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5: DataLink Layer
5-1
5: DataLink Layer
5-2
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-3
Gii thiu
mt s cng ngh:
host v router gi l cc nt cc knh truyn thng ni lin
link
cc nt ln cn gi l cc kt ni
gi d liu trong lp 2 gi l
frame, ng gi datagram
Ng cnh
Datagram c truyn
so snh
hnh trnh t Princeton
Vd: Ethernet trn kt ni th 1, frame relay trn cc kt ni trung gian, 802.11 trn kt ni cui cng
Lausanne limo: Princeton JFK my bay: JFK Geneva tu ha: Geneva Lausanne
Mi giao thc kt ni
truyn thng kiu vn chuyn = giao thc lp link i l du lch = gii thut routing
5: DataLink Layer 5-5
Cc dch v
truy cp lin kt, Framing:
ng gi datagram vo frame, thm header, trailer truy cp knh truyn nu c chia s cc a ch MAC dng trong cc header ca frame gip xc nh ngun, ch khc vi a ch IP!
Truyn tin cy gia cc nt ln cn nghin cu lm th no thc hin c iu ny trong chng 3 t khi dng trn cc kt ni c t l li thp (cp quang, mt s loi cp xon) cc kt ni khng dy: t l li cao
5: DataLink Layer
5-6
Cc dch v (tt)
iu khin lung:
Pht hin li: cc li gy ra bi s suy gim tn hiu, nhiu. bn nhn pht hin s xut hin ca cc li: thng bo bn gi truyn li hoc b frame Sa li: bn nhn xc nh v sa bit b li khng cn phi truyn l i
Half-duplex v full-duplex
bn nhn pht hin li, rdt, iu khin lung trch ra datagram, chuyn cho nt nhn adapter l bn t ng cc lp link & physical
bn gi: ng gi datagram vo trong frame thm cc bit kim tra li, rdt, iu khin lung
5: DataLink Layer
5-8
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-9
Pht hin li
EDC= Error Detection and Correction bits (cc bit dng pht hin v sa li, c th d tha) D = D liu c bo v bi vic kim tra li, c th cha cc trng header Pht hin li khng m bo tin cy 100%! giao thc thnh thong c th nh mt s li trng EDC ln hn gip vic pht hin v sa li tt hn
5: DataLink Layer
5-10
5: DataLink Layer
5-11
Internet checksum
Mc tiu: pht hin cc li trong on truyn (ch : ch dng ti lp transport) Bn gi:
x l cc ni dung on
Bn nhn:
tnh ton checksum ca on
nh mt chui cc s nguyn 16 bit checksum: thm (tng b 1) vo cc ni dung on bn gi t gi tr checksum vo trong trng UDP checksum
nhn kim tra checksum c bng gi tr trong trng checksum? KHNG c li C khng li. Nhng c th vn cn li khc? Xem tip cc chng sau .
5: DataLink Layer
5-12
5: DataLink Layer
5-13
CRC v d
Mun: D.2r XOR R = nG tng ng: D.2r = nG XOR R tng ng: nu chng ta chia D.2r cho G, ly phn cn li R
5: DataLink Layer
5-14
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-15
5: DataLink Layer
5-16
truyn, ngha l xc nh khi no nt c th truyn truyn thng v chia s knh phi dng chnh knh !
5: DataLink Layer
5-17
4. n gin
5: DataLink Layer
5-18
chia knh thnh cc mnh nh hn (cc slot thi gian, tn s, m) cp pht mnh cho nt s dng c quyn
Truy cp ngu nhin knh khng chia, cho php cc tranh chp gii quyt cc tranh chp Xoay vng Xoay vng cc nt, nhng nt c nhiu quyn hn c gi thi gian truyn lu hn
5: DataLink Layer
5-19
gian truyn gi) trong mi vng cc slot khng dng b b ph v d: 6-trm LAN, 1,3,4 c gi gi, cc slot 2,5,6 rnh
5: DataLink Layer
5-20
2,5,6 rnh
cc di tn
5: DataLink Layer
5-21
Hot ng khi nt ly frame n c php truyn trong slot k tip khng tranh chp, nt c th gi frame mi trong slot k tip nu tranh chp, nt truyn li frame trong mi slot k tip vi xc sut p cho n khi thnh cng
5: DataLink Layer 5-23
u im nt kch hot c th truyn lin tc vi tc ti a ca knh phn quyn cao: ch c cc slot trong cc nt cn c ng b n gin
Nhc im cc tranh chp lng ph slot cc nt c th pht hin tranh chp vi thi gian t hn truyn gi ng b ha
5: DataLink Layer 5-24
nhiu frame truyn trong slot vi xc sut l p xc sut nt 1 truyn thnh cng trong 1 slot = p(1-p)N-1 xc sut bt k nt no truyn thnh cng = Np(1-p)N-1
nht vi N nt, tm p* lm cc i ha Np(1-p)N-1 vi nhiu nt, tm gii hn ca Np*(1-p*)N-1 khi N , cho 1/e = 0.37
Tt nht: knh hu
dng trong khong 37% thi gian!
