Chng 10: Mch dao ng

Chng 10
MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)
Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng cng l loi mch cn bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin thng. Mt cch n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu. Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng iu ha (harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin - relaxation oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam gic, vung (sawtooth, triangular, square).

10.1 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S THP:

Ta xem li mch khuch i c hi tip

- Nu pha ca vf lch 1800 so vi vs ta c hi tip m. - Nu pha ca vf cng pha vi vs (hay lch 3600) ta c hi tip dng. li ca mch khi c hi tip:

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Chng 10: Mch dao ng Trng hp c bit Av = 1 c gi l chun c Barkausen (Barkausen criteria), lc ny Af tr nn v hn, ngha l khi khng c tn hiu ngun vs m vn c tn hiu ra v0, tc mch t to ra tn hiu v c gi l mch dao ng. Tm li iu kin c dao ng l: Av=1 A + B = 00 (3600) iu kin ny ch tha mt tn s no , ngha l trong h thng hi tip dng phi c mch chn tn s. Nu Av >> 1 (ng iu kin pha) th mch dao ng t n nh nhanh nhng dng sng mo nhiu (thin v vung) cn nu Av > 1 v gn bng 1 th mch t n n nh chm nhng dng sng ra t mo. Cn nu Av < 1 th mch khng dao ng c.
B

10.1.1 Dao ng dch pha (phase shift oscillator):

- To sng sin tn s thp nht l trong di m tn. - Cn gi l mch dao ng RC. - Mch c th dng BJT, FET hoc Op-amp. - Thng dng mch khuch i o (lch pha 1800) nn h thng hi tip phi lch pha thm 1800 to hi tip dng. a. Nguyn tc:

- H thng hi tip gm ba mc R-C, mi mc c lch pha ti a 900 nn lch pha l 1800 phi dng ba mc R-C. - Mch tng ng tng qut ca ton mch dao ng dch pha c m t hnh 10.2

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Chng 10: Mch dao ng Nu Ri rt ln v R0 nh khng ng k Ta c: v0 = v1 = Av.vi vi = v2 - H thng hi tip gm 3 mc C-R, v c v li nh hnh 10.3.

- phn gii mch ta theo 4 bc: + Vit phng trnh tnh li in th = v2/v1 ca h thng hi tip. + Rt gn thnh dng a + jb + Cho b = 0 xc nh tn s dao ng f0 + Thay f0 vo phng trnh ca bc 1 xc nh gi tr ca ti f0.

T :

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V:

mch lch pha 1800: Trng Vn Tm

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Thay 0 vo biu thc ca ta tm c:

b. Mch dch pha dng op-amp: - Do op-amp c tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra khng ng k nn mch dao ng ny minh ha rt tt cho chun c Barkausen. Mch cn bn c v hnh 10.4 - Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi:

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Chng 10: Mch dao ng c. Mch dao ng dch pha dng FET: - Do FET c tng tr vo rt ln nn cng thch hp cho loi mch ny. - Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i khi khng c hi tip: R0 = RD||rD phi thit k sao cho R0 khng ng k so vi tng tr vo ca h thng hi tip tn s dao ng vn tha mn cng thc:

Nu iu kin trn khng tha mn th ngoi R v C, tn s dao ng s cn ty thuc vo R0 (xem mch dng BJT). - li vng h ca mch: Av = -gm(RD||rD) 29 nn phi chn Fet c gm, rD ln v phi thit k vi RD tng i ln.

d. Mch dng BJT: - Mch khuch i l cc pht chung c hoc khng c t phn dng cc pht.

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- iu kin tng tr vo ca mch khng tha mn nn in tr R cui cng ca h thng hi tip l: (10.8) R = R + (R1||R2||Zb) Vi Zb = re nu c CE v Zb = (re + RE) nu khng c CE. - Tng tr ca mch khi cha c hi tip R0 RC khng nh lm nn lm nh hng n tn s dao ng. Mch phn gii c v li

-p dng cch phn gii nh phn trc ta tm c tn s dao ng:

- Thng ngi ta thm mt tng khuch i m cc thu chung ti khng nh hng n mch dao ng.

