.

ne
t

CHUYN H PHNG TRNH

Phm Hng Vng

Hc sinh lp 12C1 trng THPT Phan ng Lu, Ngh An

I. Li ni u.

die

nd

an

toa

nh
oc

Chuyn l kt qu thu c qua mt thi gian hc tp v nghin cu ca bn thn v h

phng trnh. Tuy nhin c th ni rng, l s kt tinh qua nhiu th h, l s gip , l s
hc hi t nhng ngi bn ca mnh cng nh rt nhiu yu t khc.
t hiu qu cao khi tham kho chuyn ny, xin c trch dn my li ca nh gio
G.Polya: " [...] Mt s bi ton c nu li gii y (tuy vn tt), i vi mt s bi khc, ch
vch ra my bc gii u tin, v i khi ch a ra kt qu cui cng.
Mt s bi ton c km thm ch dn gip ngi c gii c d dng hn. Ch dn cng
c th nm trong nhng bi ton khc gn bi ton ang xt. Nn c bit lu n nhng
nhn xt m u trc tng bi tp hay c mt nhm bi tp gp thy trong chng.
Nu chu kh, gng sc gii mt bi ton no th d khng gii ni i chng na, bn c
cng thu hoch c nhiu iu b ch. Chng hn, bn c c th gi ra xem ( cun sch)
phn u mi li gii, em i chiu vi nhng suy ngh ca bn thn mnh, ri gp sch li v
th gng t lc tm ra phn cn li ca li gii.
C l thi gian tt nht suy ngh, nghin ngm v phng php gii bi ton l lc bn
va t lc gii xong bi ton hay va c xong li gii bi ton trong sch, hay c xong phn
trnh by phng php gii trong sch. Khi va hon thnh xong nhim v, v cc n tng hy
cn "nng hi", nhn li nhng n lc va qua ca mnh, bn c c th phn tch su sc tnh
cht ca nhng kh khn vt qua. Bn c c c th t t cho mnh nhiu cu hi b ch:
"Khu no trong qu trnh gii l quan trng nht? Kh khn ch yu l ch no? Ta c th
lm g cho tt hn? Chi tit y mnh cng lic qua m khng ch n - mun "nhn thy"
chi tit ny th u c phi c t cht ra sao? Liu y c mt cch g ng lu sau
ny gp mt tnh hung tng t, ta c th p dng c khng?" Tt c nhng cu hi u
hay c, v cng cn nhiu cu hi b ch khc na, nhng cu hi hay nht chnh l cu hi t
nhin ny ra trong c, khng cn ai gi c!"
(trch "My li khuyn v ch dn" -G.Polya trong "Sng to ton hc")
Do thi gian cng nh 1 s vn khc nh kin thc, trnh by,.. m chuyn ny cn kh
nhiu khim khuyt. Rt mong c cc bn quan tm v chia s hon thin chuyn hn.
Hi vng n s l ti liu b ch gip chng ta vt qua 1 chng nh trong chng ng chinh
phc ton hc.

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II. MT S PHNG PHP C.

1. H phng trnh i xng kiu I.

Nhn dng: H i xng

kiu I: gm 2 phng trnh n x,y m vai tr x,y trong mi
phng trnh
l nh nhau. V d:

a(x + y) + bx y = c
x 2 + y 2 = c

. V phng php gii l t n ph:

S = x + y

. Gii

P = x y

V d 1.

nh
oc

tm S, P sau s dng nh l Vi-et, d thy x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 S.X + P = 0

Cng xem xt 1 vi v d (cch gii v mt s hng gii quyt mi)
( thi HSG lp 9 Tnh Bn Tre nm 2009-2010)

Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 + y 2 2x 2y = 6
x + y x y = 5

Li gii:
t S = x + y, P = x y , ta thu c h mi tng ng:

S 2 2P 2S = 6
S P = 5

S 2 4S + 4 = 0

P = S 2

S = 2

P = 3

toa

Nh vy, theo nh l Vi-t, x, y l nghim ca phng trnh:

"

X 2X 3 = 0 (X 3)(X + 1) = 0

x = 3, y = 1
x = 1, y = 3

an

Vy h c 2 nghim (x; y) tha mn l: (1; 3) v (3; 1).