5: DataLink Layer
5-25
5: DataLink Layer
5-26
Thm ch xu hn!
5: DataLink Layer
5-27
ni!
5: DataLink Layer
5-28
tranh chp:
truyn ton b frame lng ph thi gian
ch :
vai tr ca khong cch & tr lan truyn trong vic xc nh xc sut tranh chp
5: DataLink Layer
5-29
pht hin tranh chp: d dng trong cc mng LAN hu tuyn: o cng tn hiu, so snh vi cc tn hiu truyn, nhn kh khn trong cc mng LAN v tuyn: bn nhn b tt trong khi ang truyn so snh vi con ngi: m thoi lch s
5: DataLink Layer 5-30
5: DataLink Layer
5-31
chuyn Token: iu hnh token chuyn tun t t 1 nt n nt k tip thng ip token lin quan:
5: DataLink Layer
5-33
Xoay vng
thm d t v tr trung tm, chuyn token
5: DataLink Layer 5-34
LAN
lp Data link:
5: DataLink Layer
5-35
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-36
Cc a ch MAC v ARP
a ch IP 32-bit:
address a ch lp network dng ly datagram t IP subnet ch
Ethernet):
dng ly frame t mt interface vi mt interface vt l khc (cng mng) a ch MAC 48 bit (cho hu ht cc loi LAN) c ghi sn trong adapter ROM
5: DataLink Layer
5-37
Cc a ch MAC v ARP
Mi adapter trn LAN c a ch LAN duy nht
1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD
a ch Broadcast = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
= adapter
0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98
5: DataLink Layer
5-38
Cc a ch MAC v ARP
vic cp pht a ch MAC c qun l bi IEEE nh sn xut mua khng gian a ch MAC (duy nht) So snh:
(a) a ch MAC: ging s chng minh nhn dn (b) a ch IP: ging s in thoi a ch MAC phng & tnh c th thay i
5: DataLink Layer
5-39
Router) trn LAN c bng ARP bng ARP: nh x a ch IP/MAC cho mt s nt LAN
< a ch IP; a ch MAC; TTL>
LAN
71-65-F7-2B-08-53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0
0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 137.196.7.88
a ch MAC ca B khng c trong bng ARP ca A A broadcasts gi truy vn ARP cha a ch IP ca B a ch MAC ch = FFFF-FF-FF-FF-FF tt c my trn LAN nhn gi truy vn ARP B nhn gi truy vn ARP v tr li cho A vi a ch MAC ca mnh
Mt cp a ch IP-to-MAC
c lu trong bng ARP ca n cho n khi thng tin c (times out) trng thi mm: thng tin ny s times out (mt) tr khi c lm ti (refresh) li
ARP l plug-and-play:
5: DataLink Layer
5-41
DHCP tng quan: host broadcasts thng ip DHCP discover DHCP server p ng vi thng ip DHCP offer host yu cu a ch IP: thng ip DHCP request DHCP server gi a ch: thng ip DHCP ack
5: DataLink Layer 5-42
DHCP server
223.1.2.9
223.1.2.1
B
223.1.1.3 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27
223.1.2.2 223.1.3.2
5: DataLink Layer
5-43
n client
thi gian
R
2 bng ARP trong router R, 1 cho mi IP mng
(LAN)
5: DataLink Layer 5-45
111.111.111.110)
frame cha IP datagram t-A-n-B adapter ca A gi frame adapter ca A nhn frame R g b IP datagram t Ethernet frame, thy ch n l B R dng ARP ly a ch MAC ca B R to frame cha IP datagram t-A-n-B gi ti B
B
5: DataLink Layer 5-46
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-47
Ethernet
cng ngh LAN hu tuyn: r hn $20 cho tc 100Mbs! cng ngh LAN c dng ph bin u tin n gin hn, r hn token LAN v ATM gi tc trung bnh t 10 Mbps 10 Gbps
5: DataLink Layer
5-48
hub or switch
5: DataLink Layer
5-49
