi$ phgn 'ng+
DFi UM <1ong ph8ng !h7 nghim c# cc %im lo2i %qm F= m$gi( cc dung dZch
$Ei! sunu1ic long H
2
,G
V
F= $Ei! clohi1ic HCl+ Lu"n iu ch& .c X(X2 l7!
%h7 hi1o H%!cJ phgi d}ng %im lo2i n=o( $Ei! n=o 6 chf cbn m>! l.ng nhe
nhW!+
I+ Lg F= H
2
,G
V
A+ Lg F= HCl
C+ Un F= H
2
,G
V
s+ Un F= HCl
DFi dMCho l0(O g$m hn h.p gm h$i %im lo2i %qm Un F= sv! S@ !c dCng Fi
dung dZch $Ei! clohi1ic+ <h=nh phbn phbn !1m F %h"i l.ng c;$ sv! chi&m
Vl(289{ %h"i l.ng hn h.p+<7nh
$J Rh"i l.ng mi chW! !1ong hn h.p+
bJ <h6 !7ch %h7 H
2
H%!cJ sinh 1$ %hi cho hn h.p 2 %im lo2i !1n !c dCng Fi
dung dZch $Ei! clohi1ic+
cJ Rh"i l.ng cc mu"i !2o !h=nh+
0p s"M $J 28 g$m S@ F= N2(O g$m %qm
bJ 22(V l7!
cJ
2
FeCl
m
^ lN(Og$m F=
2
ZnCl
m
^ l8 g$m
Chu6n 01 T : Chu6n 01 T :
exiQ hi0,o #F h!" cht #$ c exiQ hi0,o #F h!" cht #$ c
A=i XM
C# V b:nh 9ng 1ing cc %h7 s$uM %h3ng %h7( %h7 oEi( %h7 hi1o( %h7
c$cbonic+ Ang cch n=o 6 nh?n bi&! cc chW! %h7 !1ong mi b:nh+ Bigi
!h7ch F= Fi&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Hn&u c#J+
DFi V:ri&! ph4ng !1:nh h#$ hc bi6u di5n s9 chy !1ong oEi c;$ cc 4n
chW!M c$cbon( pho!pho( hi1o( nh3m( m$gi( lu hudnh + Hy gi !n cc
sgn phim+
DFi [M ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng lbn l.! Egy 1$ !h@o s4 M
C
) 1 (
CG
2

) 2 (
C$CG
N

) 3 (
C$G
) 4 (
C$HGHJ
2
06 sgn EuW! F3i !1ong l8 F3i ngji !$ !hjng svp E&p m>! lp !h$n( m>! lp
F3i( s$u # "! l8+ C# nhcng phgn 'ng h#$ hc n=o Egy 1$ !1ong l8 F3i
Phgn 'ng n=o l= phgn 'ng !og nhi! phgn 'ng n=o l= phgn 'ng !hu nhi!
phgn 'ng n=o l= phgn 'ng ph*n hum phgn 'ng n=o l= phgn 'ng h#$ h.p
DFi \M <p cc h#$ chW!M Un( nc( %h3ng %h7 F= lu hudnh

hy iu ch& N oEi!(
2 $Ei! F= 2 mu"i+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
DFi `+C# V l mW! nhn 9ng b"n chW! b>! m=u !1vng gmM D$
2
G( LgG(
C$G( P
2
G
O
+s}ng !hu"c !hY n=o 6 nh?n bi&! cc chW! !1n
I+ d}ng nc F= dung dZch $Ei! H
2
,G
V
A+ d}ng dung dZch $Ei! H
2
,G
V
F= ph@nolph!h$l@in
C+ d}ng nc F= giWy /u: !7m+
s+ %h3ng c# chW! n=o %hY .c
DFi S+ 06 iu ch& %h7 oEi( ngji !$ nung RClG
N
+ ,$u m>! !hji gi$n nung !$
!hu
.c Xl8(2 g$m chW! 1vn F= ON(ol l7! %h7 G
2
H%!cJ+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$ %hi nung RClG
N
+
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng RClG
N
b$n bu @m nung+
cJ <7nh { %h"i l.ng mol RClG
N
bZ nhi! ph*n+
0p s"M bJ 2VO g$m+
cJ 80{
DFi T8 C# N l 9ng cc h#$ chW! 1vn( m=u !1vng 1ing bi! nhng %h3ng c#
nhn M
D$
2
G( LgG( P
2
G
O
+ Hy d}ng cc ph4ng php h#$ hc 6 nh?n bi&! N
chW! n
!1n+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$+
DFi U+ QWy c}ng m>! l.ng RClG
N
F= RLnG
V
6 iu ch& %h7 G
2
+ ChW! n=o
cho
nhiu %h7 oEi h4n
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng F= gigi !h7ch+
bJ D&u iu ch& c}ng m>! !h6 !7ch %h7 oEi !h: d}ng chW! n=o %inh !& h4n
Ai&! 1ng gi c;$ RLnG
V
l= N0+000\%g F= RClG
N
l= 9l+000\%g+
0p s"M XX+ol0 HRClG
N
J F= XV+220 HRLnG
V
J
DFi d8Hy l?p cc ph4ng !1:nh h#$ hc !h@o s4 phgn 'ng s$uM
$J ,v! HzzzJ oEi! _ nh3m nh3m oEi! _ sv!
bJ Dh3m oEi! _ c$cbon nh3m c$cbu$ _ %h7 c$cbon oEi!
cJ Hi1o sunu$ _ oEi %h7 sunu14 _ nc
dJ 0ng HzzJ hi1oEi! ng HzzJ oEi! _ nc
@J D$!1i oEi! _ c$cbon ioEi! D$!1i c$cbon$!+
<1ong cc phgn 'ng !1n( phgn 'ng n=o l= phgn 'ng oEi h#$ %hY c
Znh chW! oEi h#$( chW! %hY( s9 oEi h#$( s9 %hY+
DFi Of+ C# V chW! 1vn n d2ng b>! l= Il( Cu( S@
2
G
N
F= CuG+ D&u chf d}ng
!hu"c !hY l= dung dZch $Ei! HCl c# !h6 nh?n bi&! .c V chW! !1n .c %h3ng
L3 !g hin !.ng F= Fi&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Hn&u c#J+
DFi OO8
$J C# N l 9ng 1ing 1q cc chW! b>! m=u !1vngM D$
2
G( LgG( P
2
G
O
+ Hy nu
ph4ng php h#$ hc 6 nh?n bi&! N chW! #+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng
Egy 1$+
bJ C# N "ng nghim 9ng 1ing 1q N chW! leng !1ong su"!( %h3ng m=u l= N
dung dZch D$Cl( HCl( D$
2
CG
N
+ Rh3ng d}ng !hm m>! chW! n=o %hc H%6 cg
/u: !7mJ( l=m !h& n=o 6 nh?n bi&! 1$ !png chW!+
DFi OV+ Cho 2(8 g$m sv! !c dCng Fi XV(l g$m dung dZch $Ei! clohi1ic HCl
nguyn chW!+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$+
bJ ChW! n=o c8n d s$u phgn 'ng F= d b$o nhiu g$m
cJ <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 H
2
!hu .c H%!cJ
dJ D&u mu"n cho phgn 'ng Egy 1$ ho=n !o=n !h: phgi d}ng !hm chW! %i$ m>!
l.ng l= b$o nhiu
0p s"M bJ 8( V g$m cJ N(Nl l7! dJ 8( V g$m sv!+
DFi O[+Ho=n !h=nh ph4ng !1:nh h#$ hc c;$ nhcng phgn 'ng gic$ cc chW!
s$uM
$J Il _ G
2
+++++
bJ H
2
_ S@
N
G
V
++++ _ +++
cJ P _ G
2
+++++
dJ RClG
N
++++ _ +++++
@J , _ G
2
+++++
J PbG _ H
2
++++ _ ++++
DFi O\+ <1ong ph8ng !h7 nghim c# cc %im lo2i %qm F= m$gi( cc dung dZch
$Ei!
sunu1ic long H
2
,G
V
F= $Ei! clohi1ic HCl+
Lu"n iu ch& .c X(X2 l7! %h7 hi1o H%!cJ phgi d}ng %im lo2i n=o( $Ei!
n=o
6 chf cbn m>! l.ng nhe nhW!+
I+ Lg F= H
2
,G
V
A+ Lg F= HCl
C+ Un F= H
2
,G
V
s+ Un F= HCl
0p s"M A
DFi O`+ $ J Hy nu ph4ng php nh?n bi&! cc %h7M c$cbon ioEi!( oEi(ni!4 F=
hi1o
bJ <1:nh b=y ph4ng php h#$ hc !ch 1ing !png %h7 oEi F= %h7 c$cbonic
1$
%hei hn h.p+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+ <h@o @m 6 !hu .c
%h7 CG
2

c# !h6 cho C$CG
N
!c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei! HCl .c %h3ng D&u
%h3ng
!h: !2i s$o
DFi OS+$J <p nhcng h#$ chW! cho s]nM RLnG
V
( S@( dung dZch Cu,G
V
( dung
dZch H
2
,G
V
long( hy Fi&! cc ph4ng !1:nh h#$ hc 6 iu ch& cc chW!
!h@o s4 chuy6n h#$ s$uM
Cu

CuG

Cu
$J Rhi in ph*n nc !hu .c 2 !h6 !7ch %h7 H
2
F= X !h6 !7ch %h7
G
2
Hc}ng iu %in nhi! >( p suW!J+ <p %&! /ug n=y @m hy ch'ng minh
c3ng !h'c h#$ hc c;$ nc+
DFi OT+Cho cc chW! nh3m+( sv!( oEi( ng sun$!( nc( $Ei! clohi1ic+ Hy
iu ch& ng HzzJ oEi!( nh3m clo1u$ H bng h$i ph4ng phpJ F= sv! HzzJ
clo1u$+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
DFi OU+ C# l l mW! nhn 9ng cc dung dZch cc chW! s$uM
HCl H
2
,G
V
A$Cl
2
D$Cl D$GH A$HGHJ
2
Hy chn m>! !hu"c !hY 6 nh?n bi&! cc dung dZch !1n(
I+ /u: !7m
A+ dung dZch ph@nolph!h$l@in
C+ dung dZch IgDG
N
s+ !W! cg u s$i
chu6n 01 U chu6n 01 U
aung ach aung ach
L u /hi )m bi t0p:
1# 78 chuy9n &:i gi;a n<ng &= !h/n t0m 1) n<ng &= mol
C3ng !h'c chuy6n !p nng > { s$ng nng > C
L
+
d l= %h"i l.ng 1ing c;$ dung dZch
g\ml
L l= ph*n !Y %h"i c;$ chW! !$n


Chuy6n !p nng > mol HLJ s$ng nng > {+


$# Chuy9n &:i gi;a khi lng dung d>ch 1) th9 t?ch dung d>ch#
<h6 !7ch c;$ chW! 1vn F= chW! lengM
D
m

<1ong # d l= %h"i l.ng 1ingM dHg\cm
N
J c# m HgJ F= r Hcm
N
J h$y ml+
dH%g\dm
N
J c# m H%gJ F= r Hdm
N
J h$y li!+
.# 2ha t=n dung d>ch
$J Ph4ng php jng chyo
Rhi ph$ !1>n 2 dung dZch c# c}ng lo2i nng > H C
L
h$y C{J( c}ng lo2i
chW! !$n !h: c# !h6 d}ng ph4ng php jng chyo+
<1>n m
X
g$m dung dZch c# nng > C
X
{ Fi m
2
g$m dung dZch c#
nng > C
2
{ !h: !hu .c dung dZch mi c# nng > C{+
m
X
g$m dung dZch C
X
C
2
- C

C
C C
C C
m
m

1
2
2
1
m
2
g$m dung dZch C
2
C
X
- C
<1>n r
X
ml dung dZch c# nng > C
X
mol Fi r
2
ml dung dZch c# nng
> C
2
mol !h: !hu .c dung dZch mi c# nng > C mol F= gig sY c#
!h6 !7ch r
X
_r
2
mlM
r
X
ml dung dZch C
X
C
2
- C


C
C C
C C

1
2
2
1

r
2
ml dung dZch C
2
C
X
- C
1000 .
%.
M
d !
C
M

d
C M
C
M
1000 .
%

,4 jng chyo c8n c# !h6 p dCng !1ong Fic !7nh %h"i l.ng 1ing s
r
X
l7! dung dZch s
X


s
2
- s


s
D D
D D

1
2
2
1

r
2
l7! dung dZch s
2
s
X
- s
Hri gig !hi&! r ^ r
X
_ r
2
J
bJ s}ng ph4ng !1:nh ph$ !1>nM m
X
C
X
_ m
2
C
2
^ Hm
X
_ m
2
J+C
<1ong #M m
X
F= m
2
l= s" g$m dung dZch !h' nhW! F= dung dZch
!h' h$i+
C
X
F= C
2
l= nng > { dung dZch !h' nhW! F= dung dZch !h'
h$i+
C l= nng > dung dZch mi !2o !h=nh s$u %hi ph$ !1>n
m
X
HC
X
-CJ ^ m
2
H C -C
2
J
C
X
C C
2
<p ph4ng !1:nh !1n !$ 1)! 1$M
C C
C C
m
m

1
2
2
1
Rhi ph$ !1>n dung dZch( cbn ch) `M
C# Egy 1$ phgn 'ng gic$ cc chW! !$n hohc gic$ chW! !$n Fi dung m3i
D&u c# cbn ph*n bi! chW! @m h8$ !$n Fi chW! !$n+
r7 dCM Cho D$
2
G h$y ,G
N
h8$ !$n F=o nc( !$ c# cc ph4ng !1:nh s$uM
D$
2
G _ H
2
G

2D$GH
,G
N
_ H
2
G

H
2
,G
V
Rhi chW! !$n phgn 'ng Fi dung m3i( phgi !7nh nng > c;$ sgn phim
ch' %h3ng phgi !7nh nng > c;$ chW! !$n #+
r7 dCM Cbn !hm b$o nhiu g$m ,G
N
F=o X00 g$m dung dZch H
2
,G
V
X0{
6 .c dung dZch H
2
,G
V
20{+
Hng dxn cch gigiM Bi s" E l= s" mol ,G
N
cho !hm F=o
Ph4ng !1:nhM ,G
N
_ H
2
G H
2
,G
V
E mol E mol

4 2
SO H
m
!2o !h=nh l= 98E
3
SO
m
cho !hm F=o l= 80E
C{ dung dZch miM
100
20
100 80
98 10

+
+
x
x
Bigi 1$ !$ c#
mol x
410
50


3
SO
m
!hm F=o 9(oOl g$m
Ckng c# !h6 gigi !h@o ph4ng !1:nh ph$ !1>n nh nu n !1n+
5# @?nh n<ng &= cc ch"t tong tAng h! cc ch"t tan cB !hCn Dng 1Ei nhau#
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng h#$ hc Egy 1$ 6 bi&! chW! !2o !h=nh s$u
phgn
'ng+
bJ <7nh s" mol Hhohc %h"i l.ngJ c;$ cc chW! s$u phgn 'ng+
cJ <7nh %h"i l.ng hohc !h6 !7ch dung dZch s$u phgn 'ng+
Cch !7nh %h"i l.ng s$u phgn 'ngM
D&u chW! !2o !h=nh %h3ng c# chW! b$y h4i hohc %&! !;$
m
dd s$u phgn 'ng
^ m
cc chW! !h$m gi$
D&u chW! !2o !h=nh c# chW! b$y h4i h$y %&! !;$
m
dd s$u phgn 'ng
^ m
cc chW! !h$m gi$
- m
%h7
m
dd s$u phgn 'ng
^ m
cc chW! !h$m gi$
- m
%&! !;$
hohcM m
dd s$u phgn 'ng
^ m
cc chW! !h$m gi$
- m
%&! !;$
- m
%h7
ChF G: <1jng h.p c# 2 chW! !h$m gi$ phgn 'ng u cho bi&! s" mol
Hhohc %h"i
l.ngJ c;$ 2 chW!( !h: lu ` c# !h6 c# m>! chW! d+ Rhi # !7nh s" mol
Hhohc %h"i l.ngJ chW! !2o !h=nh phgi !7nh !h@o l.ng chW! %h3ng d+
dJ D&u bu b=i yu cbu !7nh nng > phbn !1m cc chW! s$u phgn 'ng(
nn !7nh
%h"i l.ng chW! !1ong phgn 'ng !h@o s" mol( s$u # !p s" mol /ui 1$ %h"i
l.ng 6 !7nh nng > phbn !1m+
H# 78 chuy9n tI &= tan Jang n<ng &= !h/n t0m 1) ngc li
Chuy6n !p > !$n s$ng nng > phbn !1mM s9$ F=o Znh nghu$ >
!$n( !p # !7nh %h"i l.ng dung dZch suy 1$ s" g$m chW! !$n !1ong X00
g$m dung dZch+
Chuy6n !p nng > phbn !1m s$ng > !$nM <p Znh nghu$ nng >
phbn !1m( suy 1$ %h"i l.ng nc( %h"i l.ng chW! !$n( !p # !7nh X00 g$m
nc ch'$ b$o nhiu g$m chW! !$n+
Ai6u !h'c lin h gic$ > !$n H,J F= nng > phbn !1m c;$ chW! !$n
!1ong dung dZch bo h8$M
C{ ^
% 100
100

+ S
S
K# B)i ton 1' khi lng ch"t kt tinh
Rh"i l.ng chW! %&! !inh chf !7nh %hi chW! !$n F.! /u > bo h8$ c;$
dung dZch
11 Lhi gM! dng ()i ton l)m (ay hNi c gam nEc tI dung d>ch cB n<ng &= a
O &c dung d>ch mEi cB n<ng &= (O# PQy xc &>nh khi l ng c,a dung
d>ch (an &/u 3 (it (O R aO4#
Bhp d2ng b=i !on n=y !$ nn gigi nh s$uM
- Big sY %h"i l.ng c;$ dung dZch b$n bu l= m g$m+
- Q?p .c ph4ng !1:nh %h"i l.ng chW! !$n !1c F= s$u phgn 'ng !h@o m( c(
$( b+
_ <1c phgn 'ngM
100
m a
_ ,$u phgn 'ngM
100
) ( ! m "
- so chf c# nc b$y h4i c8n %h"i l.ng chW! !$n %h3ng !h$y -i
<$ c# ph4ng !1:nhM
Rh"i l.ng chW! !$nM
100
) (
100
! m " m a


<p ph4ng !1:nh !1n !$ c#M
a "
"!
m

Hg$mJ
D8 CMu hgi #F DFi tJ"
O8 Ho= !$n 2O(O g$m D$Cl F=o 80 g$m nc n 20
0
C .c dung dZch I+ Hei
dung dZch I bo h8$ h$y ch$ Ai&! > !$n c;$ D$Cl n 20
0
C l= N8
g$m+
V8 Rhi l=m l2nh l00 g$m dung dZch bo h8$ D$Cl !p 90
0
C Eu"ng X0
0
C !h:
c# b$o nhiu g$m mu"i D$Cl !ch 1$+ Ai&! 1ng > !$n c;$ D$Cl n 90
0
C
l= O0 g$m F= n X0
0
C l= NO g$m+
[8 L>! dung dZch c# ch'$ 2l(O g$m D$Cl !1ong oO g$m H
2
G n 20
0
C+ Hy
Ec Znh l.ng dung dZch D$Cl n#i !1n l= bo h8$ h$y ch$ bo h8$ Ai&!
1ng > !$n c;$ D$Cl !1ong nc n 20
0
C l= Nl g$m+
\8 H8$ !$n o(X8 g$m mu"i D$Cl F=o 20 g$m nc n 20
0
C !h: .c dung dZch
bo h8$+ 0> !$n c;$ D$Cl n nhi! > # l= M
I+ NO g$m A+NO(9 g$m C+ ON(8O g$m s+ oX(8 g$m
Hy chn ph4ng n )ng+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$ F= !7nh nng > mol\l c;$ dung
dZch I+
bJ <7nh !h6 !7ch dung dZch H
2
,G
V
20{ Hd ^X(XV g\mlJ cbn 6 !1ung
h8$ dung
dZch I+
cJ <7nh nng > mol\l c;$ dung dZch !hu .c s$u %hi !1ung h8$+
`8 $J H8$ !$n V g$m D$Cl !1ong 80 g$m H
2
G+ <7nh nng > phbn !1m c;$
dung dZch+
bJ Chuy6n s$ng nng > phbn !1m dung dZch D$GH 2L c# %h"i l.ng
1ing d ^ X(08 g\ml+
cJ Cbn b$o nhiu g$m D$GH 6 ph$ ch& .c N l7! dung dZch D$GH X0{+
Ai&! %h"i l.ng 1ing c;$ dung dZch l= X(XXO g\ml+
S8 sung dZch H
2
,G
V
c# nng > 0(2 L Hdung dZch IJ+ sung dZch H
2
,G
V

c# nng > 0(OL Hdung dZch AJ+
$J D&u !1>n I F= A !h@o !m l !h6 !7ch r
I
M r
A
^ 2 M N .c dung dZch
C+ Hy Ec Znh nng > mol c;$ dung dZch C+
bJ Phgi !1>n I F= A !h@o !m l n=o F !h6 !7ch 6 .c dung dZch
H
2
,G
V
c# nng > 0(N L+
T8 0ng sun$! !$n F=o !1ong nc !2o !h=nh dung dZch c# m=u E$nh l4( m=u
E$nh c=ng ?m n&u nng > dung dZch c=ng c$o+ C# V dung dZch .c
ph$ ch& nh s$u H!h6 !7ch dung dZch .c coi l= bng !h6 !7ch ncJ+
I+ dung dZch XM X00 ml H
2
G F= 2(V g$m Cu,G
V
A+ dung dZch 2M N00 ml H
2
G F= l(V g$m Cu,G
V
C+ dung dZch NM 200 ml H
2
G F= N(2 g$m Cu,G
V
s+ dung dZch VM V00 ml H
2
G F= 8(0 g$m Cu,G
V
Hei dung dZch n=o c# m=u E$nh ?m nhW!
I+ dung dZch X A+ sung dZch 2
C+ sung dZch N s+ sung dZch V
U8 Ho= !$n O(o2 g$m D$
2
CG
N
+X0 H
2
G H,3$ !inh !h6J F=o VV(28 ml nc+
Dng > phbn !1m c;$ dung dZch !hu .c l=M
I+ V(2V { A+ O(2V { C+ l(O { s+ O{
Hy gigi !h7ch s9 l9$ chn+
d8 H8$ !$n 2O g$m C$Cl
2
+lH
2
G !1ong N00ml H
2
G+ sung dZch c# s l= X(08
g\ml
$J Dng > phbn !1m c;$ dung dZch C$Cl
2
l=M
I+ V{ A+ N(8{ C+ N(9 { s+ <W! cg u
s$i
bJ Dng > mol c;$ dung dZch C$Cl
2
l=M
I+ 0(NoL A+ 0(N8L C+ 0(N9L s+ 0(VOL
Hy chn p s" )ng+
Of8$J Phgi lWy b$o nhiu ml dung dZch H
2
,G
V
9l{Hs ^X(8V g\mlJ 6 !1ong
# c# 2(VO g$m H
2
,G
V

OO8bJ GEi h#$ ho=n !o=n O(l l7! %h7 ,G


2
H%!cJ F=o !1ong Oo(2 ml dung
dZch H
2
,G
V
l0{ Hs ^X(O g\mlJ+ <7nh nng > { c;$ dung dZch $Ei! !hu
.c
OV8<7nh %h"i l.ng mu"i n$!1i clo1u$ c# !h6 !$n !1ong 8N0 g$m nc n 2O
0
C+
Ai&! 1ng n nhi! > n=y > !$n c;$ D$Cl l= Nl(2 g$m+
0p s"M N00(Vl g$m
O[8c Znh > !$n c;$ mu"i D$
2
CG
N
!1ong nc n X8
0
C+ Ai&! 1ng n nhi!
>
n=y ON g$m D$
2
CG
N
h8$ !$n !1ong 2O0 g$m nc !h: .c dung dZch bo
h8$+
0p s"M 2X(2 g$m
20+ H8$ !$n m g$m ,G
N
F=o O00 ml dung dZch H
2
,G
V
2V(O{ Hs ^ X(2 g\mlJ
!hu .c dung dZch H
2
,G
V
V9{+ <7nh m
0p s"M m ^ 200 g$m
2X+ Q=m b$y h4i N00 g$m nc 1$ %hei o00 g$m dung dZch mu"i X2{ nh?n
!hWy c# O g$m mu"i !ch 1$ %hei dung dZch bo h8$+ Hy Ec Znh nng
> phbn !1m c;$ dung dZch mu"i bo h8$ !1ong iu %in !h7 nghim
!1n+
0p s"M 20{
22+ $J 0> !$n c;$ mu"i n D$Cl n 20
0
C l= Nl g$m+ c Znh nng > phbn
!1m
c;$ dung dZch bo h8$ n nhi! > !1n+
bJ sung dZch bo h8$ mu"i D$DG
N
n X0
0
C l= VV(VV{+ <7nh > !$n c;$
D$DG
N
+
0p s"M $J 2l(Vo{ bJ 80 g$m
2N+ <1>n O0 ml dung dZch HDG
N
nng > E mol\l Fi XO0 ml dung dZch
A$HGHJ
2
0(2 mol\l !hu .c dung dZch I+ Cho miu /u: !7m F=o dung
dZch I !hWy /u: !7m chuy6n m=u E$nh+ <h@m !p !p X00 ml dung dZch
HCl 0(Xmol\l F=o dung dZch I !h: !hWy /u: !7m !1n l2i m=u !7m+ <7nh
nng > E mol\l+
0p s"M E ^ X mol\l
V\+ H8$ !$n XOO g$m n$!1i oEi! F=o XVO g$m nc 6 !2o !h=nh dung dZch c#
!7nh %im+
- ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$+
- <7nh nng > { dung dZch !hu .c+
0p s"M ll(lo{
V`+ H8$ !$n 2O g$m chW! F=o X00 g$m nc( dung dZch c# %h"i l.ng 1ing l=
X(XVN g\ml+ Dng > phbn !1m F= !h6 !7ch dung dZch lbn l.! l=M
I+ N0{ F= X00 ml A+ 2O{ F= 80 ml
C+ NO{ F= 90 ml s+ 20{ F= X09(V ml
Hy chn p s" )ng
0p s"M s )ng
VS+ H8$ !$n ho=n !o=n l(ll g$m !inh !h6 Il
2
H,G
V
J
N
+ EH
2
G F=o nc !h=nh dung
dZch
I+ QWy X\X0 dung dZch I cho !c dCng Fi dung dZch A$Cl
2
d !h: !hu .c
0(l99 g$m %&! !;$+ Hy Ec Znh c3ng !h'c c;$ !inh !h6 mu"i sun$! nh3m
ng?m nc n !1n+
0p s"M Il
2
H,G
V
J
N
+X8H
2
G
VT+ C# 2O0 g$m dung dZch D$GH l{ Hdung dZch IJ+
$J Cbn phgi !1>n !hm F=o dung dZch I b$o nhiu g$m dung dZch D$GH
X0{ 6 .c dung dZch D$GH 8{
bJ Cbn h8$ !$n b$o nhiu g$m D$GH F=o dung dZch I 6 c# dung dZch
D$GH 8{
cJ Q=m b$y h4i nc dung dZch I( ngji !$ ckng !hu .c dung dZch D$GH
8{+ <7nh %h"i l.ng nc b$y h4i
0p s"M $J 2O0 g$m
bJ X0(8o g$m
cJ l2(O g$m
VU+ $J Cbn lWy b$o nhiu ml dung dZch c# nng > Nl { H s^X(Xl g\ mlJ 6
ph$ O l7! dung dZch $Ei! HCl c# nng > 0(O mol\l
bJ Cho b>! nh3m d F=o 200 ml dung dZch $Ei! HCl X mol\l !$ !hu .c %h7
H
2
b$y 1$+
- ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng F= !7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 H
2
!ho! 1$ n %!c+
- sxn !o=n b> %h7 hi1o !ho! 1$ n !1n cho i /u$ "ng 9ng b>! ng
oEi! d nung n#ng !h: !hu .c O(lo g$m ng+ ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng F=
!7nh hiu suW! c;$ phgn 'ng n=y
0p s"M $J 2XN ml
bJ 2(2V l7! hiu suW! M 90{+
[O+ <1>n lxn O0 g$m dung dZch D$GH X0{ Fi VO0 g$m dung dZch D$GH
2O {+
$J <7nh nng > s$u %hi !1>n+
bJ <7nh !h6 !7ch dung dZch s$u %hi !1>n bi&! !m %h"i dung dZch n=y l=
X(0O+
0p s"M $J 2N(O {
bJ 0(Vol2 l7!
[V+ <1>n XO0 g$m dung dZch D$GH X0{ F=o Vl0 g$m dung dZch D$GH E
{ 6 !2o !h=nh dung dZch l{+ E c# gi !1Z l=M
I+ V(o A+ V(lO C+ V(oX s+ l
Hy chn p s" )ng
0p s"M I )ng+
[[+ $J Cbn !hm b$o nhiu g$m nc F=o O00 g$m dung dZch D$Cl X2{ 6
c# dung dZch 8{+
bJ Phgi ph$ !hm nc F=o dung dZch H
2
,G
V
O0{ 6 !hu .c m>! dung
dZch H
2
,G
V
20{+ <7nh !m l F %h"i l.ng nc F= l.ng dung dZch $Ei! phgi
d}ng
cJ Cbn lWy b$o nhiu g$m !inh !h6 Cu,G
V
+ O H
2
G F= b$o nhiu g$m dung
dZch Cu,G
V
V{ 6 iu ch& O00 g$m dung dZch Cu,G
V
8{
0p s"M $J 2O0 g
bJ
2
3

cJ Vll(lo g$m
\\8 Ai&! > !$n c;$ mu"i RCl n 20
0
C l= NV g$m+ L>! dung dZch RCl n#ng c#
ch'$ O0 g$m RCl !1ong XN0 g$m nc .c l=m l2nh F nhi! > 20
0
C+Hy cho
bi&!M
$J C# b$o nhiu g$m RCl !$n !1ong dung dZch
bJ c# b$o nhiu g$m RCl !ch 1$ %hei dung dZch+
0p s"M $J VV(2 g$m
bJ O(8 g$m
\T+$J Q=m b$y h4ioO ml nc !p dung dZch H
2
,G
V
c# nng > 20{ .c dung
dZc mi c# nng > 2O{+Hy Ec Znh %h"i l.ng c;$ dung dZch b$n bu+
Ai&! %h"i l.ng 1ing c;$ nc s ^ X g\ml+
bJ c Znh %h"i l.ng D$Cl %&! !inh !1n l2i %hi l=m l2nh OV8 g$m dung dZch
mu"i n bo h8$ n O0
0
C Eu"ng 0
0
C+ Ai&! > !$n c;$ D$Cl n O0
0
C l= No g$m
F= n 0
0
C l= NO g$m+
0p s"M $J NoO g$m
bJ 8 g$m
\U+ Ho= !$n D$GH 1vn F=o nc 6 !2o !h=nh h$i dung dZch I F= dung dZch
A Fi nng > phbn !1m c;$ dung dZch I gWp N lbn nng > phbn !1m c;$
dung dZch A+ D&u @m ph$ !1>n h$i dung dZch I F= dung dZch A !h@o !m l
%h"i l.ng m
I
M m
A
^ O M 2 !h: !hu .c dung dZch C c# nng > phbn !1m l=
20{+ Dng
> phbn !1m c;$ h$i dung dZch I F= dung dZch A lbn l.! l=M
I+ 2V(o{ F= 8(2V{
A+ 2V{ F= 8{
C+ 2o{ F= 9 {
s+ N0{ F= X0{
Hy chn ph4ng n )ng+
0p s"M I )ng+
V9+ $JH8$ !$n 2V(V g$m A$Cl
2
+ EH
2
G F=o XoO(l g$m H
2
G !hu .c dung dZch
X0(V{+ <7nh E+
bJ C3 c2n !p !p 200 ml dung dZch Cu,G
V
0(2L !hu .c X0 g$m !inh !h6
Cu,G
V
+ yH
2
G+ <7nh y+
9im *o+i Phi !im
Oxit baz Oxit axit
'az
Axit
Mui
Mui
()*c
+
,
-
.
/
0
1
2
3
+-
+4
+.
+,
+/
Chf m"i /u$n h !2o !h=nh
ny! Chf m"i /u$n h !4ng !c

&i 'uan h( gi)a cc cht #$ c
++
Oxit baz
5im o6i
Phi !im
Mui
Mui
'az!hn% tan
'aztan
Oxit baz
Oxit axit Axit c7 oxi
Axit !hn% c7 oxit
Mui Mui
&88 axit
&88 !i9m
&O
,
&O
,
&H
,
O
&O
,
&H
,
O
&H
,
GEi! b$K4
o
t

DFi ca ho t,
9a*iHRA iot @zJ hi0,o@HA
;at,i@D$A#Li b+c@IgA c*o@ClJ m7t *oFi8
^F ho t, O >m i8
;hL ghi cho 3 3ho th.i "hMn #Mn8
&agi>@LgA #Li 3im @UnA thuj ngMn @HgA8
exi @GJ 0kng@CuA 06 clng gZn ba,i@A$A8
Cui cbng thm chc canxi@C$J+
Ho t, V 0m cm g- 3hm 3hn8
Dc nh$m @IlJ ho t, [ *Zn8
Ihi GMu t,ong a+ 3hi cZn nhL nga68
Cacbon @CA Gi*ic @,iJ nF6 0M6 8
Ho t, *F \ chnng ngF6 nFo 'un8
BCt HS@J 3ia ta th6 'u>n tn8
2:[ *n xung thJt "hi1n *Cm th$i8
;it@DA ,Cc ,i nht 0.i8
O:V:[:\ *cc th.i *F `
^u huonh @,J *Cm *cc chi 3hm8
9hi V *n S *cc npm th \8
?hot"ho @PJ th- c 3h 3h8
;mi 02n ho t, th- q ,png `8
L>! s" g"c $Ei! F= !n gi
Ic axit Tn gi Ic axit Tn gi
r Ce
[
Cacbonat QH Be
\
Hi0,o Gunsat
r Be
\
Bunsat Q H Be
[
Hi0,o Gunsit
Q C* C*o,ua QHB Hi0,o Gunsua
r Be
[
Bunsit QH
V
?e
\
0ihi0,o
"hot"hat
r B Bunsua rH ?e
\
Hi0,$ "hot"hat
?e
\
?hot"hat Q ;e
[
;it,at
Q CH
[
Cee %x>tat r Bie
[
Bi*icat
Q HCe
[
Hi0,o cacbonat

Q7 !huy&! c4 bgn F !hu"c !hY Q7 !huy&! c4 bgn F !hu"c !hY
Hp dCng 6 ph*n bi! F= nh?n bi&! cc chW!J Hp dCng 6 ph*n bi! F= nh?n bi&! cc chW!J
,!! <hu"c !hY s}ng 6 nh?n Hin !.ng
X ud !7m - IEi!
- A$K4 !$n
ud !7m ho e
ud !7m ho E$nh
2 Ph@nolph!$l@in
H%h3ng m=uJ
A$K4 !$n Ho m=u hng
N DcHH
2
GJ - Cc %im lo2i m2nhHD$(
C$( R( A$J
- CcoEi! c;$ %im lo2i
m2nhHD$
2
G( C$G( R
2
G(
A$GJ
- P
2
G
O
- Cc mu"i D$( R( - DG
N
H
2
Hc# %h7 %h3ng
m=u( b! %h7 b$y lnJ
~ing C$ c8n !2o dd Cc
C$HGHJ
2
<$n !2o dd l=m /ud
!7m ho e+ ~ing C$G
c8n !2o dd Cc C$HGHJ
2
- <$n !2o dd l=m e /ud
- <$n
V dung dZch
Rim
- Rim lo2i Il( Un
- Lu"i Cu
<$n _ H
2
b$y ln
C# %&! !;$ E$nh
l$mCuHGHJ
2
O dung dZch $Ei!
- HCl( H
2
,G
V
- HDG
N
(
H
2
,G
V
( n
- HCl
- H
2
,G
V
- Lu"i ^ CG
N
( ^ ,G
N
- Rim lo2i 'ng !1c H
!1ong dy ho2! >ng c;$
RQ
- <$n hbu h&! RQ %6 cg
Cu( Ig( IuH 1ing Cu c8n
!2o mu"i ng m=u E$nhJ
- LnG
2
H %hi un n#ngJ
IgDG
N
CuG
- A$( A$G( A$HGHJ
2
( mu"i
A$
<$n _ c# b! %h7 CG
2
(
,G
2
b$y ln
<$n _ H
2
b$y ln H s;i b!
%h7J
<$n F= c# %h7 DG
2
(,G
2

b$y 1$
Cl
2
b$y 1$
IgCl %&! !;$ m=u
!1vng sc$
dd m=u E$nh
A$,G
V
%&! !;$ !1vng
l sung dZch
mu"i
A$Cl
2
(
A$HDG
N
J
2
(
A$HCH
N
CGGJ
2
H.p chW! c# g"c ^ ,G
V
H.p chW! c# g"c - Cl
H.p chW! c# g"c ^,
A$,G
V
!1vng
IgCl !1vng sc$
Pb, @n

IgDG
N
PbHDG
N
J
2
Dh?n bi&! m>! s" lo2i chW! Dh?n bi&! m>! s" lo2i chW!
,<< ChW!
cbn
nh?n
bi&!
<hu"c !hY Hin !.ng
X Cc %im
lo2i
D$(
RH %im
lo2i %im
ho !1Z
XJ
A$Hho
!1Z 2J
C$Hho
!1Z 2J
Il( Un
Ph*n
bi! Il
F= Un
Cc %im
lo2i !p Lg
Pb
Rim lo2i
Cu
_H
2
G
0"! chy /u$n s!
m=u ngn lY$
_H
2
G
_H
2
G
0"! chy /u$n s!
m=u ngn lY$
_ dd D$GH
_HDG
N
hc
ngu>i
_ ddHCl
_ HDG
N
hc
_ IgDG
N
!$n _ dd !1ong c# %h7 H
2
b$y ln
m=u F=ngHD$J
m=u !7m HRJ
!$n _ dd !1ong c# %h7 H
2
b$y ln
!$n _dd Cc _ H
2

m=u lCc HA$J


m=u eHC$J
!$n F= c# %h7 H
2

Il %h3ng phgn 'ng c8n Un c#


phgn 'ng F= c# %h7 b$y ln
!$n F= c# H
2
H 1ing Pb c# PbCl
2

!1vngJ
!$n _ dd m=u E$nh c# %h7 b$y ln
!$n c# Ig !1vng bm F=o
2 L>! s"
phi %im
, H m=u
F=ngJ
PH m=u
eJ
C Hm=u
@nJ
"! chy
"! chy
"! chy
!2o ,G
2
m}i hvc
!2o P
2
G
O
!$n !1ong H
2
G l=m l=m
/ud !7m ho e
CG
2
l=m Cc dd nc F3i !1ong
N L>! s"
chW! %h7
G
2
_ !=n #m e b}ng chy

CG
2
CG
,G
2
,G
N
Cl
2
H
2
_ nc F3i !1ong
_ 0"! !1ong %h3ng
%h7
_ nc F3i !1ong
_ dd A$Cl
2
_ dd Rz F= h !inh
b>!
IgDG
N
"! chy
rin Cc C$CG
N
CG
2
rin Cc C$,G
N
A$,G
V
!1vng
c# m=u E$nh EuW! hin
IgCl !1vng sc$
gi! H
2
G
GEi! n
!h6 1vn
D$
2
G(
A$G(
R
2
G
C$G
P
2
G
O
CuG
_H
2
G
_H
2
G
D$
2
CG
N
_H
2
G
_ dd HCl H H
2
,G
V

longJ
dd !1ong su"! l=m /ud !7m ho
E$nh
!$n _ dd Cc
R&! !;$ C$CG
N
dd l=m /ud !7m ho e
dd m=u E$nh
V Cc dung
dZch
mu"i
a4 %hSn
gc axit
- Cl
^ ,G
V
^ ,G
N
^ CG
N
PG
V
(4 Lim
loi tong
mui
Rim lo2i
%im
LgHzzJ
S@HzzJ
_ IgDG
N
_dd A$Cl
2
(
A$HDG
N
J
2
(
A$HGHJ
2
_ dd HCl( H
2
,G
V
(
HDG
N
_ dd HCl( H
2
,G
V
(
HDG
N
_ IgDG
N
"! chy F= /u$n
s! m=u ngn lY$
_ dd D$GH
_ dd D$GH
IgCl !1vng sc$
A$,G
V
!1vng
,G
2
m}i hvc
CG
2
l=m Cc dd C$HGHJ
2
Ig
N
PG
V
F=ng
m=u F=ng mu"iD$
m=u !7m mu"i R
LgHGHJ
2
!1vng
S@HGHJ
2
!1vng 6 l*u !1ong

S@HzzzJ
IlHzzzJ
CuHzzJ
C$HzzJ
PbHzzJ
A$HzzJ
_ dd D$GH
_ dd D$GH H&n
dJ
_ dd D$GH
_ dd D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
,G
V
H.p chW! c# g"c ,G
V
%h3ng %h7 !2o S@HGHJ
N
n*u e
S@HGHJ
N
n*u e
IlHGHJ
N
!1vng %hi d D$GH sq !$n
dbn
CuHGHJ
2
E$nh
C$CG
N
!1vng
Pb,G
V
!1vng
A$,G
V
!1vng
Agng !7nh chW! chung Agng !7nh chW! chung
c;$ cc chW! F3 c4 c;$ cc chW! F3 c4
Cc chW!
Rim lo2i
L
Phi %im

GEi!
b$K4
L2Gn
GEi! $Ei!
2Gn
A$K4
LHGHJn
IEi!
HnI
Lu"i
LEIy
Rim lo2i

GEi!
Lu"i
Lu"i _
H2
Lu"i
HmiJ_
RQ
HmJ
Phi %im

GEi!
Lu"i
GEi! b$K4
Lu"i Lu"i _
H2G
GEi! $Ei!
Lu"i Lu"i _
H2G
A$K4
Lu"i _
H2G
Lu"i _
H2G
Lu"i
HmiJ_
A$K4
HmJ
IEi!
Lu"i _
H2
Lu"i _
H2G
Lu"i _
H2G
Lu"i
HmiJ_
IEi!
HmJ
Lu"i
Lu"i
HmiJ_
RQ HmJ
Lu"i HmiJ
_ A$K4
HmJ
Lu"i
HmiJ_
IEi! HmJ
2
mu"i
mi
Dh?n bi&! cc chW! hcu c4 Dh?n bi&! cc chW! hcu c4
,!! ChW! cbn nh?n bi&! <hu"c !hY Hin !.ng
CH
V
Rh7 Cl
2
Rh7 clo mW! m=u( %hi
c# giWy /ud !7m !im !
e
C
2
H
V
Dc b1om LW! m=u F=ng

C
2
H
2
Dc b1om LW! m=u F=ng
~.u @!ylic D$ ,;i b! %h7 %h3ng m=u
IEi! $E@!ic ud !7m( C$CG
N ud !7m e( F3i
!$n F= c# b! %h7
BlucoK4 IgDG
N
!1ong
ddDH
N
C# b2c sng bm F=o
!h=nh "ng nghim
<inh b>! zo! H !inh b>! c# EuW!
hin m=u E$nh
0iu ch& h.p chW! F3 c4 0iu ch& h.p chW! F3 c4
1. iu ch oxit
2.iu ch axit
3.iu ch baz

4. iu ch mui
Kim loi + oxi
Phi kim + oxi
Oxi + hp cht
Oxit
!hi"t ph#$ baz
kh%$& ta$
!hi"t ph#$ mui
Phi kim + 'i()o
Oxit axit + $*+c
,xit m$h + mui
@ Kh%$& ba- hi A @kha$A
,xit
Kim + .. mui
Oxit baz + $*+c
i"$ ph#$ ..
mui
/az Kim loi + $*+c
,xit + baz
,xit + oxit baz
Oxit axit + .. baz
Oxit axit + oxit baz
0. mui + .. mui
0. baz + .. mui
0. mui + .. axit
Kim loi + .. mui
Kim loi + axit
Kim loi + phi kim
1ui

Tnh cht hma hc
cc h!" cht #$ c Q 9^ Q ?9
z - GEi!
X- GEi! $Ei!
o exit axit t aa baz &ui t H
V
e
o exit axit tH
V
e aa axit
o exit axit t m7t G oxit baz
&ui
2- oEi! b$K4
o &7t G oxit baz t H
V
e aa baz
o oxit baz t aa axit &ui t H
V
e
o &7t G oxit baz t exit axit
&ui
zz - IEi!
Q 4a axit *Fm 'uo tm 0Xi mFu 0g
Q 4a axit t baz &ui tH
V
e
?hn ng t,ao 0Xi: *F "hn ng hma hc
gi)a axit #F baz
Q 4a axit t oxit baz &ui t H
V
e
Q 4a axit t 9^@ 0ng t,Lc H t,ong a56
HHH 9^A &ui t H
V

Q 4a axit t &ui %xit @mLiA t &ui @mLiA
zz - A$K4
X- A$K4 !$n
Q 4a baz *Fm 0Xi mFu chu th
^Fm 'uo tm hma xanh
^Fm "h>no*"hta*>in 3h$ng mFu hma hkng
- aa baz t exit axit &ui t H
V
e
- aa baz t axit &ui t H
V
e
- aa baz t aa mui Daz@ mLiA t
mui @mLiA
2- b$K4 %h3ng !$n
Q baz t aa axit &ui t H
V
e
Q Daz
0
t

oxit baz tH
V
e
zr- Lu"i
4a mui t 9im *o+i &ui@mLiA t 9^
@mLiA
&ui t aa axit &ui @mLiA t %xit @mLiA
4a mui t aa baz mui @ mLiA t Daz
@mLiA
4a mui t 4a mui V mui @mLiA
&ui axit t aa baz &ui t H
V
e
&7t G mui b nhi(t "hMn
?hn ng t,ao 0Xi@" gi)a axit #F baz:
axit #F mui: baz #F mui: mui #F
muiA x6 ,a 3hi Gn "hvm cm cht
3h$ng tan: cht aw "hMn h6:cht t
tan hn Go #Li cht ban 0Zu
r - Rim lo2i
9^@ 0ng t,Lc H t,ong a56 HHH 9^A t
aa axit &ui t H
V
9^ t "hi 3im &ui2 (xit 3L4
9^ t aa mui 9^ @mLiA t mui @mLiA
sy ho2! >ng h#$ hc c;$ RQ
9:Da:Ca: ;a: &g: %*: <n:=>: ;i: Bn: ?b: H:
Cu: Hg: %g: ?t: %u
_ ngha a56 ho+t 07ng hma hc ca 9^
Th>o chi1u tq t,i Gang "hi
&c 07 ho+t 07ng ca 9^ gim aZn
9im *o+i 0ng t,Lc &g tc axng #Li nLc
aa baz t H
V
9^ 0ng t,Lc H tc axng #Li aa axit
@ HC*: H
V
Be
\ *o5ng
A t+o ,a mui #F H
V
Tq &g t,y 0i 9^ 0ng t,Lc 0v6 9^ 0ng
Gau ,a 3hgi aa mui
Tnh cht hma hc ca oxi:

Cht t e
V
exit
E4: Tc dng vi kim loi2
Oxi oxi ho3 h4u ht c3c kim loi 5t)6 ,u 78 Pt9 (: to th8$h oxit
3;< + 2O
2
;<
3
O
4
i vi phi kim 5t)6 halo&<$9 oxi t3c .=$& t)>c tip khi (t $?$& 5)i@$& P t)A$& t3c
.=$& 7+i O
2
B t
o
th*C$&9
4P + DO
2
2P
2
O
D
2 E + O
2
EO
2
Tnh cht hma hc ca hi0,o
Q Tc axng #Li oxi: VH
V
t e
V
VH
V
e
Q 9hP m7t G oxit 3im *o+i@ 0ng Gau <n t,ong a56 ho+t 07ng hma hc ca
9^A:
H
V
t oxit 3im *o+i 9^ t H
V
e
&ezT Be{ Ce|;I TH(}C IR~}? IR%R
D%uR T%z? He}% HeiC T~;I HeiC Cw
Bw

Cong thPWc 9L
hi>u
ChuW thLch xn #l tLnh
TLnh
Gog
mo*
nr m : & n
m
&
Bog mo* chagt
9hogi *Pxbng chagt
9hogi *Pxbng mo* chagt
mo*
gam
gam
n r E : VV:\ n
E
Bog mo* chagt 3hL xj 3c
Th>k tLch chagt 3hL xj 3c
mo*
*it
n r C
&
8 E n
C
&
E
Bog mo* chagt
;ong o mo*
Th>k tLch aung alch
mo*
mo* Y *it
*it
A
n
N

n
%
;
Bog mo* @ngu6>n tPj hoayc
"han tPjA
Bog ngu6>n tPj hoayc "han tPj
Bog %#oga,o
mo*
ntPj hoayc "tPj
S8Of
QV[
.
.
P
n
#T

n
?
E

T
Bog mo* chagt 3hL
%W" Guagt
Th>k tLch chagt 3hL
Hang Gog
;hi>t o
mo*
atm @ hoaycmmHgA
1 atm 5 678mm9g
*it @ hoayc m* A
f:fUV @ hoayc
SV\ff A
VT[ tt
o
C
9hogi
*Pxbng
chagt
tan
m rn8 & m
n
&
9hogi *Pxbng chagt
Bog mo* chagt
9hogi *Pxbng mo* chagt
gam
mo*
gam
m
ct
r m
aa
Q m
am
m
ct
m
aa
m
am
9hogi *Pxbng chagt tan
9hogi *Pxbng aung alch
9hogi *Pxbng aung moi
gam
gam
gam
%.
100
dd
!t
! m
m
m
ct
C]
m
aa
9hogi *Pxbng chagt tan
;ong o "han t,a.m
9hogi *Pxbng aung alch
gam
]
gam
.
100
dm
!t
S m
m
m
ct
m
am
B
9hogi *Pxbng chagt tan
9hogi *Pxbng aung moi
o tan
gam
gam
gam
9hogi
*Pxbng
aung
alch
100
%
!t
dd
m
m
!

m
aa
m
ct
C]
9hogi *Pxbng aung alch
9hogi *Pxbng chagt tan
;ong o "han t,a.m
gam
gam
]
m
aa
r m
ct
t m
am
m
aa
m
ct
m
am
9hogi *Pxbng aung alch
9hogi *Pxbng chagt tan
9hogi *Pxbng aung moi
gam
gam
gam
m
aa
r E84 m
aa
E
4
9hogi *Pxbng aung alch
Th>k tLch aung alch
9hogi *Pxbng ,i>ng cuja aung
alch
gam
m*
gamYm*
;ong
o
.100
%
!t
dd
m
C
m

m
aa
m
ct
C]
9hogi *Pxbng aung alch
9hogi *Pxbng chagt tan
;ong o "han t,a.m
gam
gam
]
.
%
10.
M
C M
!
D

C]
C
&
&
4
;ong o "han t,a.m
;ong o mo*Y*it
9hogi *Pxbng mo* chagt
9hogi *Pxbng ,i>ng cuja aung
alch
]
&o* Y*it @ hoayc & A
gam
gamYm*


?hZn RR8 DFi tJ"
4%i;I O: C%|~ HeR RN~ CHN{
%8 Bw e ?H%; (};I
:a;u +< =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% hoaDn thaDnh E? FoG
Eau<
+H :a :aO :aIOHH
,
:a:O
-

:aIH:O
-
H
,
:a:
,
:a:O
-

,H



Je:
,
JeKO
.
JeI(O
-
H
,
JeIOHH
,

Je
Je
,
O
-

Je:
-
Je
,
IKO
.
H
-
JeI(O
-
H
-
JeIOHH
-

L Phng trnh kho:
- :huMe$n muoi co@ua

muoi EunNat< caGn 8uDn%


A%
,
KO
.
Fe$ taOo !et tuBa A%:"
- :huMe$n muoi EaPt IQQH

muoi EaPt IQQQH< 8uDn% chat


oxi hoaC IO
,
R 5MnO
.
RSH
=* 8uO< +4JeKO
.
& ,5MnO
.
& 2H
,
KO
.