Nhng bi nh th ny v bi gii nh vy tr nn quen thuc, khng cn mi l. Tuy
nhin, cng c 1 s bi h, d bit l i xng kiu I, nhng li phi lm g s dng c?
Hy xem v d:
V d 2.

(H-C Khi A nm 2006)

p
x + y xy = 3
p
Gii h phng trnh: p
x +1+ y +1 = 4
(

Li gii:

nd

tng 1: Bnh phng hai v ca pt di h thnh

x + y px y = 3
x + y + 2 + px y + x + y + 1 = 16

Th t nh c: S = x + y, P = x y , h khi tr thnh:

die

p
S P = 3
S + 2pP + S + 1 = 14

p
S = P + 3
p

2 P + pP + 4 = 11 pP

S = P +3

p
3P 26 P 105 = 0

0 P 121

n y, gii tm P , sau quay li gii tm ra nghim x, y . ( ch iu kin)

Hn na, lun nh: S 2 4P loi bt nghim.
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x + 1, b =

y + 1 nhm lm n gin 1 phng trnh ca h. (k thut

.ne
t

tng 2: t n a =

t n lm gn ny rt c ngha, c bit trong bt ng thc (BT) c gi thit rm r, vi

phng trnh hay h cng vy). Khi
:
HPT

a + b = 4

nh
oc

p
a 2 + b 2 2 (a 2 1)(b 2 1) = 3

S = 4

S 2 2P 2 pP 2 S 2 + 2P + 1 = 3

S = 4
p
P 2 + 2P 15 = 11 2P

Trong S = a + b, P = ab . n y, ta cng c th gii tng t.

V d 3.

(Thi th H-C, THPT chuyn Nguyn Hu 2011)

p
x + 1 + py 1 = 4
Gii h phng trnh: p
x + 6 + py + 4 = 6

V d 4.

( thi HSG lp 9 tnh Ngh An nm 2009-2010)

V d 5. Gii h phng trnh:

toa

1 1 1

+ + =2
Gii h phng trnh: x2 y 1 z

=4

x y z2

(x + y)(1 + x y) = 4x y

(x 2 + y 2 )(1 + x 2 y 2 ) = 4x 2 y 2

an

Thc ra, dng h i xng kiu I c hng gii kh n gin, r rng vi vic t n v s
dng nh l Vi-t. Chnh v vy m h i xng kiu I thng gn vi vic gii v bin lun, mt
s trng ca phng php ny! Chng ta cng xt mt s v d sau.
V d 6.

Tm a h phng trnh

x 2 y + x y 2 = a

nd

Li gii:

a y + x + y = a + 1

t : S = x + y, P = x y , ta c h mi:

( thi HSG lp 9 tnh H Ni nm 2009-2010)

c nghim duy nht.

S + P = a + 1
SP = a

die

Theo Vi-t, S v P l nghim ca phng trnh: X 2 (a + 1)X + a = 0

(1)
2
Hn na, cng theo Vi-t x, y li l nghim ca phng trnh: X S.X + P = 0
(2).
2
Do , h c 1 nghim duy nht th (2) c nghim duy nht, tc (2) = 0 S = 4P x = y
Hoc c th dng nhn xt: do vai tr x, y trong mi phng trnh ca h l nh nhau nn nu
h c nghim (m; n) th n cng c nghim (n; m). Nh vy h c nghim duy nht th cn c
x = y . Th vo c:

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x 2 + 2x = a + 1
2x 3 = a

x 2 + 2x (a + 1) = 0 ()
q
x = 3 a
2

V d 7.
Tm m h phng trnh sau c nghim:

V d 8.

a
= 1 a = 2.
2

.ne
t

2
h c nghim duy nht th () c duy nht 1 nghim x =
= 1
2.1
Th li thy tha mn. Kt lun gi tr cn tm l a = 2.

p( thi HSG lp 9 Tnh Hng Yn nm 2009-2010)

x + py = m
x + y px y = m

(Thi th H-C
THPT Lng Ngc Quyn, Thi Nguyn 2011)

nh
oc

p
x + 1 + py + 1 = a
Tm a h phng trnh sau c nghim:
x + y = 2a + 1

Nu n thun ch l h i xng kiu I th chc chn n s nhanh chng c chng ta gii

quyt. Chnh v vy, m sau y s cc v d cn dng cc k thut nh chuyn v h i xng
kiu I. (Phn k nng s trnh by r hn mc sau).
V d 9. Gii h phng trnh:

(x 1)2 + 6(x 1)y + 4y 2 = 20

x 2 + (2y + 1)2 = 2

Nhn xt: Quan st th thy ngay khng th l h i xng kiu I. Nhng! Hy xem
Li gii:

toa

a 2 + 3ab + b 2 = 20

t a = x 1, b = 2y th h tr thnh:

(a + 1)2 + (b + 1)2 = 2

. ng l h i xng kiu I!

an

By gi, th c th i tip theo phng php c ri.

C th ni rng, vn t gn lun n hin 1 iu g rt th v nu ta tinh trong cc biu
thc nhn c v c vn . Nh v d trn chng hn, phi bit nghi ng (x 1), khi n c t
trong ngoc.
Hy tip tc vi h sau:
V d 10. Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 + 6x y + 4y 2 = 19 + 2y + 6y

(1)

x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 4y

(2)

die

nd

C th thy, c 2 v d 10 v v d 11 u ch l mt. Nhng nu nghim theo cch t n gn

th t ci no.
Nu t a = x 1, b = 2y nh trn th ti sao li bit m t nh vy. y chnh l vn cn
bn. Nu i theo phn tch phng trnh (1) th s c kh nhiu phng n: chng hn ngh n
hng ng thc: (1) (x + 3y)2 5y2 = 19 + 2(x + 3y), ..v.v . C kh nhiu ng thc c th ngh ti
t.
Nhng vi phng trnh (2) th li khc: n ch c mt ng thc cn ch : (2) x 2 +(2y+1)2 =
2. Nh vy, tng t lm gn (2) m ra: a = 2y + 1, hn na c th thy phng trnh (1) h
s ca y lun chn, khi th c th th 2y = a 1 (y khng phi l mt trng hp ngu nhin.
Hy ngh vy).
Vic lm cn li th kh r ri, ta cng thu c mt h i xng kiu I v tip tc gii.
Hy th vi cc v d:

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V d 12. Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 y + x 2 + 2y 22 = 0

(x y)2 = 1 x 2 y 2
x(x y + y + 1) = y(x y + 1) + 1

.ne
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V d 11. Gii h phng trnh:

x 4 4x 2 + (y 3)2 = 0

V d 13. Gii h phng trnh:

nh
oc

Thm ch cn c nhng bi c nhng cch t a v h i xng rt th v, kh m thy

c nu khng qua cht bin i. V vy, hy c gng quan st v t gn ph hp.

x 2 + y 2 = 5 + 4x 4y
3x + x y y = 15

V d 14.

(THTT s 379 nm 2009)

Gii h phng trnh:

x y 3x 2y = 16
x 2 + y 2 2x 4y = 33

V d 15. Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 + y 2 = 2

2x 2 + 3x y 2y 2 + 3x + y = 7

toa

Li gii:
(xem gii mc II. phng php 02)
Hn na, dng h i xng kiu I ny rt hay vn dng mt hng ng thc (ang c xu
1
1
y
+ y 2 = ( + y)2 2 .. Tip tc vi cc v d sau, bn s thy r.
2
x
x
x

y + y =6
V d 16. Gii h phng trnh: x12 x

+ y2 = 5
x2

an

hng ln trong cc thi th):

V d 17. Gii h phng trnh:

x y + y 2 + x 7y = 0
x y + x 2 12y = 0

nd

1 2

2
2

(x + y ) 1 +
=9
xy
V d 18. Gii h phng trnh:
1 3

(x 3 + y 3 )(1 +
) =4
xy

die

x y(2x + y 6) + 2x + y = 0

V d 19. Gii h phng trnh:

1 2
2
2

(x + y ) 1 +
=8
xy

V c mt dng ( phn cui chuyn )

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2. H phng trnh i xng kiu II.

