Nghien Cuu Kha Nang Tai Su Dun

B GIO DC O TO I HC THI NGUYN TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP ..
LUN VN THC S K THUT

NGNH : CNG NGH CH TO MY
Tn ti: Nghin cu kh nng ti s dng ht mi Supreme garnet sau khi gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi
Hng dn khoa hc: TS. V Ngc Pi
Thi nguyn 11-2011

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
B GIA O DU C VA A O TA O A I HO C THA I NGUYN TR NG A I HO C KY THU T CNG NGHI P --------------------000-------------------
THUYT MINH LUN VN THC S K THUT

Chuyn nga nh: Cng ngh ch ta o ma y
ta i: Nghin cu kh nng ti s dng ht mi Supreme garnet sau

khi gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi
Hc vin Lp Chuyn ngnh
: V Hng Khim : Cao hc K12 - CNCTM : Cng ngh ch to my
KHOA O TO SAU A I HO C
NGI H NG D N KHOA HO C
HC VIN
TS. V Ngc Pi DUYT BGH
V Hng Khim
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Li cm n
Xin c by t lng bit n chn thnh ti thy gio TS V Ngc Pi (Trng i hc K thut Cng nghip) ngi tn tnh hng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti. Xin chn thnh cm n ban gim c cng tp th cn b gio vin, ging vin Trung tm th nghim, Trng i hc K thut Cng nghip to iu kin tt nht cho ti trong qu trnh hc tp v thc hin ti. Xin gi li cm n n cc k thut vin thuc trung tm CTANARIME, Vin nghin cu C kh B Cng Thng, Cng ty c phn Phc Sinh (Cu din, T lim, H ni), trng Cao ng Kinh t - K thut. Lun vn ny l mt phn trong Lun n ca nghin cu sinh Trn Quc Hng. Ti xin chn thnh cm n NCS Trn Quc Hng, ngi gip ti trong qu trnh lm th nghim. Ti cng xin cm n nhng ng gp kin qu bu ca cc bn ng nghip, s ng vin ca gia nh gip cho ti hon thnh lun vn ny. Tuy nhin vi kh nng nhn thc v trnh hiu bit cn nhiu hn ch, thi gian c hn, nn lun vn ny chc hn cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp kin ca cc thy gio, c gio v cc bn b ng nghip ti tin b hn, hon thin hn trong vic nghin cu khoa hc sau ny.
Thi Nguyn, thng 11/2011
V Hng Khim
Hc vin:V Hng Khim
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Mc Lc Li cm n ................................................................................................... 1 Danh mu c ca c ky hi u , ch vi t t t ....................................................................... 4 Danh mc cc hnh ................................................................................................ 5 Danh mc cc bng ............................................................................................... 7 CHNG 1. 1.1. 1.2. GII THIU .............................................................................. 8 Lich s pht trin ................................................................................... 8 H thng cng ngh ............................................................................. 11 H thng cp nc ........................................................................ 12 ng ng cao p ......................................................................... 14 u ct........................................................................................... 15 H th ng cp ht mi..................................................................... 17 H th ng i u khi n chuy n ng ................................................. 18 B ch a n c va d p nng l ng .................................................. 19
1.2.1. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.2.5. 1.2.6. 1.2.7. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.
Cc tham s qu trnh .......................................................................... 20 u nhc im ca gia cng bng tia nc ht mi ........................... 20 Kt lun chng 1 ............................................................................... 22 TNG QUAN .......................................................................... 24 Ht mi s dng trong AWJ ................................................................ 24 Thc trng nghin cu v s v ca ht mi trong qu trnh ct ........ 30 Thc trng nghin cu v ti ch ht mi ........................................... 34 Kt lun chng 2 ............................................................................... 37 TI CH HT MI SUPREME GARNET ............................. 39 Kh nng ti ch ca ht mi Supreme Garnet ................................... 39 2
Trng H KTCN HTN
CHNG 2. 2.1.
c im chung ca ht mi s dng trong cng ngh AWJ ..................... 25 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.
CHNG 3. 3.1.
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.1.5. 3.2.
Thit lp cc thng s th nghim ................................................. 40 Thit bi th nghim v dng c o, kim tra. ................................ 40 V t li u thi nghi m ........................................................................ 42 Quy trnh thu hi v ti ch ht mi .............................................. 43 Kt qu v nhn xt ....................................................................... 45 Th nghim .................................................................................... 48 Kt qu v nhn xt ....................................................................... 51 Th nghim .................................................................................... 52 Kt qu v nhn xt ....................................................................... 52 KT LUN V HNG NGHIN CU TIP THEO.......... 56
Kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch ......................................................... 48
3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.3.
Cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch ...................................................... 51
3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.4. CHNG 4. 4.1. 4.2.
Kt lun chng 3 ............................................................................... 54 Kt lun................................................................................................ 56 Hng nghin cu tip ........................................................................ 56
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................... 58 Ph lc A: Ph lc C: Ph lc D: ................................................................................................... 61 Ph lc B: ...................................................................................................... 62 .................................................................................................... 63 .................................................................................................... 65
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Danh mu c ca c ky hi u, ch vi t t t STT 1 2 3 4 K hiu TNASC ASC

AWJ WJC
Y nghia Tia nc p sut cao p sut cao

Abrasive water jet Water Jet Cutting
Ghi ch
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Danh mc cc hnh
STT Hnh 1.1. Hnh 1.2. Hnh 1.3. Hnh 1.4. Hnh 1.5. Hnh 1.6. Hnh 1.7. Hnh 1.8. Hnh 1.9. Hnh 2.1. Hnh 2.2. Hnh 2.3. Hnh 2.4. Hnh 2.5. Hnh 2.6. Hnh 3.1. Hnh 3.2. Hnh 3.3. Hnh 3.4. Hnh 3.5. Tn cc hnh S nguyn l h thng gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi H thng bm cp nc ca hng Flow [2] Bm khuch i [3] H thng bm khuch i p [4] S nguyn l u ct S u ct v qu o chuyn ng ca ht mi H thng cp v iu chnh lu lng ht mi [29] Cc hng di chuyn ca u ct Mt s kt cu ca b cha nc v dp nng lng Hnh nh 3D cc loi ha t ma i thng gp Quy i kch thc ca ht mi [8] C ch ph v ca ht mi [11] Ht GMA # 80 mi (a), ht GMA ti ch vng 1 (> 90m) (b) Cu trc gi thnh gia cng trong AWJ [16] Mu th nghim ca M.Kantha Babu v O.V.Krishnaiah Chetty Th nghim xc inh kh nng ti ch ht mi Sng ca hng Endecotts tiu chun -ISO3310-1 My sng phn loi ht mi Phn b kch thc ht mi mi Phn b kch thc ht mi sau ti ch Trang
12 13 14 15 16 17 19 19 20 26 26 30 30
33
34 42 43 43 44 45
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut Hnh 3.6. Hnh 3.7. Hnh 3.8. Hnh 3.9. Thnh phn ht mi theo cc c
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
46 46 47 47 48 49 50
Phi ct th nghim thp C45 kch thc 150x100x30 Th nghim kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch Kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch
Hnh 3.10. Hnh dng ht mi Hnh 3.11. S c t tr ca tia nc nh hng ca lu lng ht mi v loi ht mi n nhm Hnh 3.12. b mt khi o cch mt trn ca mu 2mm nh hng ca lu lng ht mi v loi ht mi n nhm Hnh 3.13. b mt khi o cch mt trn ca mu 10mm
50
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Danh mc cc bng
STT Bng 2.1. Bng 2.2. Bng 2.3. Bng 2.4. Bng 2.5. Bng 3.1. Bng 3.2. Hnh 3.3. Bng 3.4. Bng 3.5. Bng 3.6. Bng 3.7. Tn cc bng cng ca 10 khong vt c bn [7] Mt s tiu chu n v ki ch th c ha t ma i [coleparmer] Tnh cht mt s loi ht mi dung cho AWJ Tnh cht mt s loi ht mi dung cho AWJ [TS. Qun] c im ca m t s loa i ha t ma i du ng trong cng ngh AWJ Cc thng s trong qu trnh th nghim nghin cu v ca ht Thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu th nghim C45 [24] Thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu th nghim Al 6061T6 [24] Phn b kch thc ht mi mi Phn b kch thc ht mi sau ti ch Kh nng ti ch ca ht mi Supreme granet so vi ht mi nh gi kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch Trang
25 27 28 28 29 40 41
41
44 45 46 47
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
CHNG 1.