/Je
,
IKO
.
H
-
&
5
,
KO
.
& ,MnKO
.
& 2H
,
O
.JeI(O
-
H
,
& O
,
& .H(O
-

.JeI(O
-
H
-
& ,H
,
O
- :huMe$n muoi JeIQQQH

JeIQQH< 8uDn% chat !h>B aD


!im oaOi IJeR :uR"""H
=* 8uO< Je
,
IKO
.
H
-
& Je

-JeKO
.

,JeI(O
-
H
-
& :u

,JeI(O
-
H
,
& :uI(O
-
H
,
KO
-
H
,
KO
.
-H JeK
,
KO
,

KO
,
(aHKO
-
(a
,
KO
-
(aH
,
PO
.
.H P P
,
O
/
H
-
PO
.
(a
,
HPO
.

(a
-
PO
.


L Phng trnh kho:
- ,5
-
PO
.
& H
-
PO
.

-5
-
HPO
.
- 5
,
HPO
.
& H
-
PO
.

,5H
,
PO
.
TnO (a
,
TnO
,
/H Tn TnI(O
-
H
,
Tn:O
-
:O
,
5H:O
-

:a:O
-
L Phng trnh kho:
- TnO & ,(aOH

(a
,
TnO
,
& H
,
O
- 5H:O
-
& :aIOHH
,

:a:O
-
& 5OH & H
,
O


A

o
&U Rt



0H A

Je
' +
V
W +
X
A


1H :a:
,

:a

:aIOHH
,

:a:O
-

:aIH:O
-
H
,

:o@ua vo;i :aI(O
-
H
,
2H 5MnO
.

:
,

n>?Cc Yaven

:
,
(a:O
-

O
,
A
,
O
-
A
,
IKO
.
H
-

(aAO 3H A
AIOHH
-


A:
-
AI(O
-
H
-



A
,
O
-
:a;u ,< HaZM tAm , chat vo; c? thoaB maZn chat [ t@on% E?
FoG Eau<
A ' :
[ [ [ [
U \ T
:a;u -< UaCc F]nh caCc chat theo E? FoG bien hoaC Eau<
A
+
A
,
A
-
A
.
A A A A A
'
+
'
,
'
-
'
.

o
&\ Rt

o
&TRt

HXJ
H8J
H2J
HNJ
HVJ
HOJ HlJ
HoJ
H9J
HX0J
HXXJ HX2J

:a;u .< HoaDn thaDnh caCc phaBn >Cn% Eau<
U & A
(5)
W
J
+

U & '
(6) (7)
X W
H J
+ +

Je
U & :

4 (8) (9)
Q ^
5 H 'aKO
+ +
+
U & V
(10) (11)
M X
U H
+ +

D8 RN; CH%{T E%u He%u; TH%u;H ?H(w;I T;H
?H%; (};I
:a;u +< 'o$ tuCc caCc phaBn >Cn% Eau<
JeK
,
& O
,

o
t

A & ' Y
o
t

' & V
A & H
,
K

: & V ' & ^


o
t

W & V
: & W

J J & H:

X &
H
,
K
X & (aOH

H & Q H & O
,
& V

Y
:a;u ,< UaCc F]nh chat vaD hoaDn thaDnh caCc ph>?n% t@Anh
phaBn >Cn%<
JeK & A

'
I!h*H
& : ' & :uKO
.

V
IFenH
& W
' & J

X
vaDn%
& H : & Y
I!h*H

^
^ & 5Q

: & M & (
:a;u -< :hoOn caCc chat th*ch h?Op Fe$ hoaDn ch_nh caCc P`Pa
Eau<
aH U
+
& U
,

o
t

:
,
& Mn:
,
& 5: & H
,
O
bH U
-
& U
.
& U
/

H: & H
,
KO
.
cH A
+
& A
, I8>H

KO
,
& H
,
O
8H :aIUH
,
& :aI\H
,

:a
-
IPO
.
H
,
& H
,
O
eH V
+
& V
,
& V
-

:
,
& MnKO
.
& 5
,
KO
.
& (a
,
KO
.
& H
,
O
NH 5H:O
-
& :aIOHH
,
8>

X
+
& X
,
& X
-

%H A
,
O
-
& 5HKO
.

^
+
& ^
,
& ^
-
:a;u .< UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc >Cn% v?Ci caCc ch>Z caCi Eau"
HoaDn thaDnh P`Pa<
aH U
+
& U
,

'a:O
-
& :a:O
-
& H
,
O
bH U
-
& U
.

:aIOHH
,
& H
,
cH U
/
& U
0
& H
,
O

JeIOHH
-
& :O
,
& (a:
HXJ
H2J
HNJ
HVJ

C8 RN~ CHN{ &ezT CH%{T T(u ;HRN~ CH%{T
O8 i>u ch>g oxit8
Phi !im & oxi (hiebt pha;n axit Iaxit
mat n>?CcH
5im oaOi & oxi OUQ` (hiebt pha;n
muoi
Oxi & h?Op chat (hiebt pha;n baz?
!ho;n% tan
5im oaOi maOnh & oxit
!im oaOi Meu
=* 8uO< ,(
,
& /O
,

,(
,
O
/
c H
,
:O
-

o
t


:O
,
& H
,
O
-Je & ,O
,

o
t

Je
-
O
.
c :a:O
-

o
t


:aO & :O
,
.JeK
,
& ++O
,

o
t

,Je
,
O
-
& 2KO
,
c :uIOHH
,
o
t

:uO & H
,
O
,A & Je
,
O
-

o
t


A
,
O
-
& ,Je
V8 i>u ch>g axit8
Oxit axit & H
,
O
Phi !im & HiF@o AUQ`
Muoi & axit maOnh
=* 8uO< P
,
O
/
& -H
,
O

,H
-
PO
.
c H
,
& :
,

aCEC
,H:
,(a: & H
,
KO
.

(a
,
KO
.
& ,H:
[8 i>u ch>g bazx8
5im oaOi & H
,
O 5ieGm & 88 muoi
'ATd
Oxit baz? & H
,
O eiebn pha;n 88
muoi IcoC maDn% n%afnH
=* 8uO< ,5 & ,H
,
O

,5OH & H
,
c :aIOHH
,
& 5
,
:O
-

:a:O
-
& ,5OH
(a
,
O & H
,
O

,(aOH c ,5: & ,H


,
O
Fiebnpha;n
coCmaDn%n%afn

,5OH & H
,
& :
,
\8 i>u ch>g hi,oxit *Pxqng tLnh8
Muoi cuBa n%uMe;n to >?Zn% t*nh & (H
.
OH Ihoafc !ieGm
v>Da FuBH

HiF@oxit >?Zn% t*nh & Muoi m?Ci


=* 8uO< A:
-
& (H
.
OH

-(H
.
: & AIOHH
-

TnKO
.
& ,(aOH
Iv>Da FuBH

TnIOHH
,
& (a
,
KO
.

`8 i>u ch>g muogi8
aH `>D F?n chat bH `>D h?Op
chat
Axit & 'z?
5im oaOi & Axit Axit & Oxit
baz?
Oxit axit & Oxit
baz?
5im oaOi & Phi !im MgOhQ Muoi axit
& Oxit baz?
Muoi axit & 'az?
5im oaOi & VV muoi Axit & VV
muoi
5ieGm & VV muoi
VV muoi & VV
muoi
L Dai ta":
:a;u +< =iet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% FieGu che t@>Oc
tiep Je:
,
t>D JeR t>D JeKO
.
R t>D Je:
-
"
:a;u ,< =iet ph>?Cn% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% bie$u 8ie7n E>O FieGu
che t@>Oc tiep JeKO
.
t>D Je ban% caCc caCch !haCc
nhau"
:a;u -< =iet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh FieGu che t@>Oc tiep<
aH :u

:u:
,
ban% - caCch"
bH :u:
,

:u ban% , caCch"
cH Je

Je:
-
ban% , caCch"
:a;u .< :h_ t>D iuajn% pi@it JeK
,
R O
,
vaD H
,
OR coC chat xuCc
taCc th*ch h?Op" HaZM viet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%
FieGu che muoi EaPt IQQQH EunNat"
:a;u /< :h_ t>D :uR (a: vaD H
,
OR haZM ne;u caCch FieGu che
Fe$ thu F>?Oc :uIOHH
,
" =iet caCc P`HH xaBM @a"
:a;u 0< `>D caCc chat 5:R MnO
,
R :a:
,
R H
,
KO
.

Fajc
" HaZM viet
P`Pa FieGu che< :
,
R hiF@oco@ua"
:a;u 1< `>D caCc chat (a:R 5QR H
,
O" HaZM viet P`Pa FieGu
che< :
,
R n>?Cc YavenR 8un% 8]ch 5OHR Q
,
R 5:O
-
"
:a;u 2< `>D caCc chat (a:R JeR H
,
OR H
,
KO
.

Fajc
" HaZM viet P`Pa
FieGu che< Je:
,
R Je:
-
R n>?Cc co"
:a;u 3< `>D (aR H
,
OR :O
,
R (
,
FieGu che xoFa vaD FaOm , aC"
=iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"

:a;u +4< Pha;n FaOm , aC coC co;n% th>Cc (H
.
(O
-
R pha;n FaOm
u@e; coC co;n% th>Cc I(H
,
H
,
:O" =iet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh FieGu
che , oaOi pha;n FaOm t@e;n t>D !ho;n% !h*R n>?Cc vaD FaC vo;i"
:a;u ++< Ho7n h?Op %oGm :uOR Je
,
O
-
" :h_ 8uDn% A vaD H: haZM
ne;u , caCch FieGu che :u n%uMe;n chat"
:a;u +,< `>D iuajn% pM@it EaPtR n>?Cc bie$nR !ho;n% !h*R haZM
viet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh FieGu che caCc chat< JeKO
.
R Je:
-
R
Je:
,
R JeIOHH
-
R (a
,
KO
.
R (aHKO
.
"
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
4abng V: ;H%z; DRN{T E%u T%}CH C%}C CH%{T
Ee| Cw
%8 ;H%z; DRN{T C%}C CH%{T
R8 ;han bi>gt caWc chagt t,ong aung alch8
HoaC
chat
`huoc
th>B
Hiebn t>?On% Ph>?n% t@Anh minh hoaO
k Axit
k 'az?
!ieGm
QuMD
t*m
k QuMD t*m hoaC FoB
k QuMD t*m hoaC
xanh
Xoc
nit@at
:u
`aOo !h* !ho;n%
maDuR Fe$ n%oaDi
!ho;n% !h* hoaC
na;u
2H(O- & -:u -:uI(O-H, & ,(O &
.H,O
I!ho;n%
maDuH
,(O & O, ,(O, ImaDu na;uH
Xoc
EunNat
'a:
,
`aOo !et tuBa
t@aPn% !ho;n% tan
t@on% axit
H,KO. & 'a:, 'aKO.
& ,H:
(a,KO. & 'a:, 'aKO.
& ,(a:
Xoc
EunNit
k 'a:
,
k Axit
k `aOo !et tuBa
t@aPn% !ho;n% tan
t@on% axit"
k `aOo !h* !ho;n%
maDu"
(a,KO- & 'a:, 'aKO-
& ,(a:
(a,KO- & H: 'a:, & KO,

& H,O
Xoc
cacbonat
AxitR
'a:
,
R
A%(O
-
`aOo !h* !ho;n%
maDuR taOo !et tuBa
t@aPn%"
:a:O- &,H: :a:, & :O,

& H,O
(a,:O- & 'a:, 'a:O-

& ,(a:
(a,:O- & ,A%(O- A%,:O-

& ,(a(O-
Xoc
photphat
A%(O
-
`aOo !et tuBa maDu
vaDn%
(a-PO. & -A%(O- A%-PO.

& -(a(O-
ImaDu vaDn%H
Xoc A%(O
-
R `aOo !et tuBa
H: & A%(O- A%:

& H(O-

co@ua PbI(O
-
H
,
t@aPn%
,(a: & PbI(O-H, Pb:,

& ,(a(O-
Muoi
EunNua
AxitR
PbI(O
-
H
,
`aOo !h* muDi t@>Cn%
un%"
`aOo !et tuBa Fen"
(a,K & ,H: ,(a: & H,K

(a,K & PbI(O-H, PbK

& ,(a(O-
Muoi
EaPt IQQH
(aOH
`aOo !et tuBa
t@aPn% xanhR Eau FoC
b] hoaC na;u n%oaDi
!ho;n% !h*"
Je:, & ,(aOH JeIOHH,
& ,(a:
.JeIOHH, & O, & ,H,O .JeIOHH-

Muoi
EaPt IQQQH
`aOo !et tuBa maDu
na;u FoB
Je:- & -(aOH JeIOHH-
& -(a:
Muoi
ma%ie
`aOo !et tuBa
t@aPn%
M%:, & ,(aOH M%IOHH,
& ,(a:
Muoi
FoGn%
`aOo !et tuBa xanh
am
:uI(O-H, &,(aOH :uIOHH,
&
,(a(O-
Muoi
nho;m
`aOo !et tuBa
t@aPn%R tan t@on%
(aOH 8>
A:- & -(aOH AIOHH-
& -(a:
AIOHH- & (aOH I8>H (aAO, & ,H,O
RR8 ;han bi>gt caWc 3hL #o cx8
5h* KO
,
:aIOHH
,
R
88
n>?Cc
b@om
^aDm FuOc n>?Cc
vo;i t@on%"
Mat maDu vaDn%
na;u cuBa 88 n>?Cc
b@om
KO, & :aIOHH, :aKO-
& H,O
KO, & ,H,O & '@, H,KO. & ,H'@
5h* :O
,
:aIOHH
,
^aDm FuOc n>?Cc
vo;i t@on%
:O, & :aIOHH, :a:O-
& H,O
5h* (
,
Que
8ie;m
FoB
Que 8ie;m taPt
5h* (H
-
QuMD
t*m a$m
QuMD t*m a$m hoaC
xanh
5h* :O :uO
IFenH
:huMe$n :uO IFenH
thaDnh FoB"
:O & :uO
o
t
:u & :O,

IFenH IFoBH
5h* H:
k QuMD
t*m a$m
>?Ct
k A%(O
-
k QuMD t*m a$m >?Ct
hoaC FoB
k `aOo !et tuBa
t@aPn%
H: & A%(O- A%:

& H(O-
5h* H
,
K PbI(O
-
H
,
`aOo !et tuBa Fen
H,K & PbI(O-H, PbK

& ,H(O-
5h* :
,
XiaM
ta$m
hoG tinh
bobt
^aDm xanh %iaM
ta$m hoG tinh bobt

Axit H(O
-
'obt :u
:oC !h* maDu na;u
xuat hiebn
.H(O- & :u

:uI(O-H, & ,(O,

& ,H,O
H Dai ta":
:1 ;ha<n bi=>t ba?ng thu(>$ th@A t@B $h(Bn:
:a;u +< `@Anh baDM ph>?n% phaCp pha;n biebt / 8un% 8]ch<
H:R (aOHR (a
,
KO
.
R (a:R (a(O
-
"
:a;u ,< Pha;n biebt . chat oBn%< H:R H
,
KO
.
R H(O
-
R H
,
O"
:a;u -< :oC . on% n%hiebmR mo7i on% ch>Ca + 8un% 8]ch
muoi I!ho;n% t@uDn% !im oaOi cuZn% nh> %oc axitH aD<
co@uaR EunNatR nit@atR cacbonat cuBa caCc !im oaOi 'aR M%R 5R
Pb"
aH HoBi mo7i on% n%hiebm ch>Ca 8un% 8]ch cuBa muoi
naDol
bH (e;u ph>?n% phaCp pha;n biebt . on% n%hiebm FoCl"
:a;u .< Pha;n biebt - oaOi pha;n boCn hoaC hoOc< pha;n
!ai I5:HR FaOm , aC I(H
.
(O
-
HR vaD Eupephotphat !eCp
:aIH
,
PO
.
H
,
"
:a;u /< :oC 2 8un% 8]ch ch>Ca< (a(O
-
R M%I(O
-
H
,
R JeI(O
-
H
,
R
:uI(O
-
H
,
R (a
,
KO
.
R M%KO
.
R JeKO
.
R :uKO
.
" HaZM ne;u caCc
thuoc th>B vaD t@Anh baDM caCc ph>?n% aCn pha;n biebt
caCc 8un% 8]ch noCi t@e;n"
:a;u 0< :oC . chat @aPn< 5(O
-
R (a(O
-
R 5:R (a:" HaZM
ne;u caCch pha;n biebt chuCn%"
:a;u 1< 'an% ph>?n% phaCp hoaC hoOc haZM nhabn biet
caCc ho7n h?Op Eau< IJe & Je
,
O
-
HR IJe & JeOHR IJeO & Je
,
O
-
H"
:a;u 2< :oC - oO F>On% ba ho7n h?Op 8aOn% bobt< IA &
A
,
O
-
HR IJe & Je
,
O
-
HR IJeO & Je
,
O
-
H" VuDn% ph>?n% phaCp
hoaC hoOc Fe$ nhabn biet chuCn%" =iet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh
phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a"
:1 ;ha<n bi=>t $hC ba?ng thu(>$ th@A Dui EFnh:
:a;u +< (habn biet caCc 8un% 8]ch t@on% mo7i cajp Eau
Fa;M ch_ ban% 8un% 8]ch H:<
aH . 8un% 8]ch< M%KO
.
R (aOHR 'a:
,
R (a:"
bH . chat @aPn< (a:R (a
,
:O
-
R 'a:O
-
R 'aKO
.
"
:a;u ,< (habn biet ban% + hoaC chat t>O choOn<
aH . 8un% 8]ch< M%:
,
R Je:
,
R Je:
-
R A:
-
"
bH . 8un% 8]ch< H
,
KO
.
R (a
,
KO
.
R (a
,
:O
-
R M%KO
.
"
cH . axit< H:R H(O
-
R H
,
KO
.
R H
-
PO
.
"
:a;u -< :h_ F>?Oc 8uDn% the;m iuMD t*m vaD caCc on%
n%hiebmR haZM ch_ @oZ ph>?n% phaCp nhabn @a caCc 8un%
8]ch b] mat nhaZn< (aHKO
.
R (a
,
:O
-
R (a
,
KO
-
R 'a:
,
R (a
,
K"

:a;u .< :ho caCc hoaC chat< (aR M%:
,
R Je:
,
R Je:
-
R A:
-
"
:h_ 8uDn% the;m n>?Cc haZM nhabn biet chuCn%"
:1 ;ha<n bi=>t /h(Gng $(& thu(>$ th@A /ha&$:
:a;u +< :oC . on% n%hiebm F>?Oc FaCnh Eo I+HR I,HR I-HR
I.HR mo7i on% ch>Ca mobt t@on% . 8un% 8]ch Eau< (a
,
:O
-
R
M%:
,
R H:R 5H:O
-
" 'iet @an%<
- 5hi Fo$ on% Eo I+H vaDo on% Eo I-H thA thaM !et
tuBa"
- 5hi Fo$ on% Eo I-H vaDo on% Eo I.H thA thaM coC !h*
baM e;n"
HoBi 8un% 8]ch naDo F>?Oc ch>Ca t@on% t>Dn% on%
n%hiebm"
:a;u ,< `@on% / 8un% 8]ch !MC hiebu AR 'R :R VR W ch>Ca
(a
,
:O
-
R H:R 'a:
,
R H
,
KO
.
R (a:" 'iet<
- eo$ A vaDo '

coC !et tuBa"


- eo$ A vaDo :

coC !h* baM @a"


- eo$ ' vaDo V

coC !et tuBa"


UaCc F]nh caCc chat coC caCc !* hiebu t@e;n vaD %iaBi
th*ch"
:a;u -< HaZM pha;n biebt caCc chat t@on% mo7i cajp 8un%
8]ch Eau Fa;M maD !ho;n% 8uDn% thuoc th>B !haCc<
aH (a:R H
,
KO
.
R :uKO
.
R 'a:
,
R (aOH"
bH (aOHR Je:
,
R H:R (a:"
:a;u .< :oC 0 8un% 8]ch F>?Oc FaCnh Eo n%a7u nhie;n t>D
+ Fen 0" mo7i 8un% 8]ch ch>Ca mobt chat %oGm< 'a:
,
R
H
,
KO
.
R (aOHR M%:
,
R (a
,
:O
-
" aGn >?Ot th>Oc hiebn caCc th*
n%hiebm vaD thu F>?Oc !et iuaB nh> Eau<
`h* n%hiebm +< Vun% 8]ch , cho !et tuBa v?Ci caCc
8un% 8]ch - vaD ."
`h* n%hiebm ,< Vun% 8]ch 0 cho !et tuBa v?Ci caCc
8un% 8]ch + vaD ."
`h* n%hiebm -< Vun% 8]ch . cho !h* baM e;n !hi taCc
8uOn% v?Ci caCc 8un% 8]ch - vaD /"
HaZM xaCc F]nh Eo cuBa caCc 8un% 8]ch"
:a;u /< 5ho;n% F>?Oc 8uDn% the;m hoaC chat naDo !haCc R
haZM nhabn biet caCc chat F>On% t@on% caCc oO mat
nhaZn Eau< 5OHR H:R Je:
-
R PbI(O
-
H
,
R AI(O
-
H
-
R (H
.
:"
:a;u 0< 5ho;n% F>?Oc 8uDn% the;m hoaC chat naDo !haCc R
haZM nhabn biet / oO mat nhaZn Eau< (aHKO
.
R M%IH:O
-
H
,
R
:aIH:O
-
H
,
R (a
,
:O
-
R 5H:O
-
"

D8 T%}CH C%}C CH%{T Ee| Cw8
Q" (%uMe;n taPc<
m '>?Cc +< :hoOn chat U ch_ taCc 8uOn% v?Ci A ImaD
!ho;n% taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 'H Fe$ chuMe$n A thaDnh AU ?B
8aOn% !et tuBaR baM h?i hoajc hoaD tanc taCch !hoBi '
Iban% caCch oOc hoajc t>O taCchH"
m '>?Cc ,< eieGu che aOi chat A t>D AU
L K? FoG to$n% iuaCt<
'
AR '

+

U
PataCch

U\
AU I , R tanH
+

\
PataCi taOo

A
RR8 Dai ta":
:a;u +< `aCch @ie;n% 8un% 8]ch t>Dn% chat Eau @a !hoBi
ho7n h?Op 8un% 8]ch A:
-
R Je:
-
R 'a:
,
"
:a;u ,< (e;u ph>?n% phaCp taCch ho7n h?Op %oGm - !h*< :
,
R
H
,
vaD :O
,
thaDnh caCc chat n%uMe;n chat"
:a;u -< (e;u ph>?n% phaCp taCch ho7n h?Op FaC vo;iR vo;i
Eon%R Eiic Fioxit vaD EaPt IQQH co@ua thaDnh t>Dn% chat
n%uMe;n chat"
:a;u .< `@Anh baDM ph>?n% phaCp hoaC hoOc Fe$ aM t>Dn%
oxit t>D ho7n h?Op < KiO
,
R A
,
O
-
R Je
,
O
-
vaD :uO"
:a;u /< `@Anh baDM ph>?n% phaCp hoaC hoOc Fe$ aM t>Dn%
!im oaOi :u vaD Je t>D ho7n h?Op caCc oxit KiO
,
R
A
,
O
-
R :uO vaD JeO"
:a;u 0< 'an% ph>?n% phaCp hoaC hoOc haZM taCch t>Dn%
!im oaOi AR JeR :u @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op - !im oaOi"
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
4abng [: D%uR Te%}; EN ez
T%;8
HPxWng giaji: V>Oa vaDo F]nh n%hna vaD 8>Z !iebn baDi
toaCn ta coC co;n% th>Cc<

+"
2
100
ct
H O
m
K
m
`@on% FoC< K aD Fob tan
ct
m
aD !hoi >?On% chat tan
,"

ct
88bh
m K
K&+44 m
88bh
m
aD !hoi >?On% 8un% 8]ch
baZo hoaD
,
H O
m
aD !hoi >?On% 8un% mo;i
Dai ta":
:a;u +< UaCc F]nh >?On% (a: !et tinh t@?B aOi !hi aDm aOnh
/.2 %am 8un% 8]ch muoi afn baZo hoaD ?B /4
o
: xuon% O
o
:"
'iet Fob tan cuBa (a: ?B /4
o
: aD -1 %am vaD ?B O
o
: aD -/
%am"
HI:
NaCl ket tinh
8( ) m g


:a;u ,< HoaD tan ./4% 5(O
-
vaDo /44% n>?Cc cat ?B ,/4
4
:
I8un% 8]ch UH" 'iet Fob tan cuBa 5(O
-
?B ,4
4
: aD-,%" HaZM
xaCc F]nh !hoi >?On% 5(O
-
taCch @a !hoBi 8un% 8]ch !hi aDm
aOnh 8un% 8]ch U Fen ,4
4
:"
HI:
3
KNO tach ra khoi
290( ) m g
C B
:a;u -< :ho 4R, mo :uO tan het t@on% 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
,4o
Fun noCn% I>?On% v>Da FuBH" Kau FoC aDm n%uobi 8un% 8]ch
Fen +4
4
:" `*nh !hoi >?On% tinh the$ :uKO
.
"/H
,
O FaZ taCch
!hoBi 8un% 8]chR biet @an% Fob tan cuBa :uKO
.
?B +4
4
: aD
+1R.%"
HI:
4 2
C!"O .5# O
30, 7( ) m g

4%i;I \:
D%uR T%z? EN Ce|;I TH(}C
He%} HeiC
D%uR T%z?
:a;u +< 5hi hoaD tan ,+% mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ t@on% 8un%
8]ch H
,
KO
.
oaZn% 8>R n%>?Di ta thu F>?Oc 2R. *t hiF@o IF!tcH vaD
8un% 8]ch A" 5hi cho !et tinh muoi t@on% 8un% 8]ch A thA thu
F>?Oc +4.R,/% tinh the$ hiF@at hoaC"
aH :ho biet te;n !im oaOi"
bH UaCc F]nh :`HH cuBa tinh the$ muoi hiF@at hoaC FoC"

HI: aH Je c bH
JeKO
.
"1H
,
O
:a;u ,< :ho .R.2% oxit cuBa + !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ taCc 8uOn%
v>Da FuB v?Ci +44 m 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
4R2M @oGi co; caOn 8un%
8]ch thA nhabn F>?Oc +-R10% tinh the$ muoi n%abm n>?Cc" `Am
co;n% th>Cc muoi n%abm H
,
O naDM"
HI:
:aKO
.
",H
,
O
:a;u -< Mobt ho7n h?Op !im oaOi U %oGm , !im oaOi \R T coC t_
Eo !hoi >?On% + < +" `@on% ..R2% ho7n h?Op UR Eo hiebu mo
cuBa \ vaD T aD 4R4/ mo" Majt !haCc n%uMe;n t>B !hoi \ p T
aD 2" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi \ vaD T"
HI: \ q 0.
I:uH vaD T q /0 IJeH
:a;u .< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn . %am ho7n h?Op %oGm + !im oaOi
hoaC t@] QQ vaD + !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQQ caGn 8uDn% het +14 m H:
,M"
aH :o; caOn 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc bao nhie;u %am muoi !ho;"
bH `*nh
2
H
=
thoaCt @a ?B F!tc"
cH (e;u biet !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQQ aD A vaD Eo mo ban% /
aGn Eo mo !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ thA !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ aD
n%uMe;n to naDol
HI: aH
16, 07 m gam
muoi
c bH
2
3,808
H
*t
c cH 5im oaOi
hoaC t@] QQ aDTn
:a;u /< Oxit cao nhat cuBa mobt n%uMe;n to coC co;n% th>Cc
[
,
O
x
pha;n t>B !hoi cuBa oxit aD +4, Fv:R biet thaDnh phaGn
!hoi >?On% cuBa oxi aD .1R40o" UaCc F]nh ["
HI: [ aD
nho;m IAH
:a;u 0< (%uMe;n to U coC the$ taOo thaDnh v?Ci Je h?Op chat
8aOn% Je
a
U
b
R pha;n t>B naDM %oGm . n%uMe;n t>B coC !hoi >?On%
mo aD +0,R/ %am" HoBi n%uMe;n to U aD %Al
HI: U aD co
I:H
:a;u 1< :ho +44 %am ho7n h?Op , muoi co@ua cuBa cuDn% + !im
oaOi M IcoC hoaC t@] QQ vaD QQQH taCc 8uOn% het v?Ci (aOH 8>" 5et
tuBa hiF@oxit hoaC t@] , ban% +3R2 %am coDn !hoi >?On% co@ua
!im oaOi M hoaC t@] QQ ban% 4R/ !hoi >?On% mo cuBa M" `Am
co;n% th>Cc , co@ua vaD o ho7n h?Op"
HI: Hai muoi aD Je:
,
vaD Je:
-
c oJe:
,
q ,1R3.o
vaD oJe:
-
q 1,R40o

:a;u 2< HoaD tan +2R. %am ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ vaD QQQ
ban% axit H: thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A & !h* '" :hia Fo;i '"
aH PhaGn '
+
Fem Fot chaCM thu F>?Oc .R/ %am H
,
O" HoBi co;
caOn 88 A thu F>?Oc bao nhie;u %am muoi !han"
bH PhaGn '
,
taCc 8uOn% het co vaD cho EaBn pha$m hap thuO
vaDo ,44 m 8un% 8]ch (aOH ,4o I8 q +R,H" `Am :o caCc
chat t@on% 8un% 8]ch taOo @a"
cH `Am , !im oaOiR neu biet t_ Eo mo , muoi !han q + < +
vaD !hoi >?On% mo cuBa !im oaOi naDM %ap ,R. aGn !hoi
>?On% mo cuBa !im oaOi !ia"
HI: aH
26, 95 m gam
muoi
c bH :o I(aOHH q +4R2.o vaD
:o I(a:H q ++R-1o
cH 5im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ aD Tn vaD !im oaOi
hoaC t@] QQQ aD A
:a;u 3< 5im oaOi U taOo @a , muoi U'@
,
vaD UKO
.
" (eu Eo mo
UKO
.
%ap - aGn Eo mo U'@
,
thA >?On% UKO
.
ban% +4.R2/ %amR
coDn >?On% U'@
,
ch_ ban% ..R// %am" HoBi U aD n%uMe;n to
naDol
HI: U q +-1 aD 'a
:a;u +4< Ho7n h?Op !h* %oGm (OR (O
,
vaD + oxit (
x
O
M
coC thaDnh
phaGn ./o
(O
=
c +/o
2
(O
=
vaD .4o
x M
( O
=
" `@on% ho7n h?Op coC ,-R0o
>?On% (O coDn t@on% (
x
O
M
coC 03R0o >?On% oxi" HaZM xaCc F]nh
oxit (
x
O
M
" HI: Oxit aD (
,
O
.
:a;u ++< :oC + oxit EaPt ch>a biet"
k HoaD tan m %am oxit caGn +/4 m H: -M"
k 5h>B toaDn bob m %am oxit ban% :O noCn%R 8> thu F>?Oc
2R. %am EaPt" `Am co;n% th>Cc oxit"
HI: Je
,
O
-
:a;u +,< 5h>B + >?On% oxit EaPt ch>a biet ban% H
,
noCn% 8>"
KaBn pha$m h?i taOo @a hap thuO ban% +44 %am axit H
,
KO
.
32o
thA noGn% Fob axit %iaBm Fi -R.4/o" :hat @aPn thu F>?Oc Eau
phaBn >Cn% !h>B F>?Oc hoaD tan ban% axit H
,
KO
.
oaZn% thoaCt
@a -R-0 *t H
,
IF!tcH" `Am co;n% th>Cc oxit EaPt b] !h>B"
HI: Je
-
O
.
:a;u +-< Ho7n h?Op U %oGm , !im oaOi A vaD ' coC t_ eb !hoi
>?On% + < + vaD !hoi >?On% mo n%uMe;n t>B cuBa A najn% h?n '
aD 2 %am" `@on% /-R0 %am U coC Eo mo A !haCc ' aD 4R4-1/
mo" HoBi AR ' aD nh>Zn% !im oaOi naDol
HI: ' aD Je vaD A aD :u
:a;u +.< eot chaCM hoaDn toaDn m %am chat A caGn 8uDn%
het /R2,. 8m
-
O
,
IF!tcH" KaBn pha$m coC :O
,
vaD H
,
O F>?Oc chia
Fo;i" PhaGn + cho Fi iua P
,
O
/
thaM >?On% P
,
O
/
tafn% +R2 %am"

PhaGn , cho Fi iua :aO thaM >?On% :aO tafn% /R-, %am" `Am m
vaD co;n% th>Cc F?n %iaBn A" `Am co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B A vaD
biet A ?B the$ !h* IF! th>?Dn%H coC Eo : ."
HI: A aD :
.
H
+4
:a;u +/< HoaD tan +2R.% ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ vaD QQQ
ban% axit H: thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A & !h* '" :hia Fo;i '
aH PhaGn '
+
Fem Fot chaCM thu F>?Oc .R/% H
,
O" HoBi co; caOn
8un% 8]ch A thu F>?Oc bao nhie;u %am muoi !han"
bH PhaGn '
,
taCc 8uOn% het co vaD cho EaBn pha$m hap thuO
vaDo ,44 m 8un% 8]ch (aOH ,4o I8 q +R,H" `Am o caCc
chat t@on% 8un% 8]ch taOo @a"
cH `Am , !im oaOiR neu biet t_ Eo mo , muoi !han q + < +
vaD !hoi >?On% mo !im oaOi naDM %ap ,R. aGn !hoi
>?On% mo cuBa !im oaOi !ia"
HI: aH ^>?On% muoi
!han q ,0R3/%
bH o(aOH q
+4R2.o vaD o(a: q ++R1-o
cH 5^ hoaC t@] QQ
aD Tn vaD 5^ hoaC t@] QQQ aD A
:a;u +0< Hai n%uMe;n to U vaD \ FeGu ?B the$ @aPn t@on% FieGu
!iebn th>?Dn% 2R. %am U coC Eo mo nhieGu h?n 0R. %am \ aD
4R+/ mo" 'iet !hoi >?On% mo n%uMe;n t>B cuBa U nhoB h?n
!hoi >?On% mo n%uMe;n t>B cuBa \ aD 2" HaZM cho biet te;n
cuBa UR \ vaD Eo mo mo7i n%uMe;n to noCi t@e;n"
HI: k U IM%HR \ IKH
k
0, 2
S
n mol
vaD
0, 35
Mg
n mol
:a;u +1< (%uMe;n to [ taOo thaDnh h?Op chat [H
.
R t@on% FoC
hiF@o chiem ,/o !hoi >?On% vaD n%uMe;n to [r taOo thaDnh
h?Op chat [rO
,
t@on% FoC oxi chiem 03R/1o !hoi >?On%"
aH HoBi [ vaD [r aD caCc n%uMe;n to %Al
bH HoBi + *t !h* [rO
,
najn% h?n + *t !h* [H
.
bao nhie;u aGn
I?B cuDn% FieGu !iebn nhiebt FobR aCp EuatH"
cH (eu ?B F!tcR =
+
*t [H
.
najn% ban% =
,
*t [rO
,
thA t_ eb
=
+
s=
,
ban% bao nhie;u aGnl
HI: aH [ I:HR [rI(H c bH (O
,
najn% h?n :H
.
q
,R21/ aGn c cH =
+
s=
,
q ,R21/ aGn
:a;u +2< H?Op chat v?Ci oxi cuBa n%uMe;n to U coC 8aOn% U
a
O
b
%oGm 1 n%uMe;n t>B t@on% pha;n t>B" eoGn% th?Di t_ eb !hoi
>?On% %i>Za U vaD oxi aD + < +R,3" UaCc F]nh U vaD co;n% th>Cc
oxit"

HI: U aD P

oxit cuBa U aD P
,
O
/
:a;u +3< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn +,R+ %am ho7n h?Op bobt %oGm
:uO vaD mobt oxit cuBa !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ !haCc caGn +44 m
8un% 8]ch H: -M" 'iet t_ eb mo cuBa , oxit aD + < ,"
aH UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc cuBa oxit coDn aOi"
bH `*nh o theo !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i oxit t@on% ho7n h?Op ban
FaGu"
HI: aH TnO c bH o:uO q --R40o vaD oTnO q
00R3.o
:a;u ,4< :ho A %am !im oaOi M coC hoaC t@] !ho;n% Fo$i vaDo
,/4 m 8un% 8]ch ho7n h?Op %oGm :uI(O
-
H
,
vaD A%(O
-
FeGu coC
noGn% Fob 4R2 mos" Kau !hi phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a hoaDn toaDn ta
oOc F>?Oc Ia & ,1R,H %am chat @aPn %oGm ba !im oaOi vaD F>?Oc
mobt 8un% 8]ch ch_ ch>Ca mobt muoi tan" UaCc F]nh M vaD
!hoi >?On% muoi taOo @a t@on% 8un% 8]ch" HI:
M aD M% vaD M%I(O
-
H
,
q ..R.%
:a;u ,+< (un% ,/R,2 %am ho7n h?Op Je:O
-
vaD Je
x
O
M
8> t?Ci
phaBn >Cn% hoaDn toaDnR thu F>?Oc !h* A vaD ,,R. %am Je
,
O
-
8uM
nhat" :ho !h* A hap thuO hoaDn toaDn vaDo .44m 8un% 8]ch
'aIOHH
,
4R+/M thu F>?Oc 1R22% !et tuBa"
aH =iet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a"
bH `Am co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa Je
x
O
M
"
HI: bH Je
,
O
-
:a;u ,,< Hai thanh !im oaOi %ion% nhau IFeGu cuDn% n%uMe;n
to [ hoaC t@] QQH vaD coC cuDn% !hoi >?On%" :ho thanh th>C
nhat vaDo vaDo 8un% 8]ch :uI(O
-
H
,
vaD thanh th>C hai vaDo
8un% 8]ch PbI(O
-
H
,
" Kau mobt th?Di %ianR !hi Eo mo , muoi
ban% nhauR aM hai thanh !im oaOi FoC @a !hoBi 8un% 8]ch
thaM !hoi >?On% thanh th>C nhat %iaBm Fi 4R,o coDn !hoi
>?On% thanh th>C hai tafn% ,2R.o" UaCc F]nh n%uMe;n to ["
HI: [ ITnH
:a;u ,-< Ho7n h?Op M %oGm oxit cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ
vaD mobt cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi FoC F>?Oc hoaD tan het ban%
axit H
,
KO
.
oaZn% v>Da FuB taOo @a !h* ( vaD 8un% 8]ch ^" eem
co; caOn 8un% 8]ch ^ thu F>?Oc mobt >?On% muoi !han ban%
+02o !hoi >?On% M" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQR biet !h* (
ban% ..o !hoi >?On% cuBa M"
HI: M%
:a;u ,.< :ho :ho -R40% axit M
x
O
M
cuBa !im oaOi M coC hoaC t@]
!ho;n% Fo$i IhoaC t@] t>D Q Fen QQQH tan t@on% H(O
-
8> thu F>?Oc
/R,,% muoi" HaZM xaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa oxit
M
x
O
M
" HI: 'aO

:a;u ,/< :ho +/R,/ %am ho7n h?Op mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ coC
a7n Je tan het t@on% axit H: 8> thoaCt @a .R.2 8m
-
H
,
IF!tcH vaD
thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch U" `he;m (aOH 8> vaDo UR oOc !et tuBa
taCch @a @oGi nun% t@on% !ho;n% !h* Fen >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i ca;n
najn% +, %am" `Am !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQR biet noC !ho;n% taOo
!et tuBa v?Ci hiF@oxit"
HI: 'a
:a;u ,0< :ho , %am ho7n h?Op Je vaD !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ vaDo
8un% 8]ch H: coC 8> thA thu F>?Oc +R+, *t H
,
IF!tcH" Majt !haCcR
neu hoaD tan .R2% !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ FoC caGn ch>a Fen /44
m 8un% 8]ch H:" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ"
HI: M%
:a;u ,1< 5h>B hoaDn toaDn .R40% mobt oxit !im oaOi ban% :O ?B
nhiebt Fob cao thaDnh !im oaOi" Va7n toaDn bob !h* Einh @a vaDo
bAnh F>On% :aIOHH
,
8>R thaM taOo thaDnh 1% !et tuBa" (eu aM
>?On% !im oaOi Einh @a hoaD tan het vaDo 8un% 8]ch H: 8> thA
thu F>?Oc +R+10 *t !h* H
,
IF!tcH"
aH UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B oxit !im oaOi"
bH :ho .R40% oxit !im oaOi t@e;n taCc 8uOn% hoaDn toaDn v?Ci
/44 m 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
FajcR noCn% I8>H thu F>?Oc 8un%
8]ch U vaD !h* KO
,
baM @a" HaZM xaCc F]nh noGn% Fob mos
cuBa muoi t@on% 8un% 8]ch U Icoi the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch
!ho;n% thaM Fo$i t@on% iuaC t@Anh phaBn >Cn%H
HI: aH
Je
-
O
.
c bH
2 4 3
( )
0, 0525
M Fe SO
C M
:a;u ,2< HoaD tan hoaD toaDn m %am !im oaOi M ban% 8un%
8]ch H: 8>R thu F>?Oc = *t H
,
IF!tcH" Majt !haCc hoaD tan hoaDn
toaDn m %am !im oaOi M ban% 8un% 8]ch H(O
-
oaZn%R thu F>?Oc
muoi nit@at cuBa MR H
,
O vaD cuZn% = *t !h* (O 8uM nhat IF!tcH"
aH Ko EaCnh hoaC t@] cuBa M t@on% muoi co@ua vaD t@on%
muoi nit@at"
bH HoBi M aD !im oaOi naDol 'iet @an% !hoi >?On% muoi
nit@at taOo thaDnh %ap +R34/ aGn !hoi >?On% muoi co@ua"
HI: aH
2
3
x
y

c bH Je
:a;u ,3< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn +.R,% ho7n h?Op : %oGm M%:O
-
vaD muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi [ vaDo 8un% 8]ch H: 1R-o
v>Da FuBR thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V vaD -R-0 *t !h* :O
,
IF!tcH"
(oGn% Fob M%:
,
t@on% 8un% 8]ch V ban% 0R4,2o"
aH UaCc F]nh !im oaOi [ vaD thaDnh phaGn o theo !hoi >?On%
cuBa mo7i chat t@on% :"

bH :ho 8un% 8]ch (aOH 8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch VR oOc aM !et
tuBa nun% n%oaDi !ho;n% !h* Fen !hi phaBn >Cn% hoaDn
toaDn" `*nh Eo %am chat @aPn coDn aOi Eau !hi nun%"
HI: aH [ IJeH vaD oM%:O
-
q /3R+/o R oJe:O
-
q
.4R2/o c bH
4
MgO
m g
vaD
2 3
4
Fe O
m g
:a;u -4< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn a %am !im oaOi M coC hoaC t@]
!ho;n% Fo$i vaDo b %am 8un% 8]ch H: F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V"
`he;m ,.4 %am 8un% 8]ch (aH:O
-
1o vaDo V thA v>Da FuB taCc
8uOn% het v?Ci >?On% H: coDn 8>R thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch W t@on%
FoC noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa (a: vaD muoi co@ua !m oaOi
M t>?n% >Cn% aD ,R/o vaD 2R+,o" `he;m tiep >?On% 8> 8un%
8]ch (aOH vaDo WR Eau FoC oOc aM !et tuBaR @oGi nun% Fen
!hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i thA thu F>?Oc +0 %am chat @aPn" =iet
caCc ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"
UaCc F]nh !im oaOi vaD noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa 8un%
8]ch FaZ 8uDn%"
HI: M IM%H vaD oH: q +0o
4abng `:
D%uR Te%}; ;e;I ez 4~;I 41CH
Q" CaWc *oabi nong o:
+" (oGn% Fob phaGn t@afm I:oH< la lng chat tan co
trong 100g dung dch.
:o;n% `h>Cc<
% 100%
ct
88
m
:
m
ct
m
< 5hoi >?On%
chat tan I%H

88
m
< 5hoi >?On% 8un%
8]ch I%H
=?Ci<
88
m
q ="V =< `he$ t*ch 8un%
8]ch ImH
V< 5hoi >?On% @ie;n%
I%smH
=abM<
% 100%
ct
88
m
:
m
q
100%
ct
m
="V

QQ" (oGn% Fob mo I:


M
H< :ho biet Eo mo chat tan coC t@on%
+ *t 8un% 8]ch"
:o;n% th>Cc<
M
n
:
=

ImosH
2
1

+
,
: :
m
m : :
2
1

+
,
: :
=
= : :
2
1

+
,
V V
=
= V V

MaD
m
n
M

EuM @a<
M
m
m
M
:
= M"=

ImosH haM IMH
QQQ" Quan heb %i>Za noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm vaD Fob tan K
% 100%
K
:
K&+44

Q=" Quan heb %i>Za noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm vaD noGn% Fob
mo"
`a coC<
.1000 10 10
.100.
ct
ct ct
M
88
88 88
m
m V m n V V
M
: :o"
m
= m "M m M M
+444"V
10
M
V
: :o"
M

haM
10
M
M
:o : "
V

=" 5hi pha t@obn 8un% 8]ch<


+H K>B 8uOn% iuM taPc F>?Dn% cheCo<
m `@obn m
+
%am 8un% 8]ch coC noGn% Fob :
+
o v?Ci m
,
%am
8un% 8]ch coC noGn% Fob :
,
oR 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc coC noGn%
Fob :o aD<
+
m
%am 8un% 8]ch
1
:

2
: :
,
m
%am 8un% 8]ch
2
:

1
: :
m `@obn =
+
m 8un% 8]ch coC noGn% Fob :
+
mos v?Ci =
,
m
8un% 8]ch coC noGn% Fob :
,
mos thA thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch coC
noGn% Fob : ImosHR v?Ci =
88
q =
+
& =
,
"
+
=
m 8un% 8]ch
1
:

