TCH PHN NG LOI 2

NI DUNG
1.nh ngha tp ng loi 2
2.Tnh cht tp ng loi 2
3.Cch tnh tp ng loi 2
4.nh l Green
5.Tch phn khng ph thuc ng i.
NH NGHA
Trong mp Oxy, cho cung AB v 2 hm s P(x,y),
Q(x,y) xc nh trn AB.
Phn hoch AB bi cc im {A
0
, A
2
, .., A
n
}, vi
A
0
= A, A
n
= B. Gi s A
k
= (x
k
, y
k
), k = 0,,n.
Gi Ax
k
= x
k+1
x
k
, Ay
k
= y
k+1
y
k
, k = 0,, n-1.
k
A
1 k
A
+
k
x A
k
y A
0
A A
n
B A
k
M
| |
1
0
( ) ( )
n
n k k k k
k
S P M x Q M y

=
= A + A

Trn cung A
k
A
k+1
, ly im M
k
, xt tng tp
l tp ng loi 2 ca P, Q trn AB
( , ) ( , ) lim
n
n
AB
P x y dx Q x y dy S

+ =
}
| |
1
0
( ) ( )
n
n k k k k
k
S P M x Q M y

=
= A + A

Quy c:
C
Pdx Qdy +
}
ch tch phn trn chu tuyn (ng cong kn) C
TNH CHT TP NG LOI 2
B A
A B
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy + = +
} }
1 2
C C C
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy + = + + +
} } }
1.Tp ng loi 2 ph thuc vo chiu
ng i
i chiu
ng i th tp
i du.
2.Nu C = C
1
C
2
CCH TNH TP NG LOI 2
| |
2
1
( ( ), ( )) ( ) ( ( ), ( )) ( )
t
t
P x t y t x t Q x t y t y t dt
' '
= +
}
TH1: (C) vit dng tham s x = x(t), y = y(t),
t
1
:im u, t
2
: im cui
( , ) ( , )
C
P x y dx Q x y dy +
}
Khi tham s ha ng cong, lu v
chiu ng i.
TH3: (C) vit dng x = x(y),
y = c : im u, y = d : im cui
| |
( , ) ( , ) ( ( ), ) ( ) ( ( ), )
d
C c
P x y dx Q x y dy P x y y x y Q x y y dy
'
+ = +
} }
TH2: (C) vit dng y = y(x),
x = a : im u, x = b : im cui
| |
( , ( )) ( , ( )) ( )
b
a
P x y x Q x y x y x dx
'
= +
}
( , ) ( , )
C
P x y dx Q x y dy +
}
Nhc li
Khi tham s ha cho cung trn, elippse,
ngc chiu kim ng h l tham s
tng dn, cng chiu kim ng h l
tham s gim dn.
Cch tnh Tp ng loi 2 trong khng gian
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
C
I P x y z dx Q x y z dy R x y z dz = + +
}
| |
2
1
( ( ), ( ), ( )) ( ) ( , , ) ( ) ( , , ) ( )
t
t
P x t y t z t x t Q y t R z t dt
' ' '
= + +
}
Cch tnh: (C) x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t),
t
1
:im u, t
2
: im cui
C
Pdx Qdy Rdz + +
}
V D
1/ Tnh:
2
C
I x dx xydy = +
}
C l on ni t A(0,0) n B(1,1) theo cc
ng cong sau y:
a.on thng AB
b.Parabol: x = y
2

c.ng trn: x
2
+y
2
= 2y, ly ngc
chiu KH
2
C
I x dx xydy = +
}
a/ on thng AB: y = x, x : 0 1
1
2
0
. . ( ) I x x x y x dx
(
'
= +
}
b/ Parabol: x = y
2
, y : 0 1
1
2 2 2
0
( ) .2 . I y y y y dy
(
= +
}
A(0, 0), B(1, 1)
1
2 2
0
2
( )
3
x x dx = + =
}
1
5 3
0
7
(2 )
12
y y dy = + =
}
1
1
0
2
2
[cos ( sin ) cos (1 sin )cos ]
4
I t t t t t dt

