HU QU PHP L CA VIC NG S VNG MT TI PHIN TA ThS.

Nguyn Triu Dng Trng i hc Lut H Ni ng s1 l mt ch th khng th thiu c trong qu trnh To n gii quyt v n dn s. Khng c ng s th khng c v n dn s. bo v cc quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh, ng s c quyn tham gia vo cc hot ng t tng nh chun b xt x, ho gii, phin to s thm, phc thm gii quyt v n dn s. Ngoi ra, khi ng s tham gia y vo cc hot ng t tng cng to c s cho To n c th gii quyt mt cch nhanh chng v ng n cc v n dn s. Do , vic tham gia t tng ca ng s khi c To n triu tp hp l va l quyn nhng cng ng thi l ngha v ca ng s trong t tng dn s. ng s vng mt khi c To n triu tp hp l c th lm cho vic gii quyt v n dn s b ko di, t gy ra s tn km thi gian v tin bc ca ng s v ca Nh nc, nh hng trc tip ti quyn v li ch hp php ca cc ch th khc... Xut pht t nhng l do trn, trong bi vit ny chng ti mun trao i mt s vn v hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt khi c To n triu tp tham gia phin to s thm, phc thm v n dn s theo quy nh ca php lut t tng dn s hin hnh, thc tin p dng v phng hng hon thin php lut. 1. Hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt khi c To n triu tp theo quy nh ca php lut t tng dn s Vit Nam hin hnh Php lut t tng dn s ca Vit Nam v nhiu quc gia khc u ghi nhn cho cc ng s c quyn c tham gia vo cc hot ng t tng ti phin to. Khi tham gia hot ng t tng ti phin to, ng s c iu kin thun li trong vic cung cp chng c chng minh, bo v cc quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh. V vy, php lut t tng dn s ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii u quy nh To n phi triu tp hp l cc ng s tham gia phin to. Khi c To n triu tp hp l th ng s phi c mt theo giy triu tp ca To n. Trong trng hp ng s c triu tp hp l m vng mt th tu tng trng hp h s phi gnh chu nhng hu qu php l bt li nh: - B pht mt khon tin nht nh; - Phi chu mt bn n vng mt;

Theo quy nh ti iu 56 ca BLTTDS, ng s trong v n dn s bao gm: nguyn n, b n, ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan trong v n dn s

- Yu cu ca ng s vng mt s khng c To n xem xt v.v... La chn v p dng cc bin php x l khi ng s vng mt ti phin to phi cn c vo tng trng hp c th mi c th m bo quyn tham gia ca ng s trong t tng dn s, ng thi hn ch c vic ng s c hnh vi cn tr lm tr hon qu trnh gii quyt v n dn s. Trong thc tin gii quyt cc v n dn s, ng s c triu tp m vng mt c th v nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau c th l: ng s vng mt do vic triu tp ca To n khng hp l; ng s c To n triu tp hp l nhng vng mt c l do chnh ng nh do s kin bt kh khng hoc do tr ngi khch quan m h khng th c mt theo giy triu tp ca To n; ng s c triu tp hp l nhng vn c tnh vng mt .v.v.. 1.1. Trng hp ng s vng mt do vic triu tp ca To n khng hp l bo m quyn tham gia t tng ca ng s, mt trong nhng vn mang tnh nguyn tc l To n phi tin hnh triu tp hp l ng s. Theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 150 BLTTDS th Vic cp, tng t, thng bo cc vn bn t tng c thc hin theo quy nh ca B lut ny th c coi l hp l. Chng X ca BLTTDS quy nh v vic cp, tng t, thng bo cc vn bn t tng. Theo , vic triu tp ng s c th thc hin thng qua th tc tng t, thng bo trc tip, qua bu in hoc ngi th ba c u quyn, nim yt cng khai hoc thng bo trn phng tin thng tin i chng. Vic tin hnh cc th tc triu tp ny phi thc hin theo ng th tc c quy nh ti cc iu 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 ca BLTTDS c xc nh l triu tp hp l. V vy, nu To n triu tp ng s nhng vic triu tp c thc hin khng theo ng th tc do BLTTDS quy nh th vic triu tp c xc nh l khng hp l. To n triu tp khng hp l ng s th v nguyn tc vic triu tp khng c gi tr php l. Do vy, nu ng s vng mt trong trng hp ny, To n phi hon phin to triu tp ln tip theo. Nu ng s khng c triu tp hp l nhng To n vn tin hnh vic xt x vng mt ng s th vic xt x c xc nh l c s vi phm nghim trng v t tng v khng bo m quyn tham gia t tng ca ng s. Vn ny cng c php lut t tng ca mt s nc quy nh. Chng hn, Khon 2 iu 167 ca B lut T tng dn s (BLTTDS) Lin bang Nga quy nh: Trong trng hp vng mt mt trong nhng ngi tham gia t tng m khng c thng bo th tm hon phin to. Hoc iu 471 ca BLTTDS ca Cng ho Php quy nh: B n vng mt c