GII THIU
Ct bng tia nc l mt cng c c kh nng ct kim loi hay cc vt liu khc bng cch s dng mt tia nc c p sut rt cao v tc ln. Nguyn l ca qu trnh ny tng t nh s xi mn bi nc trong t nhin nhng nhanh hn v tp trung hn. N thng c s dng cho vic ct cc vt mu hoc tham gia vo mt nguyn cng trong quy trnh sn xut cc b phn my mc, thit bi. N cng c s dng ct to hnh dng, to l, khoan, chm khc trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip khc nhau t khai thc m n hng khng v tr. N c th ct c kim loi, b tng, , hay cc vt cng khc. Chng ny s gii thiu v lich s gia cng bng tia nc, cc thit bi ch yu ca h thng Abrasive water jet (AWJ), tham s qu trnh v u nhc im ca n. 1.1. Lich s pht trin Nm 1950, Norman Franz - mt k s lm nghip c mong mun tm ra mt phng php mi ct cy g thnh t ng khu c . ng c xem nh cha ca h thng my ct bng tia nc v l ngi u tin dng tia nc siu p lc (Ultra
High Pressure - UHP) lm mt cng c ct vo nhng nm . to ra p lc ca

tia nc, ng t mt khi lng ln ln mt ct nc v tp trung tia nc vo mt vi phun nh. Kt qu l p sut sinh ra rt cao, trong mt s trng hp cn cao hn c p sut nc ang c dung ti thi im . T kt qu thu c, Dr.Franz pht hin ra l hon ton c th ct g v vt liu khc bng tia nc p sut cao. Tip theo ng tm cch duy tr dng nc mt cch Hc vin:V Hng Khim
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
lin tc, tuy nhin kt qu thu c khng nh mong mun. Hn na, tui th ca cc thit bi ct nh vy ch tnh bng pht, ch khng phi hng trm gi nh ngy nay. Cho d Dr.Franz cha lm c mt ci my c t g nh mong mun nhng nghin cu ca ng t nn mng cho phng php gia cng bng tia nc v sau ny c hng Flow International nghin cu pht trin h thng ct tia nc sau ny. Nm 1965 thi t bi la m sa ch b m t the p ca n bng tia nc v ia p su t 200 bar c sa n xu t u tin ta i c va c ha ng Boehler (Kapfenberg) ca o s dng. Nm 1968 cc nh khoa ho c My a ch ta o tha nh cng m t thi t bi c t b ng tia n c co a p su t a t 700 bar ng du ng c t ng bi a . V ia p su t na y , tia n c co th c t c ca c v t li u phi kim kha c nh gi y, nh a, x p va th c ph m Nm1970 t p oa n Flow (M) pht minh mt mu bm khuch i a p sut c tnh ng du ng cao cho ma y c t tia n c . iu ny l mt bc tin cng ngh ct bng tia nc c thng mi ha s dng ct vi cho o qun may sn . Cung v i s pht trin ca ngnh vt liu v cng ngh gia cng , cc th h bm cao p dn d n a t ca c yu c u v tu i tho va a p su t. Vo nm 1979, Flow bt u nghin cu phng php gia tng lc ct ca my c th ct c kim loi v cc vt liu cng khc. Dr. Mohamed Hashish, c coi nh ngi khai sinh ra h thng my ct tia nc dung ht mi, ng pht minh ra phng php trn ht mi vo nc [1] Ht mi GARNET, mt vt liu c s dng rng ri trong giy nhm c s dng. Vi phng php , my ct tia nc (c dung ht mi) c th ct hu ht cc loi vt liu. Nm 1980, h thng ct tia nc c ht mi u tin c dung ct thp, knh v b tng. Nm 1983, Flow cung cp cho thi trng chic my ct tia nc c ht mi u tin v c s dng cho vic ct gng t. Ngnh cng nghip hng khng v v tr gip cho cng ngh tia nc p sut cao pht trin mnh m. Tia nc c ht mi khi ny thc s l mt cng c ct l tng ct cc vt liu cng nh Inconel, thp khng g, titan cng nh cc vt liu tng hp nh nh si cacbon s dng cho chin u c v ngy nay c dung cho hng khng. K t , phng php ct tia nc dung ht mi c dung cho rt Hc vin:V Hng Khim
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nh dung ct kim loi, , ceramic, gng, trong ngnh ch to ng c phn lc, xy dng, cc nh my ng tu, Tuy nhin mi n nm 1986, Cng ngh UHP c nghin cu m rng nhng ng dng ca n. Trong nm , h thng bm siu p lc di ng u tin c s dng cho cc ng dng di ng nh lm sch cng nghip, bo tr ng cao tc, v cc d n tn trang c s h tng. Sau khng lu, phng php ct tia nc to c danh ting. T cui nhng nm 80 v u nhng nm 90, cng ngh ct tia nc c ng dng rng ri, v ct trong nhi u mi tr ng c t kha c nhau. Nm 1989-1990, tia n ca p su t cao b t u c ng du ng c t the p va b tng d i bi n su n 400m. Nm 1991, trung tm thi nghi m Geesthacht a th c hi n khoan t hp khng r su 600m. Cung vi s pht trin ca thit bi ct , hin nay tia n ca p su t cao co th c t su ln hn nhiu. Nm 1994, ng i c a ng ky ba n quy n v ng du ng c t va la m sa ch b ng tia n ca p su t cao trong y ho c. Trong tia n c v ia p su t la m vi c t 50 n 300 bar c s du ng la m dao m trong ph u thu t vi n c co th c c th ti p nh n ng a c du ng la m ha t ma i, do ng va mu i lun t n ta i trong c th . Cng ngh ct bng tia nc p sut cao pht trin rt nhanh chng trong nhng nm gn y. Nm 2002, cng ty Flow pht trin h thng ct Dynamic Waterjet cho php ct vt liu nhanh hn, khng li g sau khi ct. Kt qu ny m rng kh nng cho cc ng dng ct bng tia nc rng ri hn. Hin nay , cng ngh ct tia nc c s dng ct nhi u loa i vt liu v c ng du ng t rong nhi u ngnh cng nghip. Cc v t li u c th ct bng phng php ny nh thp khng r, titan, ceramic, hp kim nhm, vt liu tng hp cho dng c th thao, si v nha s dng cho ni tht t, v k c lt bp c ct bi my ct tia nc. Cc ng dng lm sch v tu, bn du, ng cao tc, ng c phn lc, v.v.... Cng ngh ct bng tia nc p sut cao tip tc c pha t tri n sang cc ng dng mi , thit bi ct bng tia Hc vin:V Hng Khim
M t i u quan trng n a la khi c t ca c ph n c ng cu a c th nh xng th mu i ho c
10
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
nc trn ht mi tp trung ch yu cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin nh c, o, H lan, Nht, Trung quc, Php
1.2.
H thng cng ngh
Ct bng tia nc (Water Jet Cutting-WJC) l mt qu trnh s dng tia nc

p sut cao (ASC) gia cng vt liu. Cng ngh gia cng bng tia nc ASC gm 2 loi l ct bng tia nc (pure waterjet) v ct bng tia nc c ht mi (abrasive waterjet- AWJ). Hnh 1.1 l s nguyn l ca h thng cng ngh gia cng tia nc c ht mi.
