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ng t v cc vn lin quan n chia ng t

Nh cp phn cu trc chung ca cu, ng ng t ting Anh gm c mt ng t chnh v mt hoc nhiu tr ng t. ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh: Qu kh (Past) Hin ti (Present) Tng lai (Future) Mi thi chnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng. 3.1 Present tenses (cc thi hin ti) 3.1.1 Simple Present (thi hin ti thng) Dng din t mt hnh ng mang tnh thng xuyn (regular action), theo thi quen (habitual action) hoc hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh qui lut. I walk to school every day. Khi chia ng t thi ny, i vi ngi th nht (I), th hai (you) v th 3 s nhiu (they) ng t khng phi chia, s dng ng t nguyn th khng c to nh v d nu trn. i vi ngi th 3 s t (he, she, it), phi c "s" sau ng t v m phi c c ln: He walks. She watches TV Thng dng thi hin ti thng vi mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays,... v vi cc ph t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian ... Simple present thng khng dng din t hnh ng ang xy ra thi im hin ti (now), ngoi tr vi cc ng t th hin trng thi (stative verb) nh sau: know believe hear see smell wish understand hate love like want sound have need appear seem taste own

Cc t trong danh sch trn thng cng khng bao gi xut hin trong thi tip din (hin ti tip din, qu kh tip din...). Mt s v d khc v thi hin ti thng: They understand the problem now. (stative verb) He always swims in the evening. (habitual action) We want to leave now. (stative verb) The coffee tastes delicious. (stative verb) Your cough sounds bad. (stative verb) I walk to school every day. (habitual action)

3.1.2 Present Progressive (thi hin ti tip din)

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra vo thi im hin ti. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng mt s ph t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment. Dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l trong vn ni. The president is trying to contact his advisors now. (present time) We are flying to Paris next month. (future time) Cc ng t trng thi (stative verb) bng sau khng c chia th tip din (bt c thi no) khi chng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thi cm gic ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tnh cht ca s vt, s vic.

know believe hear see smell wish

understand hate love like want sound

have need appear seem taste own

Nhng khi chng quay sang hng ng t hnh ng th chng li c php dng th tip din. He has a lot of books. He is having dinner now. (ng t hnh ng: n ti) I think they will come in time. I'm thinking of my test tomorrow. (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v)

3.1.3 Present Perfect (thi hin ti hon thnh)

Thi hin ti hon thnh dng : (1). Din t mt hnh ng xy ra mt thi im khng xc nh trong qu kh. John has traveled around the world. (We don't know when) (2). Ch mt hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh. George has seen this movie three time. (3). Mt hnh ng bt u din ra trong qu kh v vn cn xy ra hin ti. John has lived in that house for 20 years. (He still lives there.) = John has lived in that house since 1984. (Gi s hin nay l 2004) 3.1.3.1 Cch dng SINCE v FOR: FOR + khong thi gian: for three days, for ten minutes, for twenty years ... SINCE + thi im bt u: since 1982, since January, ...

3.1.3.2 Cch dng ALREADY v YET: Already dng trong cu khng nh, already c th ng ngay sau have v cng c th ng cui cu.

We have already written our reports. We have written our reports already. Yet dng trong cu ph nh, cu nghi vn. Yet thng xuyn ng cui cu. We haven't written our reports yet. Have you written your reports yet? Trong mt s trng hp th ph nh, yet c th ng ngay sau have nhng phi thay i v mt ng php: ng t PII tr v dng nguyn th c to v khng dng not.

John has yet to learn the material = John hasn't learnt the material yet.

3.1.3.3 Thi hin ti hon thnh thng dc dng vi mt s cm t ch thi gian nh sau: Dng vi now that... (gi y khi m...) Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply for the scholarship. Dng vi mt s ph t nh till now, untill now, so far (cho n gi). Nhng cm t ny c th ng u cu hoc cui cu. So far the problem has not been resolved. Dng vi recently, lately (gn y) nhng cm t ny c th ng u hoc cui cu. I have not seen him recently. Dng vi before ng cui cu. I have seen him before.

3.1.4 Present Perfect Progressive (thi hin ti hon thnh tip din)

Ch i vi cc hnh ng thc loi (3) ca thi hin ti hon thnh chng ta mi c th dng thi hin ti hon thnh tip din. John has been living in that house for 20 years. = John has lived in that house for 20 years. Phn bit cch dng gia hai thi: Present Perfect Hnh ng chm dt hin ti do c kt qu r rt. I've waited for you for half an hour. Present Perfect Progressive Hnh ng vn tip din hin ti, c kh nng lan ti tng lai do khng c kt qu r rt.

(and now I stop waiting because you didn't come).