2
: :
:
,
=
m 8un% 8]ch
2
:

1
: :
m `@obn =
+
m 8un% 8]ch coC !hoi >?On% @ie;n% V
+
v?Ci =
,
m
8un% 8]ch coC !hoi >?On% @ie;n% V
,
R thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch coC
!hoi >?On% @ie;n% V"
+
=
m 8un% 8]ch
1
V

2
V V
V
,
=
m 8un% 8]ch
2
V

1
V V
,H :oC the$ E>B 8uOn% ph>?n% t@Anh pha t@obn<
( )
1 2 + , + ,
m: m: m &m : +
I+H
+
m
R
,
m
aD !hoi >?On% cuBa 8un% 8]ch + vaD 8un% 8]ch ,"
1
:
R
2
:
aD noGn% Fob o cuBa 8un% 8]ch + vaD 8un% 8]ch ,"
: aD noGn% Fob o cuBa 8un% 8]ch m?Ci"
I+H
1 2 + , + ,
m: m: m:&m: +
:

( ) ( )
1 2 + ,
m : k: m :k:

2
1
+
,
m : k:
m : k:

-H ee$ t*nh noGn% Fob caCc chat coC phaBn >Cn% v?Ci nhau<
k =iet caCc phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a"
k `*nh Eo mo I!hoi >?On%H cuBa caCc chat Eau phaBn >Cn%"
k `*nh !hoi >?On% hoajc the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch Eau phaBn >Cn%"
^>u MC< :aCch t*nh !hoi >?On% 8un% 8]ch Eau phaBn >Cn%"
(eu EaBn pha$m !ho;n% coC chat baM h?i haM !et
tuBa"
88EauphaBn>Cn% !hoi >?On%caCcchat tham%ia
m

(eu EaBn pha$m taOoO thaDnh coC chat baM h?i haM
!et tuBa"

88EauphaBn>Cn% !hiC !hoi >?On%caCcchat tham%ia
m m

88EauphaBn>Cn% !hoi >?On%caCcchat tham%ia !et tuBa


m m

(eu EaBn pha$m v>Da coC !et tuBa vaD baM h?i"
88EauphaBn>Cn% !hiC !hoi >?On%caCcchat tham%ia !et tuBa
m m m

D%uR T%z?:
:a;u +< `*nh !hoi >?On% A%(O
-
b] taCch @a !hoBi 1/ %am 8un%
8]ch baZo hoaD A%(O
-
?B /4
o
:R !hi 8un% 8]ch F>?Oc haO nhiebt
Fob Fen ,4
o
:" 'iet
( )
0
3
20
222
A%(O :
K g
c
( )
0
3
50
455
A%(O :
K g
"
:a;u ,< :oC , 8un% 8]chH: noGn% Fob 4R/M vaD -M" `*nh the$
t*ch 8un% 8]ch caGn phaBi aM Fe$ pha F>?Oc +44m 8un% 8]ch
H: noGn% Fob ,R/M"
:a;u -< 5hi hoaD tan m I%H muoi JeKO
.
"1H
,
O vaDo +02R+ I%H
n>?CcR thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch JeKO
.
coC noGn% Fob ,R0o" `*nh ml
:a;u .< ^aM +,R., I%H (a
,
:O
-
"+4H
,
O F>?Oc hoaD tan t@on% /4R+m
n>?Cc cat IV q +%smH" `*nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa 8un%
8]ch thu F>?Oc"
:a;u /< ^aM 2R. I%H M%:O
-
hoaD tan vaDo +.0 I%H 8un% 8]ch H:
thA v>Da FuB"
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"
bH `*nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa 8un% 8]ch H: FaGul
cH `*nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm caCc chat t@on% 8un% 8]ch
Eau phaBn >Cn%l
:a;u 0< HoaD tan +4 I%H :a:O
-
vaDo ++.R+ I%H 8un% 8]ch H: 2o"
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"

bH `*nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm caCc chat thu F>?Oc Eau phaBn
>Cn%l
:a;u 1< HoaD tan hoaD toaDn +0R,/% mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] IQQH
ban% 8un% 8]ch H: +2R,/o IV q +R,%smHR thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch
muoi vaD /R0 !h* hiF@o IF!tcH"
aH UaCc F]nh !im oaOil
bH UaCc F]nh !hoi >?On% 88H: +2R,/o FaZ 8uDn%l
`*nh :
M
cuBa 8un% 8]ch H: t@e;nl
cH `Am noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa 8un% 8]ch muoi Eau
phaBn >Cn%l
:a;u 2< :ho a I%H Je taCc 8uOn% v>Da FuB +/4m 8un% 8]ch H: IV
q +R, %smH thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch vaD 0R1, *t !h* IF!tcH" :ho toaDn
bob >?On% 8un% 8]ch t@e;n taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch A%(O
-
8>R
thu F>?Oc b I%H !et tuBa"
aH =iet caCc ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"
bH `Am %iaC t@] aR bl
cH `*nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm vaD noGn% Fob mos 8un% 8]ch
H:l
:a;u 3< Mobt ho7n h?Op %oGm (a
,
KO
.
vaD 5
,
KO
.
t@obn theo t_ eb
+ < , veG Eo mo" HoaD tan ho7n h?Op vaDo +4, I%H n>?CcR thu
F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A" :ho +00. I%H 8un% 8]ch 'a:
,
+4o vaDo 8un%
8]ch AR xuat hiebn !et tuBa" ^oOc boB !et tuBaR the;m H
,
KO
.
8> vaDo n>?Cc oOc thaM taOo @a .0R0 I%H !et tuBa"
UaCc F]nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa (a
,
KO
.
vaD 5
,
KO
.
t@on% 8un% 8]ch A ban FaGul
:a;u +4< :ho -3R43 I%H ho7n h?Op U %oGm - muoi< 5
,
:O
-
R 5:R
5H:O
-
taCc 8uOn% v?Ci =m 8un% 8]ch H: 8> +4R/,o IV q
+R4/%smHR thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch \ vaD 0R1, *t !h* :O
,
IF!tcH"
:hia \ thaDnh , phaGn ban% nhau"
k PhaGn +< ee$ t@un% hoaD 8un% 8]ch caGn ,/4m 8un% 8]ch
(aOH 4R.M"
k PhaGn ,< :ho taCc 8uOn% v?Ci A%(O
-
8> thu F>?Oc /+R00 I%H
!et tuBa"
aH `*nh !hoi >?On% caCc chat t@on% ho7n h?Op ban FaGul
bH `Am =ml
:a;u ++< :ho .0R+ I%H ho7n h?Op M%R JeR Tn phaBn >Cn% v?Ci 8un%
8]ch H: thA thu F>?Oc +1R3, *t H
,
IF!tcH" `*nh thaDnh phaGn
phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% caCc !im oaOi t@on% ho7n h?Op"
'iet @an% the$ t*ch !h* H
,
8o EaPt taOo @a %ap Fo;i the$ t*ch H
,
8o M% taOo @a"
:a;u ++< ee$ hoaD tan hoaDn toaDn . I%H ho7n h?Op %oGm mobt
!im oaOi hoaC t@] IQQH vaD mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] IQQQH phaBi 8uDn%
+14m 8un% 8]ch H: ,M"

aH :o; caOn 8un% 8]ch Eau phaBn >Cn% EeZ thu F>?Oc bao
nhie;u %am ho7n h?Op muoi !han"
bH `*nh the$ t*ch !h* H
,
I?B F!tcH thu F>?Oc Eau phaBn >Cn%"
cH (eu biet !im oaOi hoaC t@] IQQQH ?B t@e;n aD A vaD noC coC
Eo mo %ap / aGn Eo mo !im oaOi hoaC t@] IQQH" HaZM
xaCc F]nh te;n !im oaOi hoaC t@] IQQH"
:a;u +,< :oC mobt oxit EaPt ch>a co;n% th>Cc" :hia >?On% oxit
naDM aDm , phaGn ban% nhau"
aH ee$ hoaD tan het phaGn + phaBi 8uDn% +/4m 8un% 8]ch
H: -M"
bH :ho mobt uoGn% !h* :O 8> Fi iua phaGn , nun% noCn%R
phaBn >Cn% xon% thu F>?Oc 2R. I%H EaPt"
`Am co;n% th>Cc oxit EaPt t@e;n"
:a;u +-< A aD mobt ho7n h?Op bobt %oGm 'aR M%R A"
- ^aM m %am A cho vaDo n>?Cc t?Ci !hi het phaBn >Cn%
thaM thoaCt @a 0R3. *t H
,
IF!tcH"
- ^aM m %am A cho vaDo 8un% 8]ch xuCt 8> t?Ci het
phaBn >Cn% thaM thoaCt @a 0R1, *t H
,
IF!tcH"
- ^aM m %am A hoaD tan ban% mobt >?On% v>Da FuB 8un%
8]ch axit H: F>?Oc mobt 8un% 8]ch vaD 3R+2. *t H
,
IF!tcH"
HaZM t*nh m vaD o !hoi >?On% caCc !im oaOi t@on% A"
:a;u +.< U aD ho7n h?Op hai !im oaOi M% vaD Tn" \ aD 8un% 8]ch
H
,
KO
.
ch>a @oZ noGn% Fob"
`h* n%hiebm +< :ho ,.R- %am U vaDo , *t \R Einh @a 2R30 *t !h*
H
,
"
`h* n%hiebm ,< :ho ,.R- %am U vaDo - *t \R Einh @a ++R, *t !h*
H
,
"
I:aCc the$ t*ch !h* FeGu Fo ?B F!tcH
aH :h>Cn% toB @an% t@on% th* n%hiebm + thA U ch>a tan hetR
t@on% th* n%hiebm , thA U tan het"
bH `*nh noGn% Fob mo cuBa 8un% 8]ch \ vaD !hoi >?On% mo7i
!im oaOi t@on% U"
:a;u +/< `*nh noGn% Fob ban FaGu cuBa 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
vaD
8un% 8]ch (aOH biet @an%<
- (eu Fo$ - *t 8un% 8]ch (aOH vaDo , *t 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
thA Eau !hi phaBn >Cn% 8un% 8]ch coC t*nh !ieGm v?Ci
noGn% Fob 4R+ M"

- (eu Fo$ , *t 8un% 8]ch (aOH vaDo - *t 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
thA Eau phaBn >Cn% 8un% 8]ch coC t*nh axit v?Ci noGn%
Fob 4R,M"
:a;u +0< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn a %am !im oaOi M coC hoaC t@]
!ho;n% Fo$i vaDo b %am 8un% 8]ch H: F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V"
`he;m ,.4 %am 8un% 8]ch (aH:O
-
1o vaDo V thA v>Da FuB taCc
8uOn% het v?Ci >?On% H: coDn 8>R thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch W t@on%
FoC noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa (a: vaD muoi co@ua !m oaOi
M t>?n% >Cn% aD ,R/o vaD 2R+,o" `he;m tiep >?On% 8> 8un%
8]ch (aOH vaDo WR Eau FoC oOc aM !et tuBaR @oGi nun% Fen
!hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i thA thu F>?Oc +0 %am chat @aPn" =iet
caCc ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"
UaCc F]nh !im oaOi vaD noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa 8un%
8]ch FaZ 8uDn%"
:a;u +1< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn m %am !im oaOi M ban% 8un%
8]ch H: 8>R thu F>?Oc = *t H
,
IF!tcH" Majt !haCc hoaDn tan hoaDn
toaDn m %am !im oaOi M ban% 8un% 8]ch H(O
-
oaZn%R thu F>?Oc
muoi nit@at cuBa MR H
,
O vaD cuZn% = *t !h* (O 8uM nhat IF!tcH"
aH Ko EaCnh hoaC t@] cuBa M t@on% muoi co@ua vaD t@on%
muoi nit@at"
bH HoBi M aD !im oaOi naDol biet @an% !hoi >?On% muoi
nit@at taOo thaDnh %ap +R43/ aGn !hoi >?On% muoi co@ua"
:a;u +2< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn +.R, %am ho7n h?Op : %oGm
M%:O
-
vaD muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi [ vaDo axit H: 1R-o
v>Da FuBR thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V vaD -R-0 *t !h* :O
,
IF!tcH"
(oGn% Fob M%:
,
t@on% 8un% 8]ch V ban% 0R4,2o"
aH UaCc F]nh !im oaOi [ vaD thaDnh phaGn phaGn o theo !hoi
>?On% cuBa mo7i chat t@on% :"
bH :ho 8un% 8]ch (aOH 8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch VR oOc aM !et
tuBa @oGi nun% n%oaDi !ho;n% !h* Fen !hi phaBn >Cn%
hoaDn toaDn" `*nh Eo %am chat @aPn coDn aOi Eau !hi nun%"
:a;u +3< 5hi cho a %am Je vaDo t@on% .44m 8un% 8]ch H:R Eau
!hi phaBn >Cn% !et thuCc Fem co; caOn 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc 0R,
%am chat @aPn U"
(eu cho ho7n h?Op %oGm a %am Je vaD b %am M% vaDo t@on%
.44m 8un% 8]ch H: thA Eau !hi phaBn >Cn% !et thuCcR thu
F>?Oc 230m H
,
IF!tcH vaD co; caOn 8un% 8]ch thA thu F>?Oc 0R02
%am chat @aPn \" `*nh aR bR noGn% Fob mo cuBa 8un% 8]ch H:
vaD thaDnh phaGn !hoi >?On% caCc chat t@on% UR \" IXiaB E>B
M% !ho;n% phaBn >Cn% v?Ci n>?Cc vaD !hi phaBn >Cn% v?Ci axit
M% phaBn >Cn% t@>?Cc het M% m?Ci Fen Je" :ho biet caCc
phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a hoaDn toaDnH"

:a;u ,4< Vun% 8]ch U aD 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
R 8un% 8]ch \ aD 8un%
8]ch (aOH" (eu t@obn U vaD \ theo t_ eb the$ t*ch aD =
U
< =
\
q
- < , thA F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A coC ch>Ca U 8>" `@un% hoaD + *t A
caGn .4 %am 5OH ,4o" (eu t@obn U vaD \ theo t_ eb the$ t*ch
=
U
< =
\
q , < - thA F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch ' coC ch>Ca \ 8>" `@un% hoaD +
*t ' caGn ,3R, %am 8un% 8]ch H: ,/o" `*nh noGn% Fob mo cuBa
U vaD \"
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
4abng S:
D%uR Te%}; EN ^(wi;I CH%{T 4(
L 5hi t@>?Dn% h?Op %ajp baDi toaCn cho biet >?On% cuBa hai
chat tham %ia vaD Me;u caGu t*nh >?On% chat taOo thaDnh" `@on%
Eo hai chat tham %ia phaBn >Cn% EeZ coC mobt chat tham %ia
phaBn >Cn% het" :hat !ia coC the$ phaBn >Cn% het hoajc 8>"
^>?On% chat taOo thaDnh t*nh theo >?On% chat naDo phaBn >Cn%
hetR 8o FoC phaBi tAm xem t@on% hai chat cho bietR chat naDo
phaBn >Cn% het" :aCch %iaBi< ^abp t_ EoR v* 8uO ph>?n% t@Anh
phaBn >Cn%<
A & '

: & V
& ^abp t_ Eo<
)
)
Komo chat A ItheoFeG
Komo chat A Itheo P`HH

)
)
Komo chat 'ItheoFeG
Komo chat 'Itheo P`HH
Ko EaCnh , t_ EoR t_ Eo naDo ?Cn h?n chat FoC 8>R
chat !ia phaBn >Cn% het" `*nh >?On% caCc chat theo
chat phaBn >Cn% het"
D%uR T%z?:
:a;u +< eun noCn% +0R2 %am bobt EaPt vaD 0R. %am bobt >u
huMDnh I!ho;n% coC !ho;n% !h*H thu F>?Oc chat @aPn A" HoaD tan
A ban% H: 8> thoaCt @a !h* '" :ho !h* ' Fi chabm iua 8un%
8]ch PbI(O
-
H
,
taCch @a !et tuBa V maDu Fen" :aCc phaBn >Cn%
FeGu xaBM @a +44o"
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% Fe$ cho biet AR 'R V aD
%Al
bH `*nh the$ t*ch !h* ' IF!tcH vaD !hoi >?On% !et tuBa V"
cH :aGn bao nhie;u the$ t*ch O
,
IF!tcH Fe$ Fot hoaDn toaDn
!h* '"
:a;u , : eun noCn% ho7n h?Op JeR K I!ho;n% coC !ho;n% !h*H thu
F>?Oc chat @aPn A" HoaD tan A ban% axit H: 8> thoaCt @a 0R1,
8m
-
!h* V IF!tcH vaD coDn nhabn F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch ' cuDn% chat

@aPn W" :ho !h* V Fi chabm iua 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
taCch @a +3R,
%am !et tuBa Fen"
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"
bH `*nh >?On% @ie;n% phaGn JeR K ban FaGu biet >?On% W
ban% -R, %am"
:a;u -< Va7n .R.2 8m
-
:O I?B F!tcH Fi iua m %am :uO nun%
noCn% nhabn F>?Oc chat @aPn U vaD !h* \" KuOc !h* \ vaDo 8un%
8]ch :aIOHH
,
8> taCch @a ,4 %am !et tuBa t@aPn%" HoaD tan
chat @aPn U ban% ,44m 8un% 8]ch H: ,M thA Eau phaBn >Cn%
phaBi t@un% hoaD 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc ban% /4 %am :aIOHH
,
1R.o" =iet P`Pa vaD t*nh m"
:a;u .< 0R2 %am ho7n h?Op Je vaD :uO tan t@on% +44 m axit H:

8un% 8]ch A & thoaCt @a ,,. m !h* ' IF!tcH vaD oOc F>?Oc
chat @aPn V najn% ,R. %am" `he;m tiep H: 8> vaDo ho7n h?Op
A & V thA V tan + phaGnR Eau FoC the;m tiep (aOH Fen 8> vaD
oOc !et tuBa taCch @a nun% non% t@on% !ho;n% !h* Fen >?On%
!ho;n% Fo$i ca;n najn% 0R. %am" `*nh thaDnh phaGn !hoi >?On%
Je vaD :uO t@on% ho7n h?Op FaGu"
:a;u /< `@obn +44 m 8un% 8]ch Je
,
IKO
.
H
-
+R/M v?Ci +/4 m 8un%
8]ch 'aIOHH
,
,M thu F>?Oc !et tuBa A vaD 8un% 8]ch '" (un%
!et tuBa A t@on% !ho;n% !h* Fen >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i thu F>?Oc
chat @aPn V" `he;m 'a:
,
8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch ' thA taCch @a !et
tuBa W"
aH =iet ph>on% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%" `*nh V vaD W"
bH `*nh noGn% Fob mo chat tan t@on% 8un% 8]ch ' Icoi the$
t*ch thaM Fo$i !ho;n% FaCn% !e$ !hi xaBM @a phaBn >Cn%H"
:a;u 0< :ho+-R0 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm M% vaD Je F>?Oc hoaD tan
t@on% +44 m 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
" Kau phaBn >Cn% nhabn F>?Oc
8un% 8]ch A vaD +2R. %am chat @aPn ' %oGm , !im oaOi" `he;m
(aOH 8> vaDo A @oGi oOc !et tuBa taCch @a nun% noCn% t@on%
!ho;n% !h* Fen !hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i nhabn F>?Oc chat
@aPn V %oGm M%O vaD Je
,
O
-
najn% +R, %am" `*nh >?On% JeR M%
ban FaGu"
4abng T:
D%uR Te%}; %}C 1;H He; Hwi? V 9R&
^e%iR @He%JC V &~e{RA H% %RT Ceu; 4(

L ^>u MC< 5hi %ajp baDi toaCn cho ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi
Ihoajc , muoiH taCc 8uOn% v?Ci axitR FeG baDi Me;u caGu ch>Cn%
minh axit coDn 8> haM ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi coDn 8>" `a %iaBi nh>
Eau<
XiaB E>B ho7n h?Op ch_ %oGm mobt !im oaOi Ihoajc muoiH
coC M nhoBR Fe$ !hi chia !hoi >?On% ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi Ihoajc
ho7n h?Op , muoiH cho M coC Eo mo ?CnR @oGi Eo EaCnh Eo mo
axit Fe$ xem axit coDn 8> haM ho7n h?Op coDn 8><
( )
hh
#Cl hh 2 ki$ loai hoac 2 $!oi
$
n
%
n < <
O j
D%uR T%z?
:a;u +< :ho -+R2% ho7n h?Op IUH %oGm , muoi M%:O
-
vaD :a:O
-
vaDo 4R2 *t 8un% 8]ch H: +M thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch ITH"
aH HoBi 8un% 8]ch ITH coC 8> axit !ho;n%l
bH ^>?On% :O
,
coC the$ thu F>?Oc bao nhie;ul
:a;u ,< :ho -3R0% ho7n h?Op %oGm 5HKO
-
vaD 5
,
:O
-
vaDo .44%
8un% 8]ch H: 1R-oR!hi xon% phaBn >Cn% thu F>?Oc !h* IUH coC t_
!hoi Eo v?Ci !h* hiF@o ban% ,/R--o vaD mobt 8un% 8]ch IAH"
aH HaZM ch>Cn% minh @an% axit coDn 8>"
bH `*nh :o caCc chat t@on% 8un% 8]ch IAH"
:a;u -< HoaD tan +-R, %am ho7n h?Op A %oGm , !im oaOi coC
cuDn% hoaC t@] vaDo .44 m 8un% 8]ch H: +R/M" :o; caOn 8un%
8]ch Eau phaBn >Cn% thu F>?Oc -,R1 %am ho7n h?Op muoi !han"
aH :h>Cn% minh ho7n h?Op A !ho;n% tan het"
bH `*nh the$ t*ch hiF@o Einh @a"
:a;u .< Ho7n h?Op A %oGm , !im oaOi M% vaD Tn" ' aD 8un% 8]ch
H
,
KO
.
coC noGn% Fob mo aD x mos"
- `@>?Dn% h?Op +< :ho ,.R-% IAH vaDo , *t I'H Einh @a 2R30 *t
!h* H
,
"
- `@>?Dn% h?Op +< :ho ,.R-% IAH vaDo - *t I'H Einh @a ++R, *t
!h* H
,
"
I:aCc the$ t*ch !h* FeGu Fo ?B F!tcH"
a" HaZM ch>Cn% minh t@on% t@>?Dn% h?Op + thA ho7n h?Op
!im oaOi ch>a tan hetR t@on% t@>?Dn% h?Op , axit coDn 8>"
b" `*nh noGn% Fob x mos cuBa 8un% 8]ch I'H vaD o !hoi
>?On% mo7i !im oaOi t@on% IAH

4abng U: D%uR Te%}; T%;I: IR%& 9He{R
^(wi;I
T,Pxng hxb" O: 3im )(aBi phaAn @&ng 'J&i mu(>i $uAa /im )(aBi y=>u
hJn1
L 9@J&ng giaAi< k XoOi x I%H aD !hoi >?On% cuBa !im oaOi
maOnh"
k ^abp ph>?n% t@Anh hoaC hoOc"
k V>Oa vaDo 8>Z !iebn FeG baDi vaD P`HH Fe$ tAm
>?On% !im oaOi tham %ia"
k `>D FoC EuM @a >?On% caCc chat !haCc"
L L@u y&: 5hi cho mien% !im oaOi vaDo 8un% 8]ch muoiR
Kau phaBn >Cn% thanh !im oaOi taPn% haM %iaBm<
k (eu thanh !im oaOi tafn%<

!imoaOi Eau !imoaOi t@>?Cc !imoaOi tafn%
m m m
k (eu !hoi >?On% thanh !im oaOi %iaBm<

!imoaOi t@>?Cc !imoaOi Eau !imoaOi %iaBm
m m m
k (eu FeG baDi cho !hoi >?On% thanh !im oaOi
tafn% ao haM %iaBm bo thA ne;n Fajt thanh !im
oaOi ban FaGu aD m %am" =abM !hoi >?On% thanh
!im oaOi tafn% ao

m haM bo

m"
D%uR T%z?
:a;u +< :ho mobt aC FoGn% coC !hoi >?On% aD 0 %am vaDo
8un% 8]ch A%(O
-
" PhaBn >Cn% xon%R Fem aC !im oaOi @a @>Ba
nheOR aDm !ho; ca;n F>?Oc +-R0 %am" `*nh !hoi >?On% FoGn%
FaZ phaBn >Cn%"
:a;u ,< (%a;m mobt mien% EaPt vaDo -,4 %am 8un% 8]ch
:uKO
.
+4o" Kau !hi tat caB FoGn% b] Fa$M @a !hoBi 8un% 8]ch
:uKO
.
vaD baCm het vaDo mien% EaPtR thA !hoi >?On% mien%
EaPt tafn% e;n 2o" UaCc F]nh !hoi >?On% mien% EaPt ban
FaGu"
:a;u -< (huCn% thanh EaPt coC !hoi >?On% /4 %am vaDo .44m
8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
" Kau mobt th?Di %ian !hoi >?On% thanh EaPt
tafn% .o"
aH UaCc F]nh >?On% :u thoaCt @a" XiaB E>B FoGn% thoaCt @a
FeGu baCm vaDo thanh EaPt"
bH `*nh noGn% Fob mos cuBa 8un% 8]ch EaPtIQQH EunNat taOo
thaDnh" XiaB E>B the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch !ho;n% thaM Fo$i"
T,Pxng hxb" V: TaKng giaAm /h(>i )@JBng $uAa $ha>t /=>t tuAa hay
/h(>i )@JBng Lung LF$h -au phaAn @&ng

aA 5hi %ajp baDi toaCn cho a %am muoi co@ua IcuBa !im
oaOi 'aR :aR M%H taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch cacbonat taOo muoi
!et tuBa coC !hoi >?On% b %am" HaZM tAm co;n% th>Cc muoi
co@ua"
k Muon tAm co;n% th>Cc muoi co@ua phaBi tAm Eo mo InH
muoi"
eob %iaBm !hoi >?On% muoi co@ua q a t b aD 8o thaM :
,
IM q 1+H ban% :O
-
IM q 04H"
$!oi
71 60

ak b
n
UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B muoi< $!oi clor!a
$!oi
a

M
n
`>D FoC xaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B muoi"
bA 5hi %ajp baDi toaCn cho m %am muoi cacbonat cuBa !im
oaOi hoaC t@] QQ taCc 8uOn% v?Ci H
,
KO
.
oaZn% 8> thu F>?Oc n
%am muoi EunNat" HaZM tAm co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B muoi
cacbonat"
Muon tAm co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B muoi cacbonat phaBi tAm
Eo mo muoi"
$!oi
96 60

nkm
n
I8o thaM muoi cacbonat I04H ban% muoi EunNat
I30H
UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B muoi [:O
-
<
$!oi
$!oi

m
[&04 [
n
KuM @a co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa [:O
-
"
D%uR T%z?
:a;u +< Hai thanh !im oaOi %ion% nhau IFeGu taOo b?Bi cuDn%
n%uMe;n to [ hoaC t@] QQH vaD coC cuDn% !hoi >?On%" `haB thanh
th>C nhat vaDo 8un% 8]ch :uI(O
-
H
,
vaD thanh thuC hai vaDo
8un% 8]ch PbI(O
-
H
,
" Kau mobt th?Di %ianR !hi Eo mo , muoi
phaBn >Cn% ban% nhau aM , thanh !im oaOi FoC @a !hoBi 8un%
8]ch thaM !hoi >?On% thanh th>C nhat %iaBm Fi 4R,oR coDn
!hoi >?On% thanh th>C hai tafn% the;m ,2R.o" `Am n%uMe;n to
["
:a;u ,< :oC +44 m muoi nit@at cuBa !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ I8un%
8]ch AH" `haB vaDo A mobt thanh Pb !im oaOiR Eau mobt th?Di %ian
!hi >?On% Pb !ho;n% Fo$i thA aM noC @a !hoBi 8un% 8]ch thaM
!hoi >?On% cuBa noC %iaBm Fi ,2R0 %am" Vun% 8]ch coDn aOi
F>?Oc thaB tiep vaDo FoC mobt thanh Je najn% +44 %am" 5hi

>?On% EaPt !ho;n% Fo$i n>Za thA aM @a !hoBi 8un% 8]chR tham
!ho; ca;n najn% +-4R, %am" HoBi co;n% th>Cc cuBa muoi ban
FaGu vaD noGn% Fob mo cuBa 8un% 8]ch A"
:a;u -< :ho mobt thanh Pb !im oaOi taCc 8uOn% v>Da FuB v?Ci
8un% 8]ch muoi nit@at cuBa !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQR Eau mobt th?Di
%ian !hi !hoi >?On% thanh Pb !ho;n% Fo$i thA aM @a !hoBi 8un%
8]ch thaM !hoi >?On% noC %iaBm Fi +.R- %am" :ho thanh EaPt
coC !hoi >?On% /4 %am vaDo 8un% 8]ch Eau phaBn >Cn% t@e;nR
!hoi >?On% thanh EaPt !ho;n% Fo$i n>Za thA aM @a !hoBi 8un%
8]chR @>Ba EaOchR EaM !ho; ca;n najn% 0/R+ %am" `Am te;n !im
oaOi hoaC t@] QQ"
:a;u .< HoaD tan muoi nit@at cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ
vaDo n>?Cc F>?Oc ,44 m 8un% 8]ch IAH" :ho vaDo 8un% 8]ch IAH
,44 m 8un% 8]ch 5
-
PO
.
R phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a v>Da FuBR thu F>?Oc
!et tuBa I'H vaD 8un% 8]ch I:H" 5hoi >?On% !et tuBa I'H vaD
!hoi >?On% muoi nit@at t@on% 8un% 8]ch IAH !haCc nhau -R0.
%am"
aH `Am noGn% Fob mos cuBa 8un% 8]ch IAH vaD I:HR %iaB
thiet the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch thaM Fo$i 8o pha t@obn vaD the$
t*ch !et tuBa !ho;n% FaCn% !e$"
bH :ho 8un% 8]ch (aOH IaM 8>H vaDo +44 m 8un% 8]ch IAH
thu F>?Oc !et tuBa IVHR oOc aM !et tuBa IVH @oGi Fem
nun% Fen !hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i ca;n F>?Oc ,R. %am
chat @aPn" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi t@on% muoi nit@at"
4abng d: D%uR Te%}; Ce} HRNz~ B~%{T
?H%; (};I
:a;u +<`@on% co;n% n%hiebp FieGu che H
,
KO
.
t>D JeK
,
theo E?
FoG Eau<
JeK
,

KO
,

KO
-

H
,
KO
.
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% vaD %hi @oZ FieGu !iebn"
bH `*nh >?On% axit 32o FieGu che F>?Oc t>D + tan iuajn%
ch>Ca 04o JeK
,
"
'iet hiebu Euat cuBa iuaC t@Anh aD 24o"
:a;u ,<eieGu che H(O
-
t@on% co;n% n%hiebp theo E? FoG<
(H
-

(O

(O
,

H(O
-
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn% vaD %hi @oZ FieGu !iebn"
bH `*nh the$ t*ch (H
-
I?B F!tcH ch>Ca +/o taOp chat !ho;n%
chaCM caGn thiet Fe$ thu F>?Oc +4 !% H(O
-
-+R/o" 'iet
hiebu Euat cuBa iuaC t@Anh aD 13R-/0o"

:a;u -<(%>?Di ta FieGu che :
,
H
,
t>D than vaD FaC vo;i theo E?
FoG<
:a:O
-

95%
:aO
80%
:a:
,

90%
:
,
H
,
=?Ci hiebu Euat mo7i phaBn >Cn% %hi t@e;n E? FoG"
aH =iet ph>?n% t@Anh phaBn >Cn%"
bH `*nh >?On% FaC vo;i ch>Ca 1/o :a:O
-
caGn FieGu che
F>?Oc ,R,. m
-
:
,
H
,
IF!tcH theo E? FoG"
4abng Of: D%uR Te%}; 9HR IR%R ~ EN
Off
:a;u +< Ho7n h?Op %oGm :a:O
-
a7n A
,
O
-
vaD Je
,
O
-
t@on% FoC
coC A
,
O
-
chiem +4R,o coDn Je
,
O
-
chiem 32o" (un% ho7n h?Op
naDM ?B nhiebt Fob cao thu F>?Oc chat @aPn coC >?On% ban%
01o >?On% ho7n h?Op ban FaGu" `*nh o >?On% chat @aPn taOo @a"
aW" Gog: o A
,
O
-
q +/R,,o c oJe
,
O
-
q +.R0-o c
o:a:O
,
I8>H q 1R/o vaD o:aO q 0,R1o
:a;u ,< Ho7n h?Op A %oGm oxit cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ
vaD muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi FoC F>?Oc hoaD tan het ban%
axit H
,
KO
.
oaZn% v>Da FuB taOo @a !h* ' vaD coDn 8un% 8]ch V"
eem co; caOn V thu F>?Oc mobt >?On% muoi !han ban% +02o
>?On% A" 'iet >?On% !h* ' ban% ..o >?On% A" HoBi !im oaOi
hoaC t@] QQ noCi t@e;n aD n%uMe;n to naDo l o >?On% mo7i chat
t@on% A ban% bao nhie;u"
aW" Gog: A aD M% c oM%O q +0o vaD oM%:O
-
q 2.o
:a;u -< Muoi A taOo b?Bi !im oaOi M IhoaC t@] QQH vaD phi !im U
IhoaC t@] QH" HoaD tan mobt >?On% A vaDo n>?Cc F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch
Ar" (eu the;m A%(O
-
8> vaDo Ar thA >?On% !et tuBa taCch @a
ban% +22o >?On% A" (eu the;m (a
,
:O
-
8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch Ar
thA >?On% !et tuBa taCch @a ban% /4o >?On% A" HoBi !im oaOi M
vaD phi !im U aD n%uMe;n to naDo l :o;n% th>Cc muoi A"
aW" Gog: M aD :a vaD U aD '@ c :`HH cuBa A aD :a'@
,
4abng OO: D%uR Te%}; Te;I
Hwi?
:a;u +< `@obn +44% 8un% 8]ch ch>Ca mobt muoi EunNat cuBa
!im oaOi !ieGm noGn% Fob +-R,o v?Ci +44% 8un% 8]ch (aH:O
-

.R,o" Kau !hi phaBn >Cn% xon% thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A coC !hoi
>?On% m I88 AH u ,44%" :ho +44% 8un% 8]ch 'a:
,
,4R2o vaDo
8un% 8]ch AR !hi phaBn >Cn% xon% n%>?Di ta thaM 8un% 8]ch
va7n coDn 8> muoi EunNat" (eu the;m tiep vaDo FoC ,4% 8un%
8]ch 'a:
,
,4R2o n>Za thA 8un% 8ich aOi 8> 'a:
,
vaD uCc naDM
thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V"
aH HaZM xaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc muoi EunNat !im oaOi !ieGm
ban FaGu"
bH `*nh noGn% Fob o cuBa caCc chat tan t@on% 8un% 8]ch A
vaD 8un% 8]ch V"
cH Vun% 8]ch muoi EunNat !im oaOi !ieGm ban FaGu coC the$
taCc 8uOn% F>?Oc v?Ci nh>Zn% chat naDo 8>?Ci Fa;Ml =iet
caCc P`Pa< (a
,
:O
-
c 'aIH:O
-
H
,
c A
,
O
-
c (aAO
,
c (a c A c A% c
A%
,
O"
:a;u ,< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn a %am !im oaOi M coC hoaC t@]
!ho;n% Fo$i vaDo b %am 8un% 8]ch H: F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V"
`he;m ,.4 %am 8un% 8]ch (aH:O
-
1o vaDo 8un% 8]ch V thA
v>Da FuB taCc 8uOn% het v?Ci >?On% H: coDn 8>R thu F>?Oc 8un%
8]ch W t@on% FoC noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa (a: vaD muoi
co@ua !im oaOi M t>?n% >Cn% aD ,R/o vaD 2R+,o" `he;m tiep
>?On% 8> 8un% 8]ch (aOH vaDo WR Eau FoC oOc aM !et tuBaR
@oGi nun% Fen !hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i thA thu F>?Oc +0 %am
chat @aPn" =iet P`Pa"
UaCc F]nh !im oaOi M vaD noGn% Fob phaDn t@afm cuBa 8un%
8]ch H: FaZ 8uDn%"
:a;u -< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn +.R, %am ho7n h?Op : %oGm
M%:O
-
vaD muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi [ vaDo axit H: 1R-o
v>Da FuBR thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V vaD -R-0 *t !h* :O
,
IF!tcH"
(oGn% Fob M%:
,
t@on% 8un% 8]ch V ban% 0R4,2o"
aH UaCc F]nh !im oaOi [ vaD thaDnh phaGn o theo !hoi >?On%
cuBa mo7i chat t@on% :"
bH :ho 88 (aOH 8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch VR oOc aM !et tuBa @oGi
nun% n%oaDi !ho;n% !h* Fen !hi phaBn >Cn% hoaDn toaDn"
`*nh Eo %am chat @aPn coDn aOi Eau !hi nun%"
:a;u .< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn m %am !im oaOi M ban% 8un%
8]ch H: 8>R thu F>?Oc = *t H
,
IF!tcH" Majt !haCc hoaD tan hoaDn
toaDn m %am !im oaOi M ban% 8un% 8]ch H(O
-
oaZn%R thu F>?Oc
muoi nit@at cuBa MR H
,
O vaD cuZn% = *t !h* (O 8uM nhat IF!tcH"
aH Ko EaCnh hoaC t@] cuBa M t@on% muoi co@ua vaD muoi
nit@at"
bH HoBi M aD !im oaOi naDol 'iet @an% !hoi >?On% muoi
nit@at taOo thaDnh %ap +R34/ aGn !hoi >?On% muoi co@ua"

:a;u /< 5hi aDm n%uobi +4,0R.% 8un% 8]ch baZo hoaD muoi
EunNat cuBa !im oaOi n%abm n>?CcR coC co;n% th>Cc M
,
KO
.
"H
,
O
v?Ci 1 u n u +, t>D nhiebt Fob 24
4
: xuon% nhiebt Fob +4
4
: thA
thaM coC -3/R.% tinh the$ n%abm n>?Cc taCch @a" eob tan cuBa
muoi !han FoC ?B 24
4
: aD ,2R- vaD ?B +4
4
: aD 3%"
:a;u 0< :ho hai chat A vaD ' IFeGu ?B the$ !h*H t>?n% taCc
hoaDn toaDn v?Ci nhau coC majt xaCc taCc thA thu F>?Oc mobt
ho7n h?Op !h* U coC t_ t@oOn% aD +R/02%s" Ho7n U coC !haB
nafn% aDm mat maDu 8un% 8]ch n>?Cc cuBa 5MnO
.
R nh>n%
!ho;n% phaBn >Cn% v?Ci (aH:O
-
" 5hi Fot chaCM 4R230 *t ho7n
h?Op !h* U t@on% O
,
8>R Eau !hi aDm aOnh EaBn pha$m chaCM thu
F>?Oc -R/, %am cacbon IQ=H oxit vaD +R42/% 8un% 8]ch chat \"
Vun% 8]ch chat \ !hi cho taCc 8uOn% v>Da FuB v?Ci 8un% 8]ch
A%(O
-
thA thu F>?Oc +R.-/% mobt !et tuBa t@aPn%R coDn 8un%
8ich thu F>?Oc !hi FoC cho taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch (aH:O
-
8>
thA thu F>?Oc ,,. m !h* Ithe$ t*ch vaD t_ t@oOn% cuBa caCc !h*
F>?Oc ?B F!tcH"
aH UaCc F]nh t@on% ho7n h?Op U coC nh>Zn% !h* naDo vaD t_
eb mo haM t_ eb the$ t*ch aD bao nhie;ul
bH UaCc F]nh te;n !h* AR ' vaD t_ eb the$ t*ch FaZ aM Fe$
phaBn >Cn%"
:a;u 1< Mobt ho7n h?Op !im oaOi U %oGm , !im oaOi \R T coC t_
Eo !hoi >?On% + < +" `@on% ..R2% ho7n h?Op UR Eo hiebu mo
cuBa A vaD ' aD 4R4/ mo" Majt !haCc n%uMe;n t>B !hoi \ p T
aD 2" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi \ vaD T"
:a;u 2< :ho a %am (a taCc 8uOn% v?Ci p %am n>?Cc thu F>?Oc
8un% 8]ch (aOH noGn% Fob xo" :ho b %am (a
,
O taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
p %am n>?Cc cuZn% thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch (aOH noGn% Fob xo"
^abp bie$u th>Cc t*n p theo a vaD b"
:a;u 3< HoaD tan +33R0% :uKO
.
"/H
,
O" UaCc F]nh :uKO
.
EaOch
haM coC a7n taOp chat" 'iet @an% Fob tan cuBa :uKO
.
?B +4
4
:
aD +1R."
:a;u +4< Ho7n h?Op M %oGm oxit cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ
vaD muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi FoC F>?Oc hoaD tan het ban%
axit H
,
KO
.
oaZn% v>Da FuB taOo @a !h* ( vaD 8un% 8]ch ^" eem
co; caOn 8un% 8]ch ^ thu F>?Oc mobt >?On% muoi !han ban%
+02o !hoi >?On% M" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQR biet !h* (
ban% ..o !hoi >?On% cuBa M"
:a;u ++< :ho ho7n h?Op %oGm - oxit< A
,
O
-
R :uO vaD 5
,
O" `ien
haDnh th* n%hiebm<
- `h* n%hiebm +< (eu cho ho7n h?Op A vaDo n>?Cc 8>R
!huaM !n thaM coDn +/% chat @aPn !ho;n% tan"

- `h* n%hiebm ,< (eu cho the;m vaDo ho7n h?Op A mobt
>?On% A
,
O
-
ban% /4o >?On% A
,
O
-
t@on% A ban FaGu @oGi
aOi hoaD tan vaDo n>?Cc 8>" Kau th* n%hiebm coDn aOi ,+%
chat @aPn !ho;n% tan"
- `h* n%hiebm -< (eu cho vaDo ho7n h?Op A mobt >?On%
A
,
O
-
ban% 1/o >?On% A
,
O
-
t@on% AR @oGi aOi hoaD tan
vaDo n>?Cc 8>R thaM coDn aOi ,/% chat @aPn !ho;n% tan"
`*nh !hoi >?On% mo7i oxit t@on% ho7n h?Op A"
:a;u +,< (un% x
+
%am :u v?Ci x
,
%am O
,
thu F>?Oc chat @aPn A
+
"
eun noCn% A
+
t@on% x
-
%am H
,
KO
.
32oR Eau !hi tan het thu F>?Oc
8un% 8]ch A
,
vaD !h* A
-
" Hap thuO toaDn bob A
-
bafn% ,44 m
(aOH 4R+/M taOo @a 8un% 8]ch ch>Ca ,R- %am muoi" 5hi co; caOn
8un% 8]ch A
,
thu F>?Oc -4 %am tinh the$ :uKO
.
"/H
,
O" (eu cho
A
,
taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch (aOH +M thA Fe$ taOo @a >?On% !et
tuBa nhieGu nhat phaBi 8uDn% het -44 m (aOH" =iet P`Pa"
`*nh x
+
R x
,
R x
-
"
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk

C%}C D%uR Te%}; Te;I Hwi?
C%; ^(~ }
'aDi +< A aD ho7n h?Op Je & Je
,
O
-
:ho mobt uoGn% :O I8>H Fi iua on% F>On% m %am ho7n h?Op A
nun% noCn% t?Ci phaBn >Cn% hoaDn toaDn thA thu F>?Oc ,2R4 %am
chat @aPn coDn aOi t@on% on%"
HoaD tan m %am ho7n h?Op A ban% 8un% 8]ch H: 8> thaM
thoaCt @a ,R4+0 *t H
,
I?B F!tcH biet @an% coC +4o hiF@o m?Ci
Einh tham %ia !h>B Je
-&
thaDnh Je
,&
" `*nh o !hoi >?On% mo7i
chat t@on% ho7n h?Op A"
aW" Gog: oJe q +.R3o vaD oJe
,
O
-
q 2/R+o
'aDi ,< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn mobt *t oxit Je
x
O
M
ban% H
,
KO
.
FajcR noCn% thu F>?Oc ,R,. *t KO
,
IF!tcH" PhaGn 8un% 8]ch Fem
co; caOn F>?Oc +,4 %am muoi !han" UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc
Je
x
O
M
"
aW" Gog: Je
-
O
.
'aDi -: HoaD tan ,0R0. %am chat U aD tinh the$ muoi EunNat
n%abm n>?Cc cuBa !im oaOi M IhoaC t@] xH vaDo n>?Cc F>?Oc 8un%
8]ch A"
:ho A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch (H
-
v>Da FuB F>?Oc !et tuBa
'" (un% ' ?B nhiebt Fob cao Fen !hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i coDn
aOi .R42 %am chat @aPn"
:ho 8un% 8]ch A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch 'a:
,
v>Da FuB
F>?Oc ,1R2. %am !et tuBa"
`Am co;n% th>Cc U"
aW" Gog: A
,
IKO
.
H
-
"+2H
,
O
'aDi .< ee$ hoaD tan . %am Je
x
O
M
caGn /,R+. m 8un% 8]ch H:
+4o I8 q +R4/H" UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B EaPt oxit t@e;n"
aW" Gog: Je
,
O
-
'aDi /< :ho ba !im oaOi UR \R T coC !hoi >?On% n%uMe;n t>B
theo t_ eb +4 < ++ < ,-" `_ eb veG Eo mo t@on% ho7n h?Op cuBa
- !im oaOi t@e;n aD + < , < - Iho7n h?Op AH"
5hi cho mobt >?On% !im oaOi U ban% >?On% cuBa noC coC
t@on% ,.R/2, %am ho7n h?Op A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch H:
F>?Oc ,R,. *t H
,
IF!tcH"
(eu cho
1
10
ho7n h?Op A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci /4 m 8un% 8]ch (aOH
+M F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch ' vaD ho7n h?Op chat @aPn :"
UaCc F]nh UR \R T

aW" Gog: U IM%H c \ IAH c T IJeH
'aDi 0< 5hi hoaD tan cuDn% mobt !im oaOi [ vaDo 8un% 8]ch H(O
-
Fajc noCn% vaD H
,
KO
.
oaZn% thA the$ t*ch (O
,
thu F>?Oc %ap -
the$ t*ch H
,
t@on% cuDn% FieGu !iebn" 5hoi >?On% muoi EunNat
thu F>?Oc ban% 0,R2+o muoi nit@at" `*nh !hoi >?On% n%uMe;n
t>B ["
aW" Gog: [ q /0 IJeH
'aDi 1< :ho oxit M
x
O
M
cuBa !im oaOi M coC hoaC t@] !ho;n% Fo$i"
'iet @an% -R40 %am M
x
O
M
n%uMe;n chat tan t@on% H(O
-
8> thu
F>?Oc /R,, %am muoi" HaZM xaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc cuBa oxit
t@e;n"
aW" Gog: 'aO
'aDi 2< :ho 1R,, %am ho7n h?Op U %oGm Je vaD !im oaOi M coC
hoaC t@] !ho;n% Fo$i" :hia ho7n h?Op thaDnh , phaGn ban%
nhau"
- HoaD tan het phaGn + t@on% 8un% 8]ch H:R F>?Oc ,R+,2
*t H
,
"
- HoaD tan het phaGn , t@on% 8un% 8]ch H(O
-
R F>?Oc +R13,
*t !h* (O 8uM nhat"
UaCc F]nh !im oaOi M vaD o !hoi >?On% mo7i !im oaOi
t@on% ho7n h?Op U"
aW" Gog: M IAH vaD oJe q 11R/0o
c oA q ,,R..o
'aDi 3< :hia ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi A vaD ' coC hoaC t@] t>?n%
>Cn% aD n vaD m thaDnh - phaGn ban% nhau"
- PhaGn +< cho hoaD tan het t@on% 8un% 8]ch H:R thu
F>?Oc +R13, *t H
,
IF!tcH"
- PhaGn ,< cho taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch (aOH 8>R thu
F>?Oc +R-.. *t !h* IF!tcHR coDn aOi chat @aPn !ho;n% tan
coC !hoi >?On% ban%
4
3
!hoi >?On% mo7i phaGn"
- PhaGn -< nun% t@on% oxi 8> F>?Oc ,R2. %am ho7n h?Op oxit
aD A
,
O
n
vaD '
,
O
m
aH `*nh to$n% !hoi >?On% cuBa , !im oaOi t@on%
1
3
ho7n h?Op
ban FaGu"
bH HaZM xaCc F]nh , !im oaOi A vaD '"
aW" Gog: aH , !im oaOi najn% +R/0
%am
bH A IAH vaD ' IM%H