Hnh 1.1. S nguyn l h thng gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi Mt h thng AWJ thng thng gm 7 thnh phn chnh: H th ng c p n c sch; Cm bm khuch i p; Hc vin:V Hng Khim
11
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Lun vn thc s k thut Cc ng ng p lc cao; u ct to ra tia nc ASC tr n ha t ma i; H th ng cp v iu chnh lu lng ha t ma i; H th ng i u khin chuyn ng;
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
B nc ch a ch t tha i cng nghi p va d p nng l ng co n la i cu a tia n c sau khi c t. 1.2.1. H thng cp nc H thng ny nhm m bo cho hot ng ca h thng c t b ng tia n c ha t mi c n inh, ko da i tu i th, h th ng c p nc phi co b ph n kh n c cng , b ph n la m sa ch n c b ng lo c th va lo c tinh.
Hnh 1.2. H thng bm cp nc ca hng Flow [2] H th ng n c bao g m ng n c va o u b lo c , my bm tng p , b
khu ch a ia p va b suy gi m sng sung kch . N c i qua b lo c n c u va o sau o i n bm tng a p duy tri a p l c n c u hu t b ph n khu ch a ia p . Lc ny p lc nc ln n 414 MPa ti p tu c i qua b suy gia ma p l c so ng sung ki ch bo m n c i ra u c t n i nh . Khng co b suy gia m so ng sung ki ch , dng n c se co so ng sung (p lc khng n inh) khi ct la i d u v t trn v t li u. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
12
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut 1.2.2. Cm bm khuch ai p.
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Cm bm khu ch a ia p la m nhi m v chuyn i nng lng nc t p lc nc th p sang a p l c n c siu cao . Khi cung c p ngu n i n va n c cho h th ng thu y l c, piston trong b ph n khu ch a ia p la m vi c ca ha i ha nh tri nh i va v . Chiu i, v cu a piston c i u khi n thng qua ca c van i u khi n h th ng thu y l c l ng n c trong ca hai ha nh trnh. . Vi c l p b ph n khu ch a ia p hai bn cu a piston nh m duy tri vi c chuy n i nng
Hnh 1.3. Bm khuch i [3] Khi phi a bn tra i cu a piston n i m cu i cu a ha nh tri nh hu t , lc ny pha bn phi cu a piston ta o ra siu cao a p u ra . Trong ha nh tri nh hu t cu a piston n c a lo c i va o xi lanh a p su t cao thng qua van . Sau khi piston a o h ng n c c ne n va i ra v i m ta p l c r t cao . Ty s nn ln n 25:1. Lu lng dng chy ti a ca tia n c cao a p phu thu c va o lu l ng n c do h th ng khu ch a ia p cung c p va ti t di n vo i phun ma tia n c i qua . Phm vi thng thng ca p lc n c trong cc ng dng AWJ khong 250-400 MPa. Trong thit k ny hai b khuch i lm vic lun phin, trong khi mt b cung cp p lc cho h thng th b kia c np y v ngc li. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
13
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Do tc ng qua li ca ca c b khuch i, p lc gim vo cui mi ha nh tri nh hot ng. la m gia m s dao ng a p, b suy gia ma p c s du ng trong ca c do ng p sut cao . Trong m t bm khu ch a ia p hai h th ng ch t lo ng lun t n ta i la n c v du thy lc.
B suy gim sng sung kich Cn piston Tng p
u phun tia nc p lc cao Xi lanh
ng nc vo
Piston Thit bi iu khin van H thng iu khin in t / PLC

Hnh 1.4. H thng bm khuch i p [4]
1.2.3. ng ng cao p C nhi m vu v n chuy n n ca p l c cao t b khu ch a ia p n u c t . Cc ng ng th ng la m b ng the p khng gi c bi t , c chiu dy m bo an ton . ng knh ng ph bin nht thng c s du ng 6,35 n 25,4mm cho ng ki nh bn ngoa i va 2 n 8 mm cho ng ki nh bn trong. m bo cc mi ni c kn kht v chiu c p sut cao ngi ta s dng u ni ki u cn . Lm nh vy cho phe p u c t di chuy n theo ca c bin da ng cong m khng bi a nh h ng b i ng c p n c cao a p . C ba kiu c s du ng cho php cc chuy n ng tng i cu a u c t va ng c p n c cao a p l. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
14
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Kiu ni dng ng linh hot c s dng cho cc mi ni di chuyn trn mt gc nh. ng linh hot ch c th lm vic vi p sut t 300MPa 400MPa. Do o hi n nay i t du ng. p co th Vi ng c ng knh nh hn 6.3mm s dng kiu ng cao a cu n li c dng nh l xo. M i cu n ng cho phe p m t s bi n da ng a n h i t 50 - 70. ng dng ny rt ng tin cy khi ct cc gc ln. p n i xoay ca p du ng Mi ni dng kh vi u ct xoay theo mi hng v nghing c gc 100, n nh gn hn cun dy . Tuy nhin tin cy th khng bng kiu ng cao a p co th cu n li c. 1.2.4. u ct L c c u ch p ha nh cu i cu a h th ng AWJ ta o ra tia n c trn ht mi. u ct g m vo i phun (b ng a quy ), bu ng tr n, ng h i tu , c c u di ch chuy n i nh vi u c t. Nc p sut cao Vi tng tc Ca cp ht mi Bung trn
Vi phun
Hnh 1.5. S nguyn l u ct Hc vin:V Hng Khim

15
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
u ct dn hng cho tia nc ht mi bn ra. Nc p sut cao a p n u ct i theo trnh t: Vi phun bng qu Bung trn (trn nc p lc cao vi ht mi) Vi phun (dn hng tia nc ht mi). Nhm nng cao hi u sut trong qua tri nh gia cng, c rt nhiu cc nghin cu v u ct c tin hnh tng hi u qua tr n ha t ma i. V n t c cu a tia n c g n bng 1000m/s, kch thc ht mi nh (0,1-0,5mm) hnh thnh sng mu ca n c lm hn ch kh n ng ghi li cc hin tng trn . B ng ca ch o ca c m u cu a bu ng tr n va ng ki nh ng hi t sau o so sa nh chu ng v i ca c m hi nh d ba o , m t ly thuy t tr n ha t ma i a c a ra v c cng nh n [5]. Ht mi i va o dng tia nc vi v n t c khng a ng k v c do ng n c tng t c y ra kho i ng hi t. Trong qu trnh tng tc nu ht mi va vo thnh ng ht mi gn nh song song vi hng trong hi nh 1.6.