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th c triu tp li theo yu cu ca nguyn n hoc theo quyt nh ca thm phn, nu giy triu tp ln trc khng n tay h. 1.2. Trng hp ng s c To n triu tp hp l nhng vng mt giai on xt x s thm, To n tin hnh vic triu tp hp l ng s tham gia phin to s thm v n dn s nhng ng s vng mt th tu tng trng hp To n cn xem xt ng s vng mt l nguyn n hay b n, ngi c quyn li v ngha v lin quan? ng s vng mt c l do chnh ng hay khng? ln vng mt l ln th my c bin php x l ph hp. C th nh sau: - Trng hp ng s c To n triu tp hp l vng mt nhng c n ngh To n xt x vng hoc c ngi i din hp php tham gia th To n xt x vng mt ng s (khon 1, 2 iu 202 BLTTDS). - Theo quy nh ti cc iu 199, 200, 201 BLTTDS th nguyn n, b n, ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan c triu tp hp l nhng vng mt ln th nht c l do chnh ng th phi hon phin to. L do chnh ng c th c hiu l do s kin bt kh khng hoc do tr ngi khch quan nh thin tai, ch ho, tai nn, m au v.v... m ng s khng th c mt theo giy triu tp ca To n th To n phi hon phin to triu tp ln tip. BLTTDS khng c quy nh hu qu php l trong trng hp ng s vng mt ln th nht m khng c l do chnh ng th x l nh th no. Tuy nhin, trong thc tin khi ng s c triu tp hp l vng mt ln th nht th thng thng ngay vo thi im ng s vng mt To n vn cha c c s xc nh vic vng mt l c l do hay khng c l do chnh ng. V vy, ti Mc 1.1 Phn III Ngh quyt s 02/2006/NQ-HTP c hng dn: khi nguyn n, b n, ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan vng mt ti phin to ln th nht theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 199, khon 1 iu 200 v khon 1 iu 201 ca BLTTDS d khng c l do chnh ng, th To n vn hon phin to. - V nguyn tc, nu nguyn n c To n triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vng mt th b coi l t b vic khi kin v To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s (khon 2, iu 199 BLTTDS). B n, ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th To n tin hnh xt x vng mt (khon 2 iu 200, khon 2 iu 201 ca BLTTDS). Tuy nhin, trong thc tin gii quyt cc v n dn s ti To n c th c nhng trng hp c bit ng s vng mt ln th hai l do s kin bt kh khng hoc do tr ngi khch quan m h khng th c mt ti phin to th theo hng dn ti Mc 1.2 Phn III Ngh quyt s 02/2006/NQ-HTP ngy 12/05/2006 ca Hi ng thm phn To n nhn
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dn ti cao: i vi nhng trng hp ng s nhn c quyt nh a v n ra xt x theo quy nh ti khon 2 iu 195 ca BLTTDS, c To n tng t hp l giy triu tp phin to theo quy nh ti cc iu t iu 150 n iu 156 ca BLTTDS v ng s chun b tham d phin to xt x v n, nhng do s kin bt kh khng hoc tr ngi khch quan xy ra i vi h ngay vo thi im trc ngy To n m phin to hoc ngay trong thi im h ang trn ng n To n tham d phin to (do thin tai, ch ho, b tai nn, m nng phi i bnh vin cp cu, ngi thn b cht) nn h khng th c mt ti phin to theo giy triu tp ca To n, th To n cng hon phin to. Trng hp do To n khng nhn c thng bo t pha ng s nn vn tin hnh xt x v n vng mt h, nu sau khi bn n, quyt nh ca To n c hiu lc php lut, ng s c khiu ni v chng minh c vic h vng mt ti phin to l do s kin bt kh khng hoc tr ngi khch quan, th khiu ni cn c xem xt theo th tc ti thm. Do , tr trng hp c bit vic vng mt ca ng s l c l do chnh ng nh phn tch trn y th khi nguyn n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai tham