phn u: 7 bytes vi mu 10101010, theo sau l 1 byte vi mu 10101011 dng trong cc tc ng h gi, nhn ng b
5: DataLink Layer
5-50
cng c th l ci khc cng c h tr nh Novell IPX & AppleTalk) CRC: kim tra ti ni nhn, nu pht hin li, n gin hy frame
5: DataLink Layer
5-51
adapter gi v nhn. khng tin cy: nhn khng gi cc tn hiu ACK hoc NACK cho bn gi
dng cc datagram chuyn cho lp network c th c cc khong trng cc khong trng s c lp y nu ng dng dng TCP tri li, ng dng s thy cc khong trng
5: DataLink Layer
5-52
n cm nhn rng c adapter no ang truyn, ngha l carrier sense (cm nhn) adapter hy b vic truyn khi n cm nhn l c adapter khc ang truyn, ngha l collision detection (pht hin tranh chp)
li, adapter ch mt thi gian ngu nhin, ngha l random access (truy cp ngu nhin)
5: DataLink Layer
5-53
trn LAN ttrans = thi gian lan truyn frame kch thc ln nht
efficiency
1 5t prop / ttrans
hiu sut tin n 1 khi tprop tin n 0 tin n 1 khi ttrans tin n Tt hn ALOHA nhng vn cn b phn
5: DataLink Layer
5-56
10BaseT v 100BaseT
tc 10/100 Mbps; cn gi l fast ethernet T vit tt ca cm t Twisted Pair Cc nt kt ni vo 1 hub: cu trc hnh sao;
twisted pair
hub
5: DataLink Layer
5-57
cc Hub
Hub thc cht l repeater lp physical: cc bit n t 1 ng v i ra tt c cc ng cn li tc nh nhau khng c b m frame khng c CSMA/CD ti hub: adapter pht hin tranh chp cung cp cc chc nng qun l mng
twisted pair
hub
5: DataLink Layer
5-58
M Manchester
dng trong 10BaseT mi bit c 1 kiu chuyn trng thi cho php cc ng h chy trong cc nt gi v
nhn ng b vi nhau
Gigabit Ethernet
dng dng thc frame Ethernet chun cho php cc kt ni im-im v cc knh
broadcast chia s trong ch chia s, CSMA/CD c dng, yu cu khong cch gia cc nt ngn t hiu qu dng cc hub, gi l Buffered Distributors Full-Duplex ti 1 Gbps cho cc kt ni im-im hin nay tc t 10 Gbps!
5: DataLink Layer
5-60
Lin kt cc hub
Backbone hub lin kt cc on LAN M rng khong cch ti a gia cc nt nhng cc vng tranh chp ring trong on tr thnh
hub
hub
hub
5: DataLink Layer
5-61
Switch
Thit b lp Link
lu v chuyn tip cc frame Ethernet xem xt header frame v chn chuyn tip frame da trn a ch MAC ch khi frame c chuyn tip trn on, dng CSMA/CD truy cp on trong sut cc host khng cn ch n s hin din ca cc switch plug-and-play, t hc switch khng cn cu hnh
Chuyn tip
1 2 3 switch
hub
hub
hub
T hc
1 switch c 1 bng switch mi dng trong bng ny c:
(a ch MAC, Interface, Time Stamp) cc dng c trong bng b b (TTL c th n 60 pht) switch hc bit nhng host no c th chm n thng qua nhng interfaces no khi nhn frame, switch hc v tr ca bn gi: on LAN i n ghi cp bn gi/v tr vo trong bng switch
5: DataLink Layer
5-64
Lc/Chuyn tip
Khi switch nhn 1 frame: ch mc sp xp li bng switch dng a ch MAC ch if dng tm thy cho ch then { if ch nm trn on t frame n then b frame else chuyn tip frame trn interface ch nh } else trn ngp chuyn tip ln tt c interface tr ni m frame n
5: DataLink Layer 5-65
Switch: v d
Gi s C gi frame n D
switch 2 A B C hub D E 3 hub F hub I G H a ch A B E G interface 1 1 2 3
Switch nhn frame t C ghi ch trong bng bridge l C n t interface 1 D khng c trong bng, switch chuyn tip frame vo trong interface 2 v 3 frame nhn bi D
5: DataLink Layer 5-66
Switch: v d
Gi s D tr li phn hi vi frame cho C.