Ht mi bt li
hi t s bi bt li ri li nhp vo
dng tia nc mt ln na . Hi n t ng na y xa y ra cho n khi h ng v n t c cu a ca c ca tia nc p sut cao (TNASC) nh th y
Thnh trong ca vi phun
Hnh 1.6. S u ct v qu o chuyn ng ca ht mi Thng s ca vi phun ph thuc vo hnh dng hnh hc vung u vo v ng knh trong ca vi phun. ng knh bn trong cng nh nng l ng t p trung ca ng l n nhng ng ki nh t i thi u co lin quan n ki ch th c ha t ma i Hc vin:V Hng Khim
. Ht mi c th
16
Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
gy nn tc vi phun, chnh v vy qu trnh ct c n inh ng knh trong ca vi phun phi ln hn 2 l n so v i ng ki nh ha t ma i . Chiu di vi phun nh hng n chm ca tia n c, nu di qu s gy ra ma sa t nhi u hn gi a tia n c v i thnh ng bn trong. K t qu vn tc tia nc thp. V t li u ch ta o vi phun phi c kh nng chiu mi mn ln c th lm vic n inh trong m t th i gian da i , v d nh ROCTEC (hn hp ca vanadi, vonfram v carbrides molypden). V ht mi lm mn thnh ng trong qu trnh ct . N u hi nh dng trong ca ng thay i ng k th n khng th ct chnh xc c. Thng thng vo i phun phi thay th sau mt khong thi gian s dng. vi phun hi n nay thng dung l loi Roctec 100 dung c 80h v loi Roctec 500 dung c 160h 1.2.5. H th ng cp hat mi Nhi m vu la cung c p ha t ma i chi nh xa c v kh i l ng xa c i nh lu lng ht mi. H th ng c kh nng dn ht v i ng ki nh 0.1 - 0.3 mm, lu lng khong 0,1- 2.0 kg/pht. C mt s cch th ng c s du ng inh lng lu l ng ha t mi nh sau. u ti p li u: C cu to l thi t bi rung v n chuy n tuy n ti nh s l ng ha t Ph mi. Thay i s lng ha t ma i b ng ca ch i u chi nh bin dao ng cu a thi t bi rung. cp liu bng trc vt : Ht mi c vn chuyn qua mt b cp liu bng B trc vt, thay i s l ng b ng ca ch i u chi nh t c quay cu a tru c na y. Vic la chn b cp liu da vo kh nng cung cp ht mi mt cch lin lc v n inh theo thi gian (th ng la 1- 30g/s). a ht mi t mt b ch a n u c t th phi qua mi tr ng trung chuy n . V nguyn t c co 2 s l a cho n l v n chuy n kh ho c t. Ht mi c cp cho u c t thng dng nht c dng trong ngnh cng nghip l theo ki u khng p (t ht). Chng c ht vo bung trn theo inh lng chy xung t mt bng ti c dn ng bng mt ng c. Lu lng
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
dng chy ha t ma i c iu chnh bng cch hiu chnh tn s ca ng c. H thng ny c th hin trong hnh 1.7. Trong thc t , ht mi kh c s dng ly khng kh lm mi trng vn chuyn. Cp ht mi bng khng kh khng sinh ra n mn , ng cung cp ha t ma i n bnh cha c th c lm bng mt ng nha bnh t hng khng c yu cu c bit, tuy nhin nn inh vi b cp ht mi v khong cch d n ha t ma i n u c t ng n. Ch h thng chuyn ng phi gi kh ht mi khng bi vn thnh cc gy tc ng.
Hnh 1.7. H thng cp v iu chnh lu lng ht mi [28] 1.2.6. H th ng i u khi n chuy n ng Nhng nm gn y cng ngh ct bng tia nc p sut cao a pha t tri n t m t qu trnh gia cng th sang mt qu tr nh gia cng chi nh xa c . Vi s tr giu p ca my tnh gip cho AWJ c tip nhn trong ngnh cng nghip. Hin nay c cc ph n m m chuyn du ng cho iu khin ct bng TNASC, lm cho vic iu khin my c d da ng hn, tin c y hn va ki m soa t c c h th ng l n. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
C u hi nh cu a h th n g lin quan n b c t do c n thi t do o phu thu c va o ng dng . Trn thc t thng gia cng phi la t m ph ng , yu c u l 2 trc iu khi n X, Y va tru c Z i u chi nh chi u cao cu a ca c u c t v i da y cu a t m . Hnh 1.8 th hin cc hng di chuyn ca u ct. u ct Phi
Hnh 1.8. Cc hng di chuyn ca u ct 1.2.7. B ch a n c va d p nng l ng B cha nc lm nhim v ch a ng m t lng ch t tha i (ht mi, phoi) nh t i nh trong qua tri nh gia cng va d p nng l ng co n la i cu a tia n c sau gia cng . Sau khi tia nc xuyn qua vt liu, vn cn gn 75% nng lng c gi li v n to thnh sng rt d di trong b cha nc. Chnh v l do nn trong b cha nc phi c cc b phn nhm dp ngun nng lng tha ny. C mt s kt cu c s dng nh th vo trong b cc vin bi st, lm hng ro chn song bng thp khng g vv
u ct
Cc vin bi st dp nng lng
B cha y nc Hng ro chn sng
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hnh 1.9. Mt s kt cu ca b cha nc v dp nng lng 1.3. Cc tham s qu trnh
C rt nhiu tham s lin quan n qu trnh gia cng AWJ, cc tham s ny c th chia thnh hai nhm gm thng s qu trnh v cc thng s mc tiu [6] Cc thng s qu trnh gm c : Thng s thuy lc gm p sut nc v ng knh vi tng tc. Thng s trn bao gm ng knh v chiu di vi phun. Thng s ht mi gm vt liu ht mi, kch thc, hnh dng ht mi v lu lng ht mi. Thng s ct gm khong cch t vi phun n chi tit gia cng, gc tc ng v tc ct. Cc thng s mc tiu gm: Vt liu gia cng. Chiu su ct. Cht lng ct. Kh nng cng ngh ca qu trnh gia cng: Chiu rng vt ct in hnh l 0,76 mm v ln hn. Tm nh hng ca dng tia ln n 200mm i vi vt liu cng. p sut h xung sau 25mm. chnh xc gia cng ph thuc vo loi my c s dng. Loi my ln vi u phun dich chuyn trn khung t chnh xc 0,38mm. Cc my c trung c th chnh xc 0,127mm. Cc my hin i hin nay c th t chnh xc 0,064mm, thng t 0,05mm. 1.4. u nhc im ca gia cng bng tia nc hat mi Trc nh ng nm 1980 cng ngh AWJ c coi la m t ng du ng khng th c t . Ngy nay, phng php gia cng ny c p dng rt rng ri c bit l trong gia cng ct gt. So snh vi cc phng php gia cng khc, gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi c mt s u im sau. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Ct c hu nh mi vt liu c bn cao , v t li u du ng trong nga nh ha ng
khng vu tru , thp ti , thp khng g , h p kim titan , ng thau , k p kim nhm , compzit, a hoa c ng, thy tinh , g m, thch anh , cc loi tm mng , v t li u d chy, cc cu trc mng dng t ong m phng php gia cng truyn thng kh ho c khng th gia cng c. C t c ca c bin da ng ph c ta p ca c h ng ch b ng mt dng c ct va b ng Tia nc c kh nng ct qua nhng vt liu bt thng, khng dn in m C th ct cc chi tit dng li. Qu trnh ct khng to ra nhit do v y r t h u i ch c t v t li u ma nhi t An ton cho ngi v mi trng. Dng c ct rt n gin (ch c mt vi phun). C t c d i n c (C t tha o d , s a ch a chn gia n khoan u khi d i L c c t r t nho ta c ng ln chi ti t t trn ba n c t do o c c u ke p ch t r t Qu trnh ct c th hon ton t ng. Thi t bi AWJ nhe hn nhi u so v i ma y m t l n c t. my gia cng bng tia la in EDM khng th gia cng c. -
c th lm thay i thuc tnh ca chng. -
bi n. . .) n gia n ch gi phi ti ch. c t laze , u c t co th c g n trn m t rb t t ng la m gia m v n tng t c va gim tc cng nh i hi t nng lng hn. Tuy nhin, gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi cng c mt s nhc im nh. mi. Do nh hng ca tia nc nn khi ct lm cho b mt bi cn Cht lng ct khng phi lc no cng p ng c yu cu v n inh. Do Lng ht mi ln. Gi thnh gia cng cao ch yu do chi ph gi thnh ht
tia nc bi lch khi i vo vung ct
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Ct bng tia nc ht m i vic x ly l ng ch t tha i sinh ra l n hn r t nhi u so
v i x ly ca c phng pha p g ia cng thng th ng . Ch t tha i y l dung dich nc huy n phu , ht mi v phoi kim loi t phi gia cng. 1.5. Kt lun chng 1
Trong chng na y, v n v lich s gia cng bng tia nc, cc thit bi ch yu ca h thng AWJ , tham s ca qu trnh v u nhc im a c tm hiu v gii thiu. Trn c s , c mt s kt lun sau. Cng ngh tia nc ASC t khi ra i khng ngng c nghin c u , pht trin v ng dng ngy cng nhiu trong cng nghip gia cng cc sn phm m phng pha p gia cng truyn thng kh hoc khng th gia cng c. Vic trn ha t mi vo tia nc ASC lm tng ng k kh nng ct ca tia. Tuy nhin qu trnh ct bng tia nc trn ha t ma i rt phc tp v chi ph cho ha t ma i cao nghin c u hon thin cho phng pha p gia cng ny l rt cn thit. Ht mi trn vo tia nc vi mc ch lm tng kha nng c tc a tia nc ASC. Nh , tia nc c th ct ca c loi v t li u co b n cao mt cch d dng. Tia n c ASC thu n va tia n c ASC co tr n ha t ma i c ng du ng r t r ng Mc du phng php gia cng ny c p dng rt rng ri c bit l ri trong ca c nga nh cng nghip nng, cng nghip nh v y hc. trong gia cng ct gt. Tuy nhin, gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi vn cn c mt s hn ch ring ca n. Vit Nam cng ngh tia nc ASC c nghin c u nhng cha nhiu . c th ng dng cng ngh tin tin ny mt cch hiu qu , ngoi vic tha hng nhng thnh qu nghin c u trn th gii c cng b , cn phi tp trung nghin c u trong nc v phng pha p gia cng ny nhm phc v cho cng tc o to v pht trin cng ngh mi ny trong ngnh cng nghip. . Vic tip tc
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
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Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
CHNG 2.
