C S THY A C H C

CHNG V. VN NG N NH CA ND TRONG CC LP KHNG NG NHT

Nu tng cha nc c cng thnh phn thch hc v h s thm th gi l tng cha nc ng nht. Tng cha nc ng nht c th ng hng hoc d hng. Khng nn nhm khi nim d hng vi khi nim khng ng nht. Tnh d hng do c im kin trc v cu to ca t gy ra, cn tnh khng ng nht do s khc nhau v thnh phn thch hc ca t gy ra. Trong t nhin thng gp cc tng cha nc khng ng nht. Cc tng cha nc c th khng ng nht trong mt ct v c trn bnh din. Kamenxki G.N. v Guxeinzade M.A c nhiu ng gp vo vic nghin cu l thuyt vn ng ca nc di t trong cc tng cha nc khng ng nht. Guxeinzade dng l thuyt hm s bin s phc nghin cu s vn ng ca cht lng trong cc tng cha nc c h s thm thay i trn mt bng.

1.

2.

3.

Nghin cu vn ng ca nc trong cc tng cha nc khng ng nht trong mt ct, Kamenxki G.N chia thnh ba dng ch yu sau. Tng cha nc gm nhiu lp, cc lp c h s thm khc nhau sp xp theo mt th t nht nh; Tng cha nc gm hai lp, thng gp nht khi lp trn c h s thm nh hn so vi lp di; Tng cha nc c h s thm thay i t t hoc thay i t ngt theo hng vn ng. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu mt s trng hp thng gp.

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

1)

Khi nc thm song song vi mt lp: V d vn ng ca nc song song vi mt lp trong tng cha nc c cu to nhiu lp (hnh IV.1a). Trong trng hp ny, tr s gradien p lc tit din bt k l khng i v lu lng n v ca dng chy mi mt lp c th biu din theo nh lut acxi nh sau lp th 1 q1 = k1h1I lp th 2 q2 = k2h2I lp th n qn = knhnI y, k1, k2; h1, h2, l h s thm v chiu dy ca cc lp 1,2

Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca nc trong tng cha nc khng ng nht. a- vn ng song song vi mt lp;

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

1)

Khi nc thm song song vi mt lp: Cng v vi v cc biu thc trn chng ta nhn c lu lng n v ca dng nc ngm trong tng cha nc n q = qi = (k1h1 + k 2 h2 + ...)I (IV-1) i =1 Cch khc, thay tng cha nc khng ng nht bng tng cha nc tng ng ng nht c h s thm ktb, lu lng n v ca tng cha nc tng ng l:

Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca nc trong tng cha nc khng ng nht. a- vn ng song song vi mt lp;

q = ktb hI

(IV-2)

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

1)

Khi nc thm song song vi mt lp: y, h - chiu dy ca tng cha nc tng ng, bng tng chiu dy tng lp ring ca tng cha nc khng ng nht. T (IV-1) v (IV-2) chng ta nhn c cng thc tnh h s thm Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca trung bnh ca tng cha nc khi c trong tng cha nc vn ng song song vi mt lp nn c khng ng nht. k1h1 + k 2 h2 + ... (IV-3) a- vn ng song song ktb = vi mt lp; h1 + h2 + ...

Palubarinva Kotsina P.Ya (1952) gi ktb l h s thm tng ng hoc h s thm dn dng: N l gi tr trung bnh cn bng ca tng cha nc gm nhiu lp, c tnh n chiu dy ca mi lp, v vy, ktb cn gi l h s thm trung bnh cn bng

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

2)

Khi nc vn ng vung gc vi mt lp: Khi nc di t vn ng vung gc vi mt lp (xem hnh IV-1b), theo nh lut acxi tc thm trong mi mt lp s bng y, H1, H2, l tn tht p lc trong mi lp; h1, h2, v k1, k2 l chiu dy v h s thm ca cc lp. H 1 v1 = k1I1 = k1 lp th 1 lp th 2
h1 H 2 v2 = k2 I 2 = k2 h2

(IV-4)

lp th n

vn = kn I n = kn

H n hn

Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca nc trong tng cha nc khng ng nht. b- vn ng vung gc vi mt lp;

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

2)

Khi nc vn ng vung gc vi mt lp: V tnh lin tc ca dng thm nn tc thm qua mi mt lp s bng nhau. T phng trnh (IV-4) chng ta c tng tn tht p lc khi nc vn ng qua tng cha nc: H = H1 + H2 + Hn = h1 h2 (IV-5) = v + + ... k1 k 2

Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca nc trong tng cha nc khng ng nht. b- vn ng vung gc vi mt lp;

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

2)

Khi nc vn ng vung gc vi mt lp: Tng tn tht p lc khi nc, vn ng vung gc vi mt lp c th xc nh bng cch khc: thay tng cha nc ktb v chiu dy h bng ton b chiu dy ca tng cha nc khng ng nht (hnh IV-1b), y, v - tc thm ca lp tng ng (bng tc thm trong lp thc t). h H = v. (IV-6)

Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca nc trong tng cha nc khng ng nht. b- vn ng vung gc vi mt lp;

ktb

1. Xc nh h s thm trung bnh ca cc tng cha nc khng ng nht

2)

Khi nc vn ng vung gc vi mt lp: So snh cc phng trnh (VI-5) v (IV-6), sau khi rt gn chng ta tm c gi tr h s thm trung bnh khi nc thm vung gc vi mt lp.

Hnh IV.1. Vn ng ca nc trong tng cha Chng ta hon ton c th chng minh c h s thm nc khng ng nht. trung bnh khi nc vn ng song song vi mt lp l cc b- vn ng vung gc i, cn h s thm trung bnh khi nc vn ng vung gc vi mt lp; vi mt lp l cc tiu Trong trng hp nc vn ng nghing vi mt lp h s thm trung bnh s c gi tr trung gian.

h1 + h2 + ... + hn ktb = hn h1 h2 + + ... + k1 k 2 kn

(IV-7)

2. Cc phng trnh vn ng ca ND trong cc lp khng ng nht

1)

Tng cha nc khng ng nht c cu to phc tp: Nghin cu vn ng ca nc ngm trong tng cha nc nm nghing c cu to phc tp, ngm nc thay i theo c phng ngang ln phng thng ng. Lu lng n v ca dng ngm xc nh theo cng thc gn ng Kamenski. Chng minh cng thc nh sau: Phng trnh Duypuy i vi lu lng ca dng ngm trong trng hp trn c dng dH (IV-8) q = Kh dx y K - h s thm trung bnh mt ct bt k

2. Cc phng trnh vn ng ca ND trong cc lp khng ng nht

1)

Tng cha nc khng ng nht c cu to phc tp: Tch phn biu thc trn trong khong t mt ct 1 n 2; p dng nh l v gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn hm s Kh=f(h) s c mang ra nmgoi du tch phn dng gi tr trung bnh f(Htb): (IV-9) K1 h1 + K 2 h2 f ( H tb ) = 2 Sau tch bin s v tch phn biu thc (IV-8), tm c cng thc gn ng tnh lu lng n v ca dng ngm K1 h1 + K 2 h2 H 1 H 2 q= (IV-10) 2 L K1 v K2 - h s thm trung bnh p83 mt ct 1 v 2; h1 v h2 - b dy dng ngm mt ct ; H1, H2 cao trnh mc nc; L - khong cch gia 2 mt ct.

2. Cc phng trnh vn ng ca ND trong cc lp khng ng nht

2)

Tng cha nc gm hai lp : Chng ta nghin cu tng cha nc gm hai lp v lp di c h s thm ln hn lp trn nhiu ln. Cu to ca tng cha nc nh vy rt ph bin trong nhng tam gic chu ca cc sng Hnh IV.2. Vn ng Xt tng cha nc gm hai lp c ca nc di t y cch nc nm ngang. Trong trong tng cha nc trng hp ny c th coi nh nc gm hai lp di t vn ng c chung mt mt p lc ng gch t trn (hnh IV.2). Khi , gi thit rng phn trn nc di t vn ng vi b mt t do, cn phn di nc di t vn ng nh nc p lc.

2. Cc phng trnh vn ng ca ND trong cc lp khng ng nht

2)

Tng cha nc gm hai lp : Phng trnh lu lng n v ca dng nc ngm trong tng cha nc c dng sau

dh dh q = k1h + k 2 m dx dx

(IV-11)
Hnh IV.2. Vn ng ca nc di t trong tng cha nc gm hai lp

Sau khi bin i biu thc (IV-11) v tch phn t mt ct 1 n mt ct 2, chng ta nhn c 2 h12 h2 h1 h2 (IV-12) q = k1 + k2 m 2L L

2. Cc phng trnh vn ng ca ND trong cc lp khng ng nht

2)

Tng cha nc c h s thm thay i t ngt theo phng vn ng : Trng hp nghin cu c dng nh hnh IV.3. gii bi ton trn chng ta thng dng phng php phn on.