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10.1.2 Mch dao ng cu Wien: (wien bridge oscillators)

- Cng l mt dng dao ng dch pha. Mch thng dng op-amp rp theo kiu khuch i khng o nn h thng hi tip phi c lch pha 00. Mch cn bn nh hnh 10.8a v h thng hi tip nh hnh 10.8b

Ti tn s dao ng 0:

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Trong mch c bn hnh 10.8a, ta ch : mch khng dao ng - Nu li vng h Av < 3 - Nu li vng h Av >> 3 th tn hiu dao ng nhn c b bin dng (nh dng v nh m ca hnh sin b ct). - Cch tt nht l khi khi ng, mch to Av > 3 ( d dao ng) xong gim dn xung gn bng 3 c th gim thiu ti a vic bin dng. Ngi ta c nhiu cch, hnh 10.9 l mt v d dng diode hot ng trong vng phi tuyn thay i li in th ca mch. - Khi bin ca tn hiu ra cn nh, D1, D2 khng dn in v khng nh hng n mch. li in th ca mch lc ny l:

- li ny mch dao ng. Khi in th nh ca tn hiu ngang qua R4 khong 0.5 volt th cc diode s bt u dn in. D1 dn khi ng ra dng v D2 dn khi ng ra m. Khi dn mnh nht, in th ngang diode xp x 0.7 volt. l hai diode ch dn in phn nh ca tn hiu ra v n hot ng nh mt in tr thay i ni tip vi R5 v song song vi R4 lm gim li ca mch, sao cho li lc ny xung gn bng 3 v c tc dng lm gim thiu s bin dng. Vic phn gii hot ng ca diode trong vng phi tuyn tng i phc tp, thc t ngi ta mc thm mt in tr R5 (nh hnh v) iu chnh li ca mch sao cho bin dng t c mc thp nht.

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- Ngoi ra cng nn l bin dng s cng nh khi bin tn hiu ng ra cng thp. Thc t, ly tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng ngi ta c th mc thm mt mch khng o song song vi R1C1 nh hnh v thay v mc ni tip ng ra ca mch dao ng. Do tng tr vo ln, mch ny gn nh khng nh hng n h thng hi tip nhng tn hiu ly ra c bin dng c gim thiu ng k do tc ng lc ca R1C1. - Mt phng php khc gim bin dng v tng n nh bin tn hiu dao ng, ngi ta s dng JFET trong mch hi tip m nh mt in tr thay i. Lc ny JFET c phn cc trong vng in tr (ohmic region-vng ID cha bo ha) v tc ng nh mt in tr thay i theo in th (VVR-voltage variable resistor).

- Ta xem mch hnh 10.10

- D1, D2 c dng nh mch chnh lu mt bn k (m); C3 l t lc. Mch ny to in th m phn cc cho JFET. - Khi cp in, mch bt u dao ng, bin tn hiu ra khi cha lm cho D1 v D2 dn in th VGS = 0 tc JFET dn mnh nht v rds nh nht v li in th ca op-amp t gi tr ti a. - S dao ng tip tc, khi in th nh ng ra m t tr s xp x -(Vz + 0.7v) th D1 v D2 s dn in v VGS bt u m.

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Chng 10: Mch dao ng - S gia tng ca tn hiu in th nh ng ra s lm cho VGS cng m tc rds tng. Khi rds tng, li Av ca mch gim cui cng t c li vng bng n v khi mch hot ng n nh. - Thc t, mch hot ng iu kin tt nht, ngi ta dng bin tr R4 c th chnh t bin dng thp nht. Vn iu chnh tn s: - Trong mch dao ng cu Wien, tn s v h s hi tip c xc nh bng cng thc:

- Nh vy thay i tn s dao ng, ta c th thay i mt trong cc thnh phn trn. Tuy nhin, l khi c h s hi tip cng thay i theo v li vng cng thay i, iu ny c th lm cho mch mt dao ng hoc tn hiu dao ng b bin dng. - khc phc iu ny, ngi ta thng thay i R1, R2 hoc C1, C2 cng lc (dng bin tr i hoc t xoay i) khng lm thay i h s. Hnh 10.11 m t vic iu chnh ny.