TNG QUAN
Cng ngh ct bng tia nc p sut cao (ASC) c 2 loi l ct bng tia nc p sut cao (Pure waterjet - WJ) v ct bng tia nc c trn ht mi (Abrasive waterjet AWJ). Ct bng tia nc p sut cao l s dng tia nc thun khit (khng c ht mi). Da vo p sut cao ct vt liu. N c s dng ct cc loai vt liu c cng khng qu cao nh: ba cc-tng, da, vi, nha, thc n hoc tm nhm mng. Ct bng tia nc c ht mi (Abrasive waterjet machinning AWJ). Ht mi c trn vo tia nc p sut cao v c gia tc nh p lc ca tia nc, n c th ct nhng loi vt liu kh gia cng nh: thp khng g, knh, cermics, titan AWJ c nhiu u im v ngy nay c p dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. Chng ny s i tm hiu qu trnh ct ca tia nc c ht mi, s v ca ht mi trong qu trnh ct v thc trng nghin cu v ti ch ht mi (mt trong nhng bin php nng cao hiu qu qu trnh gia cng, gim gi thnh, s l cht thi lm nhim mi trng). 2.1. Hat mi s dng trong AWJ C rt nhiu loi ht mi c s dng trong cng ngh AWJ, chng c chia lm 2 nhm c bn: Nhm ht mi t nhin bao gm cc sn ph m khoa ng ch t , qu ng co ngu n g c t t nhin (loi tr cc khong cht c thnh phn ha hc hoc tnh cht vt l c bi t ). Chng c khai tha c t ca c mo d i lo ng t , chng tn ti cc dng kh i, cc ta ng vi a , ho c da ng ca t . H u h t ca c loa i ha t ma i t nhin u t n ta i d i Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
dng th . co th s du ng c c n pha i co ca c cng ngh gia cng chu ng nh nghi n, sng, phn loa i ch t l ng cu a ha t ma i t nhin bi a nh h ng r t nhi u t lich s hnh thnh chng. Nhm ht mi nhn to g m ca c sa n ph m c con ng i t ng h p t nhi u ngu n v t li u kha c nhau . Chng l cc sn phm th cp ca cc phn ng ha hc ho c nh ng sa n ph m co n la i sau khi tinh ch qu ng (l x : x ng , x st , ). H u h t ca c loa i ha t ma i nhn ta o u t n ta i da ng th , n c thu lm li v ch bin theo ca c mu c i ch s du ng cu a con ng i cho m t cng ngh no . c im chung ca hat mi s dng trong cng ngh AWJ Cc loi ht mi p dng trong cng ngh ct bng tia nc c xa c i nh m t ca ch h t s c ro ra ng v ti nh ch t c, l, ha. cng cng cu a ha t ma i c xa c i nh theo c ng vicker ho c c ng Mohs . cng Mohs c trng cho tnh cht chng li vt try xc trn nhng khong vt khc nhau da trn tnh cht: khong vt c cng ln hn s lm try xc khong vt c cng nh hn (nh khong vt hc ngi c Friedrich Mohs a ra vo nm 1812 v l mt trong nhng thang o cng trong khoa hc). Bng 2.1. cng ca 10 khong vt c bn [7] Thang o cng Mohs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hc vin:V Hng Khim
p sut cao u
Khong vt Tan (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) Thch cao (CaSO42H2O) canxit (CaCO3) fluorit (CaF2) Apatit (Ca5(PO4)3(OH-,Cl-,F-)) Octocla felspat (KAlSi3O8) Thch anh (SiO2) Topaz (Al2SiO4(OH-,F-)2)
cng tuyt i 1 2 9 21 48 72 100 200 Trng H KTCN HTN

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Lun vn thc s k thut 9 Corundum (Al2O3)
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM 400
10 Kim cng (C) 1500 Hi n nay trong cng ngh c t b ng tia n c th ng du ng ha t ma i co c ng (6.5 - 7.5)Mohs. Hnh dang hnh hc ca hat mi So v i ca c du ng cu c t truy n th ng thi hi nh da ng hi nh ho c cu a ha t ma i khng th xa c i nh m t ca c h chi nh xa c b i le chng l sn phm thu c t qu trnh nghi n, sng tuyn , phn loa i do o ca c ha t ma i co hi nh da ng khng ng u . Trong th c nghi m khi nghin c u hi nh da ng hi nh ho c ng i ta s du ng phng pha p g n u ng , t c la thay th ca c ha t co ki ch th c khng xa c i nh b ng m t hi nh da ng tng ng tun theo m t quy lu t na o o . Hnh 4.4 m ta s phn b hi nh da ng va cc kch thc tng ng. V d chia theo cc da ng sau: Nhi u go c ca nh G n nh co go c g n van van Trn
Hnh 2.1. Hnh nh 3D cc loi ha t ma i thng gp [18] Ho c quy tro n tha nh ki ch th c hi nh c u tng ng thng qua hi nh c u n i ti p va ngoa i ti p ph n t ha t ma i.
