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Chng 10
MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)
Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng cng l loi mch cn bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin thng. Mt cch n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu. Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng iu ha (harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin - relaxation oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam gic, vung (sawtooth, triangular, square).
- Nu pha ca vf lch 1800 so vi vs ta c hi tip m. - Nu pha ca vf cng pha vi vs (hay lch 3600) ta c hi tip dng. li ca mch khi c hi tip:
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Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng Trng hp c bit Av = 1 c gi l chun c Barkausen (Barkausen criteria), lc ny Af tr nn v hn, ngha l khi khng c tn hiu ngun vs m vn c tn hiu ra v0, tc mch t to ra tn hiu v c gi l mch dao ng. Tm li iu kin c dao ng l: Av=1 A + B = 00 (3600) iu kin ny ch tha mt tn s no , ngha l trong h thng hi tip dng phi c mch chn tn s. Nu Av >> 1 (ng iu kin pha) th mch dao ng t n nh nhanh nhng dng sng mo nhiu (thin v vung) cn nu Av > 1 v gn bng 1 th mch t n n nh chm nhng dng sng ra t mo. Cn nu Av < 1 th mch khng dao ng c.
B
- H thng hi tip gm ba mc R-C, mi mc c lch pha ti a 900 nn lch pha l 1800 phi dng ba mc R-C. - Mch tng ng tng qut ca ton mch dao ng dch pha c m t hnh 10.2
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Chng 10: Mch dao ng Nu Ri rt ln v R0 nh khng ng k Ta c: v0 = v1 = Av.vi vi = v2 - H thng hi tip gm 3 mc C-R, v c v li nh hnh 10.3.
- phn gii mch ta theo 4 bc: + Vit phng trnh tnh li in th = v2/v1 ca h thng hi tip. + Rt gn thnh dng a + jb + Cho b = 0 xc nh tn s dao ng f0 + Thay f0 vo phng trnh ca bc 1 xc nh gi tr ca ti f0.
T :
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V:
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b. Mch dch pha dng op-amp: - Do op-amp c tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra khng ng k nn mch dao ng ny minh ha rt tt cho chun c Barkausen. Mch cn bn c v hnh 10.4 - Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi:
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Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng c. Mch dao ng dch pha dng FET: - Do FET c tng tr vo rt ln nn cng thch hp cho loi mch ny. - Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i khi khng c hi tip: R0 = RD||rD phi thit k sao cho R0 khng ng k so vi tng tr vo ca h thng hi tip tn s dao ng vn tha mn cng thc:
Nu iu kin trn khng tha mn th ngoi R v C, tn s dao ng s cn ty thuc vo R0 (xem mch dng BJT). - li vng h ca mch: Av = -gm(RD||rD) 29 nn phi chn Fet c gm, rD ln v phi thit k vi RD tng i ln.
d. Mch dng BJT: - Mch khuch i l cc pht chung c hoc khng c t phn dng cc pht.
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- iu kin tng tr vo ca mch khng tha mn nn in tr R cui cng ca h thng hi tip l: (10.8) R = R + (R1||R2||Zb) Vi Zb = re nu c CE v Zb = (re + RE) nu khng c CE. - Tng tr ca mch khi cha c hi tip R0 RC khng nh lm nn lm nh hng n tn s dao ng. Mch phn gii c v li
- Thng ngi ta thm mt tng khuch i m cc thu chung ti khng nh hng n mch dao ng.
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Ti tn s dao ng 0:
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Trong mch c bn hnh 10.8a, ta ch : mch khng dao ng - Nu li vng h Av < 3 - Nu li vng h Av >> 3 th tn hiu dao ng nhn c b bin dng (nh dng v nh m ca hnh sin b ct). - Cch tt nht l khi khi ng, mch to Av > 3 ( d dao ng) xong gim dn xung gn bng 3 c th gim thiu ti a vic bin dng. Ngi ta c nhiu cch, hnh 10.9 l mt v d dng diode hot ng trong vng phi tuyn thay i li in th ca mch. - Khi bin ca tn hiu ra cn nh, D1, D2 khng dn in v khng nh hng n mch. li in th ca mch lc ny l:
- li ny mch dao ng. Khi in th nh ca tn hiu ngang qua R4 khong 0.5 volt th cc diode s bt u dn in. D1 dn khi ng ra dng v D2 dn khi ng ra m. Khi dn mnh nht, in th ngang diode xp x 0.7 volt. l hai diode ch dn in phn nh ca tn hiu ra v n hot ng nh mt in tr thay i ni tip vi R5 v song song vi R4 lm gim li ca mch, sao cho li lc ny xung gn bng 3 v c tc dng lm gim thiu s bin dng. Vic phn gii hot ng ca diode trong vng phi tuyn tng i phc tp, thc t ngi ta mc thm mt in tr R5 (nh hnh v) iu chnh li ca mch sao cho bin dng t c mc thp nht.