V d 20. Gii h phng trnh:

nh
oc

Nhn dng: Cng nh loi I, loi II cng i xng nhng l i xng gia 2 phng trnh ch
khng khng phi l i xng trong tng phng trnh nh kiu I.
Mt cch nhn dng khc na l cho x = y th 2 phng trnh ca h nh nhau. Hay ni cch
khc x = y chnh l nghim ca h. y chnh l c im khai thc ca h ny.
Phng php: Thng thng, ta tr theo v ta thu c nghim x = y , v 1 s nghim khc.
Sau thay li tm ra nghim (x; y).
Cng xem xt mt s v d n gin.

x 2 + y = 5x + 3

y 2 + x = 5y + 3

Li gii:
Tr theo ca h thu c: x 2 y 2 = 6(x y) (x y)(x + y 6) = 0. Do , h phng trnh cho
tng ng vi:
"

x =y =1

x =y =3

"
x = 3, y = 3

x = 9, y = 15

x =y =1

x =y =3
x = 9, y = 15

toa

x = y

2
x 4x + 3 = 0


x+y =6

x 2 + x 5 (6 x) = 3

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l x; y = {(9; 15) , (1; 1) , (3; 3)}

V d 21. Gii h phng trnh:

x 3 = 2y + 1
y 3 = 2x + 1

Li gii:
Tr theo v ca h ta thu c: x 3 y 3 = 2(y x) (x y)(x 2 + x y + y 2 + 2) = 0 x = y
y
2

3
4

an

V x 2 + x y + y 2 + 2 = (x + )2 + y 2 + 2 > 0. Nh vy th x = y vo h, ta ch cn gii phng trnh:

"

nd

x 3 2x + 1 = 0 (x 1) x 2 + x 1 = 0

Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l x =

x =1
x2 + x 1 = 0

x =1
p
1 5
x=
2

)
p
1 5
;1
2

Ch : Khi tr theo v, ta thu c: x 3 + 2x = y 3 + 2y . Nu khng dng phn tch trn, ta c

die

th tnh o hm: f (t ) = t 3 + 2t c f 0 (t ) = 3t 2 + 2 > 0 nn suy ra: x = y.

Nhn xt: n gin ch l tr v theo v, nhng vi nhng bi khc nhau li cn thm
nhng k thut khai thc khc nhau l xut hin (xy). Hy xem:
V d 22.

p
x + 10 + p y 1 = 11
Gii h phng trnh: p
y + 10 + px 1 = 11

(Th sc trc k thi, THTT s 407, 2011)

Li gii:

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iu kin cc phn thc c ngha: x, y 1. Ch x = y = 1 khng l nghim ca h nn tr theo

v 2 phng trnh ca h v nhn lng lin hp ta c:
p
y 1 x 1 = 0

1
1
1
xy p
p
+p
=0x =y
p
y 1
x + 10 + y + 10
x 1
p
p
p
p
(V do x + 10 + y + 10 > x 1 + y 1 nn biu thc cn li v nghim).
p

x + 10

y + 10 +

V d 23. Gii h phng trnh:

x 3 + y 2 = 1
y 3 + x2 = 1

nh
oc

Th x = y vo ta d dng gii phng trnh ca h. M rng cch nhn v h i xng kiu II.
Trc ht, hy xem xt cch gii h phng trnh sau:

Li gii:
Tr theo v 2 phng trnh ca h ta thu c:

x3 y 3 + y 2 x2 = 0 x y x2 + x y + y 2 x + y = 0
"

x=y

x2 + x y + y 2 = x + y

toa

Trng hp: x = y th th v gii phng trnh:

x3 + x2 1 = 0 x = y =

1
3

p
p
3
25 3 69
25 3 69

+
+
1
2
2
2
2

Cng theo v 2 phng trnh v kt hp vi x 2 + x y + y 2 = x + y ta c h i xng loi I:

x 2 + x y + y 2 = x + y

an

x 3 + y 3 + x 2 + y 2 = 2

(x + y)2 x y = (x + y)
(x + y)3 3x y(x + y) + (x + y)2 2x y = 2

nd

t S = x + y , P = x y , h tr thnh:

S 2 P = S
S 3 3SP + S 2 2P = 2

(S 1)(S 2 + 1) = 0

die

P = S 2 S

S 3 + S 2 2 (3S + 2)(S 2 S) = 0
P = S 2 S

S = 1
P = 0

x = 1, y = 0
x = 0, y = 1

Vy h cho c 3 nghim nh trn.