Hnh IV.3. Tng cha nc c h s thm thay i t ngt theo phng vn ng

Ly mt ct x trng vi ranh gii tip xc gia hai lp cha nc c dn nc khc nhau (xem hnh IV.3). Trong phm vi t mt ct 1 n mt ct x v t mt ct x n mt ct 2 tng cha nc l ng nht. Lu lng n v ca dng nc ngm gia mt ct 1 v mt ct x s bng h12 hx2 q = k1 (IV-13)

2 L1

2. Cc phng trnh vn ng ca ND trong cc lp khng ng nht

2)

Tng cha nc c h s thm thay i t ngt theo phng vn ng : Cn lu lng n v ca dng ngm gia mt ct x v mt ct 2 c xc nh nh sau 2 (IV-14) hx2 h2

q = k2

2 L2

Hnh IV.3. Tng cha nc c h s thm thay i t ngt theo phng vn ng

T hai phng trnh trn chng ta nhn c cng thc lu lng n v ca dng nc ngm trong tng cha nc c h s thm thay i t ngt theo phng vn 2 h12 h2 ng: q= L1 L2 (IV-15) + 2 k k 2 1

3. Dng chy qua lp thm nc yu

Chng ta s nghin cu vn ng ca nc di t trong tng cha nc gm nhiu lp, c nhng lp thm nc tt c ngn cch bng nhng lp thm nc yu (xem hnh IV.4). Theo Girinxki Miatiev trong tng cha nc tn ti hai dng vn ng: 1) nc vn ng trong lp theo hng t min cung cp n min thot v 2) nc chy xuyn qua lp thm nc yu.

Hnh IV.4. S vn ng ca nc trong hai lp theo Girinxki - Miatiev

Tng hp hai dng vn ng trn to thnh dng phc tp lm sng t c dim vn ng ca dng tng hp chng ta ly ra mt nguyn t dng thm dx (hnh IV.4). Dng cc k hiu sau: k1, m1 - h s thm v chiu dy ca lp thm nc yu; k2, m2 - h s thm v chiu dy lp cha nc vi b mt p lc; H p lc ca lp trn; Hx p lc ca lp cha nc nghin cu.

3. Dng chy qua lp thm nc yu

Tham gia vo s cn bng ca nc trong nguyn t dng thm c cc i lng sau: 1) dng nc chy n nguyn t q; 2) dng xuyn tng q* chy qua lp thm nc yu; 3) dng nc chy ra t nguyn t q + dq. Khi vn ng n nh phng trnh cn bng ca nc trong nguyn t dng thm c dng sau q + q* = q + dq (IV-16) do q* = dq (IV-17)

Hnh IV.4. S vn ng ca nc trong hai lp theo Girinxki - Miatiev

Theo nh lut acxi lu lng n v ca dng nc di t trong tng cha nc c biu din bng cng thc

dH x q = k 2 m2 . dx

(IV-18)

3. Dng chy qua lp thm nc yu

Vi phn phng trnh (IV-18) theo bin s x chng ta nhn c d 2H x (IV-19)

dq = k 2 m2 .

bng cch khc, chng ta xc nh dq theo cng thc lu lng ca dng chy xuyn qua lp thm nc yu H Hx * dq = q = k1. dx (IV-20) m1 T hai phng trnh (IV-19) v (IV20) chng ta tm c phng trnh cn bng trong nguyn t dng thm:

dx 2

Hnh IV.4. S vn ng ca nc trong hai lp theo Girinxki - Miatiev

H Hx d 2H x k1. dx = k 2 m2 m1 dx 2

(IV-21)

3. Dng chy qua lp thm nc yu

t H Hx = H, phng trnh trn vit li c dng n gin hn d 2 H (IV-22) 2

k1 m1m2 k 2 H s b gi l h s chy xuyn tng. Phng trnh (IV-22) l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tinh ng nht. T l thuyt phng trnh vi phn

y, . b 2 =

dx

b H = 0

Hnh IV.4. S vn ng ca nc trong hai lp theo Girinxki - Miatiev

chng ta bit li gii ca phng trnh (IV-22) c dng H = C1exp(bx) + C2 exp (-bx) (IV-23) y C1 v C2 l cc bng s c xc nh theo iu kin bin gii. Ty tng trng hp c th chng ta s c nhng li gii khc nhau. Da vo li gii tm c chng ta nghin cu c im vn ng ca trc di t khi c dng xuyn qua lp thm nc yu cung cp cho tng cha nc.

HT CHNG V