= + + =
}
t
t
c/ x
2
+y
2
= 2y x
2
+(y 1)
2
= 1,


x = cost, y = 1+sint,
A(0,0)
ly ngc chiu KH
B(1,1) t = 0
2
t
t
=
2/ Tnh:
2
C
I ydx xdy = +
}
vi C l cung ellipse x
2
+ 3y
2
= 3 i t (0, 1)
n giao im u tin ca ellipse vi
ng thng y = x, ly theo chiu KH.
3
1
3cos , sin x t y t = =
Ti giao im vi t y = x:
3cos sin
3
t t t
t
= =
( , ) (0,1) / 2 x y t t = =
2
C
I ydx xdy = +
}
3
2
2sin ( 3sin ) 3cos .cos t t t t dt
(
= +
}
t
t
3cos , sin x t y t = =
3/ Tnh:
2 3
C
I ydx zdy ydz = + +
}
vi C l gt ca mt cu x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 6z v
mp z = 3 - x ly ngc chiu KH nhn t
pha dng trc Oz
3
cos ,
2
3sin ,
3
3 cos
2
x t
y t
z t
=
=
=
t : 0 2t
2x
2
+ y
2
= 9
2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) ( )
3 3
6sin ( sin ) (3 cos )(3cos )
2 2
3
9sin sin 9cos
2
y t x t z t y t y t z t
t t t t
t t t
' ' '
+ +
= +
+ =
2 3
C
I ydx zdy ydz = + +
}
3 3
cos , 3sin , 3 cos
2 2
x t y t z t = = =
CNG THC GREEN
nh ngha: Nu chu tuyn C(ng cong kn)
l bin ca min D c R
2
, chiu dng ca C l
chiu m i trn , min D nm v bn tri.
D
C
D
C
1

C
2

nh ngha: Min n lin l min m mi
chu tuyn trong min ny c th co v 1
im trong min( khng cha l thng).
nh l
D l min ng v b chn trong R
2
, C l bin
nh hng dng ca D. Gi s P, Q v cc
o hm ring lin tc trn D. Khi
C D
Q P
Pdx Qdy dxdy
x y
c c | |
+ =
|
c c
\ .
} }}
Lu : C c th gm nhiu chu tuyn gii
hn min D.
(Cng thc Green)
V D
2 2
C
I x ydx xy dy =
}
1/ Tnh:
trong C l trn
x
2
+ y
2
= 1, ly ngc chiu KH.
Gi D l hnh trn x
2
+ y
2
s 1,
khi C l bin nh hng
dng ca D.
p dng cng thc Green:
2 2
C D
Q P
I x ydx xy dy dxdy
x y
c c | |
= =
|
c c
\ .
} }}
2 2
2 2
:
1
( )
D
x y
y x dxdy
+ s
=
}}
2 1
3
0 0
2
d r dr

= =
} }
t
t

( 2 ) (3 )
C
I x y dx x y dy = + +
}
2/ Tnh:
C = {(x, y)/ |x| + |y| = 1} , ly theo chiu KH.
Gi D l hnh vung |x|+|y| s 1.
( 2 ) (3 )
C D
Q P
I x y dx x y dy dxdy
x y

c c | |
= + + =
|
c c
\ .
} }}
Khi C l bin nh hng m
ca D.
p dng cng thc Green :
( 2 ) (3 )
C
D
I x y dx x y dy
Q P
dxdy
x y
= + +
c c | |
=
|
c c
\ .
}
}}
(3 2) 5 ( ) 10
D
dxdy S D = + = =
}}
3
2 2
( cos ) ( cos )
3
C
x
I x y xy dx xy x x xy dy = + + + +
}
3/ Tnh:
C l na di t x
2
+ y
2
= 2x, ngc chiu KH
Nu tham s ha tnh I kh
C khng kn nn khng th
p dng ct Green.
Gi C
1
l on thng y = 0, x: 2 0
D l na di hnh trn x
2
+ y
2
s 2x
2
-1
C
1