Qua bi gii trn, hn chng ta nhn r vai tr ca vic kt hp cng v tr a n
hpt i xng kiu I (y l mt hng nhn mi). Vic lm ny hon ton c c s. Hy xem li
cu ni: Cng nh loi I, loi II cng c i xng nhng l i xng gia 2 phng trnh ch
khng phi l i xng trong tng phng trnh nh kiu I. Nh vy, khi cng theo v s lun
diendantoanhoc.net

V d 24. Gii h phng trnh:

.ne
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cho mt trong hai phng trnh i xng kiu I. V vic ly i nghim (x y) sau khi tr cng
li cho ta 1 phng trnh i xng na.

x 3 + y = 2
y 3 + x = 2

V i lc vic cng tr cng khng em li cho ta kt qu kh quan:

2x y
x 2 2x + 9

= x2 + y

2x y

= y2 + x
y + p
3
2
y 2y + 9

nh
oc

V d 25. Gii h phng trnh:

x + p
3

Nhn xt: Qu ng, khi cng hay tr ta khng th lm g vi ci cn khng khip kia. Tuy
nhin, mt s im ta li thy r v ng phi ngh l trong ci cn bc 3 kia, c mt ng thc:
p
3
(x 1)2 + 8 = x 2 2x + 9. Nhm nghim x = y = 1 v 8 = 2 (cn p!). Phi lin kt v s dng
chng nh th no?
Li gii:
Cng theo v 2 h ca phng trnh: p
3

2x y

x 2 2x + 9

S dng nh gi:
x 2 2x + 9 =

Tng t ta c:
2x y
p
3

y 2 2y + 9

xy p
3

p
3

2x y

y 2 2y + 9

(x 1)2 + 8 2 p
3

= x 2 + y 2.

2x y

x 2 2x + 9

2x y
= xy
2

toa

p
3

+p
3

2x y

x 2 2x + 9

+p
3

2x y

y 2 2y + 9

2x y = x 2 + y 2 (x y)2 x 2 + y 2

an

Vy h c nghim khi x = y = 1, th li thy ng, kt lun nghim.

2 kiu h i xng I v II l nhng dng rt c bn. Tuy nhin, qua ch bin ca ngi ra
th khng th ni trc c iu g. V vy, cn c ci nhn tng quan, nhn nhiu kha cnh,
khng nn ch bit nhn hnh thc ri rp khun li gii ca dng. Mt s v d thm:
V d 26.

nd

(Thi th H C THPT L Vn Hu, Thanh Ha nm 2011)

2x 2 + x = 2
y
Gii h phng trnh:

y y 2 x 2y 2 = 2

V d 27. Gii h phng trnh:

Gii h phng trnh:

diendantoanhoc.net

(y 3 2)x = 3

(Tuyn sinh vo lp 10 THPT Chuyn Phan Bi Chu 2009-2010)

x 3 (2 + 3y) = 8

die

V d 28.

x 3 (2 + 3y) = 1

(y 3 2)x = 6

V d 29.

.ne
t

(Thi H - C khi B 2003)

y2 + 2

3y =
x2
Gii h phng trnh:
2
x
+2

3x =
y2

V d 30.

(Olympic 30-4-2010)

nh
oc

p
x 2 + 2x + 22 p y = y 2 + 2y + 1
Gii h phng trnh: p
y 2 + 2y + 22 px = x 2 + 2x + 1

V d 31.

p
x + x 2 2x + 2 = 3 y1 + 1
Gii h phng trnh:
y + p y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1

(Thi th H nm 2011, THTT s 379, 2009)

p
x + x 2 2x + 2 = 3 y1 + 1
V d 32. Gii h phng trnh:
y + p y 2 2y + 2 = 3x1 + 1

toa

III. MT S PHNG PHP MI

1. Phng php 01: Hng s = t = n s:
Xem xt cch gii mt s v d sau:
V d 1.

(H phng trnh TST Ngh An 2009-2010)

an

x 2 + y 2 =
5
Gii h phng trnh:
57

4x 2 + 3x
= y(3x + 1)
25

Li gii:
Nhn phng trnh sau ca h vi 2 ri cng theo v vi phng trnh u ta c:
12
119
144 3x + y + 1 = 5
2
9x + y + 6x y + 6x + 2y =
(3x + y + 1) =

12
25
25
3x + y + 1 =
5
2

nd

n y th th vo phng trnh ban u ta gii phng trnh bc 2 na l xong.