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Hnh 2.2. Quy i kch thc ca ht mi [8] Phn b ki ch th c ca ha t ma i T t ca ca c ha t ma i c phn loa i theo c p ki ch th c . Vic la chn cc
kch thc ti u phu thu c va o ng du ng va t c c t, vo cht lng b mt cn thit sau gia cng . Vic la chn phn b kch thc ht trong khong hp co th khng ca i thi n c ti nh c t go t, nhng n u khoa ng phn chia rng qu se la m cho thnh phn ca cc ht cha nhng ht n m ngoa i pha m vi ho c nh ng ha t khng th o c. Vic la chn c ha t ma i phu thu c va o ki ch c cu a bu ng tr n va ng knh vi phun. C ht ( ha t) th ng c s du ng t Mosh 40 n Mosh 120, kch thc ht nm trong khoa ng t 0,63 n 0,5mm. Bng 2.2 v 2.3 trnh by c ht mi v kch th c ha t ma i tng ng. Hi n nay , trn th gii c nhiu tiu chun v ha t ma i 61 (bng 2.2). Bng 2.2. Mt s tiu chu n v ki ch th c ha t ma i [coleparmer] . Tuy nhin theo tiu chu n qu c t th ng nh t chung v ha t ma i ca p du ng theo tiu chu n ASTM E 11-
Kich th c ha t (mm) 0.037 0.043 0.053 0.063 0.075 0.089 0.104 0.125 0.150
S ha t mi/cm2 23700 16900 12100 9450 6400 4900 2900 2500 1600
DIN 1171
80 70 60 50 40
S (mesh/inch ) 400 325 270 250 200 170 150 115 100 27
USA ASTM E11-61 300 325 270 230 200 170 140 120 100
UK S410: 1962 350 300 240 200 150 120 100
CSN
0.06 0.07
0.125
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0.160 0.180 0.200 0.250 0.300
0.16 900 576 400 30 24 20 65 60 48 80 70 60 50 85 72 60 52 0.2 0.25 0.31
Bng 2.3. Tnh cht mt s loi ht mi dung cho AWJ [TS. Qun] Barton Garnet HP80 V t li u M u s c Trng l ng ring M t nen ng kinh hat trung bnh 264.2m 202.5m 228.1m 265.4m 264.2m 2.2 g/cm3 2.1g/cm3 3.2g/cm3 2.0g/cm3 2.9g/cm3 3.84g/cm3 4.16g/cm3 7.14g/cm3 3.33g/cm3 2.9g/cm3 Khong Nu o Hamatit Fonte Angulaire FG007 Ferro xm
Zirkonkorun d P80 Khong en
Olivin ASF 90 Khong Xanh nha t
Siliziumkarbid F70 Khong xanh
Bng 2.4. Cc c tnh c bn ca mt s ht mi [TS. Qun] Tn ha t ma i Ngc hng lu I Ngc hng lu II Hc vin:V Hng Khim
cng (Mohs) 8 7.5
Trng lng ring (Kg/m3) 4000 4100
Dang hat S c go c Trn
M u o H ng
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Lun vn thc s k thut Olivin Xi Ct 5.5 <6 6 2600 3200 2600
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM Trn Gc Trn Xanh en
Ngc hng lu l mt dng ht khong cht t nhin c s du ng nhi u trong cng ngh AWJ , c cng v trng l ng ring l n . N c mt s dng thu hnh do o chu ng cu ng co nh ng c i m kha c nhau . Ngc hng lu thng c tm th y trong ca c mo a sau khi nghi n nho thu c ha t co ca nh s c va go c nho n. Olivin: M t da ng khoa ng ch t , ht c dng trn ho c b u du c . Chng c cng th p hn Ngc hng lu. Cng c du ng nhi u trong cng ngh AWJ. S du ng ha t ma i t nhin hay nhn ta o cho cng ngh c t b ng tia n c ASC c S thch hp ca chng cho vic s dng ct vi tng loi vt liu gia cng. C tnh thn thin vi mi trng (v d: kh nng lc kim loi nng khi ht mi , c ti nh khng c ha t cu a ha t ma i, thu gom ch t tha i m t ca ch an toa n). Trong m t ch ng m c na o o , cng c nhng ht mi c sn xut cho nhng mc ch ng dng c bit thay th cho ht mi t khong cht v d nh ng , mu i, dung trong ngnh y hc.
trn ht mi d a trn nh ng nguyn t c sau: -
Bng 2.5. c im ca mt s loi ht mi dung trong cng ngh AWJ Hat mi corindon Tinh cht vt l - cng: 9 Mohs - Ty trng c: 4000Kg/m3 - Hnh dng: Hexagol - Mu sc: Nu Thnh phn hoa hc SiO2 : 2% Fe2O3 : 0,6% Al2O3: 94% CaO: 0,8% TiO2: 2-3%
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Lun vn thc s k thut Hat mi SiC Tinh cht vt l - cng:(9,29,6)Mohs - Ty trng c: Kg/m3 - Hnh dng: 2H, 5H, 6H, L p phng. - Mu sc: Xanh nha t
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM Thnh phn hoa hc SiC: 97%
Hat mi Granet
Tinh cht vt l - cng: 7.5 Mohs -Ty trng c: 4100Kg/m3 - Ty trng bt: 2400Kg/m3 - Hnh dng: s c ca nh - Mu sc: h ng l u
Thnh phn hoa hc SiO2: 36% FeO: 30% Al2O3: 20% MgO: 6% CaO: 2% MnO: 1% Thnh phn hoa hc SiO2: 35% Fe2O3 : 31% Al2O3: 21% MgO: 8% CaO: 1% P2O5: 0.5% MnO:0.5%
Hat mi Supreme Garnet
Tinh cht vt l - cng: 7.5 Mohs. - Ty trng c: 4100Kg/m3 - Ty trng bt: 2400Kg/m3 - Hnh dng: s c ca nh - Mu sc: h ng l u - Xu t x : n - ng du ng: c t Nhm, Thp, Granite, Ceramic
2.2.
Thc trang nghin cu v s v ca hat mi trong qu trnh ct Trong qu trnh gia cng bng tia nc trn ht mi, qu trnh v ca ht mi
xy ra hai giai on : Giai on th nht , xy ra trong qu trnh trn (do tng tc gia cc ht mi vi thnh ca bung trn , thnh ng hi t v gia cc ht mi vi nhau). Giai on th hai xy ra trong qu trnh ct (do s tng tc gia cc ht mi Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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vi phi v gia cc ht mi vi nhau). V vy, nghin cu c ch v ca cc ht mi c ngha quan trng cho nghin cu ti ch ht mi. Cc nh hng n qu trnh v ca ht mi bao g m: c u ta o bu ng trn, chi u di ng hi t, v t li u gia cng, chi u da y v t li u gia cng, c ng v t li u gia cng, V c t, P c t, lu l ng ha t ma i, loi ht mi. Hin tng v ca ht mi c nhiu ngi quan tm v nghin cu. G Galecki v M. Maurkewicz [9] l nhng ngi u tin nghin cu v hin tng v ca ht mi trong qu trnh trn. Kretschmer v Aust [10] nghin c u v ch ra rng, hin tng v ca ht mi ch yu sy ra trong bung trn, trong qu trnh tng gia tc cc ht mi va p vo nhau v va p vo thnh bung chn dn n s thay i kch thc. Sau khi i ra khi u ct tia nc ha t ma i p vo phi v tip tc bi gim kch thc. Nghin c u cng ch ra cc ht mi bi v ch yu trong qu trnh trn. Trong thc t, cc ht mi c xu hng dnh kt vo nhau thnh mt khi ln v vi ht nh. Nu mt ht c chia thnh hai ht ln v nhiu ht nh,th ht trn s thng c phn tch thnh hai ht di hnh 2.3 (a); cn ht di s gy ra hai ht trn hnh 2.3 (b). iu c ngha l cc ht mi trn c th to thnh cc ht mi mi di sc sau khi ti ch trong khi cc ht di mi c th to thnh cc ht mi trn khi ti ch. V vy, sau qu trnh ct, cc dng ht mi hnh trn ca ht GMA khi ti ch l cc ht nh hn cc ht mi (Hnh 2.4). Chnh v l do m ht mi GMA ti ch sc gc cnh hn v hiu sut ct ca chng tt hn cc ht mi mi [11]. Hnh 2.3 cho thy c ch ph v mi mn ht. C ch ny c th c trnh by bng hnh nh nh sau
(a)
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Hnh 2.3. C ch ph v ca ht mi [11]
Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
(a)
(b)
Hnh 2.4. Ht GMA # 80 mi (a) v ht GMA ti ch vng 1 (> 90 m) (b)[11] kho st nh hng ca cc tham s cng ngh n s phn b ca c ht sau qu trnh trn v sau khi ct. T.J.Labus v CS [12] cng tin hnh mt nghin cu c bn, kt qu l vic ti ch ht mi khi ct vi chiu dy ct nh s cho hiu qu cao hn khi ct vi chiu dy ct ln. H.Louis v CS [13] kho st nh hng ca cc thng s trong qu trnh ct n s phn b c ht sau khi ct. C ht trung bnh sau ct nh hn mt t so vi c ht ra khi vi phun. nh hng ca vt liu phi n s v ca ht mi cng c kho st trong nghin cu ny. Cc tc gi lu rng ct thp khng g c th lm v ht nhiu hn so vi ct nhm. nh hng ca vt liu ht mi n s v ca ht c kho st vi hai loi (garnet v olivine). Kt qu l ht olivine cho c ht nh hn so vi garnet [13]. Thng s cui cung l cht lng ct , cc tc gi thy rng ct tinh cho c ht trung bnh nh hn so vi ct th [13]. Ti ch ht Barton c J.Ohlsen [14] tin hnh nghin cu. Tc gi a ra cng thc xc inh h s vnh sau:
D 1
d ap,out d ap,in
Trong : dap,in : ng knh ht mi vo. dap,out : ng knh ht mi ra.