'aDi +4< HoaD tan ,R2. ho7n h?Op , muoi cacbonat cuBa , !im
oaOi A vaD ' !e tiep nhau t@on% pha;n nhoCm ch*nh nhoCm QQ
ban% +,4 m 8un% 8]ch H: 4R/M thu F>?Oc 4R230 *t !h* :O
,
IFo
?B /.R0
4
: vaD 4R3 atmH vaD 8un% 8]ch U"
+" aH `*nh !hoi >?On% n%uMe;n t>B cuBa A vaD '"
cH `*nh !hoi >?On% muoi taOo thaDnh t@on% 8un% 8]ch U"
," `*nh o !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i muoi t@on% ho7n h?Op ban
FaGu"
aW" Gog: +" aH A q ,. IM%H vaD '
q .4 I:aH
bH 5hoi >?On% muoi q
-R+1%
," o M%:O
-
q ,3R/1o vaD
o :a:O
-
q 14R.-o
'aDi ++< :hia ho7n h?Op , !im oaOi AR ' coC hoaC t@] n vaD m
aDm thaDnh - phaGn ban% nhau"
- PhaGn +< hoaD het t@on% axit H: thu F>?Oc +R13, *t H
,
IF!tcH"
- PhaGn ,< cho taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 88 (aOH 8> thu F>?Oc +R-..
*t !h* IF!tcH vaD coDn aOi chat @aPn !ho;n% tan coC !hoi
>?On% ban%
4
13
!hoi >?On% mo7i phaGn"
- PhaGn -< nun% t@on% oxi I8>H thu F>?Oc ,R2.% ho7n h?Op
oxit A
,
O
n
vaD '
,
O
m
"
`*nh to$n% !hoi >?On% mo7i phaGn vaD te;n , !im oaOi AR '"
aW" Gog:
1, 56 m g
mo7i phaGn
c A IAH vaD ' IM%H
kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk

4abng OV: D%uR Te%}; DRNz;
^~%z;
H D%uR Te%}; %}C 1;H ^e%iR &~e{R T%ie TH%u;H
9HR CHe Ce
V
: Be
V
T%}C 4~i;I Ew}R 9RN&8
aA PhaBn >Cn% cuBa :O
,
hoajc KO
,
taCc 8uOn% v?Ci !ieGm
cuBa !im oaOi hoaC t@] Q I(aR 5RSH
:O
,
& (aOH

(aH:O
-
:O
,
& ,(aOH

(a
,
:O
-
& H
,
O
:oC - t@>?Dn% h?Op xaBM @a<
I+H (eu + u
2
NaOH
CO
n
n
u ,

taOo , muoi
I,H (eu
2
NaOH
CO
n
n
+

taOo muoi (aH:O


-
I-H (eu
2
NaOH
CO
n
n
,

taOo muoi (a
,
:O
-
bA PhaBn >Cn% cuBa :O
,
hoajc KO
,
v?Ci !ieGm cuBa !im oaOi
hoaC t@] QQ I:aR 'aRSH
,:O
,
& :aIOHH
,

:aIH:O
-
H
,

:O
,
& :aIOHH
,

:a:O
-
& H
,
O
:oC - t@>?Dn% h?Op xaBM @a<
I+H (eu + u
2
2
( )
CO
Ca OH
n
n
u ,

taOo , muoi
I,H (eu
2
2
( )
CO
Ca OH
n
n
+

taOo muoi :a:O


-
I-H (eu
2
2
( )
CO
Ca OH
n
n
,

taOo muoi :aIH:O


-
H
,
L ^>u MC< ee$ biet oaOi muoi taOo thaDnh th>?Dn% phaBi
abp t_ eb %i>Za Eo mo !ieGm vaD oxit" :huC MC aM Eo mo
cuBa chat naDo !ho;n% thaM Fo$i ?B , ph>?n% t@Anh aDm ma7u
Eo Fe$ xeCt bat Fan% th>Cc"
D%uR T%z?:
'aDi +< :ho 1R, %am ho7n h?Op A %oGm , muoi cacbonat cuBa ,
!im oaOi !e tiep nhau t@on% pha;n nhoCm ch*nh nhoCm QQ" :ho
A hoaD tan het t@on% 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
oaZn%R thu F>?Oc !h* '"
:ho toaDn bob ' hap thuO het b?Bi ./4 m 'aIOHH
,
4R,M thu
F>?Oc +/R10 %am !et tuBa" UaCc F]nh hai muoi cacbonat vaD
t*nh o theo !hoi >?On% cuBa chuCn% t@on% A"

aW" Gog: k , muoi< M%:O
-
vaD :a:O
-
k oM%:O
-
q /2R--o
vaD o:a:O
-
q .+R01o
'aDi ,< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn ,4 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm M%:O
-

vaD [:O
-
It_ eb mo + < +H ban% 8un% 8]ch H:" ^>?On% !h* :O
,

Einh @a cho hap thuO hoaDn toaDn b?Bi ,44m 8un% 8]ch (aOH
,R/M F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A" `he;m 'a:
,
8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch A thu
F>?Oc -3R.% !et tuBa"
aH e]nh !im oaOi ["
bH `*nh o !hoi >?On% caCc muoi cacbonat t@on% ho7n h?Op
FaGu"
aW" Gog: aH Je c bH oM%:O
-
q
.,o vaD oJe:O
-
q /2o
'aDi -< :ho .R/2% ho7n h?Op A %oGm TnR Je vaD :u vaDo coc
F>On% 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
+M" Kau phaBn >Cn% thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch
' vaD !et tuBa :" nun% : t@on% !ho;n% !h* Fen !hoi >?On%
!ho;n% Fo$i F>?Oc 0% chat @aPnV" `he;m (aOH 8> vaDo 8un%
8]ch 'R oOc !et tuBa @>Ba EaOch @oGi nun% ?B nhiebt Fob cao
Fen !hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i F>?Oc /R,% chat @aPn W"
aH =iet toaDn bob phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a"
bH `*nh o !hoi >?On% mo7i !im oaOi t@on% ho7n h?Op"
XiaB thiet caCc phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a hoaDn toaDn"
aW" Gog: oTn q ,2R-2o c oJe q
-0R02o vaD o:u q -.R3.o
'aDi .< :ho +4R1,% ho7n h?Op %oGm Je vaD :u taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
/44m 8un% 8]ch A%(O
-
" Kau !hi caCc phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a hoaDn
toaDn thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A vaD -/R2.% chat @aPn '"
:h>Cn% minh chat @aPn ' !ho;n% phaBi hoaDn toaDn aD
baOc"
'aDi /< :ho 4R11.% ho7n h?Op %oGm Tn vaD :u taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
/44m 8un% 8]ch A%(O
-
4R4.M" Kau !hi caCc phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a
hoaDn toaDn thu F>?Oc mobt chat @aPn U najn% ,R,22%"
:h>Cn% toB @an% chat U !ho;n% phaBi hoaDn toaDn aD A%"
'aDi 0< 5hi hoaD tan cuDn% mobt >?On% !im oaOi [ vaDo 8un%
8]ch H(O
-
oaZn% vaD 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
oaZn% thA thu F>?Oc !h*
(O vaD H
,
coC the$ t*ch ban% nhau IFo ?B cuDn% FieGu !iebnH"
'iet !hoi >?On% muoi nit@at thu F>?Oc ban% +/3R,+o !hoi
>?On% muoi EunNat" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi ["
aW" Gog: [ aD Je
'aDi 1< :ho ++R1% mobt !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
-/4m 8un% 8]ch H: +M" Kau !hi phaBn >Cn% xon% thaM !im
oaOi va7n coDn 8>" :uZn% >?On% !im oaOi naDM neu taCc 8uOn%

v?Ci ,44m 8un% 8]ch H: ,M" Kau !hi phaBn >Cn% xon% thaM
axit va7n coDn 8>" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi noCi t@e;n"
aW" Gog: Tn
'aDi 2< Mobt ho7n h?Op A %oGm M
,
:O
-
R MH:O
-
R M: IM aD !im
oaOi !ieGmH"
:ho .-R1+% A taCc 8uOn% het v?Ci = m I8>H 8un% 8]ch H:
+4R/,o I8 q +4/%smH thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch ' vaD +1R0% !h* :"
:hia ' aDm , phaGn ban% nhau"
- PhaGn +< phaBn >Cn% v>Da FuB v?Ci +,/m 8un% 8]ch 5OH
4R2MR co; caOn 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc m I%amH muoi !han"
- PhaGn ,< taCc 8uOn% hoaDn toaDn v?Ci A%(O
-
8> thu F>?Oc
02R22% !et tuBa t@aPn%"
+" aH `*nh !hoi >?On% n%uMe;n t>B cuBa M"
bH `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% caCc chat t@on% A"
," `*nh %iaC t@] cuBa = vaD m"
aW" Gog: +" aH (a c bH o(a
,
:O
-
q 1,R1/o R o(aH:O
-
q
+3R,,o vaD o(a: q 2R4-o
," = q ,31R.m vaD m q ,3R02%
'aDi 3< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn 4R/% ho7n h?Op %oGm Je vaD mobt
!im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ ban% 8un% 8]ch H: thu F>?Oc +R+, *t IF!tcH
!h* hiF@o" UaCc F]nh !im oaOi hoaC t@] QQ FaZ cho"
aW" Gog: 'e
'aDi +4< HoaD tan hoaDn toaDn ,2R.% ho7n h?Op %oGm , muoi
cacbonat cuBa hai !im oaOi !ieGm tho$ ban% 8un% 8]ch H: 8>
F>?Oc +4 *t !h* I/.R0
4
: vaD 4R204. atmH vaD 8un% 8]ch U"
aH `*nh to$n% Eo %am caCc muoi t@on% 8un% 8]ch U"
bH UaCc F]nh , !im oaOi t@e;n neu chuCn% thuobc hai chu
!MD ie;n tiep"
cH `*nh o mo7i muoi t@on% ho7n h?Op"
aW" Gog: aH m q -+R1% c bH M% vaD :a c cH oM%:O
-
q
,3R/o vaD o:a:O
-
q 14R/o
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

'AvQ `AwP HOxA HOy:
k Kaz Vgy(X :HO ^dxP 'O{Q Vad|(X HOxA `H:K t
kkkkkkk kkkkkkk
Qs Viet PTHH ie!u die"n # chu$e!n hoa <
+s :u :uO :uKO
.
:u:
,
:uIOHH
,

:uI(O
-
H
,
:u
,s Je:
,
JeIOHH
,


JeKO
.
JeI(O
-
H
,

Je
Je }
Je:
-
JeIOHH
-
Je
,
O
-
Je Je
-
O
.
-s A A
,
O
-
(aAO
,
AIOHH
-
A
,
IKO
.
H
-
A:
-
AI(O
-
H
-

A
,
O
-
A
.s JeK
,
KO
,
KO
-
H
,
KO
.
TnKO
.
TnIOHH
,
TnO
Tn
/s K KO
,
H
,
KO
.
:uKO
.
5
,
KO
-


0s a" Je
,
IKO
.
H
-

+
,
JeIOHH
-
b" :u
+
,
:u:
,


.

- / 0
-

0
Je:
-

.

:uKO
.

/

1s HoaDn thaDnh . P`Pg coC 8aOn% < 'a:
,
& l
(a: & l
2s Je & A Je:
,
& ' 3s :u & A
' & : & V
' & : A : & (aOH
W
Je:
,
& : V W & H:
J & : & V
V & (aOH JeIOHH
-
& W A & (aOH
X & V
+4s A
+ HCl
'
+ NaOH
:
O
t
V
+
O
t CO,
:u

++s A :
:a:O
-
:a:O
-
:a:O
-

' V
+,s A : W
:uIOHH
,
:uIOHH
,

:uIOHH
,

' V J

+-s A
+

+ X
A
,

+ Y
A
-

:a:O
-
:a:O
-
:a:O
-
'
+

+ Z
'
,

+ T
'
-

+.s
A
+

+ X
A
,

+ Y
A
-

JeIOHH
-

t
JeIOHH
-

JeIOHH
-

'
+

+ Z
'
,

+ T
'
-

+/s
A
+

+ X
A
,

+ Y
A
-

JeIOHH
-

t
JeIOHH
-

JeIOHH
-

'
+

+ Z
'
,

+ T
'
-

H% < A
1
: &e
'
(
)
* A
2
: &e+l
)
* A

:&e,-(
)
.
'
* B
1
: H
'
( B
2
:
/a,(H.
'
* /
)
: -a(H

+0s 'iet A aD !hoaCn% EaBn 8uDn% Fe$ EaBn xuat vo;i +1s
UaCc F]nh U R \ R T vaD viet caCc P`Pg
Eon% R ' aD !h* 8uDn% naOp vaDo bAnh ch>Za >Ba theo
E? FoG Eau l
A
\

' :uI(O
-
H
,

U :u:
,


: V
T

+2s PhaBn >Cn% < U & H
,
KO
.
Je
,
IKO
.
H
-
& KO
,

& H
,
O
U aD nh>Zn% chat naDo l viet caCc P`Pg minh hoOa l

G
G

+3s :hoOn chat th*ch h?Op vaD viet P`Pg hoaDn thaDnh 8aZM
chuMe$n hoCa Eau <
5im oaOi oxit baz? I+H 88 baz? I+H 88 baz? I,H 88 baz?
I-H baz? !ho;n% tan oxit baz? I,H 5im oaOi I,H
QQs 0ie1u che 2a tach cac chat <
+s =iet - P`Pg !haCc nhau FieGu che JeKO
.
t>D Je l
,s `>D :uKO
.
t@Anh baDM , ph>?n% phaCp !haCc nhau FieGu
che :u l
-s :oC mobt ma7u thuBM n%a;n coC a7n thiec R chA " ^aDm
the naDo thu F>?Oc thuBM n%a;n tinh !hiet l
.s ei t>D muoi afn R n>?Cc R EaPt " =iet caCc P`Pg FieGu che
(a R Je:
,
R JeIOHH
-
"
/s `>D Je R K R O
,
R H
,
O " =iet caCc P`Pg FieGu che - oxit R -
axit R - muoi "
0s 'an% caCch naDo coC the$ <
a" eieGu che :aIOHH
,
t>D :aI(O
-
H
,
"
b"eieGu che :a:O
-
tinh !hiet t>D FaC vo;i biet t@on% FaC
vo;i coC :a:O
-
a7n M%:O
-
R KiO
,
"
1s (e;u - ph>?n% phaCp FieGu che H
,
KO
.
"
2s ^aDm EaOch (a: t>D ho7n h?Op (a: vaD (a
,
:O
-

3s (e;u - ph>?n% phaCp aDm EaOch :uI(O
-
H
,
coC a7n A%(O
-

103 4a5 the nao tach chat kh6 :
a"H
,
K @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op H: vaD H
,
K "
b":
,
@a !hoBi ho7n h?Op H: vaD :
,
"
c" :O
,
@a !hoBi ho7n h?Op KO
,
vaD :O
,
"
8"O
,
@a !hoBi ho7n h?Op O
-
vaD O
,
"
++s `aCch @ie;n% :u @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm vuOn FoGn% R vuOn
EaPt vaD vuOn !eZm "
+,s `aCch @ie;n% !h* :O
,
@a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm :O
,
R (
,
R O
,
R
H
,
"
+-s `aCch @ie;n% t>Dn% !im oaOi @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm < Je R
:u R Au ban% ph>?n% phaCp hoCa hoOc "
+.s 'an% ph>?n% phaCp hoCa hoOc taCch @ie;n% t>Dn% chat
!h* :O
,
R KO
,
R (
,
"
+/s ^aDm EaOch A
,
O
-
coC a7n Je
,
O
-
vaD KiO
,
"l
+0s `inh che :uO @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm :uO R :u R A% "
+1s `aCch @ie;n% t>Dn% chat @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op <
a":uO R :u R Au "
b"Je
,
O
-
R :uO"
c" (
,
R :O
,
R h?i n>?Cc "
+2s `hu oxi tinh !hiet @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm :
,
R O
,
R :O
,
"

+3s `aCch :O
,
tinh !hiet @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm :O
,
R h?i
n>?Cc R !h* H: "
,4s :hoOn caCch nhanh nhat Fe$ taCch H% @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op
%oGm H% R Kn R Pb "
,+s `aCch @ie;n% !h* (
,
@a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm :O
,
R (
,
R :O R
H
,
R h?i n>?Cc "l
,,s `aCch @ie;n% :uI(O
-
H
,
vaD A%(O
-
ban% ph>?n% phaCp
hoCa hoOc l"
,-s `aCch @ie;n% t>Dn% chat @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm < A
,
O
-
R
Je
,
O
-
vaD KiO
,
ban% psphaCp hoCa hoOc "
,.s `aCch @ie;n% t>Dn% chat @a !hoBi ho7n h?Op %oGm :O vaD
:O
, "
,/s `@Anh baDM ph>?n% phaCp aDm EaOch (a
,
KO
.
coC a7n Tn:
,

vaD :a:
,
"
QQQs -ha7n iet cac chat <
+" Pha;n biebt caCc chat 8>Oa vaDo t*nh chat vabt MC <
a" , chat bobt < A%: vaD A%(O
-

b" Je R :u vaD A%(O
-
c" :
,


R O
,
vaD :O
,
"
," Pha;n biebt 8>Oa vaDo thuoc th>B <
a" VuDn% bat !A hoCa chat naDo <
k :aKO
.
R (a
,
KO
.
R (a
,
K R M%:
,

k (a
,
:O
-
R (aOH R (a: R H:
k H: R H
,
KO
.
R H
,
KO
-
k 5: R 5(O
-
R 5
,
KO
.

k H(O
-
R H: R H
,
KO
.

k :aIOHH
,
R (aOH hoajc 'aIOHH
,
R (aOH
k H
,
KO
.
R H: R (a: R (a
,
KO
.

b" VuDn% the;m mobt thuoc th>B 8uM nhat <
k (a
,
:O
-
R 'a:
,
R H
,
KO
.
R (a
,
KO
.
"
k (a
,
KO
.
R (a
,
:O
-
R H: R 'a:
,
k H
,
KO
.
R H: R 'a:
,
k (a
,
:O
-
R M%KO
.
R H
,
KO
.
R (a
,
KO
.
" , dung 8u t65
hoa9c -a(H.
k Je R JeO R :u " , dung H+l hoa9c H
'
:(
;
.
k :u R :uO R Tn , dung H+l hoa9c H
'
:(
;
.
c" 5ho;n% 8uDn% thuoc th>B naDo !haCc <
k H: R 'a:
,
" (a
,
:O
-
"
k M%:
,
R (a
,
:O
-
R (aOH R H:
k 5
,
:O
-
R 'a:
,
R H
,
KO
.
R M%:
,
"
k (a
,
:O
-
R 'a:
,
R H
,
KO
.
R H:
k H: R :a:
,
R (a
,
:O
-
R A%(O
-
"

-" (habn biet < (a: R M%:
,
R H
,
KO
.
R :uKO
.
R (aOH I !ho;n%
8uDn% thuoc th>B naDo H
." (habn biet < (a: R H: R (aOH R Phenophtaein
/" (habn biet < (O R :O R :O
,
R KO
,
"
0" (habn biet t>Dn% chat !h* coC t@on% ho7n h?Op !h* < H
,
R
:O R :O
,
R KO
,
R KO
-
1" :h_ Fun noCn% nhabn biet < (aHKO
.
R 5H:O
-
R (a
,
KO
-
R
M%IH:O
-
H
,
R 'aIH:O
-
H
,
2" :h_ 8uDn% the;m n>?Cc nhabn biet - oxit maDu t@aPn% <
M%O R A
,
O
-
R (a
,
O "
3" :oC / ma7u !im oaOi 'a R M% R Je R A% R A " (eu ch_
8uDn% H
,
KO
.
oaZn% coC the$ nhabn biet nh>Zn% !im oaOi
naDo l
+4" :h_ 8uDn% !im oaOi Fe$ pha;n biebt caCc 8 8]ch <
H: R H(O
-
R (a(O
-
R (aOH R H%:
,
"
++" ^aDm the naDo Fe$ biet t@on% bAnh coC <
a" KO
,
vaD :O
,
"
b" H
,
KO
.
R H: R H(O
-

+," :oC . oO F>On% . 8un% 8]ch < 5
,
:O
-
R 'a:
,
R H: R
5
,
KO
.
" (habn biet ban% caCch <
a" :h_ 8uDn% !im oaOi 'a "
b" 5ho;n% 8uDn% the;m thuoc th>B naDo !haCc "
Q=s Toan 2e1 <o7 tan 2a no1ng <o7 dung dch <
eob tan <
+" `*nh Fob tan cuBa muoi afn ?B ,4
o
:R biet @an% ?B nhiebt
Fob FoC /4 %am n>?Cc hoDa tan toi Fa +1R3/ %am muoi
afn
," :oC bao nhie;u %am muoi afn t@on% / !% 8un% 8]ch baZo
hoDa muoi afn ?B ,4
o
:R biet Fob tan cuBa muoi afn ?B
nhiebt Fob FoC aD -/R 3 %am "
-" eob tan cuBa A t@on% n>?Cc ?B +4
O
: aD +/ %am R ?B 34
O
:
aD /4 %am" HoBi aDm aOnh 044 %am 8un% 8]ch baZo hoDa
A ?B 34
O
: xuon% +4
O
: thA coC bao nhie;u %am A !et tinh l
." :oC bao nhie;u %am tinh the$ (a: taCch @a !hi aDm aOnh
+344 %am 8un% 8]ch (a: baZo hoDa t>D 34
O
: Fen 4
O
: "
'iet Fob tan cuBa (a: ?B 34
O
: aD /4 %am vaD ?B 4
O
: aD
-/ %am
/" UaCc F]nh >?On% A%(O
-
taCch @a !hi aDm aOnh ,/44 % 8un%
8]ch A%(O
-
baZo hoDa ?B 04
o
: xuon% coDn +4
o
: " :ho
biet Fob tan cuBa A%(O
-
?B 04
o
: aD /,/ % vaD ?B +4
o
: aD
+14 % "
`inh the$ n%abm n>?Cc b <

L `Am o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa n>?Cc !et tinh coC t@on% tinh
the$ n%abm n>?Cc
L `*nh !hoi >?On% chat tan !hi biet !hoi >?On% tinh the$
L ^abp :`HH cuBa tinh the$ n%abm n>?Cc
& Ph>?n% phaCp %iaBi <
t `*nh !hoi >?On% mo I hoajc Eo moH tinh the$
n%abm n>?Cc
t `Am !hoi >?On% n>?Cc coC t@on% mobt mo tinh the$
k `Am Eo mo n>?Cc I FoC aD Eo pha;n t>B n>?Cc coC
t@on% tinh the$ n%abm n>?Cc H
=* 8uO < `Am :`HH cuBa muoi n%abm n>?Cc :a:
,
"xH
,
O " 'iet
@an% >?On% :a chiem +2R,0o
9% := 0a9t > la khoi lng 5ol cu?a +a+l
'
.@H
'
( . Theo
Aha1n traB5 2e1 khoi lng cu?a +a ta co :
M
m
Ca
C
M
40
C
100
26 , 18
> C '1D,g.
Ehoi lng nc trong tinh the! : '1D F 111 C 10G
,g.
:o 5ol nc tinh the! : @ C 10G : 1G C H , 5ol.
Va7$ +THH cu?a tinh the! 5uoi nga75 nc la
+a+l
'
.HH
'
(
(oGn% Fob 8un% 8]ch
<
+" `*nh :o cuBa 88]ch thu F>?Oc !hi hoDa tan ,/ %am
:uKO
.
"/H
,
O vaDo +1/ %am n>?Cc l
," `*nh :o cuBa 88]ch thu F>?Oc !hi hoDa tan .R.2 *t !h* H:
?B F!tc vaDo /44 m n>?Cc l
-" `*nh :o cuBa 88]ch thu F>?Oc !hi hoDa tan /0 *t !h* (H
-

?B F!tc vaDo +/1 cm
-
n>?Cc l
." :aGn aM bao nhie;u %am :a:
,
"0H
,
O Fe$ !hi hoDa tan
vaDo n>?Cc thA thu F>?Oc ,44 m 8un% 8]ch :a:
,
-4o IVq
+R,2 %smH l
/" UaCc F]nh noGn% Fob mo cuBa 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc !hi
hoDa tan +,R/ %am :uKO
.
"/H
,
OvaDo 21R/ m n>?Cc l
0" `*nh :o !hi t@obn ,44%am 8un% 8]ch (a: ,4o v?Ci -44
%am 8un% 8]ch (a: /o l

1" `*nh noGn% Fob mo !hi t@obn ,44 m 8un% 8]ch (aOH
4R4+M v?Ci /4 m 8un% 8]ch (aOH +M cho @an% !ho;n%
coC E>O thaM Fo$i the$ t*ch !hi t@obn a7n l
2" :aGn pha bao nhie;u %am 8un% 8]ch (a: 2o vaDo .44
%am 8un% 8]ch (a: ,4 o Fe$ F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch (a: +0o l
3" :aGn pha bao nhie;u %am n>?Cc vaDo 044 %am 8un% 8]ch
(aOH +2o Fe$ F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch (aOH +/o l "
+4" :aGn pha bao nhie;u %am (a: vaDo 244 %am 8un%
8]ch (a: +4o Fe$ F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch (a: ,4o l"
++" :aGn pha bao nhie;u m 8un% 8]ch H: ,M vaDo /44 m
8un% 8]ch+M Fe$ F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch +R,M "l
+," HoDa tan 0R00 %am tinh the$ A
,
IKO
.
H
-
"nH
,
O vaDo n>?Cc
thaDnh 8un% 8]ch A " ^aM +s+4 8un% 8]ch A taCc 8uOn%
v?Ci 8un% 8]ch 'a:
,
thaM taOo thaDnh 4R033 %am !et
tuBa " UaCc F]nh :`HH tinh the$ muoi EunNat cuBa
nho;m l
+-" HoDa tan ,.R. %am 'a:
,
"xH
,
O vaDo +1/R0 %am n>?Cc
taOo thaDnh 8s 8]ch +4R.o " `Am xl
+." :o; caOn @at t>D t>D ,44m 88 :uKO
.
4R,M thu F>?Oc +4
% tinh the $:uKO
.
"pH
,
O " `*nh p l
+/" :o; caOn ca$n thabn 044 %am 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
2o thA
thu F>?Oc bao nhie;u %am tinh the$ :uKO
.
"/H
,
O l
+0" :aGn aM bao nhie;u %am tinh the$ :uKO
.
"/H
,
OvaD bao
nhie;u %am 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
.o Fe$ FieGu che ,44 %am
8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
2o l
+1" `@obn -44 %am 8un% 8]ch H: 1R-o v?Ci ,44 %am 8un%
8]ch (aOH .o " `*nh :o caCc chat tan coC t@on% 8un%
8]ch l
+2" `@obn ,44 m 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
,4o IVq +R+-1 %smH
=?Ci .44 %am 88 'a:
,
/R,o thu F>?Oc !et tuBa A vaD 88
' " `*nh !hoi >?On% !et tuBa A vaD :o caCc chat coC
t@on% 88 ' l
+3" `@on% mobt chiec coc F>On% mobt muoi cacbonat !im
oaOi hoCa t@] Q " `he;m t>D t>D 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
+4ovaDo
coc cho Fen !hi !h* v>Da thoaCt het thu F>?Oc muoi
KunNat coC noGn% Fob +-R0-o " HoBi FoC aD muoi
cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi naDol
,4" eot chaCM hoaDn toaDn 0R, %am phot pho thu F>?Oc
chat A " :hia A aDm , phaGn FeGu nhau "
t PhaGn + hoDa tan vaDo /44 %am n>?Cc thu F>?Oc 8un%
8]ch ' " `*nh :o cuBa 8s8]ch ' l
t PhaGn , hoDa tan vaDo bao nhie;u %am n>?Cc Fe$ thu
F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch ,.R/o l

,+" `@obn /4 m 8un% 8]ch H(O
-
noGn% Fob x M v?Ci +/4 m
8un% 8]ch 'aIOHH, 4R, M thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A " :ho mobt
*t iuMD t*m vaDo 8un% 8]ch A thaM coC maDu xanh " `he;m
t>D t>D +44 m 8un% 8]ch H: 4R+ M vaDo 8s8]ch A thaM
iuMD t@?B aOi thaDnh maDu t*m " `*nh x l
,," 5h>B hoaDn toaDn ,R. %am ho7n h?Op :uO vaD Je
x
O
M

cuDn% Eo mo nh> nhau ban% H
,
thu F>?Oc +R10 %am !im
oaOi " HoDa tan !im oaOi FoC ban% 8un% 8]ch H: 8> thaM
thoaCt @a 4R..2 *t !h* H
,
?B F!tc UaCc F]nh :`HH cuBa EaPt
oxit l
=s `*nh thaDnh phaGn
phaGn t@afm <
+" :ho 2 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm :u vaD Je taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
8un% 8]ch H: 8> taOo thaDnh +R02 *t !h* H
,
thoaCt @a ?B
F!tc " `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa t>Dn% !im oaOi coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op l
," :ho ho7n h?Op %oGm A% vaD A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch
H
,
KO
.
8> taOo thaDnh 0R1, *t !h* H
,
thoaCt @a ?B F!tc vaD .R0
% chat @aPn !ho;n% tan " `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa t>Dn%
!im oaOi coC t@on% ho7n h?Op l
-" :ho ++ %am ho7n h?Op %oGm A vaD Je taCc 8uOn% v>Da
FuB v?Ci 8un% 8]ch H: ,M taOo thaDnh 2R30 *t !h* H
,
thoaCt
@a ?B F!tc "
a"`*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa t>Dn% !im oaOi coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op l
b"`*nh the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch H: FaZ tham %ia phaBn >Cn% l
." :ho 2R2 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm M% vaD M%O taCc 8uOn% v>Da
FuB v?Ci 8un% 8]ch H: +.R0o ":o; caOn 8un% 8]ch Eau
phaBn >Cn% thu F>?Oc ,2R/ %am muoi !han
a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa t>Dn% chat coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op l
b" `*nh !hoi >?On% 8un% 8]ch H: FaZ tham %ia phaBn >Cn%
l
c" `*nh noGn% Fob phaGn t@afm cuBa muoi taOo thaDnh Eau
phaBn >Cn% l
/" :ho +3R.0 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm M% R A vaD Tn t@on% FoC
!hoi >?On% cuBa Ma%ie ban% !hoi >?On% cuBa nho;m taCc
8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch H: ,M taOo thaDnh +0R -/, *t !h* H
,

thoaCt @a ?B F!tc "

a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa t>Dn% !im oaOi coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op l
b" `*nh the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch H: FaZ 8uDn% bietE n%>?Di ta
8uDn% 8> +4o Eo v?Ci MC thuMet l
0" HoDa tan +-R- %am ho7n h?Op (a: vaD 5: vaDo n>?Cc thu
F>?Oc /44 %am 8un% 8]ch A ^aM +s+4 8un% 8]ch A cho phaBn
>Cn% v?Ci A%(O
-
taOo thaDnh ,R21 %am !et tuBa
a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i muoi coC t@on% ho7n
h?Op l
b" `*nh :o caCc muoi coC t@on% 8un% 8]ch A
1" Va7n 0R1, *t IF!tcH ho7n h?Op !h* %oGm :H
.
R :
,
H
.
iua
bAnh '@om 8> thaM !hoi >?On% bAnh F>On% 8un% 8]ch '@om
tafn% /R0 %am " `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i hi88@o
cacbon coC t@on% ho7n h?Op l
2" Va7n /R0 *t IF!tcH ho7n h?Op !h* %oGm :H
.
R :
,
H
.
vaD :
,
H
,

iua bAnh '@om 8> thaM !hoi >?On% bAnh F>On% 8un% 8]ch
'@om tafn% /R. %am " 5h* thoaCt @a !hoBi bAnh F>?Oc Fot
chaCM hoaDn toaDn thu F>?Oc ,R, %am :O
,
" `*nh o veG !hoi
>?On% cuBa mo7i hi88@o cacbon coC t@on% ho7n h?Op l
3" :hia ,0 %am ho7n h?Op !h* %oGm :H
.
R :
,
H
0
vaD :
,
H
.
aDm
, phaGn ban% nhau
k PhaGn + < eot chaCM hoaDn toaDn thu F>?Oc -3R0 %am :O,
k PhaGn , < :ho obi iua bAnh F>On% 8s8]ch b@om 8> thaM coC
.2 %am b@om tham %ia phaBn >Cn%
`*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i hi88@o cacbon coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op l
+4" HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn +4 %am ho7n h?Op cuBa M% vaD M%O
ban% 8un% 8]ch H: " Vun% 8]ch thu F>?Oc cho taCc 8uOn%
v?Ci v?Ci 8un% 8]ch (aOH 8> " ^oOc aM !et tuBa @>Ba EaOch
@oGi nun% ?B nhiebt Fob cao cho Fen !hi !hoi >?On% !ho;n%
Fo$i thu F>?Oc +. %am chat @aPn
a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i chat coC t@on% ho7n
h?Op ban FaGu l
b"`*nh the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch H: ,M toi thie$u FaZ 8uDn% l
++" HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn ,. %am ho7n h?Op cuBa A vaD M%
ban% 8un% 8]ch H: v>Da FuB " `he;m mobt >?On% (aOH 8>
vaDo 8un% 8]ch " Kau phaBn >Cn% xuat hiebn mobt >?On%
!et tuBa ^oOc aM !et tuBa @>Ba EaOch @oGi nun% ?B nhiebt
Fob cao cho Fen !hi !hoi >?On% !ho;n% Fo$i thu F>?Oc . %
chat @aPn
a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i !im oaOi coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op ban FaGu l
b"`*nh the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch H: ,M FaZ 8uDn% l

+," :hia mobt >?On% ho7n h?Op %oGm M%:O
-
vaD :a:O
-
aDm
, phaGn ban% nhau "
t PhaGn + < nhiebt pha;n hoaDn toaDn thu F>?Oc -R-0 *t !h*
:O
,
IF!tcH
t PhaGn , < hoDa tan het t@on% 8un% 8]ch H: @oGi co; caOn
8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc +/R2/ %am ho7n h?Op muoi !han
`*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i muoi cacbonat coC
t@on% ho7n h?Op ban FaGu l
+-" 5h>B +/R, %am ho7n h?Op %oGm Je
,
O
-
vaD JeO ban% H
,

?B nhiebt Fob cao thu F>?Oc EaPt !im oaOi " ee$ hoDa tan het
>?On% EaPt naDM caGn 4R. mo H:
a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i oxit coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op ban FaGu l
b" `*nh the$ t*ch H
,
thu F>?Oc ?B F!tc l
+." :ho mobt uoGn% :O 8> Fi iua on% E>C ch>Ca +/R- %am
ho7n h?Op %oGm JeO vaD TnO nun% noCn% R thu F>?Oc mobt
ho7n h?Op chat @aPn coC !hoi >?On% +,R 1. %am " 'iet
t@on% FieGu !iebn th* n%hiebm hiebu Euat caCc phaBn >Cn%
FeGu FaOt 24o
a" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i oxit coC t@on%
ho7n h?Op ban FaGu l
b" ee$ hoDa tan hoaDn toaDn >?On% chat @aPn thu
F>?Oc Eau phaBn >Cn% t@e;n phaBi 8uDn% bao nhie;u *t
8un% 8]ch H: ,M l
+/" :hia ho7n h?Op %oGm Je vaD Je
,
O
-
aDm , phaGn ban%
nhau
t PhaGn + < cho mobt uoGn% :O Fi iua vaD nun% noCn% thu
F>?Oc ++R, %am Je
t PhaGn , < n%a;m t@on% 8un% 8]ch H: " Kau phaBn >Cn%
thu F>?Oc ,R,. *t !h* H
,
?B F!tc
`*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i chat coC t@on% ho7n
h?Op ban FaGu l
=Qs `oaCn tafn% R %iaBm
!hoi >?On% <
+" (huCn% mobt thoBi EaPt +44 %am vaDo 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
"
Kau mobt th?Di %ian aM @a @>Ba EaOch R EaM !ho; ca;n
najn% +4+R0 %am " HoBi !hoi !im oaOi FoC coC bao nhie;u
%am EaPt R bao nhie;u %am FoGn% l
," :ho mobt baBn nho;m coC !hoi >?On% 04 %am vaDo 8un%
8]ch :uKO
.
" Kau mobt th?Di %ian aM @a @>Ba EaOch R EaM

!ho; ca;n najn% 24R1 %am " `*nh !hoi >?On% FoGn% baCm
vaDo baBn nho;m l
-" (%a;m mobt aC FoGn% vaDo 8un% 8]ch A%(O
-
" Kau
phaBn >Cn% !hoi >?On% aC FoGn% tafn% 4R10 %am " `*nh Eo
%am FoGn% FaZ tham %ia phaBn >Cn% l
." (%a;m Finh EaPt vaDo 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
" Kau mobt th?Di
%ian aM @a @>Ba EaOch R EaM !ho; ca;n najn% h?n uCc FaGu
4R. %am
a"`*nh !hoi >?On% EaPt vaD :uKO
.
FaZ tham %ia phaBn
>Cn% l
b"(eu !hoi >?On% 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
FaZ 8uDn% ?B t@e;n aD
,+4 %am coC !hoi >?On% @ie;n% aD +R4/ %sm " UaCc F]nh
noGn% Fob mo ban FaGu cuBa 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
l
/" :ho --- %am ho7n h?Op - muoi M%KO
.
R :uKO
.
vaD 'aKO
.
vaDo n>?Cc F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch V vaD mobt phaGn !ho;n% tan
coC !hoi >?On% ,-- %am " (huCn% thanh nho;m vaDo 8un%
8]ch V " Kau phaBn >Cn% !hoi >?On% thanh !im oaOi tafn%
++R/ %am " `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i muoi coC
t@on% ho7n h?Op t@e;n l
0" :ho baBn EaPt coC !hoi >?On% +44 %am vaDo , *t 8un%
8]ch :uKO
.
+M" Kau mobt th?Di %ian 8un% 8]ch :uKO
.
coC
noGn% Fob aD 4R2 M " `*nh !hoi >?On% baBn !im oaOi R biet
@an% the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch xem nh> !ho;n% Fo$i vaD !hoi
>?On% FoGn% baCm hoaDn toaDn vaDo baBn EaPt l
1" (huCn% mobt aC !eZm vaDo /44 m 8un% 8]ch PbI(O
-
H
,

,M " Kau mobt th?Di %ian !hoi >?On% aC !eZm tafn% ,R2.
%am Eo v?Ci ban FaGu "
a" `*nh >?On% Pb FaZ baCm vaDo aC Tn R biet @an%
>?On% Pb Einh @a baCm hoaDn toaDn vaDo aC Tn"
b" `*nh moGn% Fob M caCc muoi coC t@on% 8un% 8]ch
Eau !hi aM aC !eZm @a R biet @an% the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch
xem nh> !ho;n% Fo$i l
=QQs `oaCn ho7n h?Op
muoi axit t muoi t@un%
hoDa <
+" VuDn% -4 %am (aOH Fe$ hap thuO ,, %am :O
,
a" :oC nh>Zn% muoi naDo taOo thaDnh
b" `*nh !hoi >?On% caCc muoi taOo thaDnh "

," :ho 3R. %am 5
,
O vaDo n>?Cc " `*nh >?On% KO
,
caGn thiet
Fe$ phaBn >Cn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch t@e;n Fe$ taOo thaDnh <
a" Muoi t@un% hoDa "
b" Muoi axit
c" Ho7n h?Op muoi axit vaD muoi t@un% hoDa theo t_ eb
mo aD , < +
-" Vun% 8]ch A ch>Ca 2 %am (aOH
a" `*nh the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
4R/M caGn 8uDn% Fe$
hoDa tan hoaDn toaDn 8un% 8]ch A
b" `*nh the$ t*ch KO
,
caGn thiet Fe$ !hi taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
8un% 8]ch A taOo @a ho7n h?Op muoi axit vaD muoi
t@un% hoDa theo t_ eb mo t>?n% >Cn% aD , < + l
." `*nh the$ t*ch :O
,
caGn thiet Fe$ !hi taCc 8uOn% v?Ci +0
%am 8un% 8]ch (aOH +4o taOo thaDnh<
a" Muoi t@un% hoDa l
b" Muoi axit l
c" Ho7n h?Op muoi axit vaD muoi t@un% hoDa theo t_ eb
mo aD , < - l
/" VuDn% + *t 8un% 8]ch 5OH +R+M Fe$ hap thuO 24 %am KO
-

a" :oC nh>Zn% muoi naDo taOo thaDnh l
b" `*nh !hoi >?On% caCc muoi taOo thaDnh l
=QQQs UaCc F]nh :`HH <
+" HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn -R0 %am mobt !im oaOi hoCa
t@] QQ ban% 8un% 8]ch H: coC -R-0 *t !h* H
,
thoaCt @a ?B
F!tc" HoBi FoC aD !im oaOi naDo l
," HoDa tan ,R. %am oxit cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoCa t@]
QQ caGn 8uDn% ,R+3 %am H: " HoBi FoC aD oxit cuBa !im oaOi
naDo l
-" HoDa tan .R.2 %am oxit cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoCa t@]
QQ caGn 8uDn% +44 m 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
4R2M " HoBi FoC aD
oxit cuBa !im oaOi naDo l
." :ho 8un% 8]ch H: 8> vaDo ++R0 %am baz? cuBa !im
oaOi [ coC hoCa t@] QQ thu F>?Oc +3 %am muoi " UaCc F]nh
te;n !im oaOi [ l
/" :ho +4R2 %am !im oaOi hoCa t@i QQQ taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
8un% 8]ch H: 8> thaM taOo thaDnh /-R. %am muoi " UaCc
F]nh te;n !im oaOi FoC s
0" HoDa tan .3R0 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm muoi EunNat
vaD muoi cacbonat cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoCa t@] Q vaDo
n>?Cc thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A " :hia 8un% 8]ch A aDm ,
phaGn ban% nhau "

k PhaGn + < :ho taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
8> thu F>?Oc
,R,. *t !h* ?B F!tc
k PhaGn + < :ho taCc 8uOn% v?Ci 8un% 8]ch 'a:
,
8> thu F>?Oc
.- %am !et tuBa t@aPn% "
a" `Am :`HH cuBa , muoi ban FaGu
b" `*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa caCc muoi t@e;n coC
t@on% ho7n h?Op l
1" HoDa tan +R2. %am mobt !im oaOi !ieGm vaDo n>?Cc
" Fe$ t@un% hoDa 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc phaBi 8uDn% 24 m 8un%
8]ch H: +M " UaCc F]nh !im oaOi !ieGm FaZ 8uDn% l
2" HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn ,1R. %am ho7n h?Op %oGm
M
,
:O
-
vaD MH:O
-
I M aD !im oaOi !ieGm H ban% /44 m 8un%
8]ch H: +M thaM thoaCt @a 0R1, *t !h* :O
,
I ?B F!tcH " ee$
t@un% hoDa >?On% axit coDn 8> phaBi 8uDn% /4 m 8un% 8]ch
(aOH ,M
a"UaCc F]nh , muoi ban FaGu
b"`*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa mo7i muoi t@e;n l
3" :oC mobt ho7n h?Op U %oGm mobt muoi cacbonat
cuBa !im oaOi hoCa t@] Q vaD mobt muoi cuBa !im oaOi hoCa
t@] QQ " HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn +2 %am U " ban% 8un% 8ich H:
v>Da FuB thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch \ vaD -R-0 *t :O
,
IF!tcH
a" :o; caOn \ EeZ thu F>?Oc bao nhie;u %am
muoi !han l
b" (eu biet t@on% ho7n h?Op U Eo mo
muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi hoCa t@] Q %ap , aGn Eo mo
muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi hoCa t@] QQ vaD n%uMe;n t>B
!hoi cuBa !im oaOi hoCa t@] Q h?n n%uMe;n t>B !hoi cuBa
!im oaOi hoCa t@] QQ aD +/ Fv:" `Am :`HH , muoi t@e;n l
+4" :oC mobt oxit EaPt ch>a @oZ :`HH " :hia >?On% oxit
naDM aDm , phaGn ban% nhau
k PhaGn + < taCc 8uOn% v>Da FuB v?Ci +/4 m 8un% 8]ch H: -M
k PhaGn , < nun% noCn% vaD cho uoGn% :O Fi iua R thu F>?Oc
2R. %am EaPt "
UaCc F]nh :`HH cuBa EaPt oxit "
++" HoDa tan het m %am ho7n h?Op %oGm A:O
-
vaD
':O
-
IA R ' aD , !im oaOi hoCa t@] QQH caGn 8uDn% -44 m 8un%
8]ch H: +M " Kau phaBn >Cn% thu F>?Oc = *t !h* :O
,
IF!tcH
vaD 8s8]ch A " :o; caOn 8un% 8]ch A thu F>?Oc -4R+ %am
muoi !han
a"UaCc F]nh m l b"`Am = l
+," Oxi hoCa hoaDn toaDn 2 %am , !im oaOi A R ' IFeGu
coC hoCa t@] QQH thu F>?Oc ho7n h?Op , oxit t>?n% >Cn% " ee$
hoDa tan het , oxit t@e;n caGn +/4 m 8un% 8]ch H: +M" Kau

phaBn >Cn% thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch coC , muoi " :ho (aOH
vaDo 8un% 8]ch muoi naDM thu F>?Oc mobt !et tuBa c>Oc FaOi
najn% m %am %oGm ho7n h?Op , hiF@oxit !im oaOi
a"=ie;t caCc P`Pg xaBM @a l
b" UaCc F]nh m l
+-" A aD oxit cuBa nit? coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD 3, coC
t_ eb Eo n%uMe;n t>B ( vaD O aD + < , " ' aD mobt oxit
!haCc cuBa nit? " dz F!tc + *t !h* ' najn% ban% + *t !h* :O
,
"
`Am co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa A vaD ' l
+." HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn +R.. %am !im oaOi hoCa t@] QQ
ban% ,/4 m 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
4R-M " ee$ t@un% hoDa >?On%
axit 8> caGn 8uDn% 04 m 8un% 8]ch (aOH 4R/M R UaCc F]nh
te;n !im oaOi l
+/" (un% - %am muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi A I ch>a
@oZ hoCa t@] H thu F>?Oc +R02 %am oxit "
a" UaCc F]nh :`HH cuBa muoi l
b" (eu hoDa tan hoaDn toaDn 2 %am muoi
t@e;n ban% = *t 8un% 8]ch H: ,M " `*nh = l
QUs :h>Cn% minh chat
taCc 8uOn% het <
+" :ho -R21 %am ho7n h?Op %oGm M% vaD A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci /44
m 8un% 8]ch H: +M
a" :h>Cn% minh @an% Eau phaBn >Cn% v?Ci M% vaD A R axit
va7n coDn 8> l
b" (eu phaBn >Cn% t@e;n aDm thoaCt @a .R-02 *t !h* H
,

IF!tcH " HaZM t*nh Eo %am M% vaD A FaZ 8uDn% ban FaGu l
c" `*nh the$ t*ch 8un% 8]ch FoGn% th?Di (aOH ,M vaD
'aIOHH
,
4R+M caGn 8uDn% Fe$ t@un% hoDa het >?On% axit
coDn 8> l
," HoDa tan -+R3 %am ho7n h?Op 'a:
,
vaD :a:
,
vaDo n>?Cc
F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A " :ho toaDn bob 8un% 8]ch A taCc 8uOn%
v?Ci /44 m 8un% 8]ch (a
,
:O
-
,M thaM xuat hiebn mobt
>?On% !et tuBa
a" :h>Cn% toB @an% >?On% !et tuBa ?B t@e;n thu F>?Oc aD
toi Fa l
b" (eu cho toaDn bob >?On% 8un% 8]ch A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci
>?On% 8> 8un% 8]ch A%(O
-
thA thu F>?Oc /-R. %am !et
tuBa " UaCc F]nh o veG !hoi >?On% mo7i muoi FaZ 8uDn%
ban FaGu l

-" :ho 2R. %am ho7n h?Op Tn vaD M% taCc 8uOn% v?Ci /44 m
8un% 8]ch H: ,M
a" :h>Cn% minh @an% Eau phaBn >Cn% axit va7n coDn 8> l
b" (eu thoaCt @a .R.2 *t !h* ?B F!tc " HaZM t*nh Eo %am
M% vaD A FaZ 8uDn% ban FaGu
c" `*nh the$ t*ch FoGn% th?Di cuBa , 8un% 8]ch 5OH 4R/ M
vaD 'aIOHH
,
+M caGn 8uDn% Fe$ t@un% hoDa het >?On% axit
coDn 8> l
." :ho 1R2 %am ho7n h?Op M% vaD A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci /44 m
8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
+M
a" :h>Cn% minh @an% Eau phaBn >Cn% v?Ci M% vaD A R axit
va7n coDn 8> l
b" (eu phaBn >Cn% t@e;n aDm thoaCt @a .R-02 *t !h* H
,