gia phin to s thm m vng mt To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s; b n, ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan trong v n dn s c To n triu tp hp l n ln th hai tham gia phin to s thm m vng mt th To n tin hnh phin to vng mt cc ng s ny. V x l hu qu ca vic ng s vng mt php lut t tng dn s mt s nc cng c nhng quy nh tng t nh php lut t tng ca Vit Nam. Chng hn, iu 468 BLTTDS Cng ho Php quy nh: Nu khng c l do chnh ng m nguyn n khng ra trc To, b n c th yu cu xt x tranh chp coi nh c mt hai bn, tr khi thm phn quyt nh x vo mt phin sau; hoc Nu b n khng ra To, vic kin vn c th c xt x v quyt nh v ni dung. Thm phn ch chp nhn yu cu nu xt yu cu y l hp thc, c cn c v c th chp nhn c (iu 472 BLTTDS Cng ho Php). Khon 3, 4 BLTTDS Lin bang Nga cng quy nh: To n c quyn xt x v n trong trng hp vng mt mt trong nhng ngi tham gia t tng c thng bo v thi gian v a im m phin to, nu ngi khng a ra l do vng mt hoc To n cho rng l do vng mt l khng chnh ng. To n c quyn xt x v n vi s vng mt ca b n c thng bo v thi gian v a im m phin to, nu b n khng thng bo cho To n l do vng mt chnh ng ca mnh v khng yu cu To n xt x v n vi s vng mt ca b n.

Trong giai on xt x phc thm, To n cp phc thm ch xem xt nhng vn m To n cp s thm gii quyt, ng thi To n cp phc thm ch xem xt li nhng phn ca bn n, quyt nh s thm c khng co, khng ngh hoc lin quan n vic xt khng co, khng ngh (iu 263 BLTTDS). Do phm vi xt x phc thm c s khc bit vi phm vi xt x s thm, phm vi xt x phc thm thng hp hn phm vi xt x s thm. Do , khng phi tt c cc ng s tham gia phin to s thm v n dn s u phi tham gia phin to phc thm v n dn s. Theo quy inh ti iu 264 BLTTDS, ng s phi tham gia phin to phc thm bao gm: ng s khng co v ng s khng khng co nhng quyn v ngha v ca h c lin quan n vic xt khng co, khng ngh. Khi triu tp cc ng s hp l tham gia phin to phc thm (i vi cc ng s phi tham gia phin to phc thm) m ng s vng mt th theo quy nh ti iu 266 BLTTDS v hng dn ti Mc 2 Phn III Ngh quyt s 05/2006/NQ-HTP ngy 04/08/2006 ca Hi ng thm phn To n nhn dn ti cao, tu tng trng hp To n phi gii quyt nh sau: - Nu ng s phi tham gia phin to phc thm m vng mt nhng c n ngh To n xt x vng mt hoc c ngi i din hp php tham gia th To n tin hnh xt x vng mt; - Nu ng s phi tham gia phin to phc thm m vng mt ln th nht c l do chnh ng th Hi ng xt x phc thm phi hon phin to. Trng hp khng xc nh c ng s phi tham gia phin to phc thm vng mt ln th nht c l do chnh ng hay khng c l do chnh ng th Hi ng xt x phc thm cng hon phin to; - ng s khng co c To n phc thm triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vng mt ti phin to th b coi l t b vic khng co v Hi ng xt x phc thm ra quyt nh nh ch vic xt x phc thm v n c khng co ca ngi khng co vng mt (khon 2 iu 266 BLTTDS), tr trng hp phn v n c khng co ca cc ng s khc hoc khng ngh ca Vin kim st; - ng s khng khng co nhng phi tham gia phin to phc thm m c triu tp hp l n ln th hai vn vng mt th To n tin hnh xt x vng mt xt khng co ca ch th khc hoc khng ngh ca Vin kim st. Nh vy, Php lut t tng dn s hin hnh quy nh kh c th v hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt phin to phc thm khi c To n cp phc thm triu tp hp l. Vic quy nh ny l c s cho vic x l i vi nhng trng hp ng s vng mt khi c To n triu tp hp l tham gia phin to phc thm. Quy nh v hu qu php