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- Ngoi ra cng nn l bin dng s cng nh khi bin tn hiu ng ra cng thp. Thc t, ly tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng ngi ta c th mc thm mt mch khng o song song vi R1C1 nh hnh v thay v mc ni tip ng ra ca mch dao ng. Do tng tr vo ln, mch ny gn nh khng nh hng n h thng hi tip nhng tn hiu ly ra c bin dng c gim thiu ng k do tc ng lc ca R1C1. - Mt phng php khc gim bin dng v tng n nh bin tn hiu dao ng, ngi ta s dng JFET trong mch hi tip m nh mt in tr thay i. Lc ny JFET c phn cc trong vng in tr (ohmic region-vng ID cha bo ha) v tc ng nh mt in tr thay i theo in th (VVR-voltage variable resistor).
- D1, D2 c dng nh mch chnh lu mt bn k (m); C3 l t lc. Mch ny to in th m phn cc cho JFET. - Khi cp in, mch bt u dao ng, bin tn hiu ra khi cha lm cho D1 v D2 dn in th VGS = 0 tc JFET dn mnh nht v rds nh nht v li in th ca op-amp t gi tr ti a. - S dao ng tip tc, khi in th nh ng ra m t tr s xp x -(Vz + 0.7v) th D1 v D2 s dn in v VGS bt u m.
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Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng - S gia tng ca tn hiu in th nh ng ra s lm cho VGS cng m tc rds tng. Khi rds tng, li Av ca mch gim cui cng t c li vng bng n v khi mch hot ng n nh. - Thc t, mch hot ng iu kin tt nht, ngi ta dng bin tr R4 c th chnh t bin dng thp nht. Vn iu chnh tn s: - Trong mch dao ng cu Wien, tn s v h s hi tip c xc nh bng cng thc:
- Nh vy thay i tn s dao ng, ta c th thay i mt trong cc thnh phn trn. Tuy nhin, l khi c h s hi tip cng thay i theo v li vng cng thay i, iu ny c th lm cho mch mt dao ng hoc tn hiu dao ng b bin dng. - khc phc iu ny, ngi ta thng thay i R1, R2 hoc C1, C2 cng lc (dng bin tr i hoc t xoay i) khng lm thay i h s. Hnh 10.11 m t vic iu chnh ny.
- Tuy nhin, hai bin tr rt kh ng nht v thay i ging ht nhau nn kh gi vng. Mt cch khc iu chnh tn s dao ng l dng k thut hi tip m v ch thay i mt thnh phn mch v khng lm thay i li vng d v Av u thay i. Mch in nh hnh 10.12 - Tn s dao ng ca mch vn c xc nh bi:
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Vy khi R1 tng th f0 gim, tng. Ngc li khi R1 gim th f0 tng v gim. Mch A2 a vo trong h thng hi tip dng gi vng li vng lun bng n v khi ta iu chnh tn s (tc thay i R1). Tht vy, ta th tnh li vng h Av ca mch
Ton b mch dao ng cu Wien c iu chnh tn s v bin dng tham kho c v hnh 10.14
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- Thc t, cun cm L lun c ni tr R nn tng tr thc ca mch l: Z = R + jXL - jXC. - Ti tn s cng hng f0 th XL = XC nn Z0 = R
- Vy ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch c tr s cc tiu. - Khi tn s f < f0 tng tr c tnh dung khng. - Khi tn s f > f0 tng tr c tnh cm khng.
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cc.
So snh vi mch tng qut: Z1= C1; Z2 = C2; Z3 = L1; C3: t lin lc ng vo lm cch ly in th phn
L2: cun chn cao tn (Radio-frequency choke) c ni tr khng ng k nhng c cm khng rt ln tn s dao ng, dng cch ly tn hiu dao ng vi ngun cp in. Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
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Kt qu trn cho thy mch khuch i phi l mch o v li vng h phi c tr tuyt i ln hn C2 /C1. Av(oc) l li khng ti: Av(oc) = -gm(rd //XL2) Do XL2 rt ln ti tn s cng hng, nn: Av(oc) -gmrd Mt mch dng BJT
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Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
l do mch L1C3 phi c tnh cm khng tn s dao ng nn C3 phi c tr s nh, thng l nh nht trong C1, C2, C3 v f0 gn nh ch ty thuc vo L1C3 mc ni tip. Ngi ta cng c th dng mch clapp ci tin nh hnh 10.21 Tn s dao ng cng c tnh bng cng thc trn nhng ch do dng mch cc thu chung (Av, 1) nn h s phi c tr tuyt i ln hn 1.