IF!tcH " HaZM t*nh o veG !hoi >?On% cuBa M% vaD A FaZ
8uDn% ban FaGu l
/" :ho -+R2 %am ho7n h?Op U %oGm , muoi M%:O
-
vaD :a:O
-
vaDo 4R2 *t 8un% 8]ch H: +M
thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch T "
a"HoBi 8un% 8]ch T coC 8> axit !ho;n% l
b":ho vaDo 8un% 8]ch T mobt >?On% (aH:O
-
8> thA the$ t*ch
:O
,
thu F>?Oc aD ,R,. *t " t*nh !hoi >?On% mo7i muoi coC
t@on% ho7n h?Op U l

Us AxCp 8uOn% E? FoG
h?Op th>Cc <
+" `*nh !hoi >?On% H
,
KO
.
3/o thu F>?Oc t>D 04 !% iuajn% pi@it
neu hiebu Euat ps >Cn% aD 2/o l
," VuDn% +/4 %am iuajn% pi@it ch>aC ,4o chat t@? FieGu che
H
,
KO
.
" eem toaDn bob >?On% axit FieGu che F>?Oc hoDa tan
v>Da FuB m %am Je
,
O
-
" `at caB phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a hoaDn
toaDn R haZM
a" `*nh !hoi >?On% H
,
KO
.
FieGu che F>?Oc l
b" `*nh m l
-" `>D + tan iuajn% pi@it ch>aC 34o JeK
,
coC the$ FieGu che
bao nhie;u *t H
,
KO
.
Fabm Fajc 32o I8 q +R2. %smH R biet
hiebu Euat t@on% iuaC t@Anh FieGu che aD 24o l
." :oC the$ FieGu che bao nhie;u tan :H
-
:OOH t>D +44 tan
:a:
,
coC .o taOp chat R %iaB E>B caCc phaBn >Cn% FaOt
hiebu Euat +44o l
UQs AxCp 8uOn% F]nh
uabt baBo toaDn !hoi
>?On% <
+" UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa A R biet @an% !hi
Fot chaCM + mo chat A caGn 0R/ mo oxi thu F>?Oc . mo
:O
,
vaD / mo n>?Cc
," eot chaCM m %am chat A caGn 8uDn% .R.2 *t O
,
thu F>?Oc
,R,. *t :O
,
vaD -R0 %am n>?Cc " `*nh m biet the$ t*ch caCc
chat !h* FeGu 8>?Oc Fo ?B F!tc
-" eot chaCM +0 %am chat A caGn .R.2 *t !h* oxi IF!tcH thu
F>?Oc !h* :O
,
vaD h?i n>?Cc theo t_ eb Eo mo aD + < , "
`*nh !hoi >?On% :O
,
vaD H
,
O taOo thaDnh l
." (un% ho7n h?Op , muoi :a:O
-
vaD M%:O
-
thu F>?Oc 10 %am
, oxit vaD --R0 *t :O
,
IF!tcH " `*nh !hoi >?On% ho7n h?Op ban
FaGu l
/" :ho ho7n h?Op , muoi A
,
KO
.
vaD 'KO
.
coC !hoi >?On% ..R,
%am taCc 8uOn% v>Da FuB v?Ci 8s8]ch 'a:
,
taOo thaDnh 03R3
%am 'aKO
.
!et tuBa "`Am !hoi >?On% , muoi tan m?Ci taOo
thaDnh l

0" HoDa tan +4 %am ho7n h?Op , muoi cacbonat coC hoCa t@] QQ
vaD QQQ ban% 8un% 8]ch H: thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A vaD 4R01,
*t !h* IF!tcH " HoBi co; caOn 8un% 8]ch A thA thu F>?Oc bao
nhie;u %am muoi !han l
1" HoDa tan /R02 %am ho7n h?Op , muoi cacbonat cuBa !im
oaOi thuobc nhoCm QQA vaD thuobc , chu !A ie;n tiep ban%
8un% 8]ch H: 8> thu F>?Oc +R-.. *t !h* IF!tcH vaD 8un% 8]ch
A " HoBi co; caOn 8un% 8]ch A thA thu F>?Oc bao nhie;u %am
muoi !han l
2" :ho uoGn% !h* :O Fi iua on% E>C F>On% m %am ho7n h?Op
%oGm Je R JeO R Je
,
O
-
nun% noCn% " Kau !hi !et thuCc th*
n%hiebm R thu F>?Oc 0. %am chat @aPn A vaD ++R, *t !h* '
IF!tcH coC t_ !hoi h?i Eo v?Ci hiF@o aD ,4R. " `*nh m l
UQQs 'iebn uabn <
k `heo caCc !haBnafn%
phaBn >Cn% xaBM @a "
k `heo ph>?n% t@Anh vo;
F]nh
k `heo %i?Ci haOn
k `heo hoCa t@]
k `heo >?On% chat I %am R
mo H
k `heo t*nh chat
k `heo !et iuaB baDi
toaCn
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
+" HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn -R12 %am mobt !im oaOi M vaDo 8un%
8]ch H: thu F>?Oc .R14. *t !h* H, IF!tcH " UaCc F]nh !im oaOi M
l
," HoDa tan hoaDn toaDn ho7n h?Op . % hai !im oaOi AR' cuDn%
hoCa t@] QQ vaD coC t_ eb mo aD ~ < + ban% 8un% 8]ch H: thu
F>?Oc ,R,. *t !h* H
,
I F!tcH " HoBi A R ' aD caCc !im oaOi naDo
t@on% caCc !im oaOi Eau < M% R :a R 'a R Tn R Je R (i "
'iet < M% q ,. R :aq .4 R 'aq +-1 R Tn q 0/R Je q /0 R (i q /2 "
-" A aD h?Op chat vo; c? !hi Fot noCn% cho n%oOn >Ba maDu
vaDn% " (un% noCn% A ?B nhiebt Fob cao F>?Oc chat @aPn ' R h?i
n>?Cc vaD !h* : !ho;n% maDu R !ho;n% muDi R aDm FuOc n>?Cc
vo;i t@on% " biet chat @aPn ' cuZn% cho n%oOn >Ba maDu
vaDn% !hi Fot noCn% " UaCc F]nh :`HH cuBa A vaD ' vaD viet
caCc P`Pg
." A aD h?Op chat vo; c? coC nhieGu >Cn% 8uOn% t@on% n%aDnh
xa;M 8>On% " (un% noCn% A thu F>?Oc chat @aPn b vaD !h* :
!ho;n% maDu !ho;n% muDi " :ho : obi iua bAnh F>On% n>?Cc
vo;i t@on% 8> aOi thaM xuat hieb chat @aPn A " UaCc F]nh
:`HH cuBa A vaD viet caCc P`Pg "
/" U aD mobt muoi vo; c? th>?Dn% F>?Oc 8uDn% t@on% phoDn% th*
n%hiebm " (un% noCn% U F>?Oc , !h* \ vaD T R t@on% FoC !h* \
!ho;n% maDu R !ho;n% muDi R !ho;n% chaCM " :oDn T aD h?Op
chat F>?Oc taOo b?Zi , n%uMe;n to hi88@o vaD oxi " UaCc F]nh
:`HH cuBa U "
0" A R ' R : aD h?Op chat vo; c? cuBa mobt !im oaOi !hi Fot
chaCM FeGu cho n%oOn >Ba maDu vaDn% " A taCc 8uOn% v?Ci '
taOo thaDnh : " (un% noCn% ' ?B nhiebt Fob cao taOo thaDnh : R
h?i n>?Cc vaD !h* V aD h?Op chat cuBa cacbon " 'iet V taCc
8uOn% v?Ci A taOo F>?Oc ' hoajc : " UaCc F]nh :`HH cuBa A R ' R
: ""
1" Muoi A !hi Fot chaCM cho n%oOn >Ba maDu vaDn% " (un%
noCn% A F>?Oc chat @aPn ' vaD coC h?i n>?Cc thoaCt @a R A
cuZn% nh> ' FeGu taCc 8uOn% F>?Oc v?Ci 8un% 8]ch H: taOo !h* :
!ho;n% maDu R !ho;n% muDi R !ho;n% chaCM " UaCc F]nh :`HH
cuBa A "
UQQQs Ph>?n% phaCp t>O
choOn >?On% chat <
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Mobt Eo caCch choOn <
k ^>?On% chat tham %ia phaBn >Cn% aD + mo
k ^>?On% chat tham %ia phaBn >Cn% theo Eo iebu cuBa FeG
baDi "
+" HoDa tan mobt muoi cacbonat !im oaOi M ban% !hoi >?On%
v>Da FuB cuBa 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
3R2 o ta thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch
muoi EunNat +.R+2o " HoBi M aD !im oaOi %A l
," HoDa tan oxit mobt !im oaOi hoCa t@] QQ vaDo mobt >?On% v>Da
FuB 8un% 8]ch H
,
KO
.
,4o R thu F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch muoi coC
noGn% Fob ,,R0o " UaCc F]nh te;n !im oaOi FaZ 8uDn% l
-" :ho +0 %am h?Op !im cuBa 'e@i vaD mobt !im oaOi !ieGm taCc
8uOn% v?Ci n>?Cc ta F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A vaD -R-0 iat !h* H
,
IF!tcH
a" :aGn bao nhie;u m 8un% 8]ch H: 4R/M Fe$ t@un% hoDa het
+s+4 8un% 8]ch A l
b" ^aM +s+4 8un% 8]ch A @oGi the;m vaDo FoC 33 m 8un% 8]ch
(a
,
KO
.
4R+ M thA thaM 8un% 8]ch va7n coDn 8> 'a
,&
R nh>n%
neu the;m tiep , m 8un% 8]ch n>Za thA thaM 8> KO
.
,k
"
UaCc F]nh te;n cuBa !im oaOi !ieGm l
." (hiebt pha;n 3R. %am muoi nit@at !im oaOi t?Ci phaBn >Cn%
hoaDn toaDn thaM coDn aOi . %am chat @aPn " UaCc F]nh !im
oaOi coC t@on% muoi l
/" HoDa tan ,R2. %am ho7n h?Op , muoi cacbonat cuBa , !im oaOi
thuobc pha;n nhoCm ch*nh nhoCm QQ vaD thuobc , chu !A ie;n
tiep nhau ban% 8un% 8]ch H: 8> n%>?Di ta thu F>?Oc 8un%
8]ch A vaD !h* ' " :o; caOn 8un% 8]ch A thA thu F>?Oc -R+1 %am
muoi !han "
a"`*nh the$ t*ch ' IF!tcH "l
b"UaCc F]nh te;n , !im oaOi l
0" eot chaCM + %am F?n chat M caGn 8uDn% >?On% v>Da FuB oxi
aD 4R1 *t I F!tcH " UaCc F]nh F?n chat M l
1" (un% - %am muoi cacbonat cuBa !im oaOi A ch>a @oZ hoCa t@]
thu F>?Oc +R02 %am oxit !im oaOi A "
a"UaCc F]nh A l
b"`*nh the$ t*ch 88 H: caGn 8uDn% Fe$ hoDa tan het - %am
muoi cacbonat cuBa A ?B t@e;n l
UQ=s Ph>?n% phaCp 8uDn%
caCc %iaC t@] t@un% bAnh <
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
As Ph>?n% phaCp 8uDn% caCc %iaC t@] mo t@un% bAnh I M H
^>u MC <
aH Ho7n h?Op nhieGu chat <
M q
hh
hh
n
m
q
i
i i
n n n
n M n M n M
+ + +
+ + +
...
.....
2 1
2 2 1 1
M q
hh
hh
n
m
q
i
i i

M M M
+ + +
+ + +
...
.....
2 1
2 2 1 1
bH Ho7n h?Op , chat < aR b c o Eo mo
M q
n
n n M n M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
c M q M
+
n
+
& M
,
I+kn
+
H
M q
n
M M ) (
1 2 1 1
+
c M q M
+
U
+
& M
,
I+kU
+
H
+" Hai !im oaOi !ieGm M vaD M
s
nam t@on% hai chu !A !e tiep nhau
cuBa baBn% heb thon% tuaGn hoaDn " HoDa tan mo;M *t ho7n h?Op
M vaD M
s
t@on% n>?Cc F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch A vaD 4R--0 *t !h* H, IF!tcH
" :ho H: 8> vaDo 8un% 8]ch A vaD co; caOn F>?Oc ,R41/ %am
muoi !han " UaCc F]nh te;n !im oaOi M vaD M
s
l
," HoDa tan vaDo n>?Cc 1R+. %am ho7n h?Op muoi cacbonat vaD
hi88@o cacbonat cuBa mobt !im oaOi hoCa t@] Q " Kau FoC the;m
vaDo 8un% 8]ch thu F>?Oc mobt >?On% 8un% 8]ch H: v>Da FuB thA
thu F>?Oc 4R01, *t !h* ?B F!tc UaCc F]nh te;n !im oaOi l
-" (%uMe;n t>B !hoi cuBa - !im oaOi hoCa t@] , t_ eb v?Ci nhau
theo t_ Eo aD - < / < 1 " `_ eb Eo mo cuBa chuCn% t@on% ho7n
h?Op aD . < , < + " Kau !hi hoDa tan ,R-, %am ho7n h?Op t@on% H:
8> thu F>?Oc +R/02 *t H
,
?B F!tc " UaCc F]nh - !im oaOi biet
chuCn% FeGu F>Cn% t@>?Cc H, t@on% 8aZM 'e!etop "
." HoDa tan .0 %am ho7n h?Op 'a vaD , !im oaOi !ieGm A R ' thuobc
, chu !A ie;n tiep nhau F>?Oc 8un% 8]ch U vaD ++R, *t !h* IF!tcH
k (eu the;m 4R+2 mo (a
,
KO
.
voD 8un% 8]ch U thA 8un% 8]ch Eau
phaBn >Cn% va7n ch>a !et tuBa het 'a
,&

k (eu the;m 4R,+ mo (a
,
KO
.
voD 8un% 8]ch U thA 8un% 8]ch Eau
phaBn >Cn% va7n coDn 8> ion KO
.
,k

UaCc F]nh te;n , !im oaOi !ieGm l
n tJ" hma hc
4+ng R : Ei2t ?THH gi)a cc cht #$ c
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
X+ ri&! P<HH bi6u di5n cc phgn 'ng ho hc n cc !h7 nghim s$u M
$+ Dhe F=i gi! $Ei! clohid1ic F=o F3i
b+ Cho m>! 7! dipho!pho p@n!oEi! F=o dd %$li hid1oEi!
c+ Dh)ng !h$nh sv! F=o dd 0ng HzzJ sun$!
d+ HWp !hC D
2
G
O
F=o H
2
G
2+ Cho cc oEi! s$u M R
2
G( ,G
2
( A$G( S@
N
G
V
( D
2
G
O
( S@G( S@
2
G
N
+ ri&! P<HH Hn&u c#J c;$
cc oEi! n=y lbn l.! !c dCng Fi H
2
G( H
2
,G
V
( RGH( HCl
N+ ri&! P<P M
$+ Rim lo2i L ho !1Z n !$n !1ong dd HCl
b+ LgCG
N
_ HDG
N

c+ Il _ H
2
,G
V
HlongJ
d+ S@
E
G
y
_ HCl
@+ S@ _ Cl
2

+ Cl
2
_ D$GH
V+ Cho !p !p b>! Cu F=o dd HDG
N
hc+ Q)c bu !hWy %h7 mbu n*u b$y 1$( s$u # %h7
%h3ng m=u bZ ho n*u !1ong %h3ng %h7( cu"i c}ng %h7 ngpng !ho! 1$+ B< hin !.ng(
Fi&! P<HH Egy 1$
O+ C# nhcng b$K4 s$u M S@HGHJ
N
( C$HGHJ
2
( RGH( LgHGHJ
2
( CuHGHJ
2

$+ A$K4 n=o bZ nhi! ph*n hum
b+ <c dCng .c Fi dd H
2
,G
V

c+ 0-i m=u dd ph@nolph!$l@in
l+ Hy m3 !g hin !.ng /u$n s! .c( Fi&! p!hh %hi !hg l Il F=o nhcng dd s$u M
$+ dd H
2
,G
V
2 L
b+ dd D$GH d
c+ dd CuCl
2

4+ng RR8 B 0k chu6n ho
O8 Ei2t ?THH th>o G 0k Gau :
Lg,G
V

,G
2
H
2
,G
V
LgCl
2

HCl
2+<:m cc chc ci I(A(C(s( !h7ch h.p( Fi&! P<HH Egy 1$
HXJ I _ Cl
2
A
H2J A _ Il HdJ IlCl
N
_ I
HNJ I _ G
2
C
HVJ C _ H
2
,G
V
s _ _ H
2
G
N+ Chn cc chW! I(A(C(s !h7ch h.p( Fi&! P<HH Egy 1$
I
A Cu,G
V
CuCl
2
CuHDG
N
J
2
I A C
C
V+Ho=n !h=nh cc ph4ng !1:nh di *y M
$+ D$
2
,G
V
_
X
A$,G
V
_
X

C$HHCG
N
J
2
_
2
C$CG
N
_
2

Cu,G
V
_
N
Cu, _
N

LgCl
2
_
V
Lg
N
HPG
V
J
2
_
V

b+ I _ A C$CG
N
_ D$Cl
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
C _ s Un, _ RDG
N

_ S C$
N
HPG
V
J
2
_ D$DG
N

B _ H A$,G
V
_ LgCl
2

c+ RH, _ I H
2
, _
HCl _ A CG
2
_
C$,G
N
_ C ,G
2
_
H
2
,G
V
_ s A$,G
V
_ CG
2
_ +
o+ ri&! cc P<P !h@o cc s4 bi&n ho s$u M
S@
2
H,G
V
J
2
S@HGHJ
N
Cu CuCl
2

S@Cl
N
Cu,G
V

o+ri&! cc P<P !h@o s4 bi&n ho
_ I _
S@
2
G
N
S@Cl
2
_U A _<
!1ong # I(A(((U(< l= cc chW! %hc nh$u
8++ri&! cc P<P !h@o s4 h$i chiu s$u M

, ,G
2
H
2
,G
V
Cu,G
V


R
2
,G
N
9+Cho s4 bi&n ho M
$+ I
X
I
2
I
N

S@HGHJ
N
S@HGHJ
N
A
X
A
2
A
N
<:m c3ng !h'c c;$ cc chW! 'ng Fi cc chW! I
X(
( I
2
( ++Fi&! P<P !h@o s4
b+
I
X
I
2
I
N
C$CG
N
C$CG
N
C$CG
N

A
X
A
2
A
N

+. +X,t
0
c+ I
_(!
0
_ A _
I S@ s C
_U(!
0
I
Ai&! 1ng M I _ HCl s _ C _ H
2
G
4+ng RRR8 ;hJn bi2t cc cht #$ c
X+ Chf .c d}ng m>! !hu"c !hY !9 chn( hy nh?n bi&! dd cc chW! 9ng !1ong cc l 1ing
1q M S@,G
V
S@
2
H,G
V
J
N
LgCl
2
IlCl
N
CuCl
2
D$GH
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
2+ s}ng m>! !hu"c !hY nh?n bi&! cc dd M D$
2
CG
N
D$Cl D$
2
, A$HDG
N
J
2

N+ Ang pp ho hc nh?n bi&! cc %h7 9ng !1ong cc l mW! nhn M CG
2
DH
N
G
2
D
2

V+ O b:nh ch'$ O %h7 M D
2
G
2
CG
2
H
2
CH
V
+ <1:nh b=y pp ho hc nh?n 1$ !png %h7
O+ C# O dd M HCl D$GH D$
2
CG
N
A$Cl
2
D$Cl+ Cho phyp sY dCng /ud !7m 6 nh?n
bi&! cc dd # Hbi&! D$
2
CG
N
ckng l=m E$nh /ud !7mJ
l+ Chf .c sY dCng dd HCl H
2
G nu pp nh?n bi&! O g#i b>! !1vng ch'$ cc chW! M RDG
N

R
2
CG
N
R
2
,G
V
A$CG
N
A$,G
V

o+ c# O chW! 1vn M S@ Cu Il CuG S@G+ s}ng pp ho hc 6 nh?n bi&! !png chW!
8+ O l mW! nhn( mi l ch'$ m>! !1ong cc chW! b>! m=u @n hohc Em Exm s$u M S@,
Ig
2
G CuG LnG
2
S@G+ chf d}ng "ng nghim( an cn( F= m>! dd !hu"c !hY 6
nh?n bi&!
9+ C# O dd bZ mW! nhn gm cc chW! s$u M H
2
,G
V
D$
2
,G
V
D$GH A$Cl
2
LgCl
2
+ Chf
d}ng !hm ph@nol ph!$l@in nu cch Ec Znh !png dd
X0+ Chf d}ng X !hu"c !hY l= %im lo2i hy nh?n bi&! cc l ch'$ cc dd M A$HGHJ
2
HDG
N

hc( ngu>i IgDG
N

4+ng RE: Tch cc cht #$ c
X8<1:nh b=y pp ho hc 6 !ch 1ing !png %im lo2i 1$ %hei hh ch'$ M Ig Il S@
2+ <ch 1ing dd !png chW! 1$ %hei hh dd M IlCl
N
S@Cl
N
A$Cl
2

N+ 0iu ch& chW! nguyn chW! M
$+ D$Cl c# lxn m>! 7! !2p chW! l= D$
2
CG
N
+ Q=m !h& n$8 6 c# D$Cl nguyn chW!
b+ D
2
lxn cc !2p chW! M CG CG
2
H
2
F= h4i nc
c( C# hh N oEi! M ,iG
2
Il
2
G
N
S@
2
G
N
+ <1:nh b=y pp ho hc 6 lWy !png chW! n d2ng nguyn
chW!
V+ L>! lo2i !hum ng*n bZ lxn !2p chW! l= cc %im lo2i s$u M S@ Un Pb ,n+ c# !h6 d}ng dd
HgHDG
N
J
2
6 lWy .c Hg !inh %hi&!+ @m hy nu pp l=m F= Fi&! P<P
O+ Ang pp hh !ch 1ing
$+ A>! S@ 1$ %hei hh M S@( Cu( C$G
b+ <ch 1ing !png chW! %hei hh M S@( S@
2
G
N
( Cu H%h"i l.ng bgo !o=nJ
4+ng E : Tnh th>o "hng t,-nh ho
hc: xc 0nh CT oxit baz
O8Ho= !$n Xl(2 g$m UnG F=o V00g$m dd HDG
N
XO{ !hu .c dd I
$+ <7nh %h"i l.ng $Ei! phgn 'ng b+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mu"i %qm !2o !h=nh
c+ <7nh C{ cc chW! !1ong dd I
2+ Ho= !$n X0(8 g$m Il !c dCng Fp$ ; Fi l00 g$m dd HCl !hu .c dd F= r l7! %h7 n
0R<C
$+ <7nh r b+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mu"i nh3m !hu .c c+ <7nh C
L
c;$ dd HCl
N+ Cho N2O g$m dd S@Cl
N
O{ F=o XX2 g$m dd RGH 2O{
$+ ChW! n=o !hp$ s$u phgn 'ng b+ <7nh %h"i l.ng chW! %y! !;$ !hu .c
c+ <7nh C{ cc chW! !1ong dd s$u phgn 'ng
V+ Ho= !$n 8(9 g$m hh Lg( Un F=o l.ng Fp$ ; dd H
2
,G
V
0(2L !hu .c dd I F= V(V8 l7! %h7
n %!c
$+ <7nh { !h@o %h"i l.ng 2 %im lo2i b+ <7nh !h6 !7ch dd $Ei! d}ng
O+ Cho Xl(8 l7! CG
2
%!c hWp !hC ho=n !o=n F=o l00ml dd D$GH 2L !hu .c dd I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
$+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mu"i !hu .c !1ong dd I
b+ Cho A$Cl
2
d F=o dd I !h: !hu .c b$o nhiu g$m %&! !;$
l+ Dh)ng m>! mi&ng Il c# %h"i l.ng X0 g$m F=o O00 ml dd Cu,G
V
0(VL+ ,$u !hji gi$n phgn
'ng lWy mi&ng Il 1$( c*n nhng XX(N8 g$m
$+ <7nh m Cu bm F=o Il b+ <7nh C
L
cc chW! !1ong dd s$u phgn 'ng Hcoi r %h3ng
-iJ
o+ Cho 20 g$m Il F=o V00 ml dd CuCl
2
0(O L+ Rhi nng > dd CuCl
2
gigm 2O{ !h: lWy
mi&ng Il 1$( c*n nhng b$o nhiu g$m
8+ 06 ho= !$n N(9 g$m %im lo2i cbn d}ng r ml dd HCl F= c# X(NVV l7! H
2
%!c+ Lh! %hc(
6 ho= !$n N(2 g$m oEi! c;$ %im lo2i ckng d}ng Fp$ ; rml dd HCl !1n+ Hei ( l= cc %im
lo2i g:
9+ Cho NV(8 g$m S@
N
G
V
!c dCng Fi VOO(2 g$m dd HCl 20{ d !hu .c dd I+ <7nh C{ cc
chW! !$n c# !1ong dd I
X0+ Cho Xl g$m S@
E
G
y
!c dCng Fi l.ng Fp$ ; N00 ml dd HCl 2 L+ c Znh C< oEi! sv!
XX+ Ho= !$n 8 g$m oEi! lim lo2i ho !1Z 2 cbn XV(l g$m HCl nguyn chW!+ <:m C< oEi!
X2+ Ho= !$n 20(V g$m oEi! %im lo2i I Hho !1Z NJ bng N00 ml dd H
2
,G
V
Fp$ ; !h: !hu .c
l8(V g$m mu"i %h$n
$+ <:m C<HH c;$ oEi! !1n b+ <7nh C
L
c;$ dd $Ei!
XN+ 06 ho= !$n lV g$m m>! oEi! %im lo2i Hho !1Z NJ cbn Fp$ ; 800 ml dd HDG
N
NL
$+ <:m C< oEi! b+ <7nh C
L
dd mu"i s$u phgn 'ng
XV+ H8$ !$n O g$m F3i nguyn chW! !1ong V0 ml dd HCl+ ,$u phgn 'ng phgi d}ng 20 ml dd
D$GH 6 !1ung ho= $Ei! d+ Lh! %hc( c' O0 ml dd HCl phgn 'ng Fp$ ; Fi XO0 ml dd
D$GH+ <7nh C
L
c;$ 2 dd
XO+ Cho m>! l.ng b>! sv! F=o dd Fp$ ; dd H
2
,G
V
X L !hu .c dd I F= %h7 A+ Cho !o=n b>
dd I phgn 'ng Fi 2O0 ml dd RGH Fp$ ;+ Qc %&! !;$ 1i nung &n %h"i l.ng %h3ng -i !hu
.c 20 g$m chW! 1vn
$+ <7nh m S@ d}ng b+ <7nh r %h7 n %!c c+ <7nh r ml dd $Ei! d+
<7nh C
L
dd RGH
4+ng ER : DFi tJ" #1 3im *o+i
X+ Cho cc %im lo2i Il( S@( Cu( Ig+ Dhcng RQ !c dCng n=o !c dCng .c Fi $Ei! sunu1ic
long dd IgDG
N
dd D$GH dd H
2
,G
V
hc n % !hjng F= un n#ng + ri&! cc P<HH
Egy 1$
2+ Cho cc chp chW! s$u M $+ Un _ IgCl Cu _ S@HDG
N
J
2
HddJ Ig _ CuHDG
N
J
2
HddJ Di _ dd
CuCl
2
Il _ dd IgDG
N

N+ Ho= !$n O(O g$m hh 2 %im lo2i Il( S@ !1ong O00 ml dd HCl Fp$ ; !hu .c V(V8 l7! %h7
%!c
$+ <7nh { %h"i l.ng 2 %im lo2i
b+ <7nh C
L
dd HCl
V+ Ho= !$n 20 g$m hh gm Ig( Un( Lg !1ong dd H
2
,G
V
0(O L HFp$ ;J !hu .c l(o2 l7! H
2

%!c F= 8(o g$m %im lo2i %h3ng !$n
$+ <7nh { %h"i l.ng mi RQ
b+ <7nh r ml dd H
2
,G
V

O+ Dh)ng O9V g$m Il F=o dd IgDG
N
2L+ ,$u !hji gi$n %h"i l.ng !h$nh Il !ng O{ so Fi b$n
bu
$+ <:m m Il phgn 'ng b+ <7nh m Ig !hu .c c+ <7nh m mu"i Il !2o 1$
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
l+ Dg*m m>! mi&ng S@ F=o N20 g$m dd Cu,G
V
X0{+ ,$u %hi !W! cg Cu bm h&! F=o S@(
%h"i l.ng mi&ng S@ !ng 8{+ c Znh %h"i l.ng mi&ng S@ b$n bu
o+ Cho X9(l g$m m>! Rl ho !1Z zz phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi XV0 ml dd IgDG
N
!hu .c oO(l
g$m Ig
$+ RQ b+ <7nh C
L
dd IgDG
N
c+ <7nh C
L
dd s$u phgn 'ng Hcoi r %h3ng -iJ
8+0"! chy ho=n !o=n VX(X g$m %im lo2i I Hho !1Z zzJ bng l.ng %h7 clo Fp$ ;( ho= !$n sp
F=o nc !hu .c ddA( cho ddA phgn 'ng Fi dd IgDG
N
d( !hWy c# 8l(X g$m %&! !;$ !1vng EuW!
hin
$+ <:m I b+ <7nh r
CQG
%!c c+ <7nh m mu"i !2o !h=nh
9+ Ho= !$n XN g$m %im lo2i I Hho !1Z zzJ bng dd HCl 2L Fp$ ; .c dd A+Cho A phgn 'ng
Fi dd IgDG
N
d .c Oo(V g$m %&! !;$
$+ ri&! P<HH b+ <:m I c+ <7nh r dd HCl d}ng
X0+ Ho= !$n XX(o g$m %im lo2i Hho !1Z zJ F=o X20(l g$m H
2
G !h: !hu .c XN2 g$m dd I
$+ <:m b+ <7nh C{ dd I
XX+ Ho= !$n 9 g$m %im lo2i A Hho !1Z zzzJ F=o dd HCl d !hu .c %h7 C+ sxn !o=n b> C sinh 1$
i /u$ b>! CuG "! n#ng Fp$ ; .c N2 g$m chW! 1vn
$+ ri&! P<hh b+ <7nh r %h7 C %!c c+ <:m A
X2+ 0"! chy h&! V(V8 g RQI ho !1Z zzz bng %h7 Clo Fp$ ;( ho= !$n sp F=o nc !hu .c dd
A( A_ dd RGH d .c %&! !;$ C F= dd s+ Qc %&! !;$( nung n nhi! > c$o .c chW! 1vn Hm
^ l(V gJ+ I F= cho bi&! !h=nh phbn dd s
4+ng ERR8 DFi tJ" #1 "hi 3im
X+ <p cc chW! M D$Cl( H
2
G( LnG
2
( HCl( RLnG
V
+ Hy Fi&! p!p iu ch& %h7 clo
2+ !p cc chW! M C$CG
N
( D$
2
CG
N
( D$HCG
N
( HCl+ri&! p!hh iu ch& %h7 CG
2

N+ Dung N0 g$m F3i H> !inh %hi&! 80{J !i phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n( %h7 sinh 1$ hWp !hC
F=o 200 g$m dd D$GH O{+ ,$u phgn 'ng !hu .c nhcng mu"i n=o b$o nhiu
g$m
V+ Cho O0 g$m C$CG
N
!c dCng Fi dd HCl 0(OL HdJ( %h7 sinh 1$ cho F=o b:nh ch'$
O00ml dd RGH 2L &n ph!
$+<7nh r dd HCl( bi&! !h7 nghim lWy d 20{ so Fi l.ng cbn !hi&!
b+<7nh C
L
mu"i sinh 1$ %hi hWp !hC %h7 !1ong dd %im
O+ Lu"i n=o bZ nhi! ph*n M D$
2
CG
N
( D$HCG
N
( R
2
CG
N
( A$CG
N
( A$HHCG
N
J
2
(RLnG
V
8ri&!
cc p!hh Egy 1$
l+ Cho cc s4 s$u M
$+ I A C s
I l= %h7 m=u F=ng lCc( >c+ s l= %h7 %h3ng m=u( %h3ng chy F= %h3ng duy !1: s9 s"ng+ri&!
cc p!hh( !:m I(A(C(s
b+ U <
<:m ((U(<+ Fi&! p!hh+ bi&! l= %h7 m=u F=ng lCc( >c+ < l= oEi! b$K4( 1vn n#ng chgy n
nhi! > c$o
8+ ri&! 8 phgn 'ng %hc nh$u iu ch& CG
2

9+ ri&! C<HH c;$ cc oEi! c;$ C( P( , m= @m bi&!+!1ong s" # oEi! n=o l= oEi! $Ei!( Fi&!
C< $Ei! !4ng 'ng F= P<HH %hi cho $Ei! # !c dCng Fi RGH d
X0+ cho d8ng CG i /u$ "ng 9ng CuG nung n#ng( %h7 7 1$ cho hWp !hC h&! F=o dd n-
c F3i !1ong d !hu .c Xl g$m %&! !;$
$+<7nh { CuG bZ %hY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
b+D&u ho= !$n chW! 1vn c8n l2i !1ong "ng bng dd HDG
N
hc !h: c# b$o nhiu l7! DG
2

b$y 1$
XX+ <i&n h=nh O l7! dd D$Cl 2L Hd ^ X(2 g\mlJ !h@o phgn 'ng M
0( mnE( c !14
2D$Cl _ 2 H
2
G 2 D$GH _ H
2
_ Cl
2

,$u %hi $no! !ho! 1$ 89(l l7! Cl
2
%!c !h: ngpng ( H
2
G b$y h4i %h3ng ng %6+ !7nh C
{ chW! !$n !1ong dd s$u in ph*n
4+ng ERRR : +i cng #1 ho h)u c
H, cbn nvm s4 l.c F M h.p chW! hcu c4( ph*n lo2i( lin %&!( !\c ho hc !1ng c;$ CH
V
(
C
2
H
2
( C
2
H
V
( C
2
H
O
GH( C
l
H
l
(
1. ri&! C<C< M C
O
H
X2
( C
2
H
O
A1( C
N
H
l
( C
V
H
8
Hch'$ m>! lin %&! 3iJ( C
2
H
l
G( C
2
H
V
G
2

Hm2ch hnJ
2. 0"! chy l(V g$m chW! hcu c4 I !hu .c 8(8 g CG
2
F= o(2 g H
2
G+ L
I
^ N2+ <:m
C<P< I( ri&! C<C< I
3. 0"! chy h&! XX(2 l7! %h7 I %!c !hu .c XX(2 l7! CG
2
%!c F= 9 g H
2
G <:m
C<P<(C<C< I bi&! X l7! I %!c nhng X(NV g
4. 03! 2 l7! %h7 A cbn 9 l7! G
2
!hu .c l l7! CG
2
F= l l7! h4i nc
$+ C<P< I+ r o c}ng %
b+ Cho A !c dCng Fi H
2
< Di( !
0
Fi&! P<HH Egy 1$
5. 0"! chy m>! hyd1oc$cbon I !hu .c CG
2
F= H
2
G !h@o !m l %h"i l.ng l= XXMN
$+ <:m C<P< I bi&! !m %h"i I so Fi H
2
l= 20
b+ ri&! C<C<I F= p!p %hi cho I !c dCng Fi A1
2
d
6. 0"! chy X0(08 l7! hh %h7 CH
V
F= C
2
H
l
!hu .c XV(Ol l7! CG
2
+ r o %!c
$+ <7nh { mi %h7 !1ong hh
b+ sxn !o=n b> sp chy /u$ dd A$HGHJ
2
d !hu .c $ g$m %&! !;$+ <7nh $
7. 0"! chy h&! Nl g$m hh %h7 C
N
H
l
F= C
2
H
l
!1ong G
2
d !hu .c Ol l7! CG
2
%!c
$+ <7nh r mi %h7 n %!c
b+ <7nh { mi %h7 !1ong hh %h7 b$n bu
8. sxn Ol l7! hh %h7 gm @!yl@n F= $E@!yl@n i /u$ dd A1
2
d !h: c# V80 g$m A1
2
phgn
'ng
$+ <7nh r mi %h7 !1ong hh+ r o %!c
b+ <7nh { mi %h7
9. Hh %h7 gm CH
V
F= C
2
H
V
+ Cho !o=n b> phgn 'ng Fi dd A1
2
d !hu .c No(l g$m
dib1om @!$n+Lh! %hc( "! chy h&! cbn d}ng Xl(8 l7! G
2
%!c
$+ ri&! p!hh
b+ <7nh { s" mol mi %h7
X0+ Cho s4 s$u M
C
Il
V
C
N
I A s

<1ong # I(A(C l= chW! %h7+ C l=m mW! m=u dd A1
2
( l= chW! leng
$+ <:m I( A ( C ( s (
b+ ri! p!hh !h@o s4
XX+ 03! chy V(V8 l7! %!c hyd1oc$cbon I( hWp !hC h&! sp chy F=o dd A$HGHJ
2
d !2o 1$
XX8(2 g$m %&! !;$( %h"i l.ng dd gigm oo(V g$m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
$+ <:m C<P< I
b ri&! C<C< I
X2+ s9 on hin !.ng( Fi&! p!hh
$+ <hg miu RQ R$li F=o c"c 9ng 1.u @!ylic V0
0

b+ <hg miu Un F=o c"c 9ng giWm n
c+ Cho nc F=o c"c 9ng W! an
d+ Cho F=i gi! dd z
2
F=o c"c 9ng h !inh b>!
XN+ ri&! p!hh !h@o s4 M ri&! cc p!hh
C$C
2
C
2
H
2
C
2
H
V
C
2
H
O
GH CH
N
CGGH CH
N
CGGC
2
H
O

XV+ ho=n !h=nh s4 M
CG
2
D$
2
CG
N
CH
N
CGGD$
<inh b>! C
l
H
X2
G
l
C
2
H
O
GH H
2

CH
N
CGGC
2
H
O

XO+ 0"! chy h&! $ g$m hh gm 1.u @!ylic F= $Ei! $E@!ic cbn d}ng XX(2 l7! G
2
%!c+ sxn !o=n
b> sp chy /u$ dd C$HGHJ
2
d !hu .c V0 g$m %&! !;$
$+ <:m $
b+ <7nh { mi chW! !1ong hh
c+ D&u cho $ g$m hh !1n F=o dd D$
2
CG
N
d !h: !hu .c b$o nhiu l7! %h7 %!c
Xl+ Cho VO(2 g$m hh CH
N
CGGH( C
2
H
O
GH !c dCng Fi D$ d !hu .c r l7! %h7 A %!c+Lh!
%hc( 6 !1ung ho= h&! l.ng hh !1n cbn d}ng l00 ml dd D$GH XL
$+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mi chW! !1ong hh
b+ !7nh m D$ ; cho phgn 'ng
c+ <7nh r
Xo+ Cho gluco ln m@n+sxn !o=n b> %h7 sinh 1$ F=o dd A$HGHJ
2
d !hu .c V9(2O chW! %&!
!;$
$+ <7nh %h"i l.ng 1.u !hu .c
b+ !7nh %h"i l.ng gluco ln m@n
X8+Chi$ $ g$m hh 1.u m@!ylic F= $Ei! $E@!ic !h=nh 2 phbn bng nh$u
PX M !c dCng Fi D$ d !hu .c X9(0V l7! H
2
%!c
P2 M cho !c dCng Fi C$CG
N
d !hu .c O(l l7! CG
2
%!c
$+ <:m $
b+ <7nh r dd A$HGHJ
2
0(2O L 6 !1ung ho= h&! $ g$m hh !1n
X9+ ri&! p!hh !h@o s4 M
_H
2
HE!J _Cl
2H
H$sJ _ D$GH G
2
Hm@nJ _ CH
N
GH
$+ I A C s L@!yl $E@!$!
HH
2
,G
V
(!
0
J
b+ l00
0
_ Cl
2
H$sJ
A C
I _H
2
_ HCl _RGH C l= chW! ch'$ clo d}ng l=m
s !$nol !hu"c !1p s*u+
HE!J HE!J !
0

20+Rhi cho X80 g$m jng glucoK4 phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi Ig
2
G d !1ong DH
N
!h: !hu .c l-
.ng Ig l= M $+ X08 g$m b+ 2Xl g$m c+ 2o0 g$m d+ N2V g$m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
+"
Dai ta" *a" cong thPWc hoWa hobc
Ba,i 1< `*nh thaDnh phaGn phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% cuBa caCc
n%uMe;n to coC t@on% caCc h?Op chat Eau<
aH :Oc JeK
,
c M%:
,
c :u
,
Oc :O
,
c :
,
H
.
c :
0
H
0
"
bH JeOc Je
-
O
.
c Je
,
O
-
c JeIOHH
,
c JeIOHH
-
"
cH :uKO
.
c :a:O
-
c 5
-
PO
.
c H
,
KO
.
" H(O
-
c (a
,
:O
-
"
8H TnIOHH
,
c A
,
IKO
.
H
-
c JeI(O
-
H
-
" I(H
.
H
,
KO
.
c Je
,
IKO
.
H
-
"
Ba,i 2< `*nh !hoi >?On% mo7i n%uMe;n to coC t@on% caCc >?On%
chat Eau<
aH ,0% 'a:
,
c 2% Je
,
O
-
c .R.% :O
,
c 1R/0% Mn:
,
c /R0% (O"
bH +,R0% H(O
-
c 0R-0% (a
,
:O
-
c ,.% :uKO
.
c +4/R.% A%(O
-
c 0%
:a:O
-
"
cH -1R2% TnI(O
-
H
,
c +4R1.% Je
-
IPO.H
,
c -.R,% A
,
IKO.H
-
c 1/R0%
TnI(O
-
H
,
"
Ba,i < UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc cuBa caCc h?Op chat Eau<
aH H?Op chat taOo thaDnh b?Bi ma%ie vaD oxi coC pha;n t>B !hoi
aD .4R t@on% FoC phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% cuBa chuCn%
aGn >?Ot aD 04o vaD .4o"
bH H?Op chat taOo thaDnh b?Bi >u huMDnh vaD oxi coC pha;n t>B
!hoi aD 0.R t@on% FoC phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% cuBa oxi
aD /4o"
cH H?Op chat cuBa FoGn%R >u huMDnh vaD oxi coC pha;n t>B !hoi
aD +04R coC phaGn t@afm cuBa FoGn% vaD >u huMDnh aGn >?Ot
aD .4o vaD ,4o"
8H H?Op chat taOo thaDnh b?Bi EaPt vaD oxi coC !hoi >?On% pha;n
t>B aD +04R t@on% FoC phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% cuBa oxi
aD 14o"
eH H?Op chat cuBa FoGn% vaD oxi coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD ++.R
phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% cuBa FoGn% aD 22R23o"
NH H?Op chat cuBa canxi vaD cacbon coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD 0.R
phaGn t@afm veG !hoi >?On% cuBa cacbon aD -1R/o"
%H A coC !hoi >?On% mo pha;n t>B aD /2R/%c thaDnh phaGn o veG
!hoi >?On% n%uMe;n to< 04R02o : coDn aOi aD (a"
hH ' coC !hoi >?On% mo pha;n t>B aD +40%c thaDnh phaGn o veG
!hoi >?On% cuBa caCc n%uMe;n to< .-R.o (ac ++R-o : coDn
aOi aD cuBa O"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
iH : coC !hoi >?On% mo pha;n t>B aD +4+%c thaDnh phaGn phaGn
t@afm veG !hoi >?On% caCc n%uMe;n to< -2R0+o 5c +-R20o (
coDn aOi aD O"
H V coC !hoi >?On% mo pha;n t>B aD +,0%c thaDnh phaGn o veG
!hoi >?On% cuBa caCc n%uMe;n to< -0R/42o (ac ,/R.o K coDn
aOi aD O"
!H W coC ,.R02o 5c -.R2+o Mnc .4R/+oO" W najn% h?n (a(O-
+R20 aGn"
H J ch>Ca /R22o veG !hoi >?On% aD H coDn aOi aD cuBa K" J
najn% h?n !h* hiF@o +1 aGn"
mH X coC -R1o Hc ..R..o :c /+R20o O" X coC !hoi >?On% mo
pha;n t>B ban% A"
nH H coC ,2R/1o M%c +.R,2/o :c /1R+./o O" 5hoi >?On% mo
pha;n t>B cuBa H aD 2.%"
Ba,i !: H?Op chat 'aI(O
-
H
U
coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD ,0+R 'a coC
n%uMe;n t>B !hoi aD +-1 vaD hoaC t@] QQ" `*nh hoaC t@] cuBa nhoCm
I(OH
-
"
Ba,i ": H?Op chat A
U
I(O
-
H
-
coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD ,+-" XiaC t@]
cuBa x aD bao nhie;ul
Ba,i 7: Pha;n t>B !hoi cuBa FoGn% EunNat aD +04 Fv:" `@on% FoC coC
mobt n%uMe;n t>B :u coC n%uMe;n t>B !hoi aD 0.R mobt n%uMe;n
t>B K coC n%uMe;n t>B !hoi aD -,R coDn aOi aD n%uMe;n t>B oxi"
:o;n% th>Cc pha;n cuBa h?Op chat aD nh> the naDol
Ba,i 6< `@on% + tabp h?Op caCc pha;n t>B FoGn% EunNat I:uKO
.
H coC
!hoi >?On% +04444 Fv:" :ho biet tabp h?Op FoC coC bao nhie;u
n%uMe;n t>B mo7i oaOi"
Ba,i M" Pha;n t>B canxi cacbonat coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD +44 Fv: R
t@on% FoC n%uMe;n t>B canxi chiem .4o !hoi >?On%R n%uMe;n to
cacbon chiem +,o !hoi >?On%" 5hoi >?On% coDn aOi aD oxi" UaCc
F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa h?Op chat canxi cacbonatl
Ba,i N < Pha;n t>B !hoi cuBa FoGn% oxit IcoC thaDnh phaGn %oGm
FoGn% vaD oxiHvaD FoGn% EunNat coC t_ eb +s," 'iet !hoi >?On%
cuBa pha;n t>B FoGn% EunNat aD +04 Fv:" UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc
pha;n t>B FoGn% oxitl
Ba,i 18" Pha;n t*ch mobt !hoi >?On% h?Op chat MR n%>?Di ta nhabn
thaM thaDnh phaGn !hoi >?On% cuBa noC coC coC /4o aD >u
huMDnh vaD /4o aD oxi" UaCc F]nh co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B cuBa h?Op
chat M"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Ba,i 111 Mobt h?Op chat !h* \ coC pha;n t>B !hoi aD /2 Fv:R cau
taOo t>D , n%uMe;n to : vaD H t@on% FoC n%uMe;n to : chiem
2,R10o !hoi >?On% cuBa h?Op chat" `Am co;n% th>Cc pha;n t>B
cuBa h?Op chat"
Ba,i 121 oxit cuBa !im oaOi ?B m>Cc hoaC t@] thap ch>Ca ,,R/0o oxiR
coDn oxit cuBa !im oaOi FoC ?B m>Cc hoaC t@] cao ch>Ca /4R.2o"
`*nh n%uMe;n t>B !hoi cuBa !im oaOi FoC"
Ba,i 11 Mobt nho;m oxit coC t_ Eo !hoi >?On% cuBa , n%uMe;n to
nho;m vaD oxi ban% .R/<." :o;n% th>Cc hoaC hoOc cuBa nho;m oxit
FoC aD %Al
Ba,i 1! " Hai n%uMe;n t>B U !et h?Op v?Ci + n%uMe;n t>B O taOo @a
pha;n t>B oxit" `@on% pha;n t>BR n%uMe;n t>B oxi chiem ,/R2o veG
!hoi >?On%" HoBi n%uMe;n to U aD n%uMe;n to naDol
Ba,i 1"" Mobt n%uMe;n t>B M !et h?Op v?Ci - n%uMe;n t>B H taOo
thaDnh h?Op chat v?Ci hiF@o;" `@on% pha;n t>BR !hoi >?On% H
chiem +1R0/o" HoBi n%uMe;n to M aD %Al
Ba,i 17" Hai n%uMe;n t>B \ !et h?Op v?Ci - n%uMe;n t>B O taOo @a
pha;n t>B oxit" `@on% pha;n t>BR n%uMe;n t>B oxi chiem -4o veG
!hoi >?On%" HoBi n%uMe;n to U aD n%uMe;n to naDol
Ba,i 16" Mobt h?Op chat coC thaDnh phaGn %oGm , n%uMe;n to :
vaD O" `haDnh phaGn cuBa h?Op chat coC .,R0o aD n%uMe;n to :R
coDn aOi aD n%uMe;n to oxi" UaCc F]nh veG t_ eb Eo n%uMe;n t>B
cuBa : vaD Eo n%uMe;n t>B oxi t@on% h?Op chat"
Ba,i 1M" Mobt h?Op chat coC pha;n t>B !hoi ban% 0, Fv:" t@on%
pha;n t>B cuBa h?Op chat n%uMe;n to oxi chiem ,/R2o theo !hoi
>?On%R coDn aOi aD n%uMe;n to (a" UaCc F]nh veG t_ eb Eo
n%uMe;n t>B cuBa O vaD Eo n%uMe;n t>B (a t@on% h?Op chat"
Ba,i 1N" Mobt h?Op chat coC thaDnh phaGn %oGm , n%uMe;n to
JevaD O" `haDnh phaGn cuBa h?Op chat coC 14o aD n%uMe;n to Je
coDn aOi aD n%uMe;n to oxi" UaCc F]nh veG t_ eb Eo n%uMe;n t>B
cuBa Je vaD Eo n%uMe;n t>B oxi t@on% h?Op chat"
Ba,i 28< Mobt oaOi oxit EaPt coC thaDnh phaGn aD< 1 phaGn !hoi
>?On% EaPt !et h?Op v?Ci - phaGn !hoi >?On% oxi"
HaZM cho biet<
aH :o;n% th>Cc hoaC hoOc cuBa oxit EaPtR biet co;n% th>Cc pha;n
t>B cuZn% ch*nh aD co;n% th>Cc F?n %iaBn"
bH 5hoi >?On% mo cuBa oxit EaPt tAm F>?Oc ?B t@e;n"
Bi 1' (h)c hi*n ch!+i ,h-n .n/ 0a!'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
a) CaCO
3
1 CaO1 Ca(O#)
2
1 Ca(#CO
3
)
2
1 CaCO
3
1 CO
2
1 Na
2
CO
3
1
Na#CO
3
1 CO
2
2) 3e1 3eO1 3eCl
2
1 3e(O#)
2
1 3e(O#)
3
1 3e
2
O
3
1 3e1 3e
3
O
4
1 3eCl
3
1
3e(O#)
3
13e
2
("O
4
)
3
c) 3e"
2
1 "O
2
1 "O
3
1 #
2
"O
4
1 Na#"O
4
1 Na
2
"O
4
1 NaO#1 Na
2
"O
3
1
Na#"O
3
1 "O
2
) Na1 Na
2
O1 Na
2
CO
3
1 NaCl1 NaO#1 Na#
2
4O
4
1 Na
2
#4O
4
1 Na
3
4O41
Na
2
"O4
Bi 2' 56c 78nh c9n/ th.c h:a h;c c<a c6c ch=t >, ?@ tron/ AB 2iCn h:a 0a! 7: DiCt
,hEFn/ trGnh ,h-n .n/ th)c hi*n AB 2iCn h:a.
$C%& a(
(>) H (?) 1 3eCl
2
H 3eCl
3
H #2O
(>) H #
2
"O
4
1 (C) H (I) H @
(>) H CO 1 (J) H (3)
(3) H NaO# 1 (K)
(3) H NaO# 1 (#) H @
(J) H (?) 1 @ H @
(C) H KO# 1 (L) H @
(I) H KO# 1 (K) H @
(L) H @ H @ 1 (K)
$C%& "(
(%) H O
2
1 (N)
(N) H #
2
O 1 Ca(O#)
2
(N) H (4) 1 (M)
(M) H #Cl 1 CaCl
2
H (4) H #
2
O
(M) H (4) H #
2
O 1 (5)
(5) H #Cl 1 CaCl
2
H (4) H #
2
O
Bi 3' #Na tan 2,35/ kali oOit DP 100/ nEQc th! 7ERc > (IS1,08/T$l).
a) (Unh nVn/ 7W $ol DP nVn/ 7W % c<a >.
2) 56c 78nh thX tUch #
2
"O
4
20% (IS1,15/T$l) cYn Zn/ 7X tr!n/ hNa >.
Bi 4' Cho 5,8/ 0[t t\ oOit DPo 150/ #Cl 3,65% th! 7ERc > (IS1,1/T$l). 56c
78nh nVn/ 7W $olTl DP nVn/ 7W % c<a >.
Bi 5' #+n hR, 5 c: 2,7/ nh9$ DP 5,1/ nh9$ oOit. #Na tan h+n hR, 5 2]n/ #
2
"O
4