V d 2. Gii h phng trnh:

(x y)2 + y = 3
x 2 + 2x y 5y 2 5x + 13y = 6

die

Li gii:
Nhn 3 vo phng trnh u ri tr theo v vi phng trnh sau ta c:
2x 2 + 8y 2 8x y + 5x 10y = 3 2(x 2y)2 + 5(x 2y) 3 = 0

diendantoanhoc.net

"
(x 2y + 3)(2x 4y 1) = 0

x 2y = 3
2x 4y = 1

nh
oc

.ne
t

n y, th tng trng hp ri thay vo phng trnh ban u l xong.

Nhn xt: Hai bi gii trn tht hay, n gin vi cng vic nhn thm ri cng li, sau
phn tch thnh nhn t.
Nhng! iu chng ta bn khon v thc mc y chnh l vic bit phi nhn vi con s
no. y chnh l c s chng ta i n phng php n s = t = hng s.
Nh chng ta bit, ci cha bit chnh l n s. y cng vy, bit cn nhn vi bao
nhiu, ta a thm n t vo. Do , hpt ca chng ta c n tn 3 n vi ch 2 gi thuyt. Nh
vy, phi c thm mt ci g rng buc. N l g? Quan st li 2 v d trn mt ln na.
Phng php: Hng s = t = n s:
- Phm vi ng dng: h phng trnh 2 n x , y c bc khng qu 2.
- C s phng php: gii phng trnh bc 2.
Xt phng trnh: ax 2 + bx + c = 0. C: = b 2 4ac .
Nu: < 0 phng trnh v nghim thc.
Nu > 0 phng trnh c 2 nghim phn bit.
c bit: = 0 phng trnh c 1 nghim duy nht, tc l khi phng trnh tng ng vi:
b
a x+
2a

=0

toa

. y chnh l c s c bn ca phng php.

(Bi vit s khng trnh by gii h phng trnh tng qut m s thc hin gii chi tit nhng
v d c th nhm to cho bn nhng tu duy, suy ngh mi v t hnh thnh cho mnh nhng
phng php v k nng. Hn na vic trnh by tng qut kh phc tp)
Hy xem xt li 2 v d trn:
Thay v nhn vo nhng con s 2 nh V d 1, con s 3 nh V d 2 m c v dng nh ta
bit, ta s nhn vo con s t .
V d 1.

(H phng trnh TST Ngh An 2009-2010)

an

x 2 + y 2 =
5
Gii h phng trnh:
57

4x 2 + 3x
= y(3x + 1)
25

Li gii:
Nhn t vo phng trnh u ri cng theo v vi phng trnh sau ta c:

nd

t y 2 + y(3x + 1) + (t + 4)x 2 + 3x

5t + 57
=0
25

Xem y l phng trnh bc 2 n y , xt:

5t + 57
2
y = (3x + 1) 4t (t + 4)x + 3x
25
2

die

= (9 4t 2 16t )x 2 + 6x(1 2t ) + 1 +

4t (5t + 57)
25

xut hin nhn t nh trn th y = f 2 (x) v nh vy th:

4t (5t + 57)
= f 2 (x)
25

4t (5t + 57)
0
2
2
x = 0 9(1 2t ) 4(9 16t 4t ) 1 +
=0
25

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(9 4t 2 16t )x 2 + 6x(1 2t ) + 1 +