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Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Trn thc t cn c nhiu tham s khc nh hng ln n qu trnh tc ng n h s v ca ht mi nh: p sut nc, lu lng ht mi, ng knh ht mi, ng knh v chiu di vi phun. Nhng nh hng c trng ca qu trnh phn b kch thc ht trong cng ngh AWJ c Labus et al. [12] nghin cu vi ha t ma i garnet c ht 80. Khong kch thc danh ngha ha t ma i c ht 80 l t 180 250m, ht cung cp ban u c kim sot phm vi kch thc. Bng cch thu thp cc mu ha t ma i trc khi a vo trong bung trn , sau khi ra kho i ng trn v sau khi ct th m u cc tc gi [12] lm th nghim u tin v s v ca ht trong bung trn. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy kch thc ca cc ha t ma i sau khi trn ch cn 75-150 m. Trong kch thc ht ban u 180 250m, ch c 20-22% tham gia cho qu trnh ct. Cc ht kch thc 150m 75 dng nh khng bi nh hng trong qu trnh ct. S v ca ht mi trong qu trnh ct c th l mt s chuyn i t cc ht c kch thc ln vo kch thc trung bnh (trung gian) v cui cung l kch thc nh hn 63 m. V kch thc ha t ma i bi gim trong qu trnh tr n mt s tc gi cho r ng, 70% 80% cc ht ny bi v ch yu ph thuc vo kch thc ht ma i ban u, p lc ca bm v vi phun. nh hng ca mt s thng s v s v ca ht sau khi ct c nghin cu bi M. Kantha Babu [15] H s v ca ht mi tng tuyn tnh vi p lc bm. Chiu di vi phun c nh hng rt nh n s v ca ht, nhng tc ng ca ht ln trn thnh trong ca vi phun khng ng k n s v ca ht. ng knh vi phun c nh hng r rt hn c n s v ca ht. ng knh vi phun gim th s v ca ht mi tng. Thit k bung trn khng c tc ng ln. Lu lng ha t ma i vt qu tri s 4g/s tham s ny a nh h ng khng a ng k n s v ca ht Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Kch thc ha t ma i l tuyn tnh, nu nm trong khong ln hn (300-500) m s c t l v nhiu hn so vi c ht nm trong khong (300-150) m Vt liu gia cng cng l mt tc nhn c nh hng ln. Ht mi bi v ln
nht khi ct thp, tip theo l Tital v Nhm...Kh nng ti ch ht mi ph thuc rt nhiu vo ch ct th, ct tinh.
2.3.
Thc trang nghin cu v ti ch hat mi

Cng ngh AWJ (Abrasive water jet), lin tu c c nghin cu pht trin nhm
nng cao hi u qua ng du ng va o cng nghi p . Trn th c t ch i ph tng th ca h thng AWJ l kh cao nu so snh vi cc k thut gia cng khc . M c du v y cng ngh ct bng tia nc p sut cao v n c s dng. Trong t ng chi phi ca qu trnh ct thi chi phi cho ha t ma i l l n nh t , chi m n 54% Chnh v l do a lm ha n ch s du ng phng pha p gia cng ny. Chi ph cho my, thit bi (23,94%)
Chi ph Chi cho ph ht cho mi (53,98%) ht mi Tin lng chi tr cho cng nhn (16,89%) Chi ph vi tng tc (0,92%) Chi ph cho nc (1.31%) Chi ph vi phun (3,05%)
Hnh 2.5. Cu trc gi thnh gia cng trong AWJ [16]
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Trong cng ngh c t tia n c vi ha t ma i ki u tr n khng a p , gi s mt u c t la m vi c v i lu l ng ha t ma i t 0,3kg/pht ti 1kg/ pht. M i nga y la m vi c 8 gi , m i tha ng la m vi c 25 ngy, l ng tiu thu t (3600-12000)kg. V i n gia nh hi n na y la 10.000/kg, c tnh tiu t n khong (36 120) tri u ng cho ha t ma i trong mt thng. Do vy nu cc ht mi c ti ch v ti s dng , chi phi v ha t mi s gim, phng pha p gia cng na y co th c s ph bin hn. cn cha k gi thnh cho h thng x l cht thi cng nghip v ph mi trung. Do vic nghin cu ti s dng ngun ht mi qua s dng khng nhng mang li ngun li v kinh t, gim gi thnh gia cng m cn c ngha trong bo v mi trng. y la c s u t nghin c u ta i ch ht mi v l qu trnh x l sau sn xu t nh m mu c i ch gia m gia tha nh sa n ph m va x ly ch t tha i cng nghi p. MK Babu v O.V.K. Chetty thc hin mt trong nhng nghin cu chi nh v ti ch ha t ma i , ti liu c tm thy trong Vin Cng ngh Madras, Chennai n . Mt nghin cu v ti ch ha t mi c tin hnh [17] sau khi ct vt liu nhm. Nghin cu ny tp trung vo kh nng ti ch, hiu sut ct v cht lng ct ca ha t mi ti ch . Kch thc ht mi ti ch c xc inh l cc ht c kch thc t > 90 m vi gi tri p sut nc v tc ct thp c th ng dng kt qu ca nghin c u ny trong cng nghip. Trong thc t, sau khi ti ch, cc ht mi ti ch c th s dng lun nh ht mi mi hoc b xung thm cc ht mi mi (bu ti ch). Mc tiu ca bu ti ch ht mi l duy tr lng ht mi u vo tng kh nng ct hay duy tr kh nng ct ln nht trong sut qu trnh ct. M.Kantha Babu v O.V.Krishnaiah Chetty [18] cng tin hnh mt nghin cu v bu ti ch ht mi. Mu chi tit ct th nghim y l m t phi nhm Al 6061-T6 hnh thang v ct vi chiu su c th ct ti a, tng mu ht mi c xc inh ct ring cho tng mch. Sau o nhm (Ra) trn b mt va ct, o 3 khong cch khc nhau tnh t b mt tn cung.
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Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hnh 2.6. Mu th nghim ca M.Kantha Babu v O.V.Krishnaiah Chetty [18] Trong nghin cu ny, cc ht mi ti ch (vi c ht ln hn 90 m) c bu ht mi mi vi t l 20, 40, 60, 80 v 100% vo ht mi ti ch. nh hng vic bu ti ch n chiu su ct, nhm b mt v chiu rng rnh ct khi ct nhm c kho st. Kt qu l khi tng t l ht mi mi n 40% s lm tng ng k chiu su ct v tng nh khi t l ht mi mi tng cao hn mc ny [15]. Bu ti ch vi ty l 40% l thch hp nht v cho hi u su t c t cao nht. [15]. Kt qu o nhm cho thy nhm nh nht khi t l bu ht mi mi l 60% vi c ht 90m, chiu rng rnh ct ln nht trn nh v y tng ng k khi lng ht mi mi tng [15] Cng trnh nghin cu ca J.Ohlsen [14] ch ra rng, cc ht mi nh hn 60m th s cho chiu su ct rt nh, cht lng ct km v c th lm tc ht mi vi phun. Hn na, tc gi thy rng kh nng ct v cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch cao hn so vi ht mi mi. Kch thc ca ht mi ti ch nm trong khong 125 n 180 m s cho chiu su ct ln nht v nhm b mt thp nht. M.Kantha Babu v O.V. Krishnaiah Chetty [15] cng b nghin cu ti ch ht mi ca ia phng (ngun: Nam n ). Cc tc gi tm ra rng kh nng ti ch ca ht mi khi c ht ln hn 90 m l 81, 49, 26 v 15% tng ng vi cc vng ti ch th nht, th hai, th ba v th t [15]. Tc ng ca ht mi sau 3 vng ta i ch n chiu su ct, nhm b mt v chiu rng vt ct c kho st. Kt qu kho st cho thy, chiu su ct ln nht ca ht mi ti ch vng th nht v vng th hai bng khong 82 v 79% so vi ht mi mi. Hn na, ht mi ti ch vng th nht, vng th hai cn c th lm gim c nhm b mt v nghing ca rnh ct [15]. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Gn y V Ngc Pi [11] nghin cu v ti ch ht mi GMA (mt loi ht mi ca c c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh AWJ v lm sch) vi cc ni dung chnh sau. Kh nng ti ch ca ht mi GMA #80 vi cc c ht khc nhau v vi nhiu vng ti ch (3 vng). Kh nng ct v cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch t ht GMA # 80.Tnh kinh t ca ti ch ht mi GMA c ht 80 cng c xem xt. Bng thc nghim xc inh c c ht ti u cho ht mi ti ch loi ht #80 GMA l trn 90m. Nghin cu cn ch ra rng ht mi ti ch vi c ht trn 90m c kh nng ct cao gp 1.173 vi ht mi. Hn na, lng ht mi ti ch thu c ny gn bng 80% lng ht mi mi. Trong cng trnh cng nghin cu kh nng ti ch nhiu vng vi loi ht mi ny. Kt qu cho thy ht mi ti ch vng th 2 vn c th ct tt hn ht mi mi 15,1%. Ct bng tia nc p sut cao Vi t Nam hin vn l mt cng ngh mi , vi c ti p c n v i cng ngh na y co n ang trong gia oa n nghin c u ti m hi u v trin khai, cc nghin cu v cng ngh gia cng b ng tia n c p sut cao trong n c cha nhi u. V vy nghin cu s du ng va ta i s du ng ha t ma i trong gia cng b ng tia nc p sut cao Vit Nam nhm gim chi ph ct v cc v n v mi tr ng cn c quan tm v nghin cu.