- Tuy nhin, hai bin tr rt kh ng nht v thay i ging ht nhau nn kh gi vng. Mt cch khc iu chnh tn s dao ng l dng k thut hi tip m v ch thay i mt thnh phn mch v khng lm thay i li vng d v Av u thay i. Mch in nh hnh 10.12 - Tn s dao ng ca mch vn c xc nh bi:

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Vy khi R1 tng th f0 gim, tng. Ngc li khi R1 gim th f0 tng v gim. Mch A2 a vo trong h thng hi tip dng gi vng li vng lun bng n v khi ta iu chnh tn s (tc thay i R1). Tht vy, ta th tnh li vng h Av ca mch

Ton b mch dao ng cu Wien c iu chnh tn s v bin dng tham kho c v hnh 10.14

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10.2 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S CAO:

Dao ng dch pha khng dng c tn s cao do lc t in phi c in dung rt nh. to sng tn s cao ngi ta thng a vo h thng hi tip cc mch cng hng LC (song song hoc ni tip).

10.2.1 Mch cng hng (resonant circuit):

a. Cng hng ni tip (series resonant circuit): - Gm c mt t in v mt cun cm mc ni tip. - Cm khng ca cun dy l jXL = 2fL

- Thc t, cun cm L lun c ni tr R nn tng tr thc ca mch l: Z = R + jXL - jXC. - Ti tn s cng hng f0 th XL = XC nn Z0 = R

- Vy ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch c tr s cc tiu. - Khi tn s f < f0 tng tr c tnh dung khng. - Khi tn s f > f0 tng tr c tnh cm khng.

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b. Cng hng song song (parallel resonant ci rcuit) Tng tr ca mch:

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10.2.2 Tng qut v dao ng LC:

-Dng tng qut nh hnh 10.17a v mch hi tip nh hnh 10.17b

- Gi s Ri rt ln i vi Z2 (thng c tha v Z2 rt nh) tnh h s hi tip ta dng hnh 10.17b

xc nh Av ( li ca mch khuch i cn bn ta dng mch 10.17c

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10.2.3 Mch dao ng Colpitts:

Ta xem mch dng JFET

cc.

So snh vi mch tng qut: Z1= C1; Z2 = C2; Z3 = L1; C3: t lin lc ng vo lm cch ly in th phn

L2: cun chn cao tn (Radio-frequency choke) c ni tr khng ng k nhng c cm khng rt ln tn s dao ng, dng cch ly tn hiu dao ng vi ngun cp in. Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0

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Kt qu trn cho thy mch khuch i phi l mch o v li vng h phi c tr tuyt i ln hn C2 /C1. Av(oc) l li khng ti: Av(oc) = -gm(rd //XL2) Do XL2 rt ln ti tn s cng hng, nn: Av(oc) -gmrd Mt mch dng BJT

10.2.4 Dao ng Clapp (clapp oscillator):

Dao ng clapp tht ra l mt dng thay i ca mch dao ng colpitts. Cun cm trong mch dao ng colpitts i thnh mch LC ni tip. Ti tn s cng hng, tng tr ca mch ny c tnh cm khng.

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Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0

l do mch L1C3 phi c tnh cm khng tn s dao ng nn C3 phi c tr s nh, thng l nh nht trong C1, C2, C3 v f0 gn nh ch ty thuc vo L1C3 mc ni tip. Ngi ta cng c th dng mch clapp ci tin nh hnh 10.21 Tn s dao ng cng c tnh bng cng thc trn nhng ch do dng mch cc thu chung (Av, 1) nn h s phi c tr tuyt i ln hn 1.

10.2.5 Dao ng Hartley (hartley oscillators)

Cng ging nh dao ng colpitts nhng v tr ca cun dy v t hon i nhau. Z1 = L1; Z2 = L2; Z3 = C1 Trng Vn Tm X-19 Mch in T

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Hai cun cm L1 v L2 mc ni tip nn in cm ca ton mch l L = L1 + L2 + 2M vi M l h cm.

T iu kin: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0 ti tn s cng hng vi Z1+Z2=Zl=j0L

Ta cng c th dng mch cc thu chung nh hnh 10.23

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10.3 DAO NG THCH ANH (crystal oscillators)

10.3.1 Thch anh
Tinh th thch anh (quaRtz crytal) l loi trong m trong thin nhin, chnh l dioxyt silicium (SiO2). Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct m lt thch anh c c tnh khc nhau. Lt thch anh c din tch t nh hn 1cm2 n vi cm2 c mi rt mng, phng (vi mm) v 2 mt tht song song vi nhau. Hai mt ny c m kim loi v ni chn ra ngoi d s dng.