9,8% (IS1,12/T$l) D\a 7< 0a! ,h-n .n/ th! 7ERc ^ DP _ lUt khU tho6t ra (` 7kc).
a) (G$ _.
2) 56c 78nh thX tUch #
2
"O
4
7A Zn/.
c) 56c 78nh nVn/ 7W % DP nVn/ 7W $olTl c<a ^, coi nhE thX tUch 0a! khi hNa
tan thaB 7ai kh9n/ 76n/ kX.
Bi 6' #Na tan 21,1/ h+n hR, kb$ DP kb$ oOit 2]n/ 200$l #Cl 4% (IS1,15/T$l)
thG th! 7ERc 4,48 lUt khU (` 7kc) DP >.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
a) 56c 78nh khci lERn/ $+i ch=t tron/ h+n hR, ch=t r[n 2an 7Y!.
2) 56c 78nh nVn/ 7W $ol DP nVn/ 7W % c<a > (Oe$ 0) hNa tan kh9n/ lP$ thaB
7ai thX tUch ).
Bi 7' #Na tan 9,6/ h+n hR, > /V$ 0[t ki$ lodi DP $a/ie 2]n/ 150/ #Cl 14,6%
(IS1,1/T$l) thG th! 7ERc 2,24 lUt khU (` 7kc) DP ?.
a) 56c 78nh khci lERn/ $+i ch=t tron/ h+n hR, >.
2) (Unh nVn/ 7W % DP nVn/ 7W $olTl c<a ? (Oe$ 0) hNa tan kh9n/ lP$ thaB 7ai
thX tUch ).
Bi 8' #Na tan 8,52/ h+n hR, 5 ch.a $a/ie ki$ lodi DP nh9$ oOit 2]n/ lERn/ D\a 7<
#
2
"O
4
19,6% (IS1,2/T$l) thG th! 7ERc 2,24 lUt khU (` 7kc) DP C.
a) 56c 78nh thPnh ,hYn ,hYn tre$ Df khci lERn/ $+i ch=t tron/ h+n hR, 5.
2) (Unh thX tUch #
2
"O
4
7A Zn/.
c) (Unh nVn/ 7W % DP nVn/ 7W $olTl c<a C (Oe$ 0) hNa tan kh9n/ lP$ thaB 7ai
thX tUch ).
Bi 9' #Na tan 10/ h+n hR, 5 /V$ 0[t DP 7Vn/ DPo 100$l #Cl D\a 7< th=B tho6t ra
2,24 lUt khU (7kc), DP c: $ (/) ch=t r[n kh9n/ tan.
a) (G$ $.
2) 56c 78nh thPnh ,hYn ,hYn tre$ Df khci lERn/ $+i ch=t tron/ h+n hR, 5.
c) (Unh nVn/ 7W $olTl c<a #Cl 7A Zn/.
Bi 1' Cho 100/ NaO# 8% DPo 150/ #
2
"O
4
9,8% 7ERc >.
a) Cho g!h tU$ DPo >, $P! c<a g!h tU$ thaB 7ai nhE thC nPo.
2) 56c 78nh nVn/ 7W % c<a >.
Bi 11' Cho 50/ C!"O
4
16% DPo 100/ KO# 4,2% th! 7ERc $ (/) kCt t<a kh9n/
tan DP >.
a) (G$ $.
2) 56c 78nh nVn/ 7W % c<a >.
Bi 12' (rWn 100$l %/Cl
2
2% DQi 150$l ?a(O#)
2
1,5% 7ERc > (IS1,12/T$l)
DP kCt t<a C.
a) (Unh khci lERn/ kCt t<a tdo thPnh.
2) 56c 78nh nVn/ 7W $olTl DP nVn/ 7W % c<a > (Oe$ thX tUch thaB 7ai kh9n/
76n/ kX)
Bi 13' Cho 50/ 3e(NO
3
)
2
10,8% DPo 100/ NaO# 5% th! 7ERc 5 DP kCt t<a
^.
a) (Unh nVn/ 7W ,hYn tre$ c6c ch=t c: tron/ 5.
2) i;c kCt t<a ^ 7e$ n!n/ 7Cn khci lERn/ kh9n/ 7ai 7ERc ch=t r[n j. 56c 78nh
khci lERn/ ch=t r[n j tron/ hai trEkn/ hR, 0a!'
l N!n/ ^ tron/ 7if! ki*n kh9n/ c: kh9n/ khU.
l N!n/ ^ n/oPi kh9n/ khU.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Bi 14' Cho 100$l Na
2
CO
3
2% (IS1,1/T$l) DPo 150$l ?a(O#)
2
1%
(IS1,12/T$l) th! 7ERc > DP kCt t<a C. i;c kCt t<a C hNa tan DPo #Cl 7,3%
(IS1,08 /T$l) D\a 7< th! _ lUt khU (` 7kc).
a) (Unh nVn/ 7W % DP nVn/ 7W $olTl c<a > (Oe$ 0) hNa tan kh9n/ lP$ thaB 7ai
thX tUch ).
2) (Unh thX tUch #Cl cYn Zn/ 7X hNa tan kCt t<a C.
c) (G$ _.
Bi 15' Cho 50/ K
2
CO
3
27,6% DPo 80/ Ca(O#)
2
13,875% th! 7ERc 5 DP kCt
t<a ^.
a) (Unh ^.
2) 56c 78nh nVn/ 7W % c<a 5.
c) 56c 78nh thX tUch #
2
"O
4
0,5% cYn t6c mn/ DQi C.
Bi 16' #Na tan 2,3/ natri DPo 100/ nEQc 7ERc >. #Na tan 12/ lE! h!hnh trioOit DPo
100/ nEQc 7ERc ?. (rWn > DP ? th! C.
a) Cho g!h tU$ DPo C, $P! c<a g!h tU$ thaB 7ai nhE thC nPo.
2) (Unh nVn/ 7W % c<a C.
Bi 17' #Na tan 25/ h+n hR, > /V$ canOi cac2onat DP 2dc clor!a DPo 150/ #Cl D\a
7< thG th! 7ERc ?, kCt t<a C DP 1,972 lUt khU (` 7kc).
a) 56c 78nh thPnh ,hYn % Df khci lERn/ c6c ch=t c: tron/ h+n hR, >.
2) (G$ khci lERn/ kCt t<a C.
c) 56c 78nh khci lERn/ #Cl 7A Zn/.
) (Unh nVn/ 7W % ?.
Bi 18' #Na tan $ (/) h+n hR, 5 /V$ CaCO
3
DP ?aCl
2
2]n/ lERn/ D\a 7< #
2
"O
4

9,8% (IS1,12/T$l) thG th=B tho6t ra 1,12 lUt khU (` 7kc) DP th! 7ERc 17,475/ kCt t<a
kh9n/ tan DP ^.
a) 56c 78nh thX tUch #
2
"O
4
7A Zn/.
2) (Unh nVn/ 7W % DP nVn/ 7W $olTl c<a ^ (Oe$ 0) hNa tan kh9n/ lP$ thaB 7ai
thX tUch ).
tnh th>o
"hng t,-nh ho hc
$+4ang R Ms9$ F=o p!hh !:m c!hh c;$ h.p chW! hohc %im lo2i TT++
DFiOM 0"! chy ho=n !o=n XN(lg h.p chW! I(!h: !hu .c 2O(lg ,G
2
F= o(2g
H
2
G+c Znh c3ng !h'c c;$ I
DFR VMHo= !$n ho=n !o=n o(2g m>! %im lo2i ho !1Z zz bng dung dZch HCl(!hu -
.c l(o2 l7! hi13 H%!cJ+c Znh !n %im lo2i d}ng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
DFi [Mcho X2(8g m>! %im lo2i ho !1Z zz !c dCng Fi Clo ; !h: !hu .c 2og mu"i
clo1u$ +Ec Znh !n %im lo2i +
DFi \: Ho= !$n ho=n !o=n o(Olg m>! %im lo2i L ch$ 1 ho !1Z F=o dung dZch
$E7! HCl (!h: !hu .c 9(V08l7! H
2
H%!cJ+c Znh %im lo2i L+
DFi `MHo= !$n ho=n !o=n 8(9g hn h.p 2 %im lo2i I F= A c# c}ng ho !1Z zz F= c#
!f l mol l= XMX bng dung dZch HCl !hu .c V(V8 l7! hi13 n %!c +Hei I F= A
l= cc %im lo2i n=o !1ong s" cc %im lo2i s$uMLg (C$(A$(S@(Un+
DFi SM0"! chy ho=n !o=n V(Og h.p chW! hcu c4 I +Ai&! I ch'$ C(H(G F= !hu .c
9(9g %h7 CG
2
F= O(Vg H
2
G+l?p c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ I+Ai&! ph*n !Y %h"i I l=
l0+
DFi TM0"! chy ho=n !o=n o(Og hy13ccbon I !$ !hu .c 22g CG
2
F= XN(Og
H
2
G +Ai&! !m %h"i h4z so Fi hy13 bng XO +Q?p c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ I+
DFi UM Ho= !$n ho=n !o=n O(lg m>! %im lo2i ho !1Z zz bng dung dZch HCl(!hu
.c 2(2V l7! hi13 H%!cJ+c Znh !n %im lo2i d}ng
DFi d: cho V(V8g m>! 3E7! %im lo2i ho !1Z zz !c dCng h&! Fi o(8Vg dung dZch
$Ei!sunu1ic +Ec Znh c3ng !h'c 3E7! %im lo2i +
DFi OfM Ho= !$n ho=n !o=n 9(lg hn h.p ng mol 2 oE7! %im lo2i c# c}ng ho
!1Z zz cbn XV(lg $Ei! HCl +c Znh c3ng !h'c c;$ 2 oE7! !1n+bi&! %im lo2i ho
!1Z zz l= cc %im lo2i !1ong s" cc %im lo2i s$uMA@H9J (LgH2VJ(C$HV0J(UnHlOJ+
DFi OOMHo= !$n ho=n !o=n l(Og m>! %im lo2i I ch$ 1 ho !1Z F=o dung dZch HCl
(!h: !hu .c 2(2V l7! hi13H%!cJ+ c Znh %im lo2i I
DFi OVMC# m>! oE7! sv! ch$ 1 c3ng !h'c (chi$ oEi!s n=y l=m 2 phbn bng nh$u
M
-06 ho= !$n h&! phbn X phgi cbn XO0ml dung dZch HCl X(OL +
-Cho m>! lung %h7 H2 d z /u$ phbn 2 nung n#ng (phgn 'ng Eong !hu
.c V(2g S@ +<:m c3ng !h'c c;$ oEi! n#i !1n
DFi O[M M0"! chy ho=n !o=n 0(Ng h.p chW! hcu c4 I +Ai&! I ch'$ C(H(G F= !hu
.c 22Vcm
N
%h7 CG
2

H%!cJ F= 0(X8g H
2
G+l?p c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ I+Ai&! !f
%h"i c;$ I "i Fi hi13 bng N0
DFi O\M0"! m>! h.p chW! hcu c4 I ch'$ cc nguyn !" C(H(G F= D cbn O0V ml
oEy +Rh"i l.ng c;$ nc !2o !h=nh l= 0(VOg +<h6 !7ch cc sgn phim %h7 c;$ phgn
'ng bng Ol0ml +,$u %hi cho hn h.p %h7 l>i /u$ dung dZch E)! !h: !h6 !7ch
c;$ ch)ng c8n XX2ml Hcc !h6 !7ch %h7 n %!cJ+<:m c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$
I +Ai! ph*n !Y %h"i c;$ ch)ng bng oO+
DFi O`MRhY ho=n !o=n Xlg b>! oEi!s sv! nguyn chW! bng CG n nhi! >
c$o +,$u phgn 'ng %&! !h)c %h"i l.ng chW! 1vn gigm V(8g+c Znh c3ng !h'c
c;$ oEi! sv! d}ng
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
A=i XlM0"! chy 2(2Og h.p chW! hcu c4 I ch'$ C(H(G phgz cbn N(08 l7! oEy
H%!cJF= !hu .c r
H2G
^OV r
CG2
+Ai&! !m %h"i h4i c;$ I "i Fi H2 l= VO+c
Znh c3ng !h'c c;$ I
A=i XoMHy13 I l= chW! leng (c# !m %h"i h4i so Fi %h3ng %h7 bng 2o++0"! chy
I !hu .c CG2 F= H2G !h@o !m l %h"i l.ng V(9MX +!:m c3ng !h'c c;$ I
A=i X8MHo= !$n ho=n !o=n 2g %im lo2i I Hch$ 1 ho !1Z Jbng dung dZch H2,GV
long .c 0(X g %h7 hi13 +Hei I l= %im lo2i n=o
A=i X9MHo= !$n ho=n !o=n X(NOg m>! %im lo2i L ho !1Z zzz F=o dung dZch HCQ
!hu .c X(l8l7! %h7 hi13 H%!cJ+c Znh L
A=i 20MRhY ho=n !o=n 2N(2g m3! oEi! c;$ sv! Hch$ 1 ho !1Z c;$ sv! Jbng %h7
CG n nhi! > c$o +,$u phgn 'ng !hWy %h"i l.ng chW! 1vn gigm z l(Vg so Fi
b$n bu +c Znh c3ng !h' c c;$ oEi! sv!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
C#$ $Ong th,$ thKng gPp
h(# h<$ M
R8 C$ng thc tnh G mo* :
X+
M
m
n
2+
4 , 22

n
N+ dd M
C n
V+
M
m C
n
dd

% 100
%
O+
( )
M
C D ml
n
dd

% 100
%
l+
( )
T #
dkk! P
n


RR8 C$ng thc tnh nkng 07 "hZn
t,m :
o+
dd
!t
m
m
C
% 100
%

8+
D
M C
C
M

10
%
RRR8 C$ng thc tnh nkng 07 mo* :
9+
dd
!t
M

n
C
X0+
M
C D
C
M
% 10

RE8 C$ng thc tnh 3hi *!ng :


XX+
M n m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chc thch:
3Q
hiRu
TSn g<i TUn 'V
n
," mol mol
m
Rh"i l.ng g$m
!t
m
Rh"i l.ng chW! !$n g$m
dd
m
Rh"i l.ng dung dZch g$m
dm
m
Rh"i l.ng dung m3i g$m
hh
m
Rh"i l.ng hn h.p g$m
A
m
Rh"i l.ng chW! I g$m
B
m
Rh"i l.ng chW! A g$m
M
Rh"i l.ng mol g$m\mo
l
A
M
Rh"i l.ng mol chW!
!$n I
g$m\mo
l
B
M
Rh"i l.ng mol chW!
!$n A
g$m\mo
l

<h6 !7ch l7!


dd

<h6 !7ch dung


dZch
l7!
( ) ml
dd <h6 !7ch dung
dZch
milil7!
( ) dkk!
<h6 !7ch n iu
%in %h3ng chuin
l7!
% C
Dng > phbn !1m {
M
C
Dng mol Lol\l7!
D
Rh"i l.ng 1ing g$m\ml
P
p suW! $!m
#
Hng s" H22(VM2oNJ
T
Dhi! > H
o
C_2oNJ
o
R
A %
<h=nh phbn { c;$
I
{
B %
<h=nh phbn { c;$
A
{
% H
Hiu suW! phgn {
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
X2+
% 100
%
dd
!t
C
m

E8 C$ng thc tnh 3hi *!ng aung ach :


XN+ dm !t dd
m m m +
XV+
%
% 100
C
m
m
!t
dd

XO+
( ) D ml m
dd dd

ER8 C$ng thc tnh th tch aung ach :
Xl+
M
dd
C
n

Xo+
( )
D
m
ml
dd
dd

ERR8 C$ng thc tnh thFnh "hZn ] #1 3hi *!ng ha6 th tch c0a cc cht
t,ong hn h!":
X8+
% 100 %
hh
A
m
m
A
X9+
% 100 %
hh
B
m
m
B
hohc
A B % % 100 %
20+ B A hh
m m m +
ERRR8 Tj 3hi c0a cht 3h :
2X+

,
_


B
A
B
A
M
M
d
m
m
d
R8 Hi(u Gut c0a "hn ng :
22+
( )
% 100
n
) n (
%
lt lt
tt tt tt
n mlt
n m
H
8 Tnh 3hi *!ng mo* t,ung b-nh c0a hn h!" cht 3h
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
2N+
n M &n M &n M &"""
+ + , , - -
M q
hh
n &n &n &"""
+ , -
HhohcJ
= M &= M &= M &"""
+ + , , - -
M q
hh
= &= &= &"""
+ , -
J
ChuySn WX Y:
Cc *o+i h!" cht #$ c
%8 oxit :
z+ 0Znh nghu$ M GEi! l= h.p chW! gm 2 nguyn !"( !1ong # c# X nguyn !" l=
oEi +
zz+ Ph*n lo2iM Cn c' F=o !7nh chW! h#$ hc c$ oEi! ( ngji !$ ph*n lo2i nh s$uM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
GEi
GEi! %h3ng !2o mu"i
GEi! !2o mu"i
GEi!
GEi! Qng !7nh GEi! A$K4
Hi1GEi! Qng !7nh A$K4
Dguyn !"
Lu"i
GEi! IEi!

IE i !
Lu"i b$K4 Lu"i IEi!
Lu"i !1ung h8$
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
X+ GEi! b$K4 l= nhcng oEi! !c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei! !2o !h=nh mu"i F=
nc+
2+ GEi! IEi! l= nhcng oEi! !c dCng Fi dung dZch b$K4 !2o !h=nh mu"i F=
nc+
N+ GEi! lng !7nh l= nhcng oEi! !c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei! F= !c dCng Fi
dung dZch b$K !2o !h=nh mu"i F= nc+ rs nh Il
2
G
N
( UnG T
V+ GEi! !1ung !7nh c8n .c gi l= oEi! %h3ng !2o mu"i l= nhcng oEi! %h3ng
!c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei!( dung dZch b$K4( nc+ rs nh CG( DG T
zzz+<7nh chW! h#$ hc M
X+ <c dCng Fi nc M
$+

,
Oxitphi !im&H O Axit
+r7 dC M
3 2 2 4
"O H# O # "O
P
2
G
O
_ NH
2
G 2H
N
PG
V
b+

,
Oxit!im oaOi &H O 'az?
+ r7 dC M
2 2
CaOH# O Ca(O#)
2+ <c dCng Fi IEi! M
GEi! Rim lo2i _ IEi!

Lu"i _ H
2
G
rs M
2 2
C!O H2#Cl C!Cl H# O
N+ <c dCng Fi RimH dung dZch b$K4JM
GEi! phi %im _ Rim

Lu"i _ H
2
G
rs M
2 2 3 2
CO H2NaO# Na CO H# O

2 3
CO HNaO# Na#CO
H!}y !h@o !m l s" molJ
V+ <c dCng Fi oEi! Rim lo2i M
GEi! phi %im _ GEi! Rim lo2i

Lu"i
rs M
2 3
CO HCaO CaCO
O+ L>! s" !7nh chW! 1ingM
rs M
o
t
2 3 2
3CO H 3e O 3CO H 23e

o
t
2
2#/O 2#/ H O

o
t
2 2
C!O H # C! H # O
Il
2
G
N
l= oEi! lng !7nhM Fp$ phgn 'ng Fi dung dZch IE7! Fp$ phgn 'ng
Fi dung dZch RimM
2 3 3 2
>l O H 6#Cl 2>lCl H 3# O
2 3 2 2
>l O H 2NaO# 2Na>lO H # O
zr+ 0iu ch& oEi!M
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Phi %im _ oEi
%im lo2i _ oEi
GEi _ h.p chW!
GEi!
Dhi! ph*n mu"i
Dhi! ph*n b$K4
%h3ng !$n
Dhi! ph*n IEi!
H$Ei! mW! ncJ
%im lo2i m2nh_ GEi!
%im lo2i y&u
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------


r7 dCM
2D
2
_ OG
2
2D
2
G
O
NS@ _ 2G
2
S@
N
G
V
2Cu, _ NG
2
2CuG _ 2,G
2
2PH
N
_ VG
2
P
2
G
O
_ NH
2
G
VS@,
2
_ XXG
2
2S@
2
G
N
_ 8,G
2
VHDG
N
VDG
2
_ 2H
2
G _ G
2
H
2
CG
N
CG
2
_ H
2
G
C$CG
N
CG
2
_ C$G
CuHGHJ
2
H
2
G_ CuG
2Il _ S@
2
G
N
Il
2
G
N
_ 2S@
D8 Daz :
z+ 0Znh nghu$M A$K4 l= h.p chW! h#$ hc m= !1ong ph*n !Y c# X nguyn !Y
Rim lo2i lin %&! Fi X h$y nhiu nh#m hi13Ei! H GHJ+
zz+ <7nh chW! h#$ hcM
X+ sung dZch Rim l=m /ud !7m h#$ E$nh( ph@nolph!$l@in %h3ng m=u
h#$ hng+
2+ <c dCng Fi IE7! M
2 2 2
%/(O#) H 2#Cl %/Cl H 2# O
2 4 2 4 2
2KO# H # "O K "O H 2# O

2 4 4 2
KO# H # "O K#"O H # O
N+ sung dZc %im !c dCng Fi oEi! phi %imM
3 2 4 2
2KO# H "O K "O H# O

3 4
KO# H "O K#"O
V+ sung dZc %im !c dCng Fi Lu"i M
4 2 4 2
2KO# H %/"O K "O H%/(O#)
O+ A$K4 %h3ng !$n bZ nhi! ph*nM
o
t
2 2
C!(O#) C!OH# O
l+ L>! s" phgn 'ng %hcM
2 2 2 3
43e(O#) HO H2# O 43e(O#)

4 2 4 2
KO#HK#"O K "O H# O
3 2 2 2 3 2
4NaO#H%/(#CO ) %/(O#) H2Na CO H2# O
IlHGHJ
N
l= hi13Ei! lng !7nh M
3 3 2
>l(O#) H3#Cl >lCl H3# O

3 2 2
>l(O#) H NaO# Na>lO H2# O
F
. /8i to3$ GO
2
H EO
2
.I$ 78o Ju$& .Kch !aO'H KO'
L Khi cho GO
2
5hoMc EO
2
9 t3c .=$& 7+i .u$& .Kch !aO' (u xN- )a 3 khN $O$& to
mui2
kP
2
CO
NaOH
n
n
5hoMc kP
2
SO
NaOH
n
n
9
l k 2 2 chQ to mui !a
2
GO
3
l k 1 2 chQ to mui !a'GO
3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
l 1 R k R 2 2 to cN mui !a'GO
3
78 !a
2
GO
3

F G? $hS$& b8i to3$ kh%$& th: tT$h k. Khi (? phNi .>a 78o $hS$& .S ki"$ ph= (:
tUm )a khN $O$& to mui.
L 'p th= GO
2
78o !aO'
.*
chQ to mui !a
2
GO
3
L 'p th= GO
2
78o !aO' chQ to mui !a
2
GO
3
H Eau (? th@m /aGl
2
78o th- kt
tVa. Wh@m tip /a5O'9
2 .*
78o th- xut hi"$ th@m kt tVa $Sa Wo cN 2 mui
!a
2
GO
3
78 !a'GO
3
W)o$& t)*C$& hp kh%$& c? c3c .S ki"$ t)@$ thX chia t)*C$& hp (: &iNi.
DFi O: 06 hWp !hC ho=n !o=n 22(Vl7! CG
2
Ho n %!cJ cbn XO0g dung dZch
D$GH V0{ Hc# s ^ X(2Og\mlJ+
$J <7nh nng > L c$ cc chW! c# !1ong dung dZch Hgig sY s9 h8$ !$n
%h3ng l=m !h$y -i !h6 !7ch dung dZch J+
bJ <1ung h8$ l.ng E)! n#i !1n cbn b$o nhiu ml dung dZch HCl X(OL+
DFi V: Ai&! 1ng X(X2l7! %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fp$ Fi X00ml
dung dZch D$GH !2o !h=nh mu"i !1ung h8$+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng +
bJ <7nh nng > mol c$ dung dZch D$GH d}ng+
DFi [: Rhi cho ln m@n m HgJ gluc3K4( !hu .c rHlJ %h7 c$cbonic( hiu suW!
phgn 'ng 80{+ 06 hWp !hC rHlJ %h7 c$cbonic cbn d}ng !"i !hi6u l= lVml dung
dZch D$GH 20{ Hs ^ X(2O g\mlJ+ Lu"i !hu .c !2o !h=nh !h@o !f l XMX+ 0Znh
m F= r H !h6 !7ch o n %!cJ
DFi \: sung dZch c# ch'$ 20g n$!1i hi13Ei! hWp !hC ho=n !o=n XX(2l7! %h7
c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ + Hy cho bi&!M
$J Lu"i n=o .c !2o !h=nh
bJ Rh"i l.ng c$ mu"i l= b$o nhiu
DFi `: Cho X00ml dung dZch n$!1i hi13Ei! HD$GHJ !c dCng Fp$ Fi
X(X2l7! %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !2o !h=nh mu"i !1ung h8$+
$J <7nh nng > mol\l c$ dung dZch n$!1i hi13Ei! HD$GHJ d}ng+
bJ <7nh nng > phbn !1m c$ dung dZch mu"i s$u phgn 'ng+ Ai&!
1ng %h"i l.ng c$ dung dZch s$u phgn 'ng l= X0Og+
DFi S: sxn X(X2l7! %h7 lu hudnh i3Ei! Ho n %!cJ i /u$ o0ml dung dZch
RGH XL+ Dhcng chW! n=o c# !1ong dung dZch s$u phgn 'ng F= %h"i l.ng l= b$o
nhiu
DFi T: Cho l(2g D$
2
G !$n h&! F=o nc !2o !h=nh 200g dung dZch+
$J <7nh nng > phbn !1m c$ dung dZch !hu .c+
bJ <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fi dung dZch n#i
!1n( bi&! sgn phim l= mu"i !1ung h8$+
DFi U:Ion 5,6 lUt CO
2
(7kc) DPo 2Gnh ch.a 200$l !n/ 8ch NaO# nVn/ 7Wa %p !n/
8ch th! 7ERc c: kh- nen/ t6c mn/ tci 7a100$l !n/ 8ch KO# 1%. Ki6 tr8 c<a a lPq
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
>. 0,75 ?. 1,5 C) * I. 2,5
FF
. /8i to3$ GO
2
H EO
2
.I$ 78o .u$& .Kch Ga5O'9
2
H /a5O'9
2
2
: bit khN $O$& xN- )a ta tT$h tQ l" k2
KP
2
2
) (OH Ca
CO
n
n
l K 12 chQ to mui GaGO
3
l K 22 chQ to mui Ga5'GO
3
9
2
1 R K R 22 to cN mui GaGO
3
78 Ga5'GO
3
9
2
L Khi $hS$& b8i to3$ kh%$& th: tT$h K ta .>a 78o $hS$& .S ki"$ ph= (: tUm )a
khN $O$& to mui.
L 'p th= GO
2
78o $*+c 7%i .* thX chQ to mui GaGO
3
L 'p th= GO
2
78o $*+c 7%i t)o$& th- c? kt tVaH th@m !aO' .* 78o th- c?
kt tVa $Sa Ju- )a c? J> to cN GaGO
3
78 Ga5'GO
3
9
2
L 'p th= GO
2
78o $*+c 7%i t)o$& th- c? kt tVaH lYc bZ kt tVa )[i (u$ $?$&
$*+c lYc li th- kt tVa $Sa Ju- )a c? J> to cN GaGO
3
78 Ga5'GO
3
9
2
.
L !u kh%$& c? c3c .> ki"$ t)@$ ta phNi chia t)*C$& hp (: &iNi.
Khi hp th= JN$ ph\m ch3- 78o .u$& .Kch baz $ht thit phNi xN- )a J> tO$&
&iNm khi l*$& .u$& .Kch. Wh*C$& &Mp $ht l8 hp th= JN$ ph\m ch3- b]$& .u$&
.Kch Ga5O'9
2
hoMc ../a5O'9
2
. Khi (?2
Khi l*$& .u$& .Kch tO$&Pm
hp th=
L m
kt tVa
Khi l*$& .u$& .Kch &iNm P m
kt tVa
^ m
hp th=
l NC! $
kCt t<a
r$
CO
2
ths khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch /i-$ 0o DQi khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch 2an 7Y!
l NC! $
kCt t<a
t$
CO
2
ths khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch ten/ 0o DQi khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch 2an 7Y!
Khi on , /a$ khU CO
2
DPo 2Gnh 7)n/ nEQc D9i E 0a! ,h-n .n/ khci lERn/
!n/ 8ch ten/ $ /a$ DP c: n /a$ kCt t<a tdo thPnh ths l!9n c:' ,S n H $
Khi on , /a$ khU CO
2
DPo 2Gnh 7)n/ nEQc D9i 0a! ,h-n .n/ khci lERn/ !n/
8ch /i-$ $ /a$ DP c: n /a$ kCt t<a tdo thPnh ths l!9n c:' ,Sn l $
DFi O: sxn X(X2l7! %h7 lu hudnh i3Ei! Ho n %!cJ i /u$ o00ml dung dZch
C$HGHJ
2
0(XL+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng cc chW! s$u phgn 'ng+
DFi V: Cho 2(2Vl7! %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fp$ Fi 200ml dung
dZch A$HGHJ
2
sinh 1$ chW! %&! !$ mbu !1vng+
$J <7nh nng > mol\l c$ dung dZch A$HGHJ
2
d}ng+
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng chW! %&! !$ !hu .c+
DFi [: Ion _ lUt CO
2
(7kc) DPo 300$l Ca(O#)
2
0,5 %. "a! ,h-n .n/ th! 7ERc 10/
kCt t<a. _uB _ 2]n/' (CaS40pCS12pOS16)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
>T. 2,24 lUt ?T. 3,36 lUt CT. 4,48 lUt D+) C, A- C ./&
.0ng
DFi \: #=, th! hCt CO
2
DPo !n/ 8ch NaO# 7ERc !n/ 8ch >. ?iCt r]n/'
l cho t\ t\ !n/ 8ch #Cl DPo !n/ 8ch > ths ,h-i $=t 50$l #Cl 1% $Qi th=B 2[t
7Y! c: khU tho6t ra.
l Cho ?a(O#)
2
E DPo !n/ 8ch > 7ERc 7,88/a$ kCt t<a.
!n/ 8ch > ch.aq (NaS23pCS12p#S1pOS16p?aS137)
>. Na
2
CO
3
?. Na#CO
3
C) NaOH 12 Na
*
CO
3
I. Na#CO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
DFi `:h=, thm toPn 2W 0,896 lUt CO
2
DPo 3 lUt ca(O#)
2
0,01% 7ERcq
(CS12p#S1pOS16pCaS40)
>. 1/ kCt t<a B) *g k4t t5a C. 3/ kCt t<a I. 4/ kCt t<a
DFi S:#=, thm toPn 2W 0,3 $ol CO
2
DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,25 $ol Ca(O#)
2
. khci lERn/
!n/ 8ch 0a! ,h-n .n/ ten/ haB /i-$ 2ao nhiv! /a$q (CS12p#S1pOS16pCaS40)
>. (en/ 13,2/a$ ?. (en/ 20/a$ C. Ki-$ 16,8/a$ D 6i,m
7-8gam
DFi T:#=, thm toPn 2W O $ol CO
2
DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,03 $ol Ca(O#)
2
7ERc 2/a$
kCt t<a. Chw ra /Ua tr8 Oq (CS12p#S1pOS16pCaS40)
A) 9-9*mol 12 9-9: mol ?. 0,02$ol DP 0,05 $ol
C. 0,01$ol DP 0,03 $ol I. 0,03$ol DP 0,04 $ol
DFi U: #=, thm hoPn toPn 2,24 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo !n/ 8ch nEQc D9i tron/ c: ch.a
0,075 $ol Ca(O#)
2
. "-n ,hx$ th! 7ERc 0a! ,h-n .n/ /V$'
>. Chw c: CaCO
3
?. Chw c: Ca(#CO
3
)
2
C. CaCO
3
DP Ca(#CO
3
)
2
I. Ca(#CO
3
)
2
DP CO
2
DFi d:#=, thm hoPn toPn 0,224lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2 lUt Ca(O#)
2
0,01% ta th! 7ERc $
/a$ kCt t<a. KUa tr8 c<a $ lPq
>. 1/ ?. 1,5/ C. 2/ I. 2,5/
DFi Of:"mc _ lUt khU CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 1,5 lUt ?a(O#)
2
0,1% th! 7ERc 19,7 /a$ kCt t<a.
KUa tr8 lQn nh=t c<a _ lPq
>. 1,12 ?. 2,24 C. 4,48 I. 6,72
DFi OO:#=, thm hCt 0,672 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2Gnh ch.a 2 lUt !n/ 8ch Ca(O#)
2
0,01%.
(hv$ tiC, 0,4/a$ NaO# DPo 2Gnh nPB. Khci lERn/ kCt t<a th! 7ERc 0a! ,h-n .n/ lPq
>. 1,5/ ?. 2/ C. 2,5/ I. 3/
DFi OV:#=, thm hoPn toPn 2,688 lUt khU CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2,5 lUt !n/ 8ch ?a(O#)
2
nVn/
7W a $olTl th! 7ERc 15,76/ kCt t<a. KUa tr8 c<a a lPq
>. 0,032 ?. 0,048 C. 0,06 I. 0,04
DFi O[:I!n/ 8ch > ch.a NaO# 1% DP Ca(O#)
2
0,02%, h=, thm 0,5 $ol khU CO
2
DPo
500 $l !n/ 8ch > th! 7ERc kCt t<a c: khci lERn/q
>. 10/ ?. 12/ C. 20/ I. 28/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
DFi O\:#=, thm hCt 0,2 $ol CO
2
DPo 1 lUt !n/ 8ch ch.a KO# 0,2% DP Ca(O#)
2

0,05% th! 7ERc kCt t<a nyn/q
>. 5/ ?. 15/ C. 10/ I. 1/
DFi O`:I!n/ 8ch 5 ch.a NaO# 0,2% DP Ca(O#)
2
0,1%. #=, thm 7,84 lUt khU
CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 1 lUt !n/ 8ch 5 ths khci lERn/ kCt t<a th! 7ERc lPq
>. 15/ ?. 5/ C. 10/ I. 1/
DFi OS:#=, thm hoPn toPn 2,688 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2,5 lUt !n/ 8ch ?a(O#)
2
nVn/ 7W
a $olTl, th! 7ERc 15,76/a$ kCt t<a. KUa tr8 c<a a lPq 5 WWE khi , $Om 2__`9
>. 0,032 ?. 0,048 C. 0,06 D) 9-9:
DFi OT:Cho 0,14 $ol CO
2
h=, thm hCt DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,11 $ol Ca(O#)
2
. (a nhun
th=B khci lERn/ CaCO
3
tdo ra lQn hFn khci lERn/ CO
2
7A Zn/ nvn khci lERn/ !n/
8ch cNn ldi /i-$ 2ao nhiv!q
A) ;-8:gam ?. 184/a$ C. 18,4/a$ I. 0,184/a$
DFi OU:Cho 0,14 $ol CO
2
h=, thm hCt DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,08$ol Ca(O#)
2
. (a nhun
th=B khci lERn/ CaCO
3
tdo ra nhz hFn khci lERn/ CO
2
7A Zn/ nvn khci lERn/ !n/
8ch cNn ldi ten/ lP 2ao nhiv!q
>. 416/a$ ?. 41,6/a$ C) :-;7gam I. 0,416/a$
DFi Od:Cho 0,2688 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) h=, thm hoPn toPn 2`i 200 $l !n/ 8ch NaO# 0,1%
DP Ca(O#)
2
0,01%. (an/ khci lERn/ $!ci th! 7ERc lPq
>. 1,26/a$ ?. 2/a$ C. 3,06/a$ D) :-<7gam
C8 %RT :
z+ 0Znh nghu$M IEi! l= h.p chW! m= !1ong ph*n !Y gm X hohc nhiu nguyn
!Y Hi1o lin %&! Fi g"c IEi! +
Tn gi:
IEi! %h3ng c# oEi !n gi c# u3i l= hi1ic + HCl M $Ei! clohi1ic
IEi! c# oEi !n gi c# u3i l= ic hohc 4 +
H
2
,G
V
M IEi! ,unu1ic H
2
,G
N
M IEi! ,unu14
&7t G %xit th$ng th.ng:
R hi@u <n gi H#$ !1Z
Cl Clo1u$ z
^ , ,unu$ zz
A1 A1omu$ z
DG
N
Di!1$! z
^ ,G
V
,un$! zz
^ ,G
N
,uni! zz
H,G
V
Hi1osun$! z
H,G
N
Hi1osuni! z
^ CG
N
C$cbon$! zz
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
HCG
N
Hi1oc$cbon$! z
PG
V
Pho!ph$! zzz
^ HPG
V
Hi1opho!ph$! zz
H
2
PG
V
ihi1opho!ph$! z
CH
N
CGG IE@!$! z
IlG
2
Ilumin$! z
zz+<7nh chW! h#$ hcM
X+ sung dZchIEi! l=m /ud !7m h#$ eM
2+ <c dCng Fi A$KC HPhgn 'ng !1ung h8$J M
2 4 2 4 2
# "O H2NaO# Na "O H 2# O
2 4 4 2
# "O HNaO# Na#"O H # O
N+ <c dCng Fi oEi! Rim lo2i M
2 2
2#Cl HCaO CaCl H # O
V+ <c dCng Fi Rim lo2i H'ng !1c hi13J M
2 2
2#Cl H3e 3eCl H #
O+ <c dCng Fi Lu"i M
3 3
#Cl H >/NO >/Cl H #NO
l+ L>! !7nh chW! 1ing M
H
2
,G
V
hc F= HDG
N
hc n nhi! > !hjng %h3ng phgn 'ng Fi Il F=
S@ H!7nh chW! !hC >ng h#$J +
IEi! HDG
N
phgn 'ng Fi hbu h&! Rim lo2i H!1p Iu( P!J %h3ng gigi ph#ng
Hi13 M
3 3 3 2
4#NO H 3e 3e(NO ) H NO H 2# O
HDG
N
hc n#ng_ Rim lo2i

Lu"i ni!1$! _ DG
2
Hm=u n*uJ_ H
2
G
rs M
3 3 3 2 2
6#NO H 3e 3e(NO ) H NO H 3# O FajcRnoCn%
HDG
N
long _ Rim lo2i

Lu"i ni!1$! _ DG H%h3ng m=uJ _ H


2
G
rs M
3 3 2 2
8#NO H 3C! 3C!(NO ) H 2NO H 4# O oaZn%
H
2
,G
V
hc n#ngF= HDG
N
hc n#ng hohc long <c dCng Fi ,v! !h:
!2o !h=nh Lu"i ,v! HzzzJ+
IEi! H
2
,G
V
hc n#ngc# %hg nng phgn 'ng Fi nhiu Rim lo2i %h3ng
gigi ph#ng Hi13 M
2 4 4 2 2
2# "O H C! C!"O H "O H 2# O FajcRnoCn%
48 &ui :
z+ 0Znh nghu$ M Lu"i l= h.p chW! m= ph*n !Y gm m>! h$y nhiu nguyn !Y
Rim lo2i lin %&! Fi m>! h$y nhiu g"c IEi!+
zz+<7nh chW! h#$ hcM
<7nh chW!
h#$ hc
Lu"i
<c dCng Fi
Rim lo2i
Rim lo2i _ mu"i Lu"i mi F= Rim lo2i mi
r7 dCM
3 3 2
2>/NO HC! C!(NO ) H 2>/
Qu `M
_ Rim lo2i 'ng !1c H!1p D$( R( C$TJ iy %im lo2i 'ng s$u
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
H!1ong dy ho2! >ng h#$ hc c;$ %im lo2iJ 1$ %hei dung dZch
mu"i c;$ ch)ng+
_ Rim lo2i D$( R( C$T %hi !c dCng Fi dung dZch mu"i !h:
%h3ng cho Rim lo2i mi F:M
D$ _ Cu,G
V

2D$ _ 2H
2
G 2D$GH _ H
2

Cu,G
V
_ 2D$GH D$
2
,G
V
_ CuHGHJ
2
<c dCng Fi
IEi!
Lu"i _ $E7! mu"i mi _ $Ei! mi
r7 dCM
2 2
Na "H 2#Cl 2NaCl H# "

2 3 2 2
Na "O H2#Cl 2NaCl H# OH"O

3 3
#Cl H >/NO >/Cl H #NO
0iu %in phgn 'ng Egy 1$M Lu"i !2o !h=nh %h3ng !c dCng Fi
$Ei! mi sinh 1$ hohc $Ei! mi sinh 1$ l= chW! d5 b$y h4z hohc
$Ei! y&u h4n $Ei! !h$m gi$ phgn 'ng +
<c dCng Fi
Rim HA$K4J
sung dZch Lu"i !c dCng Fi A$K4 !2o !h=nh Lu"i mi F= A$K4
mi
r7 dCM
2 3 2 3
Na CO H Ca(O#) CaCO H2NaO#
0iu %in phgn 'ng Egy 1$M Lu"i mi hohc A$K4 mi !2o !h=nh l=
chW! %h3ng !$n H%&! !;$J
<c dCng Fi
sung dZch
Lu"i
sung dZch Lu"i !c dCng Fi dung dZch Lu"i
X+ M
2+ M
N+ M
2 3 2 3
Na CO H CaCl CaCO H2NaCl
V+ sung dZch Lu"i <c dCng Fi Rim lo2i M
O+ L>! s" Lu"i bZ nhi! ph*n h;y M
o
t
3 2
CaCO CaOHCO
o
t
3 2 3 2 2
2Na#CO Na CO HCO H# O
l+ L>! !7nh chW! 1ing M
3 2
23eCl H3e 33eCl
2 4 3 4 4
3e ("O ) HC! C!"O H23e"O
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
C$ng thc tnh G mo* :
X+
M
m
n
2+
4 , 22

n
N+ dd M
C n
V+
M
m C
n
dd

% 100
%
O+
( )
M
C D ml
n
dd

% 100
%
l+
( )
T #
dkk! P
n


R8 C$ng thc tnh nkng 07 "hZn
t,m :
o+
dd
!t
m
m
C
% 100
%

8+
D
M C
C
M

10
%
RR8 C$ng thc tnh nkng 07 mo* :
9+
dd
!t
M

n
C
X0+
M
C D
C
M
% 10

RRR8 C$ng thc tnh 3hi *!ng :


XX+
M n m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
X2+
% 100
%
dd
!t
C
m

RE8 C$ng thc tnh 3hi *!ng aung ach :


XN+ dm !t dd
m m m +
XV+
%
% 100
C
m
m
!t
dd

XO+
( ) D ml m
dd dd

E8 C$ng thc tnh th tch aung ach :
Xl+
M
dd
C
n

Xo+
( )
D
m
ml
dd
dd

ER8 C$ng thc tnh thFnh "hZn ] #1 3hi *!ng ha6 th tch c0a cc cht
t,ong hn h!":
X8+
% 100 %
hh
A
m
m
A
X9+
% 100 %
hh
B
m
m
B
hohc
A B % % 100 %
20+ B A hh
m m m +
ERR8 Tj 3hi c0a cht 3h :
2X+

,
_


B
A
B
A
M
M
d
m
m
d
ERRR8 Hi(u Gut c0a "hn ng :
22+
( )
% 100
n
) n (
%
lt lt
tt tt tt
n mlt
n m
H
R8 Tnh 3hi *!ng mo* t,ung b-nh c0a hn h!" cht 3h
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
2N+
n M &n M &n M &"""
+ + , , - -
M q
hh
n &n &n &"""
+ , -
HhohcJ
= M &= M &= M &"""
+ + , , - -
M q
hh
= &= &= &"""
+ , -
J
ChuySn WX Y:
Cc *o+i h!" cht #$ c
%8 oxit :
z+ 0Znh nghu$ M GEi! l= h.p chW! gm 2 nguyn !"( !1ong # c# X nguyn !" l=
oEi +
zz+ Ph*n lo2iM Cn c' F=o !7nh chW! h#$ hc c$ oEi! ( ngji !$ ph*n lo2i nh s$uM
X+ GEi! b$K4 l= nhcng oEi! !c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei! !2o !h=nh mu"i F=
nc+
2+ GEi! IEi! l= nhcng oEi! !c dCng Fi dung dZch b$K4 !2o !h=nh mu"i F=
nc+
N+ GEi! lng !7nh l= nhcng oEi! !c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei! F= !c dCng Fi
dung dZch b$K !2o !h=nh mu"i F= nc+ rs nh Il
2
G
N
( UnG T
V+ GEi! !1ung !7nh c8n .c gi l= oEi! %h3ng !2o mu"i l= nhcng oEi! %h3ng
!c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei!( dung dZch b$K4( nc+ rs nh CG( DG T
zzz+<7nh chW! h#$ hc M
X+ <c dCng Fi nc M
$+

,
Oxitphi !im&H O Axit
+r7 dC M
3 2 2 4
"O H# O # "O
P
2
G
O
_ NH
2
G 2H
N
PG
V
b+

,
Oxit!im oaOi &H O 'az?
+ r7 dC M
2 2
CaOH# O Ca(O#)
2+ <c dCng Fi IEi! M
GEi! Rim lo2i _ IEi!