switch a ch A B E G C interface 1 1 2 3 1
A B C
hub D E
hub F
hub I G H
Switch nhn frame t D ghi ch trong bng bridge l D n t interface 2 v C c trong bng, switch ch chuyn tip frame vo trong interface 1 frame nhn bi C
5: DataLink Layer 5-67
Switch: lu thng c lp
switch chia subnet thnh cc on mng LAN switch lc cc gi:
cc frame cng on LAN thng KHNG chuyn tip ln cc on LAN khc cc on tr thnh cc vng tranh chp ring bit
switch vng tranh chp hub
hub
hub
5: DataLink Layer
5-68
vi switch khng tranh chp; full duplex Switching: A-n-A v B-nB ng thi, khng c cc tranh chp
switch
C B A
5: DataLink Layer
5-69
t port vo n port ra khng cn tp hp ton b frame u tin kt hp cc interfaces chia s/c quyn, 10/100/1000 Mbps
5: DataLink Layer
5-70
Mng c quan
i n mng bn ngoi mail server router switch web server
IP subnet
hub
hub
hub
5: DataLink Layer
5-71
chuyn tip)
thut routing cc switch duy tr cc bng switch, hin thc cc gii thut lc, t hc
5: DataLink Layer
5-72
Tng kt so snh
hubs traffic isolation plug & play optimal routing cut through no yes no yes routers yes no yes no switches yes yes no yes
5: DataLink Layer 5-73
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-74
hjjjjjjjjkkhkkkkkkl;f;;f
5: DataLink Layer
5-75
frame lp data link mang d liu lp network ca bt k giao thc lp network no (khng ch IP) ti cng thi im kh nng demultiplex (phn a knh) ln lp trn bit trong sut: phi mang bt k mu bit no trong trng data pht hin li (khng sa li) kt ni ng: pht hin, thng bo kt ni li n lp network s am phan a ch lp network: mi im u cui c th t hc/cu hnh a ch mng ca im khc
5: DataLink Layer
5-76
PPP khng yu cu
khng sa/phc hi li khng iu khin lung vn chuyn khng cn theo th t khng cn h tr cc kt ni a im (nh polling)
5: DataLink Layer
5-77
nhiu trng iu khin Giao thc: giao thc lp trn ni m frame s n (v d: PPP-LCP, IP, IPCP)
5: DataLink Layer
5-78
hin li
5: DataLink Layer
5-79
phi c php cha mu flag <01111110> Hi: nu nhn <01111110> th l d liu hay flag? Bn gi: thm (stuffs) byte <01111110> sau mi byte d liu <01111110> Bn nhn: hai byte <01111110> trn 1 hng: hy byte u, tip tc nhn d liu ch 1 byte <01111110>: flag byte
5: DataLink Layer 5-80
Byte Stuffing
mu flag byte trong d liu gi i
Lp Data Link
5.1 Gii thiu v cc 5.6 Hubs & switches 5.7 PPP 5.8 Link Virtualization:
dch v 5.2 Pht hin v sa li 5.3 Cc giao thc a truy cp 5.4 nh a ch 5.5 Ethernet
5: DataLink Layer
5-83
Cc mng o
S o ha cc ti nguyn: mt tru tng ha mnh m trong k thut h thng v d: b nh o, thit b o my o: nh Java h iu hnh IBM VM xut hin t nhng nm 1960/1970 s phn lp: khng phi lo lng v nhng chi tit, ch x l tru tng ha nhng lp thp h n
5: DataLink Layer 5-84
Internet: Cc mng o
1974: nhiu mng khng kt ni s khc bit: vi nhau cc quy c nh a ch
ARPAnet cc cc
mng truyn d liu trn cp mng chuyn gi v tinh (Aloha) mng chuyn gi radio
ARPAnet
"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication", V. Cerf, R. Kahn, IEEE Transactions on Communications, May, 1974, pp. 637-648.