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l ca vic ng s vng mt To n cp phc thm th hin s bnh ng v quyn v ngha v ca cc ng s trong t tng. 2. Nhng hn ch v phng hng hon thin php lut v hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt khi c triu tp hp l tham gia phin ta giai on xt x s thm, cc ng s u phi c mt theo giy triu tp hp l ca To n. Trong giai on ny, To n c th triu tp cc ng s n To n To n tin hnh mt s hot ng thu thp chng c theo quy nh ca php lut t tng nh ly li khai ca ng s, i cht hoc To n tin hnh th tc ho gii hoc tin hnh phin to s thm v n dn s. BLTTDS quy nh v hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt khi c triu tp hp l tham gia phin to s thm v n dn s ti cc iu t iu 199 n iu 202. ng thi, Mc 1 Phn III Ngh quyt s 02/2006/NQ-HTP ngy 12/5/2006 ca Hi ng thm phn To n nhn dn ti cao hng hn thi hnh cc quy nh trong Phn th hai Th tc gii quyt v n ti To n cp s thm ca BLTTDS cng hng dn x l tng trng hp c th nu ng s c triu tp hp l tham gia phin to s thm nhng vng mt. C th thy rng cc quy nh ca php lut t tng dn s hin hnh xc nh kh c th vic x l khi ng s c To n triu tp hp l tham gia phin to s thm nhng vng mt. Tuy nhin, chng ti thy rng cc quy nh ny cn mt s im cha c quy nh hoc quy nh cha hp l. C th nh sau: - Th nht: Theo qui nh ti khon 2, iu 199 BLTTDS th: Trong trng hp nguyn n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th b coi l t b vic khi kin v To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s. Tuy nhin, quy nh ti khon 2 iu 199 BLTTDS li khng tnh n mt trng hp ngoi l l: To n nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s khi nguyn n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai vng mt nhng trong v n ny b n c yu cu phn t i vi nguyn n m b n c mt khi c triu tp hp l. Trng hp ny, To n c tip tc xt x vng mt nguyn n xt yu cu phn t ca b n hay khng? y l vn php lut t tng dn s khng c quy nh v cng cha c vn bn hng dn v vn ny. Trong khi theo quy nh ti im khon 2, iu 218 v khon 1 iu 219 BLTTDS ng thi theo hng dn ti Mc 7.1 Phn III Ngh quyt s 02/2006/NQ-HTP hng dn thi hnh cc quy nh trong Phn th hai Th tc gii quyt v n ti To n cp s thm ca BLTTDS ch quy nh v vic x l khi ngi khi kin rt ton b yu cu khi kin, nhng b n vn gi nguyn yu cu phn t th To n s ra
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quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n vi yu cu ca ngi khi kin rt, nguyn n s tr thnh b n v b n tr thnh nguyn n. Chng ti cho rng, trong trng hp nguyn n c To n triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th To n nh ch vic gii quyt v n vi yu cu ca nguyn n, nhng nu b n c yu cu phn t th To n vn phi gii quyt yu cu ca b n v b n tr thnh nguyn n, nguyn n s tr thnh b n. - Th hai: Trong trng hp nguyn n c To n triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th b coi l t b vic khi kin v To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s (khon 2, iu 199 BLTTDS) cn b n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th To n xt x vng mt b n (Khon 2, iu 200 BLTTDS). Tuy nhin, trong trng hp b n c yu cu phn t i vi nguyn n m b n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vng mt th khi To n xt x vng mt b n, To n c gii quyt yu cu phn t ca b n khng ? php lut t tng dn s hin hnh khng c quy nh v cng cha c vn bn hng dn v vn ny. Chng ti cho rng trong trng hp ny, khi To n xt x vng mt b n th To n cng khng gii quyt yu cu phn t ca b n m nh ch vic gii quyt v n i vi yu cu phn t ca b n vng mt. Bi v, trong t tng dn s cc ng s l bnh ng vi nhau: nguyn n c quyn a ra yu cu khi kin th b n cng c quyn a ra yu cu phn t, cc yu cu ny ca ng s u c To n xem xt gii quyt. V vy, khi nguyn n vng mt n ln th hai th suy on l nguyn n t b yu cu khi kin ca mnh v To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s khi nguyn n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vng mt. Khi b n vng mt n ln th hai To n xt x vng mt b n th To n phi nh ch vic gii quyt v n i vi yu cu phn t ca b n nu c. - Th ba: Trng hp ngi c quyn li ngha v lin quan c yu cu c lp c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th b coi l t b yu cu c lp ca mnh v To n ra quyt nh nh ch gii quyt v n i