Lu"i _ H
2
G
rs M
2 2
C!O H2#Cl C!Cl H# O
N+ <c dCng Fi RimH dung dZch b$K4JM
GEi! phi %im _ Rim

Lu"i _ H
2
G
rs M
2 2 3 2
CO H2NaO# Na CO H# O

2 3
CO HNaO# Na#CO
H!}y !h@o !m l s" molJ
V+ <c dCng Fi oEi! Rim lo2i M
GEi! phi %im _ GEi! Rim lo2i

Lu"i
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
rs M
2 3
CO HCaO CaCO
O+ L>! s" !7nh chW! 1ingM
rs M
o
t
2 3 2
3CO H 3e O 3CO H 23e

o
t
2
2#/O 2#/ H O

o
t
2 2
C!O H # C! H # O
Il
2
G
N
l= oEi! lng !7nhM Fp$ phgn 'ng Fi dung dZch IE7! Fp$ phgn 'ng
Fi dung dZch RimM
2 3 3 2
>l O H 6#Cl 2>lCl H 3# O
2 3 2 2
>l O H 2NaO# 2Na>lO H # O
zr+ 0iu ch& oEi!M
r7 dCM
2D
2
_ OG
2
2D
2
G
O
NS@ _ 2G
2
S@
N
G
V
2Cu, _ NG
2
2CuG _ 2,G
2
2PH
N
_ VG
2
P
2
G
O
_ NH
2
G
VS@,
2
_ XXG
2
2S@
2
G
N
_ 8,G
2
VHDG
N
VDG
2
_ 2H
2
G _ G
2
H
2
CG
N
CG
2
_ H
2
G
C$CG
N
CG
2
_ C$G
CuHGHJ
2
H
2
G_ CuG
2Il _ S@
2
G
N
Il
2
G
N
_ 2S@
D8 Daz :
z+ 0Znh nghu$M A$K4 l= h.p chW! h#$ hc m= !1ong ph*n !Y c# X nguyn !Y
Rim lo2i lin %&! Fi X h$y nhiu nh#m hi13Ei! H GHJ+
zz+ <7nh chW! h#$ hcM
X+ sung dZch Rim l=m /ud !7m h#$ E$nh( ph@nolph!$l@in %h3ng m=u
h#$ hng+
2+ <c dCng Fi IE7! M
2 2 2
%/(O#) H 2#Cl %/Cl H 2# O
2 4 2 4 2
2KO# H # "O K "O H 2# O

2 4 4 2
KO# H # "O K#"O H # O
N+ sung dZc %im !c dCng Fi oEi! phi %imM
3 2 4 2
2KO# H "O K "O H# O

3 4
KO# H "O K#"O
V+ sung dZc %im !c dCng Fi Lu"i M
4 2 4 2
2KO# H %/"O K "O H%/(O#)
O+ A$K4 %h3ng !$n bZ nhi! ph*nM
o
t
2 2
C!(O#) C!OH# O
l+ L>! s" phgn 'ng %hcM
2 2 2 3
43e(O#) HO H2# O 43e(O#)

4 2 4 2
KO#HK#"O K "O H# O
3 2 2 2 3 2
4NaO#H%/(#CO ) %/(O#) H2Na CO H2# O
IlHGHJ
N
l= hi13Ei! lng !7nh M
3 3 2
>l(O#) H3#Cl >lCl H3# O

3 2 2
>l(O#) H NaO# Na>lO H2# O
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
F
. /8i to3$ GO
2
H EO
2
.I$ 78o Ju$& .Kch !aO'H KO'
L Khi cho GO
2
5hoMc EO
2
9 t3c .=$& 7+i .u$& .Kch !aO' (u xN- )a 3 khN $O$& to
mui2
kP
2
CO
NaOH
n
n
5hoMc kP
2
SO
NaOH
n
n
9
l k 2 2 chQ to mui !a
2
GO
3
l k 1 2 chQ to mui !a'GO
3
l 1 R k R 2 2 to cN mui !a'GO
3
78 !a
2
GO
3

F G? $hS$& b8i to3$ kh%$& th: tT$h k. Khi (? phNi .>a 78o $hS$& .S ki"$ ph= (:
tUm )a khN $O$& to mui.
L 'p th= GO
2
78o !aO'
.*
chQ to mui !a
2
GO
3
L 'p th= GO
2
78o !aO' chQ to mui !a
2
GO
3
H Eau (? th@m /aGl
2
78o th- kt
tVa. Wh@m tip /a5O'9
2 .*
78o th- xut hi"$ th@m kt tVa $Sa Wo cN 2 mui
!a
2
GO
3
78 !a'GO
3
W)o$& t)*C$& hp kh%$& c? c3c .S ki"$ t)@$ thX chia t)*C$& hp (: &iNi.
DFi O: 06 hWp !hC ho=n !o=n 22(Vl7! CG
2
Ho n %!cJ cbn XO0g dung dZch
D$GH V0{ Hc# s ^ X(2Og\mlJ+
$J <7nh nng > L c$ cc chW! c# !1ong dung dZch Hgig sY s9 h8$ !$n
%h3ng l=m !h$y -i !h6 !7ch dung dZch J+
bJ <1ung h8$ l.ng E)! n#i !1n cbn b$o nhiu ml dung dZch HCl X(OL+
DFi V: Ai&! 1ng X(X2l7! %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fp$ Fi X00ml
dung dZch D$GH !2o !h=nh mu"i !1ung h8$+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng +
bJ <7nh nng > mol c$ dung dZch D$GH d}ng+
DFi [: Rhi cho ln m@n m HgJ gluc3K4( !hu .c rHlJ %h7 c$cbonic( hiu suW!
phgn 'ng 80{+ 06 hWp !hC rHlJ %h7 c$cbonic cbn d}ng !"i !hi6u l= lVml dung
dZch D$GH 20{ Hs ^ X(2O g\mlJ+ Lu"i !hu .c !2o !h=nh !h@o !f l XMX+ 0Znh
m F= r H !h6 !7ch o n %!cJ
DFi \: sung dZch c# ch'$ 20g n$!1i hi13Ei! hWp !hC ho=n !o=n XX(2l7! %h7
c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ + Hy cho bi&!M
$J Lu"i n=o .c !2o !h=nh
bJ Rh"i l.ng c$ mu"i l= b$o nhiu
DFi `: Cho X00ml dung dZch n$!1i hi13Ei! HD$GHJ !c dCng Fp$ Fi
X(X2l7! %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !2o !h=nh mu"i !1ung h8$+
$J <7nh nng > mol\l c$ dung dZch n$!1i hi13Ei! HD$GHJ d}ng+
bJ <7nh nng > phbn !1m c$ dung dZch mu"i s$u phgn 'ng+ Ai&!
1ng %h"i l.ng c$ dung dZch s$u phgn 'ng l= X0Og+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
DFi S: sxn X(X2l7! %h7 lu hudnh i3Ei! Ho n %!cJ i /u$ o0ml dung dZch
RGH XL+ Dhcng chW! n=o c# !1ong dung dZch s$u phgn 'ng F= %h"i l.ng l= b$o
nhiu
DFi T: Cho l(2g D$
2
G !$n h&! F=o nc !2o !h=nh 200g dung dZch+
$J <7nh nng > phbn !1m c$ dung dZch !hu .c+
bJ <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fi dung dZch n#i
!1n( bi&! sgn phim l= mu"i !1ung h8$+
DFi U:Ion 5,6 lUt CO
2
(7kc) DPo 2Gnh ch.a 200$l !n/ 8ch NaO# nVn/ 7Wa %p !n/
8ch th! 7ERc c: kh- nen/ t6c mn/ tci 7a100$l !n/ 8ch KO# 1%. Ki6 tr8 c<a a lPq
>. 0,75 ?. 1,5 C) * I. 2,5
FF
. /8i to3$ GO
2
H EO
2
.I$ 78o .u$& .Kch Ga5O'9
2
H /a5O'9
2
2
: bit khN $O$& xN- )a ta tT$h tQ l" k2
KP
2
2
) (OH Ca
CO
n
n
l K 12 chQ to mui GaGO
3
l K 22 chQ to mui Ga5'GO
3
9
2
1 R K R 22 to cN mui GaGO
3
78 Ga5'GO
3
9
2
L Khi $hS$& b8i to3$ kh%$& th: tT$h K ta .>a 78o $hS$& .S ki"$ ph= (: tUm )a
khN $O$& to mui.
L 'p th= GO
2
78o $*+c 7%i .* thX chQ to mui GaGO
3
L 'p th= GO
2
78o $*+c 7%i t)o$& th- c? kt tVaH th@m !aO' .* 78o th- c?
kt tVa $Sa Ju- )a c? J> to cN GaGO
3
78 Ga5'GO
3
9
2
L 'p th= GO
2
78o $*+c 7%i t)o$& th- c? kt tVaH lYc bZ kt tVa )[i (u$ $?$&
$*+c lYc li th- kt tVa $Sa Ju- )a c? J> to cN GaGO
3
78 Ga5'GO
3
9
2
.
L !u kh%$& c? c3c .> ki"$ t)@$ ta phNi chia t)*C$& hp (: &iNi.
Khi hp th= JN$ ph\m ch3- 78o .u$& .Kch baz $ht thit phNi xN- )a J> tO$&
&iNm khi l*$& .u$& .Kch. Wh*C$& &Mp $ht l8 hp th= JN$ ph\m ch3- b]$& .u$&
.Kch Ga5O'9
2
hoMc ../a5O'9
2
. Khi (?2
Khi l*$& .u$& .Kch tO$&Pm
hp th=
L m
kt tVa
Khi l*$& .u$& .Kch &iNm P m
kt tVa
^ m
hp th=
l NC! $
kCt t<a
r$
CO
2
ths khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch /i-$ 0o DQi khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch 2an 7Y!
l NC! $
kCt t<a
t$
CO
2
ths khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch ten/ 0o DQi khci lERn/ !n/ 8ch 2an 7Y!
Khi on , /a$ khU CO
2
DPo 2Gnh 7)n/ nEQc D9i E 0a! ,h-n .n/ khci lERn/
!n/ 8ch ten/ $ /a$ DP c: n /a$ kCt t<a tdo thPnh ths l!9n c:' ,S n H $
Khi on , /a$ khU CO
2
DPo 2Gnh 7)n/ nEQc D9i 0a! ,h-n .n/ khci lERn/ !n/
8ch /i-$ $ /a$ DP c: n /a$ kCt t<a tdo thPnh ths l!9n c:' ,Sn l $
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
DFi O: sxn X(X2l7! %h7 lu hudnh i3Ei! Ho n %!cJ i /u$ o00ml dung dZch
C$HGHJ
2
0(XL+
$J ri&! ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng cc chW! s$u phgn 'ng+
DFi V: Cho 2(2Vl7! %h7 c$cbonic Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fp$ Fi 200ml dung
dZch A$HGHJ
2
sinh 1$ chW! %&! !$ mbu !1vng+
$J <7nh nng > mol\l c$ dung dZch A$HGHJ
2
d}ng+
bJ <7nh %h"i l.ng chW! %&! !$ !hu .c+
DFi [: Ion _ lUt CO
2
(7kc) DPo 300$l Ca(O#)
2
0,5 %. "a! ,h-n .n/ th! 7ERc 10/
kCt t<a. _uB _ 2]n/' (CaS40pCS12pOS16)
>T. 2,24 lUt ?T. 3,36 lUt CT. 4,48 lUt D+) C, A- C ./&
.0ng
DFi \: #=, th! hCt CO
2
DPo !n/ 8ch NaO# 7ERc !n/ 8ch >. ?iCt r]n/'
l cho t\ t\ !n/ 8ch #Cl DPo !n/ 8ch > ths ,h-i $=t 50$l #Cl 1% $Qi th=B 2[t
7Y! c: khU tho6t ra.
l Cho ?a(O#)
2
E DPo !n/ 8ch > 7ERc 7,88/a$ kCt t<a.
!n/ 8ch > ch.aq (NaS23pCS12p#S1pOS16p?aS137)
>. Na
2
CO
3
?. Na#CO
3
C) NaOH 12 Na
*
CO
3
I. Na#CO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
DFi `:h=, thm toPn 2W 0,896 lUt CO
2
DPo 3 lUt ca(O#)
2
0,01% 7ERcq
(CS12p#S1pOS16pCaS40)
>. 1/ kCt t<a B) *g k4t t5a C. 3/ kCt t<a I. 4/ kCt t<a
DFi S:#=, thm toPn 2W 0,3 $ol CO
2
DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,25 $ol Ca(O#)
2
. khci lERn/
!n/ 8ch 0a! ,h-n .n/ ten/ haB /i-$ 2ao nhiv! /a$q (CS12p#S1pOS16pCaS40)
>. (en/ 13,2/a$ ?. (en/ 20/a$ C. Ki-$ 16,8/a$ D 6i,m
7-8gam
DFi T:#=, thm toPn 2W O $ol CO
2
DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,03 $ol Ca(O#)
2
7ERc 2/a$
kCt t<a. Chw ra /Ua tr8 Oq (CS12p#S1pOS16pCaS40)
A) 9-9*mol 12 9-9: mol ?. 0,02$ol DP 0,05 $ol
C. 0,01$ol DP 0,03 $ol I. 0,03$ol DP 0,04 $ol
DFi U: #=, thm hoPn toPn 2,24 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo !n/ 8ch nEQc D9i tron/ c: ch.a
0,075 $ol Ca(O#)
2
. "-n ,hx$ th! 7ERc 0a! ,h-n .n/ /V$'
>. Chw c: CaCO
3
?. Chw c: Ca(#CO
3
)
2
C. CaCO
3
DP Ca(#CO
3
)
2
I. Ca(#CO
3
)
2
DP CO
2
DFi d:#=, thm hoPn toPn 0,224lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2 lUt Ca(O#)
2
0,01% ta th! 7ERc $
/a$ kCt t<a. KUa tr8 c<a $ lPq
>. 1/ ?. 1,5/ C. 2/ I. 2,5/
DFi Of:"mc _ lUt khU CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 1,5 lUt ?a(O#)
2
0,1% th! 7ERc 19,7 /a$ kCt t<a.
KUa tr8 lQn nh=t c<a _ lPq
>. 1,12 ?. 2,24 C. 4,48 I. 6,72
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
DFi OO:#=, thm hCt 0,672 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2Gnh ch.a 2 lUt !n/ 8ch Ca(O#)
2
0,01%.
(hv$ tiC, 0,4/a$ NaO# DPo 2Gnh nPB. Khci lERn/ kCt t<a th! 7ERc 0a! ,h-n .n/ lPq
>. 1,5/ ?. 2/ C. 2,5/ I. 3/
DFi OV:#=, thm hoPn toPn 2,688 lUt khU CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2,5 lUt !n/ 8ch ?a(O#)
2
nVn/
7W a $olTl th! 7ERc 15,76/ kCt t<a. KUa tr8 c<a a lPq
>. 0,032 ?. 0,048 C. 0,06 I. 0,04
DFi O[:I!n/ 8ch > ch.a NaO# 1% DP Ca(O#)
2
0,02%, h=, thm 0,5 $ol khU CO
2
DPo
500 $l !n/ 8ch > th! 7ERc kCt t<a c: khci lERn/q
>. 10/ ?. 12/ C. 20/ I. 28/
DFi O\:#=, thm hCt 0,2 $ol CO
2
DPo 1 lUt !n/ 8ch ch.a KO# 0,2% DP Ca(O#)
2

0,05% th! 7ERc kCt t<a nyn/q
>. 5/ ?. 15/ C. 10/ I. 1/
DFi O`:I!n/ 8ch 5 ch.a NaO# 0,2% DP Ca(O#)
2
0,1%. #=, thm 7,84 lUt khU
CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 1 lUt !n/ 8ch 5 ths khci lERn/ kCt t<a th! 7ERc lPq
>. 15/ ?. 5/ C. 10/ I. 1/
DFi OS:#=, thm hoPn toPn 2,688 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) DPo 2,5 lUt !n/ 8ch ?a(O#)
2
nVn/ 7W
a $olTl, th! 7ERc 15,76/a$ kCt t<a. KUa tr8 c<a a lPq 5 WWE khi , $Om 2__`9
>. 0,032 ?. 0,048 C. 0,06 D) 9-9:
DFi OT:Cho 0,14 $ol CO
2
h=, thm hCt DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,11 $ol Ca(O#)
2
. (a nhun
th=B khci lERn/ CaCO
3
tdo ra lQn hFn khci lERn/ CO
2
7A Zn/ nvn khci lERn/ !n/
8ch cNn ldi /i-$ 2ao nhiv!q
A) ;-8:gam ?. 184/a$ C. 18,4/a$ I. 0,184/a$
DFi OU:Cho 0,14 $ol CO
2
h=, thm hCt DPo !n/ 8ch ch.a 0,08$ol Ca(O#)
2
. (a nhun
th=B khci lERn/ CaCO
3
tdo ra nhz hFn khci lERn/ CO
2
7A Zn/ nvn khci lERn/ !n/
8ch cNn ldi ten/ lP 2ao nhiv!q
>. 416/a$ ?. 41,6/a$ C) :-;7gam I. 0,416/a$
DFi Od:Cho 0,2688 lUt CO
2
(7ktc) h=, thm hoPn toPn 2`i 200 $l !n/ 8ch NaO# 0,1%
DP Ca(O#)
2
0,01%. (an/ khci lERn/ $!ci th! 7ERc lPq
>. 1,26/a$ ?. 2/a$ C. 3,06/a$ D) :-<7gam
C8 %RT :
z+ 0Znh nghu$M IEi! l= h.p chW! m= !1ong ph*n !Y gm X hohc nhiu nguyn
!Y Hi1o lin %&! Fi g"c IEi! +
Tn gi:
IEi! %h3ng c# oEi !n gi c# u3i l= hi1ic + HCl M $Ei! clohi1ic
IEi! c# oEi !n gi c# u3i l= ic hohc 4 +
H
2
,G
V
M IEi! ,unu1ic H
2
,G
N
M IEi! ,unu14

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
zz+<7nh chW! h#$ hcM
X+ sung dZchIEi! l=m /ud !7m h#$ eM
2+ <c dCng Fi A$KC HPhgn 'ng !1ung h8$J M
2 4 2 4 2
# "O H2NaO# Na "O H 2# O
2 4 4 2
# "O HNaO# Na#"O H # O
N+ <c dCng Fi oEi! Rim lo2i M
2 2
2#Cl HCaO CaCl H # O
V+ <c dCng Fi Rim lo2i H'ng !1c hi13J M
2 2
2#Cl H3e 3eCl H #
O+ <c dCng Fi Lu"i M
3 3
#Cl H >/NO >/Cl H #NO
l+ L>! !7nh chW! 1ing M
H
2
,G
V
hc F= HDG
N
hc n nhi! > !hjng %h3ng phgn 'ng Fi Il F=
S@ H!7nh chW! !hC >ng h#$J +
IEi! HDG
N
phgn 'ng Fi hbu h&! Rim lo2i H!1p Iu( P!J %h3ng gigi ph#ng
Hi13 M
3 3 3 2
4#NO H 3e 3e(NO ) H NO H 2# O
HDG
N
hc n#ng_ Rim lo2i

Lu"i ni!1$! _ DG
2
Hm=u n*uJ_ H
2
G
rs M
3 3 3 2 2
6#NO H 3e 3e(NO ) H NO H 3# O FajcRnoCn%
HDG
N
long _ Rim lo2i

Lu"i ni!1$! _ DG H%h3ng m=uJ _ H


2
G
rs M
3 3 2 2
8#NO H 3C! 3C!(NO ) H 2NO H 4# O oaZn%
H
2
,G
V
hc n#ngF= HDG
N
hc n#ng hohc long <c dCng Fi ,v! !h:
!2o !h=nh Lu"i ,v! HzzzJ+
IEi! H
2
,G
V
hc n#ngc# %hg nng phgn 'ng Fi nhiu Rim lo2i %h3ng
gigi ph#ng Hi13 M
2 4 4 2 2
2# "O H C! C!"O H "O H 2# O FajcRnoCn%
48 &ui :
z+ 0Znh nghu$ M Lu"i l= h.p chW! m= ph*n !Y gm m>! h$y nhiu nguyn !Y
Rim lo2i lin %&! Fi m>! h$y nhiu g"c IEi!+
zz+<7nh chW! h#$ hcM
<7nh chW!
h#$ hc
Lu"i
<c dCng Fi
Rim lo2i
Rim lo2i _ mu"i Lu"i mi F= Rim lo2i mi
r7 dCM
3 3 2
2>/NO HC! C!(NO ) H 2>/
Qu `M
_ Rim lo2i 'ng !1c H!1p D$( R( C$TJ iy %im lo2i 'ng s$u
H!1ong dy ho2! >ng h#$ hc c;$ %im lo2iJ 1$ %hei dung dZch
mu"i c;$ ch)ng+
_ Rim lo2i D$( R( C$T %hi !c dCng Fi dung dZch mu"i !h:
%h3ng cho Rim lo2i mi F:M
D$ _ Cu,G
V

2D$ _ 2H
2
G 2D$GH _ H
2

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Cu,G
V
_ 2D$GH D$
2
,G
V
_ CuHGHJ
2
<c dCng Fi
IEi!
Lu"i _ $E7! mu"i mi _ $Ei! mi
r7 dCM
2 2
Na "H 2#Cl 2NaCl H# "

2 3 2 2
Na "O H2#Cl 2NaCl H# OH"O

3 3
#Cl H >/NO >/Cl H #NO
0iu %in phgn 'ng Egy 1$M Lu"i !2o !h=nh %h3ng !c dCng Fi
$Ei! mi sinh 1$ hohc $Ei! mi sinh 1$ l= chW! d5 b$y h4z hohc
$Ei! y&u h4n $Ei! !h$m gi$ phgn 'ng +
<c dCng Fi
Rim HA$K4J
sung dZch Lu"i !c dCng Fi A$K4 !2o !h=nh Lu"i mi F= A$K4
mi
r7 dCM
2 3 2 3
Na CO H Ca(O#) CaCO H2NaO#
0iu %in phgn 'ng Egy 1$M Lu"i mi hohc A$K4 mi !2o !h=nh l=
chW! %h3ng !$n H%&! !;$J
<c dCng Fi
sung dZch
Lu"i
sung dZch Lu"i !c dCng Fi dung dZch Lu"i
X+ M
2+ M
N+ M
2 3 2 3
Na CO H CaCl CaCO H2NaCl
V+ sung dZch Lu"i <c dCng Fi Rim lo2i M
O+ L>! s" Lu"i bZ nhi! ph*n h;y M
o
t
3 2
CaCO CaOHCO
o
t
3 2 3 2 2
2Na#CO Na CO HCO H# O
l+ L>! !7nh chW! 1ing M
3 2
23eCl H3e 33eCl
2 4 3 4 4
3e ("O ) HC! C!"O H23e"O
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Chng [
"hi 3im
G *!c bng tuZn hoFn cc ngu6n t ho hc
% Q m7t G 9i2n thc cZn nhL
z+ <7nh chW! F?! l7 c;$ phi %im
n iu %in !hjng cc phi %im !n !2i n cg b$ !12ng !hiM
_ L>! s" phi %im !n !2i n !12ng !hi 1vn nhM c$cbon( silic( lu hudnh( pho!pho T
_ C# phi %im !n !2i n !12ng !hi leng nh b1om
_ L>! s" phi %im !n !2i n !12ng !hi %h7 nhM oEi( clo( lo( ni!4 T
- Phbn ln cc phi %im %h3ng dxn in+
- Cc phi %im u dxn nhi! %ym+
- L>! s" phi %im >c nh clo( b1om( io! T
zz+ !7nh chW! ho hc chung c;$ phi %im
O8 Tc axng #Li 3im *o+i
- GEi !c dCng Fi hbu h&! cc %im lo2i !2o !h=nh oEi!+
@h? dT 1: Lali !hCn Dng 1Ei oxi to th)nh kali oxit:
VR _ G
2

2R
2
G
@h? dT $: %h6m chy tong oxi to th)nh nh6m oxit:
VIl _ NG
2
o
t
Il
2
G
N
@h? dT .: U<ng chy tong oxi to th)nh &<ng 3VV4 oxit:
2Cu _ G
2
o
t
2CuG
- Cc phi %im %hc !c dCng Fi cc %im lo2i !2o !h=nh mu"i+
@h? dT 1: Magie !hCn Dng 1Ei kh? clo to th)nh mui magi cloua tinh th9:
Lg _ Cl
2
o
t
LgCl
2
@h? dT $: 7Wt !hCn Dng 1Ei lu huXnh Y nhit &= cao to th)nh JWt JunZua:
S@

_ ,
o
t
S@,
V8 Tc axng #Li hia,o
- GEi !c dCng Fi hid1o !2o !h=nh h4i nc+
2H
2
_ G
2
o
t
2H
2
G
- L>! s" phi %im %hc !c dCng Fi hid1o !2o !h=nh h.p chW! %h7+
H
2
_ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl
H
2
_ ,

o
t
H
2
,
[8 Tc axng #Li oxi
Dhiu phi %im !c dCng Fi oEi !2o !h=nh oEi! $Ei!
C _ G
2
o
t
CG
2
, _ G
2
o
t
,G
2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
VP _ OG
2
o
t
2P
2
G
O
\8 &c 07 ho+t 07ng ho hc ca "hi 3im
L'c > ho2! >ng ho hc m2nh h$y y&u c;$ cc phi %im .c Ey! d9$ !1n %hg nng F=
m'c > phgn 'ng c;$ ch)ng Fi %im lo2i F= hid1o+ Slo( oEi F= clo l= nhcng phi %im ho2! >ng
m2nh( c8n lu hudnh( pho!pho( c$cbon l= nhcng phi %im ho2! >ng y&u h4n+
zzz+ Clo
Clo l= chW! %h7 m=u F=ng lCc( m}i hvc( !$n m>! phbn !1ong nc+ Clo l= %h7 >c+
O8 Tnh cht ho hc
$+ <c dCng Fi %im lo2i
Clo !c dCng Fi hbu h&! cc %im lo2i !2o !h=nh mu"i clo1u$+
Lg _ Cl
2
o
t
LgCl
2
2S@ _ NCl
2
o
t
2S@Cl
N
Cu _ Cl
2
o
t
CuCl
2
b+ <c dCng Fi hid1o
Clo !c dCng Fi hid1o !2o !h=nh %h7 hid1oclo1u$( %h7 n=y !$n !1ong nc !2o !h=nh dung dZch
$Ei! clohid1ic+
H
2
_ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl
c+ <c dCng Fi nc
Rhi !$n !1ong nc m>! phbn %h7 clo !c dCng Fi nc !2o !h=nh $Ei! clohid1ic F= $Ei! hipoclo14M
H
2
G _ Cl
2
HCl _ HClG
d+ <c dCng Fi dung dZch %im
2D$GH _ Cl
2
D$Cl _ D$ClG _ H
2
G
Clo !c dCng Fi dung dZch D$GH !2o !h=nh mu"i n$!1i clo1u$ F= mu"i n$!1i hipoclo1i! Hhn
h.p mu"i D$Cl F= D$ClG !1ong nc gi l= nc Bi$-F@nJ+
lRGH _ NCl
2
o
t
ORCl _ RClG
N
_ NH
2
G
ChF G: Clo kh6ng tc dTng t8c ti! 1Ei oxi to th)nh oxit#
V8 ng axng #F 0i1u ch2
$+ 'ng dCng
Clo c# nhiu 'ng dCng !1ong ji s"ng F= !1ong sgn suW! nhM %hY !1}ng nc sinh ho2!( !iy
!1vng Fgi( s.i( b>! giWy F= .c sY dCng nhiu !1ong c3ng nghip c$o su( chW! d[o T
b+ 0iu ch&
- <1ong ph8ng !h7 nghimM Cho $Ei! clohid1ic hc !c dCng Fi chW! oEi ho m2nh+
VHCl
Hdd hcJ
_ LnG
2

o
t
LnCl
2
_ Cl
2
_ 2H
2
G
XlHCl
Hdd hcJ
_ 2RLnG
2

o
t
2LnCl
2
_ 2RCl _ OCl
2
_ 8H
2
G
- <1ong c3ng nghipM 0in ph*n dung dZch D$Cl bo ho= c# m=ng ngn E"p+
2D$Cl
Hdd bo ho=J
_ 2H
2
G 2D$GH _ Cl
2
_ H
2
zr+ C$cbon
O8 n cht
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ian phn c7 m#n%
n%n
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
$+ <7nh chW! F?! l7 c;$ c$cbon
- s2ng !h} h:nhM s2ng !h} h:nh c;$ nguyn !" l= d2ng !n !2i c;$ nhcng 4n chW! %hc nh$u
do c}ng m>! nguyn !" ho hc !2o nn+ C$cbon c# b$ d2ng !h} h:nh ch7nhM
_ Rim c4ngM l= chW! 1vn !1ong su"!( c'ng F= %h3ng c# %hg nng dxn in+ Rim c4ng !hjng
.c d}ng l=m !1$ng s'c( mki %ho$n( d$o cv! %7nh T
_ <h$n ch:M l= chW! 1vn mm( c# %hg nng dxn in+ <h$n ch: !hjng .c d}ng l=m in
c9c( chW! b3i !14n( 1u>! b)! ch: T
_ C$cbon F3 Znh h:nhM l= chW! 1vn( E"p %h3ng c# %hg nng dxn in+ <hjng .c sY
dCng l=m nhin liu !1ong ji s"ng F= !1ong sgn suW!+
- <7nh chW! hWp phCM L>! s" d2ng c$cbon F3 Znh h:nh nh !h$n g( !h$n E4ng mi iu
ch& c# %hg nng hWp phC cc chW! %h7( chW! m=u T !1n b mh! c;$ ch)ng Hgi l= !h$n ho2!
!7nhJ+
b+ <7nh chW! ho hc
C$cbon l= m>! phi %im ho2! >ng ho hc y&u+
- C$cbon !c dCng Fi oEiM C$cbon chy !1ong oEi !2o !h=nh c$cbon ioEi! F= !og nhiu nhi!+
C _ G
2
o
t
CG
2
_
- C$cbon !c dCng Fi oEi! %im lo2iM C$cbon c# !7nh %hY nn n nhi! > c$o c# !h6 %hY m>! s"
oEi! %im lo2iM
C _ 2CuG

o
t
CG
2
_ 2Cu
C _ 2UnG

o
t
CG
2
_ 2Un
V8 &7t G h!" cht ca cacbon
$+ Cc oEi! c;$ c$cbon
- C$cbon oEi!M CG l= chW! %h7 %h3ng m=u 1W! >c %h3ng !$n !1ong nc+ C$cbon oEi! l= oEi!
!1ung !7nh %h3ng !c dCng Fi $Ei! F= %im+
C$cbon oEi! c# !7nh %hY m2nh( n nhi! > c$o c# !h6 %hY .c nhiu oEi! %im lo2iM
CG _ CuG

o
t
CG
2
_ Cu
NCG _ S@
2
G
N
o
t
NCG
2
_ 2S@
C$cbon oEi! chy !1ong %h3ng %h7 hohc !1ong oEi !og nhiu nhi!M
2CG _ G
2
o
t
2CG
2
_
- C$cbon ioEi!M CG
2
l= chW! %h7 %h3ng m=u( %h3ng m}i( nhng h4n %h3ng %h7( %hi bZ nyn
F= l=m l2nh bZ ho 1vn !h=nh nc %h3 H!uy&! c$cbonicJ d}ng 6 bgo /ugn !h9c phim+
C$cbon ioEi! l= oEi! $Ei!+
_ <c dCng Fi nc
C$cbon ioEi! !c dCng Fi nc !2o !h=nh dung dZch $Ei! c$cbonic l= $Ei! y&u %h3ng bn(
lbm /ud !7m chuy6n s$ng m=u e+
H
2
G _ CG
2
H
2
CG
N
_ <c dCng Fi dung dZch b$K4M <ud !h@o !f l s" mol gic$ CG
2
F= b$K4 m= !2o !h=nh mu"i
!1ung ho=( mu"i $Ei! hohc hn h.p h$i mu"iM
D$GH _ CG
2
D$HCG
N
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
2D$GH _ CG
2
D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G
_ <c dCng Fi oEi! b$K4M
C$G _ CG
2
C$CG
N
b+ IEi! c$cbonic F= mu"i c$cbon$!
IEi! c$cbonic HH
2
CG
N
J !2o !h=nh %hi ho= !$n CG
2
F=o nc+ H
2
CG
N
l= m>! $Ei! y&u %h3ng bn
d5 bZ ph*n !7ch !h=nh CG
2
F= nc( dung dZch H
2
CG
N
l=m /ud !7m chuy6n s$ng m=u e+
Lu"i c$cbon$!M c# h$i lo2i mu"i c$cbon$! !1ung ho= F= mu"i c$cbon$! $Ei! Hhid1oc$cbon$!J+
- 0$ s" mu"i c$cbon$! %h3ng !$n !1ong nc H!1p cc mu"i c$cbon$! c;$ %im lo2i %imM
D$
2
CG
N
( R
2
CG
N
T Hbu h&! cc mu"i hid1oc$cbon$! !$n !"! !1ong nc nhM C$HHCG
N
J
2
(
A$HHCG
N
J
2
( LgHHCG
N
J
2
T
- <7nh chW! ho hc c;$ mu"i c$cbon$!
_ <c dCng Fi dung dZch $Ei!
D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
,G
V
D$
2
,G
V
_ CG
2
_ H
2
G
2D$HCG
N
_ H
2
,G
V
D$
2
,G
V
_ 2CG
2
_ 2H
2
G
_ <c dCng Fi dung dZch b$K4
R
2
CG
N
_ C$HGHJ
2
2RGH

_ C$CG
N

D$HCG
N
_ D$GH D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G
_ <c dCng Fi dung dZch mu"i !2o !h=nh h$i mu"i( !1ong # 7! nhW! c# m>! mu"i 7!
!$n
R
2
CG
N
_ C$Cl
2
2RCl

_ C$CG
N

_ Lu"i c$cbon$! d5 bZ nhi! ph*n humM Hbu h&! cc mu"i c$cbon$! u d5 bZ


nhi! ph*n hum H!1p cc mu"i c$cbon$! c;$ %im lo2i %imJ
C$CG
N
o
t
C$G _ CG
2
2D$HCG
N
o
t
D$
2
CG
N
_ CG
2
_ H
2
G
r - ,ilic F= c3ng nghip silic$!
O8 Bi*ic
Q= nguyn !" ph- bi&n !h' 2 Hs$u oEiJ !1ong !hin nhin( silic chi&m X\V %h"i l .ng Fe !1i
W!( silic !n !2i ch; y&u di d2ng h.p chW! !1ong c! !1vng F= W! sy!+ ,ilic l= chW! 1vn m=u
Em( !inh !h6 !inh %hi&! c# !7nh bn dxn nn c# nhiu 'ng dCng !1ong c3ng ngh in !Y(
pin mh! !1ji T
n nhi! > c$o silic phgn 'ng Fi oEi !2o !h=nh silic ioEi!M
,i _ G
2
o
t
,iG
2
V8 Bi*ic 0ioxit @Bie
V
A
,ilic ioEi! l= oEi! $Ei! %h3ng !$n !1ong nc( !c dCng Fi %im F= oEi! b$K4 n nhi! >
c$o !2o !h=nh mu"i silic$!M
2D$GH
H1J
_ ,iG
2 H1J
o
t
D$
2
,iG
N
_ H
2
G
C$G
H1J
_ ,iG
2 H1J
o
t
C$,iG
N
[8 C$ng nghi(" Gi*icat
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
$+ ,gn EuW! g"m( s'
- 0 g"m( s'M g2ch( ng#i( g2ch chZu lY$ s=nh( s' T
- <p nguyn liu ch7nh l= W! sy!( !h2ch $nh( @nsp$! .c !1>n Fi nc 6 ho d[o s$u # !2o
h:nh( sWy %h3 F= cu"i c}ng l= nung n nhi! > !h7ch h.p+
b+ ,gn EuW! Ei mng
i mng l= chW! %&! d7nh !1ong E*y d9ng c# !h=nh phbn ch7nh l= c$nEi silic$! F=
c$nEi $lumin$!+
Cc c3ng o2n ch7nh 6 sgn EuW! Ei mngM
- Dghin nhe nguyn liuM F3i( W! sy!( /uhng sv! T s$u # !1>n Fi nc !2o d2ng b}n+
- Dung hn h.p !1n !1ong l8 /u$y h$y l8 'ng n nhi! > XV00
o
C

- XO00
o
C !hu .c cl$nh%@+
- Dghin cl$nh%@ !h=nh b>! mZn HEi mngJ+
c+ ,gn EuW! !hum !inh
<h=nh phbn ch7nh c;$ !hum !inh l= hn h.p c$nEi silic$! HC$,iG
N
J F= D$!1i silic$!
HD$
2
,iG
N
J+
Cc c3ng o2n ch7nh 6 sgn EuW! !hum !inhM
- <1>n hn h.p c! H,iG
2
J( F3i HC$CG
N
J F= E3$ HD$
2
CG
N
J !h@o !f l !h7ch h.p+
- Dung hn h.p !1n !1ong l8 nung n nhi! > %hogng 900
o
C !hu .c !hum !inhM
C$G
H1J
_ ,iG
2 H1J
o
t
C$,iG
N
D$
2
CG
NH1J
_ ,iG
2 H1J
o
t
D$
2
,iG
N
_ CG
2
- Q=m ngu>i !hum !inh &n d[o 1i !2o h:nh !h=nh cc F?!+
rz - ,4 l.c F bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hc
O8 ;gu6n tCc GC" x2" cc ngu6n t t,ong bng tuZn hoFn
Cc nguyn !" .c svp E&p !h@o chiu !ng dbn c;$ in !7ch h2! nh*n nguyn !Y+
V8 Cu t+o bng tuZn hoFn
$+ nguyn !"
nguyn !" cho bi&!M ," hiu nguyn !Y( %7 hiu ho hc( !n nguyn !"( nguyn !Y
%h"i c;$ nguyn !" #+
- ," hiu nguyn !Y c8n gi l= s" !h' !9 c;$ nguyn !" !1ong bgng !ubn ho=n+ ," hiu
nguyn !Y c# s" !1Z bng s" 4n FZ in !7ch h2! nh*n F= bng s" @l@c!1on !1ong nguyn !Y+

b+ Chu %:
- Chu %: l= dy cc nguyn !" m= nguyn !Y c;$ ch)ng c# c}ng s" lp @l@c!1on F= .c E&p !h@o
chiu in !7ch h2! nh*n !ng dbn+
- ," !h' !9 c;$ chu %: bng s" lp @l@c!1on+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+,
M%
Ma%ie
,.
K hiau n%uMn t>
`n n%uMn t
5 hiau ho
hbc
(%uMn t> !hi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
- C# o chu %: !1ong # cc chu %: X( 2( N .c gi l= chu %: nhe( cc chu %: V( O( l( o l= cc
chu %: ln+
@h? dT: Chu k[ $ g<m \ nguyn t cB $ lE! electon tong nguyn t+# Uin t?ch ht nh*n t0ng
tI ]i l) .^ &n %e l) 1_^#
c+ Dh#m
Dh#m gm cc nguyn !" m= nguyn !Y c;$ ch)ng c# s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng bng nh$u
F= .c E&p !h=nh c>! !h@o chiu !ng dbn c;$ in !7ch h2! nh*n nguyn !Y+
@h? dT: %hBm V g<m cc nguyn t kim loi mnh` chFng &'u cB 1 electon Y lE! ngo)i cang#
Uin t?ch ht nh*n t0ng tI ]i l) .^ &n b l) \c^#
[8 BW bi2n 0Xi tnh cht ca cc ngu6n t t,ong bng tuZn hoFn
$+ <1ong m>! chu %:
<1ong cc chu %: nheM 0i !p bu chu %: &n cu"i chu %: !h@o chiu !ng dbn in
!7ch h2! nh*nM
- ," @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng !ng dbn !p X &n 8 @l@c!1on+
- <7nh %im lo2i c;$ cc nguyn !" gigm dbn( ng !hji !7nh phi %im c;$ cc nguyn !" !ng
dbn+
- 0bu chu %: l= m>! %im lo2i %im( cu"i chu %: l= h$log@n F= %&! !h)c l= m>! %h7 hi&m+
b+ <1ong m>! nh#m
<1ong m>! nh#mM 0i !p !1n Eu"ng di !h@o chiu !ng dbn in !7ch h2! nh*nM
- ," lp @l@c!1on !ng dbn+
- <7nh %im lo2i c;$ cc nguyn !" !ng dbn( ng !hji !7nh phi %im c;$ cc nguyn !" gigm
dbn+
V+ ` nghu$ c;$ bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hc
$+ Ai&! FZ !17 nguyn !" !$ c# !h6 suy on cWu !2o nguyn !Y F= !7nh chW! c;$ nguyn !"+
@h? dT: %guyn t - Y 6 J d` nhBm e chu k[ VV tong (Cng tu/n ho)n cc nguyn t ho hfc#
%u c"u to nguyn t+ 1) d8 &on t?nh ch"t c,a nguyn t -#
%guyn t - 3blo4 Y 6 thD d nn cB J hiu nguyn t+ l) d` cB &in t?ch ht nh*n (gng
d^ 1) cB d electon 1) cB hai lE! electon# %guyn t - Y cui chu k[ VV nn l) !hi kim hot
&=ng mnh hNn oxi Y 6 J \ 1) nguyn t - Y &/u nhBm eVV nn t?nh !hi kim mnh hNn clo Y
6 1c#
b+ Ai&! cWu !2o nguyn !Y c# !h6 suy on FZ !17 F= !7nh chW! c;$ nguyn !"+
@h? dT: %guyn t B cB &in t?ch ht nh*n l) 1$^ cB . lE! electon 1) cB $ electon Y lE!
ngo)i cang# hc &>nh 1> t? c,a B 1) d8 &on t?nh ch*t ho hfc cN (Cn c,a nB#
%guyn t B 3Magie4 cB . lE! electon 1) $ electon lE! ngo)i cang nn nguyn t B Y
chu k[ VVV nhBm VV# Mg &Dng Y g/n &/u chu k[ VV nn nB l) m=t kim loi# @?nh kim loi c,a
Mg yu hNn %a &Dng tEc nB tong cang chu k[ 1) Ca &Dng dEi nB tong cang nhBm# @?nh
kim loi c,a Mg mnh hNn -l &Dng Jau nB tong cang chu k[ 1) Be &Dng tn nB tong cang
nhBm#
D Q DFi tJ"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8O <1ong cc nh#m chW! s$u( nh#m n=o !o=n l= phi %im+
$+ Cl
2
( G
2
( D
2
( Pb( C b+ G
2
( D
2
( ,( P( z
2
c+ A1
2
( ,( Di( D
2
( P d+ Cl
2
( G
2
( D
2
( Pb( C
T#p #n: b )ng+
[8V <1ong cc nh#m chW! phi %im s$u( nh#m n=o !o=n l= phi %im !n !2i n !12ng !hi %h7 !1ong
iu %in !hjngM
$+ Cl
2
( G
2
( D
2
( A1
2
( C b+ G
2
( D
2
( Cl
2
( A1
2
( z
2
c+ A1
2
( ,( S
2
( D
2
( P d+ Cl
2
( G
2
( D
2
( S
2
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8[ <1ong %h3ng %h7 !h=nh phbn ch7nh l= G
2
F= D
2
c# lxn m>! s" %h7 >c l= Cl
2
F= H
2
,+ C#
!h6 cho hn h.p %h7 n=y l>i /u$ dung dZch n=o !1ong cc dung dZch s$u 6 lo2i be cc %h7
>c+
$+ sung dZch D$GH b+ sung dZch H
2
,G
V
c+ Dc d+ sung dZch Cu,G
V

T#p #n: $ )ng+
[8\ Rh7 G
2
c# lxn m>! s" %h7 l= CG
2
F= ,G
2
+ C# !h6 cho hn h.p %h7 n=y l>i /u$ dung dZch
n=o !1ong cc dung dZch s$u 6 lo2i be cc %h7 >c+
$+ sung dZch C$Cl
2
b+ sung dZch C$HGHJ
2
c+ sung dZch C$HDG
N
J
2
d+ Dc
T#p #n: b )ng+
[8` Rhi iu ch& %h7 ,G
N
bng phgn 'ngM
D$
2
,G
N
_ H
2
,G
V
D$
2
,G
V
_ ,G
2
_ H
2
G
c# !h6 !hu %h7 ,G
2
bng ph4ng phpM
$+ sji ch nc b+ sji ch dung dZch C$HGHJ
2

c+ sji ch %h3ng %h7 d+ Cg $ F= c u )ng
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8S G
N
HoKonJ l=M
$+ L>! d2ng !h} h:nh c;$ oEi b+ Q= h.p chW! c;$ oEi
c+ Cch Fi&! %hc c;$ G
2
d+ Cg $ F= c u )ng
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8T Cho s4 cc phgn 'ng s$uM
I _ G
2

C t
o
A
A _ G
2

tc xFc , C t
o
C
C _ H
2
G s
s _ A$Cl
2
_ S
I l= chW! n=o !1ong s" cc chW! s$uM
$+ C b+ , c+ Cl
2
d+ A1
2

T#p #n: b )ng+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8U C# b$ l 9ng b$ %h7 1ing bi! l= clo( hi1oclo1u$ F= G
2
+ C# !h6 d}ng m>! chW! n=o
!1ong s" cc chW! s$u 6 ng !hji nh?n bi&! .c cg b$ %h7M
$+ BiWy /ud !7m !im ! b+ sung dich D$GH
c+ sung dZch C$Cl
2
d+ sung dich H
2
,G
V

T#p #n: $ )ng+
[8d C# b$ l 9ng b$ dung dZch 1ing bi! l= A$Cl
2
( C$HHCG
N
J
2
F= Lg,G
V
bZ mW! nhn+ C#
!h6 d}ng m>! chW! n=o !1ong s" cc chW! s$u 6 ng !hji nh?n bi&! .c cg b$ dung dZchM
$+ sung dZch A$HGHJ
2
b+ sung dich D$GH
c+ sung dZch S@Cl
N
d+ sung dich H
2
,G
V

T#p #n: d )ng+
[8Of <1ong nhcng chp chW! s$u
X+ H
2
,G
V
F= D$
2
CG
N
2+ D$
2
CG
N
F= D$Cl
N+ LgCG
N
F= C$Cl
2
V+ D$
2
CG
N
F= A$Cl
2
nhcng chp chW! n=o c# !h6 phgn 'ng .c Fi nh$uM
$+ Chp HXJ F= chp H2J b+ Chp HNJ F= chp HVJ
c+ Chp H2J F= chp HNJ d+ Chp HXJ F= chp HVJ
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8OO <1ong nhcng chp chW! s$u
X+ Cl
2
F= G
2
2+ Cl
2
F= Cu
N+ , F= G
2
V+ Cl
2
F= A1
2
nhcng chp chW! n=o c# !h6 phgn 'ng .c Fi nh$uM
$+ Chp HXJ F= chp H2J b+ Chp HNJ F= chp HVJ
c+ Chp H2J F= chp HNJ d+ Chp HXJ F= chp HVJ
T#p #n: c )ng+
[8OV Ho=n !h=nh ph4ng !1:nh s4 phgn 'ng s$uM
I _ G
2

C t
o
A
A _ G
2

tc xFc , C t
o
C
C _ H
2
G s
s _ D$GH _ H
2
G
_ A$Cl
2
B _ S
<1ong # A( C l= cc oEi! $Ei!( l= m>! mu"i !$n+
iiCi
Cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
, _ G
2

C t
o
,G
2
2,G
2
_ G
2

tc xFc , C t
o
2,G
N
,G
N
_ H
2
G H
2
,G
V
H
2
,G
V
_ 2D$GH D$
2
,G
V
_ 2H
2
G
D$
2
,G
V
_ A$Cl
2
A$,G
V
_ 2D$Cl
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8O[ L>! chW! %h7 c# c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y l=
2
+ Rh7 # l= %h7 g: Ai&! 1ng X(0 l?t %h7 #
n iu %in !iu chuin c*n nhng N(Xl9l gam+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Hn&u c#J c;$
%h7
2
Fi cc chW! s$uM H
2
( G
2
( Cu( dung dZch D$GH F= nc+
Iii:
- L>! mol %h7 n iu %in !iu chuin chi&m !h6 !7ch l= 22(V l?t( nn %h"i l.ng mol ph*n !Y
c;$ %h7 # l=M
M ^ 2M

^ 22(V+ N(Xl9l ^ oX
M

^ NO(O F?y nguyn !" l= Clo F= %h7 c# c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y l= Cl