c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (piezoelectric effect) theo khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s xut hin mt in th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt in th xoay chiu, lt thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra mt in th xoay chiu c tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i, tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay i theo nhng vn c n nh tt hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng thch anh (tn s dao ng gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch ngoi). Mch tng ng ca thch anh nh hnh 10.25

Tinh th thch anh cng hng hai tn s khc nhau:

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Ta c th dng thch anh thay th mch ni tip LC, mch s dao ng tn s fS. Cn nu thay th mch song song LC, mch s dao ng tn s fp (hoc fop). Do thch anh c in cm LS ln, in dung ni tip rt nh nn thch anh s quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch; linh kin bn ngoi khng lm thay i nhiu tn s dao ng (di 1/1000). Thng ngi ta ch to cc thch anh c tn s dao ng t 100khz tr ln, tn s cng thp cng kh ch to. Trng Vn Tm X-22 Mch in T

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10.3.2 Dao ng thch anh:

Dao ng dng thch anh nh mch cng hng ni tip cn gi l mch dao ng Pierce (Pierce crystal oscillator). Dng tng qut nh sau:

Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun dy v t in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng dng nht ca thch anh. Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch anh nm trn ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.

Trong C1 = CdS; C2 = CgS t lin cc ca FET. Do C1 v C2 rt nh nn tn s dao ng ca mch:

v thch anh c dng nh mch cng hng song song.

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Thc t ngi ta mc thm mt t tinh chnh CM (Trimmer) nh hnh 10.29 v c tc ng gim bin dng ca tn hiu dao ng.

Ta c th dng mch hnh 10.30 vi C1 v C2 mc bn ngoi.

Trng hp ny ta thy thch anh c dng nh mt mch cng hng ni tip

10.4 DAO NG KHNG SIN

10.4.1 Dao ng tch thot dng OP-AMP (op-amp relaxation oscillator)
y l mch to ra sng vung cn gi l mch dao ng a hi phi n (astable mutivibrator). Hnh 10.31 m t dng mch cn bn dng op-amp

Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch so snh o c hi tip dng vi in th so snh vi c thay bng t C.

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Chng 10: Mch dao ng in th thm trn VUTP=.(+VSAT)>0 in th thm di VLTP=.(-VSAT)<0 Gi s khi m in v0 = +VSAT, t C np in, in th hai u t tng dn, khi VC (in th ng vo -) ln hn vf = VUTP (in th ng vo +) ng ra i trng thi thnh -VSAT v vf by gi l: vf = VLTP = .(-VSAT). T C bt u phng in qua R1, khi VC = 0 t C np in th m n tr s VLTP th mch li i trng thi (v0 thnh +VSAT). Hin tng trn c tip tc to ra ng ra mt dng sng vung vi nh dng l +VSAT v nh m l -VSAT. Thi gian np in v phng in ca t C l chu k ca mch dao ng. Do t C np in v phng in u qua in tr R1 nn thi gian np in bng thi gian phng in.

Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:

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Thc t |+VSAT| c th khc |-VSAT| nn c sng vung i xng, c th s dng mch nh hnh 10.33

Trong cc mch hnh trn ng ra ta c sng vung u (t1 = t2). Mun t1 t2 ta c th th R2 bng mch

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10.4.2 To sng vung, tam gic v rng ca vi mch dao ng a hi:

Dng tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng tch thot c th thay i nu ta thay i cc thnh phn ca h thng hi tip m. a. To sng tam gic: Mt cu chnh lu v JFET c a vo h thng hi tip m nh hnh 10.35. l in th ti cc thot D ca JFET lun dng hn cc ngun S (bt chp trng thi ca ng ra V0). JFET nh vy hot ng nh mt ngun dng in v tr s ca ngun ny ty thuc JFET v R1 khi VDS ln hn 3v. Th d vi JFET 2N4221, ta c:

C s

- Gi s v0 = +VSAT th D1, D2 dn. Dng in qua D1, JFET, D2 np vo t t tr

- Khi vC = VUTP, v0 i trng thi thnh -VSAT; D3, D4 dn, t C phng in cho n ht v np in th m n VLTP trong thi gian tn. Sau hin tng li tip tc.