10

D thy t =

.ne
t

4t (5t + 57)
(1 2t ) 1 2t 4(9 + 2t ) 1 +
=0
25
1
l gi tr tha mn.
2

c li gii gn v p th khi trnh by bi gii, chng ta nhn thm 2 vo phng trnh

1
sau thay v nhn vo phng trnh u. T ta c li gii gn v p nh trn.
2

(x y)2 + y = 3
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh:
x 2 + 2x y 5y 2 5x + 13y = 6

nh
oc

Li gii:
Chng ta cng thc hin cng vic nhn t nh trn: Nhn t vo phng trnh u ri cng theo
v 2 phng trnh ta c:
(t 5)y 2 + y [2x(t 1) + t + 13] + (t + 1)x 2 5x 3(t + 2)

y = [2x(t 1) + t + 13]2 4(t 5) (t + 1)x 2 5x 3(t + 2)

= 8(3 + t )x 2 4x(t 2 + 7t + 12) + 9t 2 + 2t + 249 = f 2 (x)

V d 3. Gii h phng trnh:

V d 4. Gii h phng trnh:

toa

Khi xem xt phng trnh ny th nhn thy ngay t = 3 s cho ta f 2 (x) = 182
v t 2 + 7t + 12 = (t + 3)(t + 4). T ta c li gii.
Mt s v d thm:

x 2 + y 2 = x y + x + y
x 2 y 2 = 3

x 2 + 2y 2 = 3x 2

an

2(x + y 1) = 2x y

V d 5.

Gii h phng trnh:

V d 6.

(THTT s 379, thng 1 nm 2011)

y 2 = (5x + 4)(4 x)

y 2 5x 2 4x y + 16x y 8y + 16 = 0

(H C khi A, nm 2008)

nd

x 2 + y + x 3 y + x y 2 + x y =
4
Gii h phng trnh:
5

x 4 + y 2 + x y(1 + 2x) =
4

die

V d 7. Gii h phng trnh:

x 2 y 2 = 3
x 2 + y 2 = x y + x + y

Mt s lu khi s dng phng php (Xem phn tn mn)

Cn linh hot trong vic chn la nhn t phng trnh no thun li trong vic phn
tch. . . . . . .
M rng phng php:

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11

.ne
t

C s suy lun: bn c ngh, liu c bt buc bc ca x v y trong h phi l bc 2 c. ng,

lun gii c th nht thit phi yu cu l c 2 u bc 2. Tuy nhin, ci hay ca Ton chnh
l a dng, mun mu mun v, bt buc chng ta phi lun tinh t, sng to hn na trong
phng php v suy ngh. Bit 1 cha chc gii c 10. Trc ht, hy xem ci h sau.
V d 8.

(Thi th H C nm 2011)

Gii h phng trnh:

x 4 + 2x 3 y + x 2 y 2 = 2x + 9
x 2 + 2x y = 6x + 6

nh
oc

Bc cao nht ca x l 4, nhng bc ca y li l 2. Hn th na, nu quan st tinh hn:

x 4 + 2x 2 (x y) + (x y)2 = 2x + 9
x 2 + 2x y = 6x + 6

(th nn gom v xem x y l n)

Nhn thm hng s t vo phng trnh sau ri cng theo v vi phng trnh u, ta c:
x 2 y 2 + 2x y(t + x 2 ) + x 4 + t x 2 2x(1 + 3t ) 9 6t = 0

0x y = (t + x 2 )2 x 4 t x 2 + 2x(1 + 3t ) + 9 + 6t = t x 2 + 2x(1 + 3t ) + (t + 3)2 = f 2 (x)

0x = (1 + 3t )2 4t (t + 3)2 = 0

V d 9. Gii h phng trnh:

toa

D thy ngay t = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh nn h s cn nhn chnh l 1.

Vic trnh by li gii cn li xin dnh cho bn c.
H ny kh c bit nhng v rt gn ta thu c x y l mt tam thc bc 2.
Qua c s phng php ca chng ta vn p dng c. Nhng. V d sau th sao?

1 + x 2 y 2 = 19x 2
x y 2 + y = 6x 2

an

Nhn xt: ch bc cao nht ca y nh trn vn l bc 2.

Nhng c vn g cn bn y?
Nhp: Nhn t vo phng trnh sau ri cng li.

V d 11.
Li gii:

die

V d 12.
Li gii:

nd

V d 10.
Li gii:

V d 13.
Li gii:

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12

.ne
t

V d 14.
Li gii:

V d 15.
Li gii:

die

nd

an

toa

nh
oc

V d 16.
Li gii:

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