Khi C C
1
l bin nh
hng dng ca D.
p dng ct Green:
2
-1
C
1

D
1
3
2 2
( cos ) ( cos )
3
C C
x
x y xy dx xy x x xy dy

+ + + +
}
D
Q P
dxdy
x y
c c | |
=
|
c c
\ .
}}
2 2
( 1)
D
x y dxdy = +
}}
0 2cos
2
2 0
( 1)
4
d r rdr

= =
} }

t
t

1 1
4
C C C C
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy

+ + + = =
} } }
t
1
4
C C
I Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy = + = +
} }
t
2
3
2
cos
cos
3
P x y xy
x
Q xy x x xy

= +

= + +

C
1
: y = 0, x: 2 0
0
2
2
8
4 4 3
I x dx = = +
}
t t
4/ Cho
2 2 2 2
, ,
y x
P Q
x y x y
= =
+ +
kim tra:
Tnh :
C
I Pdx Qdy = +
}
trong cc TH sau:
a)C l tr x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
, R > 0 ty .
b)C l tr (x 3)
2

+ (y 1)
2
= 2.
c)C ={(x,y)/ max {|x|, |y|} =1}
d)C l ng cong bao quanh gc ta ni
t im (1, 0) n (t, 0).
Cc ng cong u ly ngc chiu KH.
y x
P Q
' '
=
2 2 2 2
, ,
y x
P Q
x y x y
= =
+ +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
( ) ( )
x y
x y x y x
Q P
x y x y
+
' '
= = =
+ +
a)C l tr x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
, R > 0 ty .
V P, Q v cc o hm ring
khng xc nh ti (0, 0) nn
khng th p dng cng thc
Green trn hnh trn x
2
+ y
2
s R
2
.
2
2
0
sin ( sin ) cos ( cos )
C
I Pdx Qdy
R t R t R t R t
dt
R
= +
+
=
}
}
t
2t =
2 2 2 2
, ,
y x
P Q
x y x y
= =
+ +
Tham s ha C:
cos , sin
: 0 2
x R t y R t
t t
= =

Nhn xt: trn ng trn C, do x

2
+ y
2
= R
2
,
thay vo tp ta c
2
C C
ydx xdy
I Pdx Qdy
R
+
= + =
} }
Lc ny :
2 2
, ,
y x
P Q
R R
= =
p dng ct Green c
xc nh ti (0, 0).
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1
2
C
x y R
ydx xdy
I dxdy
R R R
+ s
+
| |
= = =
|
\ .
} }}
t
b)C l tr (x 3)
2

+ (y 1)
2
= 4.
3
1
p dng ct Green trn
hnh trn bin C
( )
2 2
( 3) ( 1) 4
x y
C
x y
I Pdx Qdy Q P dxdy
+ s
' '
= + =
} }}
0 =
c)C ={(x,y)/ max { |x|, |y|} = 1}
Khng th p dng ct Green
trn min hnh vung (P, Q
khng xc nh ti (0,0).
Dng 1 ng trn C nh bao gc O
(hoc 1 trn ln bao c ng cong C).
p dng ct Green trn hnh vnh khn (HVK)
gii hn bi C v C( hnh vnh khn s
khng cha (0,0)).
2 2 2 2
, ,
y x
P Q
x y x y
= =
+ +
Nu C l ng cong ty bao gc O?
( )
C C
x y
HVK
I Pdx Qdy
Q P dxdy
'