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Nu 4 diode ng nht th ta c thi gian np in bng thi gian phng in, tc tp = tn, v chu k dao ng T = tp + t= = 2tp

Nh vy ng ra ta c sng vung v ng vo tr ta c sng tam gic. b. Thay i dc ca sng tam gic thay i dc ca sng tam gic ta phi thay i tp v tn (nu tp tn ta c sng tam gic khng u). Mun vy ta to dng np v dng phng khc nhau. Gi dng phng l In v dng np l Ip, ta c:

Mch minh ha nh hnh 10.37

c. To sng rng ca: to sng rng ca ta tm cch gim tht nh thi gian phng in. C th dng mch nh hnh 10.38

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- Thi gian C phng in qua Dn rt nh (vi chc micro giy). - Chu k dao ng T = tp + tn tp

10.4.3 To sng tam gic t mch so snh v tch phn:

Ta xem mch tch phn sau y:

Gi s thi im t = 0, SW v tr 1 (Ei = 15v) dng in qua R l: . Dng in ny s np vo t C to ra v0 (gim dn)

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Gi s khi v0 = VLTP ta chuyn SW sang v tr 2, t C s phng in v np theo chiu ngc li to ra v0 (dng dn).

trc.

Khi v0 = VUTP ta chuyn SW sang v tr 1. Mch tip tc hot ng nh

t ng b giao hon v to dng hng cho t in ca mch tch phn, ngi ta c th dng mt mch so snh v mch tch phn ghp vi nhau; xong ly ng ra ca mch tch phn lm in th iu khin cho mch so snh. Ton b mch c dng nh hnh 10.41

phn gii mch ta ch l khi ng ra ca mch so snh bo ha dng (+VSAT) th v0 = VZ + 0.7v = V0 > 0. Cn khi bo ha m v0= -(VZ+0.7v) = -V0 < 0.

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in th nh - nh ca tam gic:

Ch l nu VR = 0 th Vmax = -Vmin Xc nh tn s:

+ Khi VS 0 Khi v0 = -V0 (ng tin) th ta c:

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10.4.4 To sng tam gic n cc:

Ta xem li mch to sng tam gic khi VR = 0

V khi VS = 0 tp = tn to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni tip vi R1 nh hnh 10.43a Khi v0 = -V0: diode D dn Khi v0 = +V0: diode D ngng Trng Vn Tm X-32 Mch in T

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Mun to sng tam gic n cc m ta ch cn i chiu ca diode D. Tn s dao ng khng thay i.

10.4.5 To sng rng ca:

Nh phn trc, to sng rng ca, ta gim nh T2. Mun vy, ta to iu kin cho t C ca mch tch phn phng in nhanh. Ta c th dng mch nh hnh 10.44. Do Ei m, khi m in t C np to v(t) dng (tch phn o) tng dn t 0v. Lc ny do Vref > 0 v ln hn v(t) nn v0 trng thi -VSAT ( diode D v transistor Q ngng khng nh hng n mch tch phn. Tn hiu rng ca tng dn, khi Vc = Vref mch so snh i trng thi v v0 thnh +VSAT lm cho D v Q dn bo ha. T C phng nhanh qua Q ko v(t) xung 0v. Mch so snh li i trng thi... Trng Vn Tm X-33 Mch in T

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BI TP CUI CHNG X
Bi 1: Cho mch dao ng dch pha RC nh sau:

1. Chng minh rng tn s dao dng cho bi

2.Tm gi tr ca R Bi 2: Cho mch in:

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Bi 3: Cho mch in: D1, D2 cu to bng Si c in th Zener ln lt l VZ1 v VZ2 1. Chng minh rng rng ca xung dng ca v0 cho bi:

2. Chng minh rng rng ca xung m ca v0 cho bi:

3. Nu VZ1 > VZ2 th T1 ln hn hay nh hn T2. Gii thch. 4. Tm tn s f ca mch dao ng khi VZ1 = VZ2 = VZ

Bi 4: Trong mch in bi 3 thay R bi mch sau:

1. Gii thch hot ng ca mch (JFET hot ng vng ID bo ha). 2. Nu dng JFET 2N4869 c c im khi ID bo ha: VGS =-1V, ID = 3mA VGS =-2V, ID = 1mA Trong iu kin khi op-amp bo ha |v0| =20v; R1 =R2. dng np ca t l 3mA, dng phng l 1mA v cho chu k T=1ms th RS1, RS2, C phi bng bao nhiu.

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