mng v tinh
5: DataLink Layer 5-85
gateway
ARPAnet
mng v tinh
5: DataLink Layer 5-86
lp internet cng ngh mng cc b bn di cp v tinh modem in thoi 56K ngy nay: ATM, MPLS khng nhn thy ti lp internet. ch xem nh cng ngh lp data link
5: DataLink Layer
5-87
chng
logic
5: DataLink Layer
5-88
cao (155Mbps n 622 Mbps v c th cao hn), kin trc Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network Mc tiu: tch hp, chuyn vn gia cc thit b u cui d liu, ging ni, video cc yu cu cht lng dch v/thi gian thc ca ting ni, video (khc vi Internet l m hnh hng n hiu qu cao nht) th h k tip ca in thoi chuyn gi (cc gi c di c nh, gi l cc cell) dng cc mch o
5: DataLink Layer
5-89
phn on/tng hp d liu tng i ging vi lp transport ca Internet lp ATM: lp network chuyn v dn ng cell lp physical
5: DataLink Layer
5-91
trn (IP hoc cc ng dng ATM thc t) n lp ATM bn di AAL xut hin ch trong cc h thng u cui, khng c trong cc switch on ca lp AAL (cc trng header/trailer, d liu) phn mnh thnh cc cell ATM tng t: on TCP trong nhiu gi IP
5: DataLink Layer
5-92
D liu ca user
AAL PDU
ATM cell
5: DataLink Layer 5-93
Lp ATM
Dch v: vn chuyn cc cells xuyn qua mng ATM network
Bo m?
Phn hi Bandwidth M.mt Tht nhth tc nghn khng tc khng i tc bo m bo m ti thiu khng khng khng khng c c c c c c khng khng khng ( t mt mt) khng tc nghn khng tc nghn c khng
5-94
khng c khng c
5: DataLink Layer
Lp ATM: cc mch o
Vn chuyn trn mch o: cc cell lan truyn t ngun n
ch trn mch o
thit lp cuc gi, chia nh trc khi d liu c th truyn mi gi lan truyn trn mch o xc nh (khng ID ch) mi switch trn ng i t ngun n ch duy tr trng thi cho mi kt ni qua cc ti nguyn kt ni, switch (bng thng, cc b m) c th c cp pht cho mch o
nhng kt ni bn vng thi gian di tiu biu: dn ng bn vng gia cc IP router Switched VCs (SVC) cc mch o chuyn hng linh hot thit lp da trn c s mi cuc gi
Lp ATM: cc mch o
Nhng thun li ca cch tip cn mch o ATM:
hiu sut, cht lng dch v c bo m cho kt ni nh x vi mch o (bng thng, tr, s bin ng tr)
Khng s h tr cn thit cho lu thng datagram mi kt ni cn thit gia cp ngun/ch khng m rng c (cn n N*2) SVC a ra latency thit lp cuc gi, x l cc kt ni thi gian ngn
Ti sao? ti nh tr khi to cell ngn (khi s ha ging ni) na khong t 32 n 64 (tha thun!)
Cell header
5: DataLink Layer
5-97
s thay i t kt ni n kt ni thng qua mng PT: kiu ti (nh cell RM vi cell d liu) CLP: Cell Loss Priority bit CLP = 1 th hin cell c u tin thp, c th hy b nu tc nghn HEC: Header Error Checksum kim tra s d tha theo chu k
5: DataLink Layer
5-98
b bit phn hoch bng thng (TDM); tc : OC3 = 155.52 Mbps; OC12 = 622.08
Mbps; OC48 = 2.45 Gbps, OC192 = 9.6 Gbps
TI/T3: truyn cu trc frame (kin trc
IP-trn-ATM
Ch c IP c in 3 mng (nh cc on LAN) MAC (802.3) v cc a ch IP
Ethernet LANs
Ethernet LANs
5: DataLink Layer 5-101
IP-trn-ATM
app transport IP Eth phy IP AAL Eth ATM phy phy ATM phy app transport IP AAL ATM phy
ATM phy
AAL5 tng hp cc cell thnh datagram nguyn thy nu kim tra CRC l tt th datagram chuyn cho IP
IP-trn-ATM
cc datagram IP i
tip vo cc ATM AAL5 PDU t cc a ch IP thnh cc a ch ATM ging cc a ch IP thnh cc a ch 802.3 MAC!
ATM network
Ethernet LANs
IP header
nhn
20
Exp S TTL
3 1 5
5: DataLink Layer 5-105
giao thc chuyn tn hiu cn thit lp chuyn tip RSVP-TE chuyn tip c th dc theo nhng ng m IP khng c php dng ring (nh: dn ng c ngun xc nh) dng MPLS cho k thut lu thng phi cng tn ti vi cc router ch dng IP
10 12 8
A D A
0 0 1
nhn vo
nhn ra
interface ch ra
10 12
6 9
A D
1 0
R6
0 0 1
R4 R5
R3
0 0 nhn vo
R2
nhn vo nhn ra interface ch ra
nhn interface R1 ra ch ra
0
5: DataLink Layer 5-107