I've been waiting for you for half an hour. (and now I'm still waiting, hoping that you'll come)

3.2 Past tenses (cc thi qu kh)

3.2.1 Simple Past (thi qu kh thng):

Dng din t mt hnh ng xy ra dt im ti mt thi gian xc nh trong qu kh (khng cn din ra hoc nh hng ti hin ti). Thi im trong cu c xc nh r rt bng mt s cc ph t ch thi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last week, ... He went to Spain last year. Bob bought a new bicyle yesterday. Maria did her homework last night. Mark washed the dishes after dinner. We drove to the grocery store this afternoon. George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

3.2.2 Past Progresseive (thi qu kh tip din):

Thi qu kh tip din dng din t: (1) mt hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th b mt hnh ng khc chen ngang (khi ang... th bng...). Trong trng hp ny, mu cu chung l:

I was watching TV when she came home. hoc

When she came home, I was watching television. (2) Hai hnh ng cng ng thi xy ra trong qu kh. Trong trng hp ny, mu cu sau c p dng:

Martha was watching television while John was reading a book. hoc

While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television. Cu trc sau y cng i khi c dng nhng khng thng dng bng hai mu trn:

While John was reading a book, Martha watched television. (3) Mt hnh ng ang xy ra ti mt thi im xc nh trong qu kh: Martha was watching TV at seven oclock last night. What were you doing at one oclock this afternoon? Henry was eating a snack at midnight last night.

3.2.3 Past Perfect (thi qu kh hon thnh):

Thi qu kh hon thnh c dng din t: (1) mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc trong qu kh, trong cu thng c c 2 hnh ng:

Thi qu kh hon thnh thng c dng vi 3 ph t ch thi gian l: after, before v when.

Ph t when c th c dng thay cho after v before trong c 4 mu trn m khng lm thay i ngha ca cu. Chng ta vn bit hnh ng no xy ra trc do c s dng qu kh hon thnh. The police came when the robber had gone away. (2) Mt trng thi tn ti mt thi gian trong qu kh nhng chm dt trc hin ti.

Trng hp ny tng t trng hp (3) i vi hin ti hon thnh nhng trong trng hp ny khng c lin h g vi hin ti. John had lived in New York for ten years before he moved to VN.

3.2.4 Past Perfect Progressive (thi qu kh hon thnh tip din):

Ch i vi cc hnh ng thuc nhm (2) ca thi qu kh hon thnh ta mi c th dng thi qu kh hon thnh tip din, vi ngha ca cu khng thay i. John had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to VN. Lu : Thi ny ngy nay t dng, ngi ta thay th n bng Past Perfect v ch dng khi no cn in t tnh chnh xc ca hnh ng.

3.3 Future tenses (cc thi tng lai)

3.3.1 Simple Future (thi tng lai thng):

Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l ng php M chp nhn vic dng will cho tt c cc ngi, cn shall ch dng vi cc ngi I, we trong mt s trng hp nh sau: a ra ngh mt cch lch s: Shall I take you coat? Dng mi ngi khc mt cch lch s: Shall we go out for lunch? Dng ng gi trong khi mc c, mua bn: Shall we say : $ 50 Thng c dng vi 1 vn bn mang tnh php qui buc cc bn phi thi hnh iu khon trong vn bn: All the students shall be responsible for proper execution of the dorm rule.

Trong ting Anh bnh dn , ngi ta thay shall = must dng cu ny. N dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai nhng khng xc nh c th. Thng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh tomorrow, next + time, in the future, in future, from now on.

3.3.2 Near Future (tng lai gn):

Din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai gn, thng dng vi cc ph t di dng: In a moment (lt na), at 2 o'clock this afternoon.... We are going to have a reception in a moment N ch 1 vic chc chn s phi xy ra theo nh d tnh cho d thi gian l tng lai xa. We are going to take a TOEFL test next year. Ngy nay ngi ta thng dng present progressive.

3.3.3 Future Progressive (thi tng lai tip din):

Dng din t mt hnh ng s xy ra vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. At 8:00 am tomorrow morning we will be attending the lecture. Good luck with the exam! We will be thinking of you. Dng kt hp vi present progressive khc din t hai hnh ng ang song song xy ra. Mt hin ti, cn mt tng lai. Now we are learning English here, but by this time tomorrow we will be attending the meeting at the office. c dng cp n cc s kin tng lai c xc nh hoc quyt nh (khng mang ngha tip din). Professor Baxter will be giving another lecture on Roman glass-making at the same time next week. Hoc nhng s kin c mong i l s xy ra theo mt tin trnh thng l (nhng khng din t nh ca c nhn ngi ni). You will be hearing from my solicitor. I will be seeing you one of these days, I expect. D on cho tng lai: Don't phone now, they will be having dinner.

Din t li ngh nh nhn mun bit v k hoch ca ngi khc Will you be staying in here this evening? (ng c d nh li y ti nay ch )

3.3.4 Future Perfect (thi tng lai hon thnh):

Dng ch mt hnh ng s phi c hon tt vo mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. N thng c dng vi trng t ch thi gian di dng: by the end of....., by the time + sentence We will have accomplished the English grammar course by the end of next week. By the time human being migrates to the moon, most of the people alive today will have died.

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