2
+
- Cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng c;$ Cl
2
Fi cc chW! choM
_ Cl
2
_ H
2
2HCl
_ Cl
2
_ G
2
%h3ng phgn 'ng
_ Cl
2
_ Cu CuCl
2
_ Cl
2
_ 2D$GH D$Cl _ D$ClG _ H
2
G
_ Cl
2
_ H
2
G HCl _ HClG
[8O\ Cho X(X2 l?t %h7 Cl
2
Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fi H
2
d( hWp !hC !o=n b> sgn phim F=o nc
!hu .c X00(0 ml dung dZch I+ <7nh nng > moljl c;$ dung dZch I+
Bigi
- ," mol %h7 Cl
2
l=M
2
Cl
n
^
V 22
X2 X
,
,
^0(0O mol
- Phgn 'ng Fi %h7 H
2
dM
Cl
2
_ H
2
2HCl HXJ
<h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng HXJ H
2
d nn s" mol %h7 HCl sinh 1$M
n
HCl
^ 2
2
Cl
n
^ 2+0(0O ^ 0(X mol
- Rh7 HCl !$n ho=n !o=n F=o nc !2o !h=nh dung dZch $Ei! HCl+
- Dng > dung dZch HCl !hu .cM
C
HCl
^
l?t
mol
X 0
X 0
,
,
^X(0 moljl Hh$y X(0 MJ
[8O` Cho N(Nl l?t %h7 Cl
2
Ho n %!cJ !c dCng Fi H
2
d( hWp !hC !o=n b> sgn phim F=o X00(0
gam nc !hu .c dung dZch A+ <7nh nng > { c;$ dung dZch A+
Bigi
- ," mol %h7 Cl
2
l=M
2
Cl
n
^
V 22
Nl N
,
,
^ 0(XO mol
- Phgn 'ng Fi %h7 H
2
dM
Cl
2
_ H
2
2HCl HXJ
<h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng HXJ H
2
d nn s" mol %h7 HCl sinh 1$M
n
HCl
^ 2
2
Cl
n
^ 2+0(XO ^ 0(N mol
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
- Rh7 HCl !$n ho=n !o=n F=o nc !2o !h=nh dung dZch $Ei! HCl+
- Rh"i l.ng dung dZch $Ei! HCl !hu .cM
m
dung dZch HCl
^ m
HCl
_
O #
2
m
^ Nl(O+0(N _ X00(0 ^ XX0(9O gam
- D ng > { HCl !1ong dung dZch A l=M
C{
HCl
^
% .
,
, . ,
X00
9O XX0
N 0 O Nl
^ 9(8o{
[8OS Cho 2(V0 gam Lg %im lo2i phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi e l?t %h7
2
Ho n %!cJ !h@o ph4ng
!1:nh phgn 'ng s$uM
2
_ Lg Lg
2
Rh"i l.ng Lg
2
!hu .c l= 9(O0 gam+ Hy cho bi&!
2
l= %h7 g: F= !7nh !h6 !7ch e c;$ %h7

2
phgn 'ng Fi Lg n !1n+
Bigi
- ," mol c;$ Lg %im lo2iM
n
HCl
^
2V
V0 2,
^ 0(X0 mol
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM

2
_ Lg Lg
2
HXJ
<h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng HXJM
n
Lg
^
2
5
n
^
2
%/5
n
^ 0(X0 mol
- Rh"i l.ng mol ph*n !Y c;$ Lg
2
M
2
%/5
M
^
X0 0
O0 9
,
,
^ 9O
2
%/5
M
^ M
Lg
_2M

^ 9O
M

^ NO(O F?y nguyn !" l= Clo F= %h7 c# c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y l= Cl


2
+
- <h6 !7ch %h7 Cl
2
phgn 'ng Fi LgM

2
Cl
e
^ 22(V+0(X0 ^ 2(2V l?t
[8OT L>! mu"i clo1u$ %im lo2i ch'$ o9(o8{ clo !h@o %h"i l.ng+ c Znh c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y
c;$ mu"i+
Bigi
- <1ong cc h.p chW! mu"i clo1u$( clo c# ho !1Z z+
- Bi c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ mu"i l= LCl
n
( !1ong # n l= ho !1Z c;$ %im lo2i L+
- { %h"i l.ng c;$ L !1ong h.p chW! l=M X00{ - o9(o8{ ^ 20(22{
<$ c#M
% ,
% ,
%
n ,
$ %
$ %
%
Cl
22 20
o8 o9 O NO

L ^ 9n
Chf c# chp n ^ N F= L ^ 2o HIlJ l= ph} h.p+
r?y c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ mu"i l= IlCl
N
+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8OU L>! mu"i c# c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y l= S@
2
!1ong # S@ chi&m VV(X{ !h@o %h"i l.ng+ c
Znh c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ mu"i F= Fi&! N ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !19c !i&p !2o !h=nh mu"i
S@
2
+
Bigi
- { %h"i l.ng c;$ !1ong h.p chW! l=M X00{ - VV(X{ ^ OO(9{
<$ c#M
% ,
% , % .
%
% .
$ %
$ %
5
3e
5
3e
5
X VV
9 OO
Ol
2 2

M

^ NO(O
r?y l= nguyn !" Clo( c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$ mu"i l= S@Cl
2
+
- A$ ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !19c !i&p !2o !h=nh S@Cl
2
l=M
S@ _ 2HCl S@Cl
2
_ H
2
HXJ
S@ _ CuCl
2
S@Cl
2
_ Cu H2J
S@,G
V
_ A$Cl
2
S@Cl
2
_ A$,G
V
HNJ
[8Od L>! mu"i c# c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y l= S@
N
+ Cho dung dZch ch'$ X(N0 gam S@
N
!c dCng
Fi l.ng d dung dZch IgDG
N
!hu .c N(VVV gam %&! !;$+ c Znh c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y c;$
mu"i F= Fi&! 2 ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !19c !i&p !2o !h=nh mu"i S@
N
+
Bigi
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
S@
N
_ NIgDG
N
S@HDG
N
J
N
_ NIg HXJ
- Bi x l= s" mol c;$ S@
N
( !h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng HXJ !h: s" mol c;$ Ig l= Nx mol+
- <$ c# h ph4ng !1:nhM
N
3e5
m
^ HOl _ NM

J+x ^ X(N0 gam


>/5
m
^ HX08 _ M

J +Nx ^ N(VVV gam


M

^ NO(O F= x ^ 0(008 mol+ r?y nguyn !" l= Clo F= mu"i l= S@Cl


N
+
- H$i ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !19c !i&p !2o !h=nh S@Cl
N
l=M
2S@ _ NCl
2
2S@Cl
N
HXJ
S@
2
H,G
V
J
N
_ NA$Cl
2
2S@Cl
N
_ NA$,G
V
H2J
[8Vf Ho= !$n X8(V gam hn h.p h$i %im lo2i ho !1Z zz F= zzz bng dung dZch $Ei! HCl d !hu .c
dung dZch I F= %h7 A+ Chi$ %h7 A l=m h$i phbn bng nh$u+ 0"! chy ho=n !o=n m>! phbn
!hu .c V(O gam nc+
$+ Hei %hi c3 c2n dung dZch I !hu .c b$o nhiu gam mu"i %h$n
b+ 0@m phbn 2 cho phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi %h7 clo 1i cho sgn phim hWp !hC F=o 200(0 ml
dung dZch D$GH 20{ Hd ^ X(20 gamjmlJ+ <7nh nng > { c;$ cc chW! !1ong dung dZch
!hu .c+
BigiM
Bi %im lo2i ho !1Z zz l= c# s" mol !1ong X8(V gam hn h.p l= x mol#
Bi %im lo2i ho !1Z zzz l= c# s" mol !1ong X8(V gam hn h.p l= y mol#
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
_ 2HCl Cl
2
_ H
2
HXJ
2 _ lHCl 2Cl
N
_ NH
2
H2J
sung dZch I ch'$ Cl
2
( Cl
N
F= HCl c# !h6 d( %h7 A l= H
2
+
0"! chy m>! nY$ %h7 A
2H
2
_ G
2
o
t
2H
2
G HNJ
$+ <h@o cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !p HXJ - HNJM
$ol , B O n
,
B O n n
# # O #
O 0
2
N
X8
O V
2
N
2
X
2
X
2 2 2

,
_

+
,
_

+
," mol HCl !h$m gi$ phgn 'ngM
mol n n 0 X
2
N
2 2
2
, B O
# #Cl

,
_

+
<h@o Znh lu?! bgo !o=n %h"i l.ng( %hi c3 c2n dung dZch I l.ng mu"i !hu .c l=M
gam m m m 9 ON O 0 2 0 X O Nl V X8
N 2
%h$n mu"i
, , . , . , ,
^Cl 5Cl
+ +
b+ Phbn 2 !c dCng Fi cloM
H
2
_ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl HVJ
HWp !hC HCl F=o dung dZch D$GHM
HCl _ D$GH D$Cl _ H
2
G HOJ
," mol HClM $ol , B O
n
n
#
#Cl
O 0
2
N
2
2
2

,
_

+
," mol D$GHM
$ol ,
% .
% . , . ,
n
NaO#
2 X
X00 V0
20 2 X 0 200

n
HCl
| n
D$GH
D$GH d
<1ong dung dZch !hu .c gm D$GH d F= D$Cl c# s" molM
n
D$GH d
^ X(2 - 0(O ^ 0(o mol F= n
D$Cl
^ n
HCl
^ 0(O mol
Rh"i l.ng dung dZch !hu .cM
m
dd
^ 200(0+X(2 _ Nl(O+0(O ^ 2O8(2O gam
Dng > cc chW! !1ong dung dZchM
% , % .
,
, .
% C
% , % .
,
, . ,
% C
NaO#
NaCl
8V X0 X00
2O 2O8
o 0 V0
NN XX X00
2O 2O8
O 0 O O8



[8VO <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 clo !hu .c n iu %in !iu chuin %hi un n#ng nhw X(O8 gam
RLnG
V
Fi dung dZch $Ei! clohi1ic hc d+
Bigi
- ," mol c;$ RLnG
V
M
V
K%nO
n
^
XO8
O8 X,
^ 0(0X0 mol
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
2RLnG
V
_ XlHCl
o
t
2RCl _ 2LnCl
2
_ OCl
2
_ 8H
2
G HXJ
- <h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng HXJ s" mol c;$ Cl
2
sinh 1$M
2
Cl
n
^
2
O
V
K%nO
n
^ 0(02O mol
- <h6 !7ch %h7 Cl
2
!hu .cM
2
Cl
e
^ 22(V+0(02O ^ 0(Ol l?t
[8VV <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 clo !hu .c n iu %in !iu chuin %hi un n#ng nhw 2(lX gam
LnG
2
Fi dung dZch $Ei! clohi1ic hc d+ Q.ng clo n=y phgn 'ng h&! b$o nhiu g$m sv! %im
lo2i+
Bigi
- ," mol c;$ LnG
2
M
2
%nO
n
^
8o
lX 2,
^ 0(0N0 mol
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
LnG
2
_ VHCl
o
t
LnCl
2
_ Cl
2
_ 2H
2
G HXJ
- <h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng HXJ s" mol c;$ Cl
2
sinh 1$M
2
Cl
n
^
2
%nO
n
^ 0(0N0 mol
- <h6 !7ch %h7 Cl
2
!hu .cM
2
Cl
e
^ 22(V+0(0N0 ^ 0(lo2 l?t
- Phgn 'ng Fi S@M
NCl
2
_ 2S@ 2S@Cl
N
H2J
n
S@
^
N
2
2
Cl
n
^ 0(02 mol
- Rh"i l.ng sv! !h$m gi$ phgn 'ngM
m
S@
^ Ol+0(02 ^ X(X2 gam
[8V[ 0in ph*n c# m=ng ngn dung dZch D$Cl bo ho= bng d8ng in m>! chiu !hu .c
NN(l l?t %h7 clo n iu %in !iu chuin+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mu"i dung dZch nc Bi$ - F@n !hu -
.c %hi cho l.ng %h7 clo n=y phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi 200(0 gam dung dZch D$GH l0{+
Bigi
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng in ph*nM
2D$Cl
Hdd bo ho=J
_ 2H
2
G 2D$GH _ Cl
2
_ H
2
HXJ
- ," mol c;$ Cl
2
!hu .cM
2
Cl
n
^
V 22
l NN
,
,
^ X(O mol
- ," mol c;$ D$GH c# !1ong 200(0 gam dung dZchM
n
D$GH
^
% .
% . ,
X00 V0
l0 0 200
^ N(0 mol
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ian phn c7 m#n%
n%n
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
- Phgn 'ng c;$ clo Fi D$GHM
Cl
2
_ 2D$GH D$Cl _ D$ClG _ H
2
G H2J
- ," mol D$GH gWp h$i lbn s" mol Cl
2
nn phgn 'ng Fp$ ; +
- Rh"i l.ng dung dZch nc Bi$ - F@n !hu .cM
m ^ m
dung dZch D$GH
_
2
Cl
m
^ 200(0 _ oX+0(XO ^ N(l(O gam
[8V\ <i&n h=nh in ph*n c# m=ng ngn dung dZch D$Cl bo ho= bng d8ng in m>!
chiu !hu .c NN(l m
.
%h7 clo n iu %in !iu chuin+ <7nh %h"i l.ng mu"i D$Cl @m
in ph*n( F= !7nh %h"i l.ng D$GH !hu .c !1ong /u !1:nh in ph*n+ Ai&! hiu suW! !hu
hi %h7 clo l= 9O{+
Bigi
- ," mol c;$ Cl
2
!hu .cM
2
Cl
n
^
V 22
l NN
,
,
+X0
N
^ X(O+X0
N
mol
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng in ph*nM
2D$Cl
Hdd bo ho=J
_ 2H
2
G 2D$GH _ Cl
2
_ H
2
HXJ
- ," mol c;$ D$Cl @m in ph*n F= s" mol D$GH !hu .cM
n
D$Cl
^ n
D$GH
^ 2
2
Cl
n
^ X+X(O+X0
N
^ N+X0
N
mol
- Rh"i l.ng D$Cl cbn d}ngM
m
D$Cl
^ N+X0
N
+O8(O+
%
%
9O
X00
^X8V(oV+X0
N
gam ^ X8V(oV kg
- Rh"i l.ng D$GH !c dCngM
m
D$GH
^ N+X0
N
+V0+
%
%
9O
X00
^X2l(N2+X0
N
gam ^ X2l(N2 kg
[8V` Ho=n !h=nh cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !h@o s4 bi&n ho s$uM
Cl
2

2
#
HCl
2
) O# ( Ca
C$Cl
2
D$Cl D$Cl D$Cl C$CG
N
D$
O #
2
D$GH
2
CO
D$
2
CG
N
Bigi
Cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
2D$Cl 2D$ _ Cl
2
HXJ
2D$ _ Cl
2
2D$Cl H2J
H
2
_ Cl
2
o
t
2HCl HNJ
2D$ _ 2H
2
G 2D$GH _ H
2
HVJ
HCl _ D$GH D$Cl _ H
2
G HOJ
2HCl _ C$HGHJ
2
C$Cl
2
_ 2H
2
G HlJ
CG
2
_ 2D$GH D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G HoJ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ian phn c7 m#n%
n%n
ian phn n7n% chM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
D$
2
CG
N
_ C$Cl
2
C$CG
N
_ 2D$Cl H8J
[8VS Rim c4ng l=M
$+ H.p chW! c;$ c$cbon Fi %im lo2i
b+ Q= h.p chW! c;$ c$cbon Fi phi %im
c+ L>! d2ng !h} h:nh c;$ c$cbon
d+ Cg $ F= b u )ng
T#p #n: c )ng+
[8VT Chn c*u )ng !1ong cc c*u s$uM
$+ Cc d2ng !h} h:nh )ng c;$ c$cbon l=M %im c4ng( !h$n ch: F= !h$n g+
b+ Cc d2ng !h} h:nh )ng c;$ c$cbon l=M %im c4ng( !h$n ch: F= c$cbon F3 Znh h:nh+
c+ Cc d2ng !h} h:nh )ng c;$ c$cbon l=M %im c4ng( !h$n ch: F= !h$n ho2! !7nh+
d+ Cc d2ng !h} h:nh )ng c;$ c$cbon l=M %im c4ng( !h$n ch: F= !h$n +
T#p #n: b )ng+
[8VU Rhg nng hWp phC c$o l= hc !7nh c;$M
$+ <h$n b+ Rim c4ng
c+ <h$n ch: d+ <h$n ho2! !7nh
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8Vd <1ong cc phgn 'ng ho hc s$uM
C _ G
2
o
t
CG
2
_ HXJ
C _ 2CuG
o
t
CG
2
_ 2Cu H2J
c$cbon lu3n l=M
$+ ChW! oEi ho b+ ChW! %hY
c+ Q= chW! oEi ho F= chW! %hY d+ Rh3ng l= chW! oEi ho F= chW! %hY T#p #n: b
)ng+
[8[f C$cbon oEi! HCGJ l=M
$+ GEi! $Ei! b+ GEi! b$K4
c+ GEi! !1ung !7nh d+ GEi! lng !7nh
T#p #n: c )ng+
[8[O <1ong cc phgn 'ng ho hc s$uM
2CG _ G
2
o
t
2CG
2
_ HXJ
CG _ CuG
o
t
CG
2
_ Cu H2J
c$cbon oEi! lu3n l=M
$+ ChW! oEi ho b+ Rh3ng l= chW! oEi ho F= chW! %hY
c+ Q= chW! oEi ho F= chW! %hY d+ ChW! %hY
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8[V C$cbon ioEi! Hh$y c8n gi l= $nhi1i! c$cbonic( %h7 c$cbonicM CG
2
J l=M
$+ GEi! $Ei! b+ GEi! b$K4
c+ GEi! !1ung !7nh d+ GEi! lng !7nh
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
T#p #n: $ )ng+
[8[[ Dguyn !" ~ !2o !h=nh Fi hi1o m>! h.p chW! c# c3ng !h'c ph*n !Y ~H
V
+ ~ l= nguyn !"
n=o !1ong cc nguyn !" s$uM
$+ , b+ ,i c+ C d+ P
T#p #n: $ )ng+
[8[\ HWp !hC !o=n b> 2(2V l?t %h7 CG
2
Ho n %!cJ F=o X00(0 ml dung dZch D$GH X(O M+
sung dZch !hu .c ch'$ nhcng mu"i n=o
$+ D$HCG
N
b+ D$
2
CG
N
c+ D$HCG
N
F= D$
2
CG
N
d+ Phgn 'ng %h3ng !2o mu"i
T#p #n: c )ng+
[8[` L>! Fin !h$n !- ong c# %h"i l.ng NO0(0 gam ch'$ l0{ c$cbon !h@o %h"i l.ng+ <7nh
nhi! l.ng !og 1$ %hi "! chy ho=n !o=n m>! Fin !h$n n=y+ Ai&! %hi
"! chy X mol c$cbon sinh 1$ l.ng nhi! l= N9V kk+
Bigi
- Phgn 'ng chyM
C _ G
2
o
t
CG
2
_
- ," mol c$cbon c# !1ong m>! Fin !h$n !- ong l=M
n
C
^
% .
% .
X00 X2
l0 NO0
^ Xo(O mol
- Q.ng nhi! !og 1$ %hi "! chy ho=n !o=n m>! Fin !h$n !- ong l=M
^ Xo(O+N9V ^ l89O kk
[8[S <7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 CG cbn lWy n iu %in !iu chuin 6 %hY h&! 8(0 g$m CuG+ Ai&!
1ng hiu suW! phgn 'ng %hY l= 80{+
Bigi
- ," mol CuGM
n
CuG
^
80
0 8,
^ 0(X0 mol
- Phgn 'ng %hY CuG
CG _ CuG
o
t
CG
2
_ Cu
- <h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng s" mol CG bng s" mol CuGM
n
CG
^ n
CuG
^ 0(X0 mol
- <h6 !7ch CG cbn lWyM
n
CG
^
%
% . , . ,
80
X00 V 22 X0 0
^ 2(80 l?t
[8[T sxn 22(V l?t hn h.p %h7 I gm CG F= CG
2
/u$ dung dZch D$GH d !hWy c# X(X2 l?t
%h7 !ho! 1$+ <7nh { !h@o !h6 !7ch F= { !h@o %h"i l .ng c;$ hn h.p %h7 I+ Ai&! cc !h6 !7ch
u o n iu %in !iu chuin+
Bigi
- Bi s" mol %h7 CG !1ong hn h.p I l= x mol#
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
- Bi s" mol %h7 CG
2
!1ong hn h.p I l= y mol#
- Rhi cho hn h.p %h7 I /u$ dung dZch D$GHM
CG
2
_ 2D$GH D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G
- Rh7 i 1$ %hei dung dZch l= CG
- <$ c# cc ph4ng !1:nhM
n
I
^ n
CG
_
2
CO
n
^ x _ y ^
V 22
V 22
,
,
^ X(0 mol
n
CG
^ x ^
V 22
2V 2
,
,
^ 0(X0 mol
2
CO
n
^ y ^ 0(90 mol
- { !h@o !h6 !7ch cc %h7 !1ong hn h.p IM
% % .
,
,
% .
CO
90 X00
0 X
9 0
X00
2

+

y x
y
On
% % .
,
,
% .
CO
X0 X00
0 X
X 0
X00
+

y x
x
On
- { !h@o %h"i l.ng cc %h7 !1ong hn h.p IM
% , % .
, . , .
, .
% .
CO
V 9N X00
9 0 VV X 0 28
9 0 VV
X00
VV 28
VV
2

+

y x
y
Om
% , % .
, . , .
, .
% .
CO
l l X00
9 0 VV X 0 28
X 0 28
X00
VV 28
28

y x
x
Om
[8[U sxn !p !p Xl(8 l7! %h7 CG
2
F=o l00(0 ml dung dZch C$HGHJ
2
X(0 M+ <7nh %h"i l.ng %&!
!;$ !hu .c+
Bigi
- ," mol %h7 CG
2
M
2
CO
n
^
V 22
8 Xl
,
,
^ 0(oO mol#
- ," mol C$HGHJ
2
!1ong dung dZchM
2
) O# ( Ca
n
^ 0(l+X(0 ^ 0(l0 mol#
- ," mol %h7 CG
2
ln h4n s" mol C$HGHJ
2
nn !2o !h=nh 2 mu"iM
CG
2
_ C$HGHJ
2
C$CG
N
_ H
2
G HXJ
CG
2
_ C$CG
N
_ H
2
G C$HHCG
N
J
2
H2J
- Bi s" mol mu"i C$CG
N
l= x mol#
- Bi s" mol mu"i C$HHCG
N
J
2
y mol#
- <$ c# cc ph4ng !1:nhM

2
) O# ( Ca
n
^ x ^ y

^ 0(l0 mol
2
CO
n
^ x ^ $y ^ 0(oO mol#

N
CaCO
n
^ x ^ 0(VO mol
- Rh"i l.ng %&! !;$ C$CG
N
M m ^ X00+0(VO ^ VO(0 gam
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8[d Hn h.p %h7 I gm CG F= CG
2
F= %h7 + c Znh %h7 c# !1ong hn h.p bi&! 1ng
!1ong hn h.p %h7 I %h7 CG c# s" mol gWp N lbn s" mol %h7 CG
2
F= hn h.p %h7 I c# %h"i l-
.ng mol !1ung b:nh l= N2+
Bigi
- Big sY hn h.p I c# !-ng s" mol %h7 l= X(0 mol# Bi s" mol CG
2
!1ong hn h.p l= x mol` %hi
# s" mol CG l= Nx F= s" mol %h7 l= X(0 - Vx#
- Rh"i l.ng mol !1ung b:nh c;$ hn h.pM

X
V 0 X N 28 VV ) , ( .
>
x M x x
M
h
+ +
^ N2
N2
V 0 X
V 0 X N2
V 0 X
X28 N2


x
x
x
x
M
h
,
) , (
,
l= %h7 c# %h"i l.ng mol l= N2 chf c# !h6 l= G
2
+
[8\f sxn !p !p l(o2 l7! %h7 CG
2
F=o N00(0 ml dung dZch D$GH X(20 M+
$+ <7nh !-ng %h"i l.ng cc mu"i !1ong dung dZch !hu .c+
b+ <7nh %h"i l.ng %&! !;$ %hi cho A$Cl
2
d F=o dung dZch s$u lhi hWp !hC CG
2
+
Bigi
$- ," mol %h7 CG
2
M
2
CO
n
^
V 22
o2 l
,
,
^ 0(N0 mol#
- ," mol D$GH !1ong dung dZchM
n
D$GH
^ 0(N+X(20 ^ 0(Nl mol#
2
CO
n
| n
D$GH
| 2
2
CO
n
nn !2o !h=nh 2 mu"iM
CG
2
_ 2D$GH D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G HXJ
CG
2
_ D$
2
CG
N
_ H
2
G 2D$HCG
N
H2J
- Bi s" mol mu"i D$
2
CG
N
l= x mol#
- Bi s" mol mu"i D$HCG
N
y mol#
- <$ c# cc ph4ng !1:nhM
n
D$GH
^ 2x ^ y ^ 0(Nl mol#
2
CO
n
^ x ^ y ^ 0(N0 mol#
x ^ 0(0l mol F= y ^ 0(2V mol
- Rh"i l.ng mu"i !1ong dung dZch !hu .cM
m ^
N N 2
Na#CO CO Na
m m +
^ X0l+0(0l _ 8V+0(2V ^ 2l(O2 gam
b+ <7nh %h"i l.ng %&! !;$M
A$Cl
2
_ D$
2
CG
N
2D$Cl _ A$CG
N
HNJ

N
?aCO
m
^ X9o+0(0l ^ XX(82 gam
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8\O Cho O(l l?t hn h.p %h7 D
2
F= CG
2
Ho n %!cJ i ch?m /u$ O(0 l?t dung dZch nc F3i
!1ong ch'$ C$HGHJ
2
0(02 M( !hu .c O(0 gam %&! !;$+ <7nh !h=nh phbn { !h@o !h6 !7ch hn
h.p %h7+
Bigi
- Bi s" mol CG
2
!1ong hn h.p %h7 l= x mol#
- Bi s" mol D
2
!1ong hn h.p %h7 y mol#
n
hn h.p
^ x ^ y ^
V 22
l O
,
,
^ 0(2O mol HzJ
- ," mol C$HGHJ
2
!1ong dung dZchM
2
) O# ( Ca
n
^ 0(02+O(0 ^ 0(X0 mol#
- Phgn 'ng Egy 1$ %hi cho hn h.p %h7 i /u$ dung dZch C$HGHJ
2
M
CG
2
_ C$HGHJ
2
C$CG
N
_ H
2
G HXJ
CG
2
_ C$CG
N
_ H
2
G C$HHCG
N
J
2
H2J
- ," mol mu"i C$CG
N
%&! !;$M

N
CaCO
n
^
X00
0 O,
^ 0(0O mol |
2
) O# ( Ca
n
nn c# h$i !1jng h.p+
<1jng h.p XM CG
2
!hi&u nn chf c# phgn 'ng HXJ Egy 1$
2
CO
n
^ x ^
N
CaCO
n
^ 0(0O mol
2
N
n
^ y ^ 0(20 mol
% .
,
,
CO
X00
2O 0
0O 0
2
Oe
^ 20{
% .
,
,
N
X00
2O 0
20 0
2
Oe
^ 80{
<1jng h.p 2M CG
2
d nn c# cg phgn 'ng HXJ F= phgn 'ng H2J Egy 1$
2
CO
n
^ x ^
N
CaCO
n
_ 2
2 N
) #CO ( Ca
n
mh! %hcM
2
) O# ( Ca
n
^
N
CaCO
n
_
2 N
) #CO ( Ca
n
^ 0(X0 mol
2
N
n
^ y ^ 0(20

2
CO
n
^ x ^ 0(XO mol F=
2
N
n
^ y ^ 0(X0 mol
% .
,
,
CO
X00
2O 0
XO 0
2
Oe
^ l0{
% .
,
,
N
X00
2O 0
X0 0
2
Oe
^ V0{
[8\V Rh7 CG
2
%h3ng duy !1: s9 chy( nhng h4n %h3ng %h7 F: F?y c# !h6 sY dCng l=m %h7
chc$ chy+ <7nh !h6 !7ch Ho n %!cJ %h7 CG
2
!2o 1$ .c %hi dung b:nh c'u hog c# dung
dZch ch'$ 980(0 gam H
2
,G
V
!c dCng Fi dung dZch D$HCG
N
d+
Bigi
- Phgn 'ng !2o %h7 CG
2
!1ong b:nh c'u hogM
H
2
,G
V
_ 2D$HCG
N
D$
2
,G
V
_ 2CG
2
_ 2H
2
G
- ," mol H
2
,G
V
c# !1ong b:nh c'u hogM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
V 2
"O #
n
^
98
980
^ X0 mol
- ," mol %h7 CG
2
!2o 1$M
2
CO
n
^ 2
V 2
"O #
n
^ 20(0 mol
- <h6 !7ch %h7 CG
2
!2o 1$M
2
CO
e
^ 20+22(V ^ VV8 l?t
[8\[ Rh7 CG
2
l= m>! !1ong cc %h7 g*y 1$ hiu 'ng nh= %7nh l=m cho !1i W! n#ng dbn ln
gnh hnng %h3ng !"! &n s'c %ho[ c;$ con ngji+ Hy !7nh %h"i l.ng F= !h6 !7ch Ho n %!cJ
%h7 CG
2
!hgi 1$ m3i !1jng %hi sgn suW! m>! !Wn F3i HC$GJ !p F3i+
Bigi
- Phgn 'ng nung F3iM
C$CG
N

o
t
CG
2
_ C$G
- <h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng s" mol CG bng s" mol CuGM
2
CO
n
^ n
C$G
^
Ol
0 X,
+X0
l
^ X(o8Oo+X0
V
mol
- Rh"i l.ng CG
2
!hgi 1$ m3i !1jngM
2
CO
m
^ X(o8Oo+X0
V
+VV ^ o(8Oo+X0
O
gam ^ 0(o8Oo t"n
- <h6 !7ch %h7 CG
2
!hgi 1$ m3i !1jngM
2
CO
e
^ X(o8Oo+X0
V
+22(V ^ N9999l(8 l?t V00 m
.
[8\\ Ho=n !h=nh cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !h@o s4 bi&n ho s$uM
CG
2

2
) O# ( ?a
A$HHCG
N
J
2

NaO#
D$
2
CG
N
C$CG
N
C$CG
N
C$CG
N
C$CG
N
C$G
O #
2
C$HGHJ
2

#Cl
C$Cl
2
Bigi
Cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ngM
C$CG
N

o
t
CG
2
_ C$G HXJ
A$HGHJ
2
_ 2CG
2
A$HHCG
N
J
2
H2J
A$HHCG
N
J
2
_ 2D$GH A$CG
N
_ D$
2
CG
N
_ 2H
2
G HNJ
C$G _ H
2
G C$HGHJ
2
HVJ
2HCl _ C$HGHJ
2
C$Cl
2
_ 2H
2
G HOJ
CG
2
_ C$G C$CG
N
HlJ
A$HHCG
N
J
2
_ C$HGHJ
2
A$CG
N
_ C$CG
N
_ 2H
2
G HoJ
D$
2
CG
N
_ C$Cl
2
C$CG
N
_ 2D$Cl H8J
[8\` C*u n=o s$u *y ho=n !o=n )ngM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
$+ ,ilic l= nguyn !" ph- bi&n nhW! !1ong !hin nhin( c# %hg nng dxn in !"!( n# c# !7nh
phi %im y&u h4n c$cbon+
b+ ,ilic l= nguyn !" c# nhiu nhW! !1ong Fe !1i W! nhng chf ph- bi&n !h' h$i !1ong !hin
nhin( c# %hg nng dxn in %ym( n# c# !7nh phi %im y&u h4n c$cbon+
c+ ,ilic l= nguyn !" ph- bi&n nhW! !1ong !hin nhin( c# %hg nng dxn in !"!( n# c# !7nh
%im lo2i y&u h4n c$cbon+
d+ Cg c*u $ F= c*u b u )ng+
T#p #n: b )ng+
[8\S <h=nh phbn ch7nh !1ong Ei mng l=M
$+ C$nEi silic$! F= n$!1i silic$!
b+ Dh3n silic$! F= %$li silic$!
c+ Dh3m silic$! F= c$nEi silic$!
d+ C$nEi silic$! F= c$nEi $lumin$!
T#p #n: d )ng+
[8\T <h=nh phbn ch7nh !1ong !hum !inh F3 c4M
$+ C$nEi silic$! F= n$!1i silic$!
b+ Dh3n silic$! F= %$li silic$!
c+ R$li silic$! F= n$!1i silic$!
d+ C$nEi silic$! F= c$nEi $lumin$!
T#p #n: $ )ng+
[8\U Ho=n !h=nh cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng !1ong cc gi$i o2n ch7nh c;$ /u !1:nh sgn suW!
!hum !inhM
$+ C$CG
N

o
t
T
b+ C$G _ ,iG
2

o
t
T
c+ D$
2
CG
N
_ ,iG
2

o
t
T
Bigi
$+ C$CG
N

o
t
CG
2
_ C$G
b+ C$G _ ,iG
2

o
t
C$,iG
N
c+ D$
2
CG
N
_ ,iG
2

o
t
D$
2
,iG
N
_ CG
2
[8\d Rhi nWu chgy D$GH %h$n Fi silic dioEi! !hWy !ho! 1$ V(O gam h4i nc+ <7nh %h"i l.ng
mu"i n$!1i silic$! !2o !h=nh+
Bigi
- Ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$ %hi nWu chgyM
2D$GH _ ,iG
2

o
t
D$
2
,iG
N
_ H
2
G
- ," mol D$
2
,iG
N
!2o !h=nh bng s" mol H
2
G sinh 1$M
X8
O V
2 N 2
,
O # "iO Na
n n
^ 0(2O mol
- Rh"i l.ng D$
2
,iG
N
!2o !h=nhM

N 2
"iO Na
m
28+0(2O ^ o(0 gam
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
[8`f Dguyn liu !h3ng !hjng 6 nWu !hum !inh l= sod$ HD$
2
CG
N
J( F3i F= c! H,iG
2
J+ <7nh
%h"i l.ng cbn !hi&! c;$ cc nguyn liu 6 nWu .c 0(2N9 t"n !hum !inh c# !h=nh phbn 'ng
Fi c3ng !h'c D$
2
G+C$G+l,iG
2
+
Bigi
- <hum !inh c# !h=nh phbn 'ng Fi c3ng !h'c D$
2
G+C$G+l,iG
2
c# !h6 Fi&! di d2ng mu"i F=
oEi! nh s$uM D$
2
,iG
N
+C$,iG
N
+V,iG
2
+
- ," mol !hum !inh D$
2
G+C$G+l,iG
2
h$y D$
2
,iG
N
+C$,iG
N
+V,iG
2
+
n ^
Vo8
2N9 0,
+X0
l
^ O00 mol
- Cc phgn 'ng Egy 1$ %hi nWu !hum !inhM
C$CG
N

o
t
CG
2
_ C$G
C$G _ ,iG
2

o
t
C$,iG
N
D$
2
CG
N
_ ,iG
2

o
t
D$
2
,iG
N
_ CG
2
- Rh"i l.ng cc nguyn liu cbn lWyM

N 2
CO Na
m
O00+ X0l ^ ON000 gam ^ ON kg

N
CaCO
m
O00+ X00 ^ O0000 gam ^ O0 kg

2
"iO
m
l+O00+ l0 ^ X80000 gam ^ X80 kg
[8`O L>! lo2i !hum !inh ph$ l c# !h=nh phbn 'ng Fi c3ng !h'cM
X20,iG
2
+Il
2
H,iG
N
J
N
+NC$,iG
N
+2OPb,iG
N
+20D$
2
,iG
N
+22+R
2
,iG
N
+
Hy !7nh !h=nh phbn phbn !1m c;$ ,i c# !1ong !hum !inh ph$ l !1n F= { /uy !h@o ,iG
2
+
Bigi
- 06 d5 d=ng cho !7nh %h"i l.ng ,i !1ong !hum !inh !$ c# !h6 Fi&!M
X20,iG
2
+Il
2
H,iG
N
J
N
+NC$,iG
N
+2OPb,iG
N
+20D$
2
,iG
N
+22+R
2
,iG
N
gn l2i nh s$uM
D$
V0
R
VV
IlC$
N
Pb
2O
,i
X9N
G
VO9
- H=m l.ng { c;$ ,iM
{m
,i
^
% .
.
X00
20o0l
X9N 28
^2l(X{
- H=m l.ng { c;$ ,iG
2
M
{m
,i
^
% .
.
X00
20o0l
X9N l0
^OO(9{
[8`V Dguyn !vc svp E&p cc nguyn !" !1ong bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hc hin
n$y l=M
$+ <h@o chiu %h"i l.ng nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
b+ <h@o chiu in !7ch h2! nh*n nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
c+ <h@o chiu !7nh %im lo2i c;$ cc nguyn !" !ng dbn+
d+ <h@o chiu !7nh phi %im c;$ cc nguyn !" !ng dbn+
T#p #n: b )ng
[8`[ <1ong bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hc( 3 nguyn !" cho bi&!M
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
$+ ," hiu nguyn !Y c;$ nguyn !" Hs" !h' !9 c;$ nguyn !" !1ong bgng !ubn ho=n cc
nguyn !" ho hc( h$y in !7ch h2! nh*n nguyn !Y c;$ nguyn !"J+
b+ R7 hiu nguyn !Y nguyn !" ho hc+
c+ Dguyn !Y %h"i c;$ nguyn !"+
d+ Cg b$ iu !1n+
T#p #n: c )ng
[8`\ <1ong bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hcM
$+ Chu %: l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" lp @l@c!1on .c svp E&p !h@o chiu %h"i l.ng
nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
b+ Chu %: l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" lp @l@c!1on .c svp E&p !h@o chiu in !7ch h2!
nh*n nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
c+ Chu %: l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng .c svp E&p !h@o chiu
in !7ch h2! nh*n nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
d+ Chu %: l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng .c svp E&p !h@o chiu
%h"i l.ng nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
T#p #n: b )ng
[8`` <1ong bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hcM
$+ Dh#m l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" lp @l@c!1on .c svp E&p !h@o chiu %h"i l.ng
nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
b+ Dh#m l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" lp @l@c!1on .c svp E&p !h@o chiu in !7ch h2!
nh*n nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
c+ Dh#m l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng .c svp E&p !h@o chiu
in !7ch h2! nh*n nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
d+ Dh#m l= dy cc nguyn !" c# c}ng s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng .c svp E&p !h@o chiu
%h"i l.ng nguyn !Y !ng dbn+
T#p #n: c )ng
[8`S R&! lu?n n=o s$u *y ho=n !o=n )ngM
$+ <1ong m>! chu %:M s" lp @l@c!1on !ng dbn( !7nh %im lo2i gigm dbn ng !hji !7nh phi %im
!ng dbn+
b+ <1ong m>! chu %:M s" lp @l@c!1on !ng dbn( !7nh phi %im gigm dbn ng !hji !7nh %im lo2i
!ng dbn+
c+ <1ong m>! chu %:M s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng !ng dbn( !7nh phi %im gigm dbn ng !hji
!7nh %im lo2i !ng dbn+
d+ <1ong m>! chu %:M s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng !ng dbn( !7nh %im lo2i gigm dbn ng !hji
!7nh phi %im !ng dbn+
T#p #n: d )ng
[8`T R&! lu?n n=o s$u *y ho=n !o=n )ngM
$+ <1ong m>! nh#mM s" lp @l@c!1on !ng dbn( !7nh %im lo2i gigm dbn ng !hji !7nh phi %im
!ng dbn+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
b+ <1ong m>! nh#mM s" lp @l@c!1on !ng dbn( !7nh phi %im gigm dbn ng !hji !7nh %im lo2i
!ng dbn+
c+ <1ong m>! nh#mM s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng !ng dbn( !7nh phi %im gigm dbn ng !hji
!7nh %im lo2i !ng dbn+
d+ <1ong m>! nh#mM s" @l@c!1on lp ngo=i c}ng !ng dbn( !7nh %im lo2i gigm dbn ng !hji
!7nh phi %im !ng dbn+
T#p #n: b )ng
[8`U Cho bi&! cch svp E&p n=o )ng !h@o chiu !7nh %im lo2i !ng dbn !1ong cc cch svp
E&p s$uM
$+ D$( R( Lg( A@ b+ R( D$( Lg( A@ c+ A@( Lg( R D$ d+ R( D$( A@( Lg
T#p #n: b )ng
[8`d Cho bi&! cch svp E&p n=o )ng !h@o chiu !7nh phi %im !ng dbn !1ong cc cch svp
E&p s$uM
$+ S
2
( P( ,( Cl
2
b+ P( ,( S
2
( Cl
2
c+ S
2
( Cl
2
( ,( P d+ S
2
( Cl
2
( P( ,
T#p #n: c )ng
[8Sf R&! lu?n n=o s$u *y ho=n !o=n )ngM
$+ Ai&! FZ !17 c;$ m>! nguyn !" !1ong bgng !ubn ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hc c# !h6 bi&!
cWu !2o nguyn !Y F= d9 on !7nh chW! ho hc c;$ n#+
b+ Chf cho bi&! %7 hiu ho hc c;$ nguyn !" F= %h"i l.ng nguyn !Y c;$ n#+
c+ Ai&! cWu !2o nguyn !Y c;$ m>! nguyn !" c# !h6 bi&! FZ !17 c;$ n# !1ong bgng !ubn
ho=n cc nguyn !" ho hc F= c# !h6 d9 on !7nh chW! ho hc c;$ n#+
d+ R&! lu?n $ F= c )ng+
T#p #n: d )ng
1 3im t,a chng [
@Th.i gian \` "hctA
CMu O: H. &i9mJ
Cho cc phgn 'ng s$uM
I
H%J
_ H
2 H%J
A
H%J
A
dd
_
o
t
I
H%J
_ _ H
2
G
I _ L _ D _ H
2
G
I l= chW! n=o cho di *yM
$+ , b+ P c+ D
2
d+ Cl
2
CMu V: H. &i9mJ
X+ ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng cho dy bi&n ho s$uM
~
+
o
t , O
2

+
2
) O# ( Ca
s
o
t
C$CG
N
2+ Du !7nh chW! ho hc chung c;$ phi %im+ QWy F7 dC minh ho2
CMu [: H5 &i9mJ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
<7nh !h6 !7ch %h7 clo !hu .c Ho n %!cJ %hi cho X(oV gam LnG
2
!c dCng Fi l.ng d
dung dZch HCl hc( un n#ng nhw+ r= !7nh !h6 !7ch dung dZch D$GH 0(X0 M cbn 6
phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi l.ng %h7 clo !hu .c n !1n+
ChoM Ln ^ OO( G ^ Xl( R ^ N9( Cl ^ NO(O( H ^ X
1 3im t,a chng [
@Th.i gian \` "hctA
CMu O: H. &i9mJ
Q.ng clo !hu .c %hi cho 2V(O gam RClG
N
phgn 'ng ho=n !o=n Fi l.ng d dung dZch HCl hc
Hhiu suW! !hu %h7 clo 9O{J phgn 'ng .c Fi b$o nhiu gam sv!
$+ 22(V gam b+ NN(l gam c+ 2X(2 gam d+ NX(92 gam
Ai&! 1ng RClG
N
phgn 'ng Fi HCl !h@o ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng s$uM
RClG
N
_ lHCl RCl _ NCl
2
CMu V: H. &i9mJ
ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng cho dy bi&n ho s$uM
CG
2

) (2
C$HHCG
N
J
N
HXJ
C HVJ HOJ CG
2
HlJ H8J
CG
) (o
D$
2
CG
N
CMu [: H5 &i9mJ
Dhi! ph*n NX(l gam RLnG
V
m>! !hji gi$n !hu .c hn h.p 1vn I c# %h"i l.ng nhe h4n
%h"i l.ng RLnG
V
lWy l= 0(8 gam+ <7nh !h=nh phbn { !h@o %h"i l.ng hn h.p 1vn I+ F=
!7nh hiu suW! phgn 'ng nhi! ph*n+ D&u @m l.ng RLnG
V
n=y cho !c dCng Fi dung dZch
HCl hc d !h: !hu .c b$o nhiu l?t %h7 clo Ho n %!cJ+
ChoM Ln ^ OO( G ^ Xl( R ^ N9( Cl ^ NO(O( H ^ X

1 3im t,a chng [
@Th.i gian \` "hctA
CMu O: H. &i9mJ
C# b$ l 9ng b$ %h7 1ing bi! l= clo( hi1oclo1u$ F= D
2
+ C# !h6 d}ng m>! chW! n=o !1ong
s" cc chW! s$u 6 ng !hji nh?n bi&! .c cg b$ %h7M
$+ BiWy /ud !7m !im ! b+ sung dich D$GH
c+ sung dZch IgDG
N
d+ sung dich H
2
,G
V

CMu V: H. &i9mJ
Ho=n !h=nh cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng s$uM
$+ CG
2
_ T A$HHCG
N
J
2

b+ LnG
2
_ HCl
hc

o
t
T+
c+ S@,
2
_ G
2

o
t
,G
2
_ T+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
I-H
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
d+ Cu _ T Cu,G
V
_ T
CMu [: H5 &i9mJ
Dung n#ng hn h.p I gm b>! !h$n Hc$cbonJ F= b>! 3ng oEi! H%h3ng c# %h3ng %h7J( ngji
!$ !hu .c %h7 A F= 2(2 gam chW! 1vn s+ sxn %h7 A /u$ dung dZch A$HGHJ
2
d !hWy c# X(9o
gam %&! !;$ !1vng !2o !h=nh+ 0@m phbn chW! 1vn s "! chy !1ong oEi d !hu .c chW! 1vn
c# %h"i l.ng 2(V gam+
- ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng+
- <7nh { %h"i l.ng cc chW! !1ong hn h.p I+
1 3im t,a hc 3- R
@Th.i gian Sf "hctA
CMu O: H. &i9mJ
Cho s4 cc phgn 'ng s$uM
I _ G
2

C t
o
A
A _ G
2

tc xFc , C t
o
C
C _ H
2
G s
s _ A$Cl
2
_ S
I l= chW! n=o !1ong s" cc chW! s$uM
$+ P b+ D
2
c+ , d+ Cl
2

ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$+
CMu V: H. &i9mJ
<p cc nguyn liu b$n bu l=M /uhng sv! py1i! HS@,
2
J( mu"i n( %h3ng %h7( nc( cc chW!
E)c !c F= cc iu %in cbn !hi&! hy Fi&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng iu ch& S@Cl
2
F=
S@HGHJ
N
( S@,G
V
+
CMu [: H5 &i9mJ
Ho= !$n ho=n !o=n X(No g$m hn h.p b>! nh3m F= sv! bng l .ng Fp$ ; dung dZch I
ch'$ H
2
,G
V
0(VO M F= HCl 0(2 M+ Cho dung dZch !hu .c !c dCng Fi X00(0 ml dung dZch
RGH X(V M+ Qc lWy %&! !;$( nung !1ong %h3ng %h7 &n %h"i l.ng %h3ng -i !hu .c m gam
chW! 1vn+ <7nh m F= { !h@o %h"i l.ng %im lo2i !1ong hn h.p b$n bu+
ChoM Il ^ 2o( S@ ^ Ol
1 3im t,a hc 3- R
@Th.i gian Sf "hctA
CMu O: H. &i9mJ
C# b$ l 9ng b$ dung dZch 1ing bi! l= A$Cl
2
( C$HHCG
N
J
2
F= Lg,G
V
bZ mW! nhn+ C#
!h6 d}ng m>! chW! n=o !1ong s" cc chW! s$u 6 ng !hji nh?n bi&! .c cg b$ dung dZchM
$+ sung dZch A$HGHJ
2
b+ sung dich D$GH
c+ sung dZch S@Cl
N
d+ sung dich H
2
,G
V

ri&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng Egy 1$+
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
CMu V: H. &i9mJ
<p cc nguyn liu b$n bu l=M /uhng sv! py1i! HS@,
2
J( mu"i n( %h3ng %h7( nc( cc chW!
E)c !c F= cc iu %in cbn !hi&! hy Fi&! cc ph4ng !1:nh phgn 'ng iu ch& S@Cl
2
F=
S@HGHJ
N
( S@,G
V
+
CMu [: H5 &i9mJ
Cho XN(VV gam b>! ng F=o 2O0(0 ml dung dZch IgDG
N
0(l M+ RhuWy u dung dZch
m>! !hji gi$n( lc lWy chW! 1vn I F= dung dZch A+ ChW! 1vn I 1Y$ s2ch( sWy %h3 c*n nhng
22(Ol gam+
$+ <7nh nng > cc chW! !1ong dung dZch A+ HCoi !h6 !7ch dung dZch %h3ng !h$y -iJ+
b+ Dh)ng !h$nh %im lo2i ~ c# %h"i l.ng XO(0 gam F=o dung dZch A cho &n phgn 'ng ho=n
!o=n !h: !hWy !h$n %im lo2i l)c n=y c*n nhng Xo(20O g$m+ ~ l= %im lo2i n=o cho di *yM
D$ ^2N( Lg ^ 2V( Il ^ 2o( S@ ^Ol( Di ^ O9( Cu ^ lV( Un ^ lO( Ig ^ X08( Pb ^ 20o
e) cho H ^ X( C ^ X2G ^ Xl
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

You might also like