= +
' '
=
}
}}
2 2 2
: R C x y + =
'
ly cng chiu KH
0 =
C C
Pdx Qdy Pdx Qdy
'
+ = +
} }
2t = (theo cu a)
Nhn xt: khi tnh tp trong cu c) theo cch
ny, khng s dng tham s ha ca c (C),
1 t
d)C l ng cong bao quanh gc O ni t
(1,0) n (t,0)
Ni vo C bi C vi
C: y = 0, x : t 1
Khi C C l ng cong kn bao gc O,
p dng kt qu cu c).
TCH PHN KHNG PH THUC NG I
dU Pdx Qdy = +
3 /
C
Pdx Qdy +
}
2 /
B
A
Pdx Qdy +
}
1/
P Q
y x
c c
=
c c
4/ Tn ti hm U(x, y) tha:
(Biu thc di du tp l vp ton phn ca U)
vi mi chu tuyn trong D
khng ph thuc ng ni A, B
D l min m n lin. P, Q v cc o hm ring
lin tc trn D. Cc iu sau tng ng:
p dng
1. Thng thng ta s kim tra iu kin 1
hoc 4 (nu hm U c th on nhanh).
2. Nu 1 hoc 4 tha, c 2 cch tnh tp t A
n B
C
1
: i ng ly tp thng thng i theo
cc on thng // vi cc trc ta
A
B
Lu min D
( ) ( )
B
A
Pdx Qdy U B U A + =
}
C
2
: vi hm U trong k 4
p dng
C
1
: Tm U t h :U
x
= P, U
y
= Q
C
2
: chn (x
0
, y
0
) ty trong D
0 0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
x y
x y
hay U x y P t y dt Q x t dt = +
} }

0 0
0
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
x y
x y
U x y P t y dt Q x t dt = +
} }
Cch tm U:
V D
C
I ydx xdy = +
}
(2, 1)
(1, 1)
I ydx xdy

= +
}
2
1
1dx
}
1/ Tnh :
C: on thng ni 2 im (1, -1), (2,1).
1
1
2dy

+
}
3 =
=
P
y
= Q
x
trn R
2
nn tp khng ph thuc
ng i.
(2,1)
(2, 1)
ydx xdy

+ +
}
1
2
-1
1
Cch khc: nhn thy hm U(x, y) = xy
tha
dU = ydx + xdy trn R
2
nn
I = U(2, 1) U(1, -1) = 2 + 1 = 3
(0,2)
2
(2, 1)
( 2 )
( )
x y dx ydy
I
x y

+ +
=
+
}
2/ Tnh :
Theo ng khng ct ng thng x + y = 0
x + y =0
2
2
1
(2 )
ydy
y

+
}
I =
P
y
= Q
x
, (x,y): x + y = 0

0
2
2
( 4)
( 2)
x dx
x
+
+
+
}
ln2 2 =
2
2
-1
Hoc(tnh U): chn (x
0
, y
0
) = (1, 0)

2 2
1 0
( 0)
( , )
( 0) ( )
ln | | 1
x y
t dt tdt
U x y
t x t
x
x y
x y
+
= +
+ +
= + +
+
} }
3/ Tm cc hng s a, b sao cho tp
2 2
( 3 ) [( 2) ( ) ]
B
A
axy y dx b x y a b x dy + + + +
}
khng ph thuc ng i. Sau , vi a,
b va tm c, tnh tp vi A(-1, 2), B(0,3).
1 5
,
2 2
a b = =
2 2
1
( , ) 3
4
U x y x y xy = +
( ) ( ) 5
B
A
Pdx Qdy U B U A + = =
}
y x
P Q
' '
=
4/ Tm hm s h(y) tha h(1) = 1 sao cho tp
2
(2 3) ( ) ( )
B
A
xy h y dy y h y dx +
}
khng ph thuc ng i. Sau , vi h
va tm c, tnh tp vi A(-1,1), B(1,1)
theo ng trn x
2
+ y
2
= 2y, ly cng
chiu KH.
2
(2 3) ( ) ( )
B
A
I xy h y dy y h y dx = +
}
4
1
( ) h y
y
=
(1,1)
2 3 4
( 1,1)
2 3 dx x
I dy
y y y

| |
= + +
|
\ .
}
theo na trn ng
trn
i ng ly tp: chn ng thng ni A, B.
1
2
1
2
1
dx
I

= =
}
y x
P Q
' '
=