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c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (piezoelectric effect) theo khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s xut hin mt in th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt in th xoay chiu, lt thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra mt in th xoay chiu c tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i, tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay i theo nhng vn c n nh tt hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng thch anh (tn s dao ng gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch ngoi). Mch tng ng ca thch anh nh hnh 10.25
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Ta c th dng thch anh thay th mch ni tip LC, mch s dao ng tn s fS. Cn nu thay th mch song song LC, mch s dao ng tn s fp (hoc fop). Do thch anh c in cm LS ln, in dung ni tip rt nh nn thch anh s quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch; linh kin bn ngoi khng lm thay i nhiu tn s dao ng (di 1/1000). Thng ngi ta ch to cc thch anh c tn s dao ng t 100khz tr ln, tn s cng thp cng kh ch to. Trng Vn Tm X-22 Mch in T
Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun dy v t in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng dng nht ca thch anh. Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch anh nm trn ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.
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Mch in T
Thc t ngi ta mc thm mt t tinh chnh CM (Trimmer) nh hnh 10.29 v c tc ng gim bin dng ca tn hiu dao ng.
Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch so snh o c hi tip dng vi in th so snh vi c thay bng t C.
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Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng in th thm trn VUTP=.(+VSAT)>0 in th thm di VLTP=.(-VSAT)<0 Gi s khi m in v0 = +VSAT, t C np in, in th hai u t tng dn, khi VC (in th ng vo -) ln hn vf = VUTP (in th ng vo +) ng ra i trng thi thnh -VSAT v vf by gi l: vf = VLTP = .(-VSAT). T C bt u phng in qua R1, khi VC = 0 t C np in th m n tr s VLTP th mch li i trng thi (v0 thnh +VSAT). Hin tng trn c tip tc to ra ng ra mt dng sng vung vi nh dng l +VSAT v nh m l -VSAT. Thi gian np in v phng in ca t C l chu k ca mch dao ng. Do t C np in v phng in u qua in tr R1 nn thi gian np in bng thi gian phng in.
Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:
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Thc t |+VSAT| c th khc |-VSAT| nn c sng vung i xng, c th s dng mch nh hnh 10.33
Trong cc mch hnh trn ng ra ta c sng vung u (t1 = t2). Mun t1 t2 ta c th th R2 bng mch
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C s
- Khi vC = VUTP, v0 i trng thi thnh -VSAT; D3, D4 dn, t C phng in cho n ht v np in th m n VLTP trong thi gian tn. Sau hin tng li tip tc.
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Mch in T
Nu 4 diode ng nht th ta c thi gian np in bng thi gian phng in, tc tp = tn, v chu k dao ng T = tp + t= = 2tp
Nh vy ng ra ta c sng vung v ng vo tr ta c sng tam gic. b. Thay i dc ca sng tam gic thay i dc ca sng tam gic ta phi thay i tp v tn (nu tp tn ta c sng tam gic khng u). Mun vy ta to dng np v dng phng khc nhau. Gi dng phng l In v dng np l Ip, ta c:
c. To sng rng ca: to sng rng ca ta tm cch gim tht nh thi gian phng in. C th dng mch nh hnh 10.38
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- Thi gian C phng in qua Dn rt nh (vi chc micro giy). - Chu k dao ng T = tp + tn tp
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Gi s khi v0 = VLTP ta chuyn SW sang v tr 2, t C s phng in v np theo chiu ngc li to ra v0 (dng dn).
trc.
t ng b giao hon v to dng hng cho t in ca mch tch phn, ngi ta c th dng mt mch so snh v mch tch phn ghp vi nhau; xong ly ng ra ca mch tch phn lm in th iu khin cho mch so snh. Ton b mch c dng nh hnh 10.41
phn gii mch ta ch l khi ng ra ca mch so snh bo ha dng (+VSAT) th v0 = VZ + 0.7v = V0 > 0. Cn khi bo ha m v0= -(VZ+0.7v) = -V0 < 0.
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in th nh - nh ca tam gic:
Ch l nu VR = 0 th Vmax = -Vmin Xc nh tn s:
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V khi VS = 0 tp = tn to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni tip vi R1 nh hnh 10.43a Khi v0 = -V0: diode D dn Khi v0 = +V0: diode D ngng Trng Vn Tm X-32 Mch in T
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BI TP CUI CHNG X
Bi 1: Cho mch dao ng dch pha RC nh sau:
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Bi 3: Cho mch in: D1, D2 cu to bng Si c in th Zener ln lt l VZ1 v VZ2 1. Chng minh rng rng ca xung dng ca v0 cho bi:
3. Nu VZ1 > VZ2 th T1 ln hn hay nh hn T2. Gii thch. 4. Tm tn s f ca mch dao ng khi VZ1 = VZ2 = VZ
1. Gii thch hot ng ca mch (JFET hot ng vng ID bo ha). 2. Nu dng JFET 2N4869 c c im khi ID bo ha: VGS =-1V, ID = 3mA VGS =-2V, ID = 1mA Trong iu kin khi op-amp bo ha |v0| =20v; R1 =R2. dng np ca t l 3mA, dng phng l 1mA v cho chu k T=1ms th RS1, RS2, C phi bng bao nhiu.
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