vi yu cu ca ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan, nu nguyn n v b n ng . Trong trng hp To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n i vi yu cu c lp th ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan c quyn khi kin li vi yu cu c lp , nu thi hiu khi kin vn cn (khon 3 iu 201 BLTTDS). Tuy nhin, khi nguyn n c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vn vng mt th b coi l t b vic khi kin v To n ra quyt nh nh ch vic gii quyt v n dn s th khng cn iu kin phi c cc ng s khc ng . Chng ti thy rng vic php lut t tng quy nh v vn ny cha hp l. To n gii
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quyt cc yu cu ca ng s trong v n bao gm yu cu khi kin ca nguyn n, yu cu phn t ca b n, yu cu ca ngi c quyn li, ngha v lin quan c yu cu c lp m cc ng s trong t tng bnh ng vi nhau khi tham gia t tng. Trng hp mt ng s no a ra yu cu m c triu tp hp l n ln th hai m vng mt khng c l do chnh ng u phi suy on l h t b yu cu ca mnh v v vy To n u phi ra quyt nh nh ch gii quyt yu cu ca ngi . Tuy nhin, khi ng s a ra yu cu th h phi chu trch nhim v yu cu ca mnh. Nu h a ra yu cu cho rng ngi khc xm phm n quyn li ca mnh, nhng sau li vng mt, trong khi cc ng s khc khng chp nhn vic nh ch gii quyt yu cu ca ngi vng mt v ngh To n xt x gii quyt dt im yu cu ca ngi vng mt xc nh r trch nhim ca cc bn theo quy nh ca php lut v h c nhng cng sc chun b cho vic tham gia t tng. Chng ti cho rng: khi ng s c a ra yu cu m vng mt khi c To n triu tp hp l th To n ch nh ch vic gii quyt yu cu ca ngi khi cc ng s khc ng . Nu cc ng s khc khng ng th To n vn phi xt x xc nh r quyn v ngha v ca cc bn v nu yu cu ca ng s vng mt khng c chp nhn th ng s vng mt ngoi vic phi chu n ph, chu mt khon tin pht, ng thi phi bi thng tn tht cho cc ng s khc phi b ra tham gia t tng. - Th t: Theo quy nh ca php lut t tng dn s hin hnh, To n c th xt x m khng c s tham gia ca ng s. Vn t ra l khi phin to din ra m khng c s tham gia ca bt k ng s no th th tc tin hnh phin to ny s c thc hin nh th no bo m ng th tc t tng. Gi s mt phin to s thm v n dn s xt x m khng c s c mt ca bt k ng s no th din bin phin to s c xc nh nh th no ? Nu khng c ng s, cc th tc tin hnh phin to nh th tc hi th Hi ng xt x s khng th tin hnh th tc hi m ch l vic Hi ng xt x cho cng b bn t khai, bin bn ly li khai ca ng s c trong h s v n, cng b cc ti liu khc c trong h s, a ra xem xt cc vt chng... c bit, sau khi kt thc th tc hi Hi ng xt x chuyn sang th tc tranh lun th th tc tranh lun khng th tin hnh theo th tc chung do BLTTDS quy nh khi khng c ng s no tham gia v ch th tranh lun ch yu l ng s. V vy, php lut t tng dn s bn cnh vic quy nh th tc tin hnh phin to trong trng hp thng thng vi s c mt ca cc ng s cn quy nh nhng th tc ring v nhng iu kin cho mt phin to xt x vng mt ng s nhm bo m vic To n xt x vng mt ng s m vn bo m gii
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quyt nhanh chng, chnh xc v ng php lut. Vn ny cng c php lut t tng dn s ca nhiu nc quy nh. Chng hn, BLTTDS ca Lin bang Nga bn cnh vic quy nh th tc tin hnh phin to xt x c mt ng s cn dnh ring Chng XXII quy nh v th tc gii quyt vng mt ng s hay tiu mc 2 Mc 2 Chng 1 Thin XIV ca BLTTDS Cng ho Php c nhng quy nh ring v trng hp n x vng mt ng s. Trn y l mt s ni dung v hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt khi c To n triu tp tham gia phin to s thm, phc thm v n dn s theo quy nh ca Php lut t tng dn s Vit Nam hin hnh v mt s xut nhm hon thin cc quy nh php lut t tng v vn ny. Tuy nhin, hu qu php l ca vic ng s vng mt khi c To n triu tp l vn phc tp, iu ny khng ch th hin trong lut thc nh m th hin c trong thc tin p dng. V vy, tc gi rt mong nhn c nhng kin trao i ca cc nh nghin cu, nhng ngi lm cng tc thc tin v vn ny.