2.4.
Kt lun chng 2
Cng ngh AWJ khng ngng c nghin c u, pht trin v ng dng ngy
cng nhiu trong cng nghip gia cng cc sn phm m phng pha p gia cng truyn thng kh hoc khng th gia cng c. tng kh nng ct ca tia nc ngi ta trn ha t ma i vo tia nc , vic lm ny lm tng ng k kh nng ct ca tia nc. Trong t ng chi phi ca qu trnh ct thi chi phi cho ha t ma i l l n nh t , chi m n 54%. Chnh v l do a lm ha n ch s du ng phng pha p gia cng ny. gia m chi phi ha t ma i c n nghin c u t i u cc thng s ca qu trnh ct , kh nng s dng li nhm gim chi ph v ht mi, gim lng cht thi cng nghip. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
T nghin cu tng quan v ti ch ht mi c th thy rng trn th gii cho n nay c mt s nghin cu v lnh vc ny. Tuy nhin cha c kt qu nghin cu no v ti ch ht mi Supreme Granet - l 1 trong nhng ht mi thng dng v hin nay c dung ph bin nht Vit Nam trong gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi.
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
CHNG 3.
TI CH HT MI SUPREME GARNET
Gi thnh ht mi chim ti 54% [16] trong tng chi ph gia cng AWJ. Do , nu c th ti s dng ht mi th s tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph trong gia cng, nht l chi ph cho ht mi, gim c lng cht thi, ng thi cn bo v mi trng. T nhng vn c cp chng 2 vic nghin cu ti ch (ti s dng) ht mi Supreme Garnet (xut s n ) l c c s khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu. Bng thc nghim s chng minh c s hiu qu trong vic ti ch ht mi thu hi. Chng ny s trnh by v kh nng ti ch ca ht mi Supreme Garnet, phng php ti ch ht mi, xc inh kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch, kch thc ti u ca ht v cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch. 3.1. Kh nng ti ch ca hat mi Supreme Garnet Kh nng ti ch ca ht mi c hiu l phn trm ht mi thu hi c sau khi ct. c xc inh theo cng thc sau [19].
Ru ma ,re / ma ,ne 100 (%)

Trong , ma,re l khi lng ht mi c ti ch t ma,ne kg ht mi mi. Nu lng ht mi thu hi li c tng i ln (khong trn 50%) v qu trnh thu hi ti ch ht mi thun li. Trc ht ta phi lm sch ht mi, tch phoi v cui cung sng phn loi ht mi. Tip theo th nghim xc inh kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch. Nu kh nng ct v cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch gn bng hoc hn kh nng ct ca ht mi mi, ngha l loi ht mi c kh nng ti ch. Hc vin:V Hng Khim Trng H KTCN HTN 39
Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Theo M. Kantha Babu [18] khi ti ch ht mi Nam n , vi ht mi ti ch c >90m c th thu c 81% so vi lng ht mi ban u v kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch ny bng 85% ht mi mi cn cht lng ct th cao hn. Cn theo [3] lng ht mi thu hi c khi ly ht mi c >90m (vi ht mi GMA #80) l gn 80% . Kh nng ct v cht lng ct u cao hn s vi ht mi mi. S lng ht mi ti ch thu hi c ph thuc vo c ht no c chn. C ht cng nh ty l thu hi c cng cao nhng vi c ht nh s kh sng phn loi do d gy bt mt sng gy kh khn cho ti ch ht mi. Ngoi ra lng ht mi thu hi ph thuc vo bn cht ht mi, v s v ca ht mi trong qu trnh gia cng. Thm vo lng ht mi thu hi c cn ph thuc vo cc yu t nh vt liu chi tit gia cng, thng s cng ngh v thng s qu trnh.
3.1.1. Thit lp cc thng s thi nghim Xu t pha t t mu c tiu nghin c u kha nng s du ng va ta i s du ng ha t ma i trong cng ngh c t b ng tia n c p sut cao , k t qua nghin c u c th hi n nng su t ct va ch t l ng c t ca ht mi ti s dng . Nng su t c t c xa c i nh b i th ti ch v t li u bi bo c ta ch trn m t n vi th i gian . Hi u qua c t go t ph thuc nhi u nh t chi u su c t hay kha nn g c t su cu a tia n c . Do v y ma chi u su c t hmax [mm] l thng s c chn nghin cu nh gi kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch. Bng nghin cu thc nghim s xc inh ty l phn trm ht v sau khi sng, phn loi. Thng s th nghim cho qu trnh nghin cu s v ht mi c th hin bng 3.1.
3.1.2. Thit bi thi nghim v dng c o, kim tra. Cc thng s u vo ca th nghim c hin thi v c lu trn my tnh iu khin nh vn tc ct, thi gian ct, chiu su ct, chiu di ct.. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Th nghim xc inh s v ht v qu trnh thu hi ht mi c tin hnh trn my ct tia nc DWJ-A-5 (hnh 3.1) ca hng DARDI Trung Quc (t ti Phng th nghim trng im quc gia v Cng ngh b mt Vin nghin cu C kh B Cng Thng) Nghin cu xc inh kh nng ct, cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch c thc hin trn my ct bng tia nc nhn hiu Flow hnh 3.2. ti Cng ty C phn TNHH Phc Sinh (Cu Din, T Lim, H Ni). Cc kt qu thu c t th nghim c o, kim tra ti phng th nghim ca trung tm th nghim trng i hc K thut Cng nghip i hc Thi Nguyn, trng Cao ng Kinh t K thut i hc Thi Nguyn cung kt hp vi mt s phng th nghim khc. Bng 3.1. Cc thng s trong qu trnh th nghim nghin cu v ca ht
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Lun vn thc s k thut Thng s Vt liu ht mi ng knh l vi tng tc (mm) ng knh l vi phun (mm) ng knh ngoi vi phun (mm) Chiu di vi phun (mm) Khong cch t u vi phun ti b mt gia cng (mm) Gc ca vi phun v b mt gia cng (0) Vt liu gia cng Chiu dy phi (mm) p sut (MPa) Lu lng ht mi (g/s) V n t c di ch chuy n (mm/ph)
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM Gi tri Supreme Garnet 0,255 (hng ngc) 0,762 6,35 76 5 900 C45 15 250 5 50
3.1.3. V t li u thi nghi m Cc th nghim so snh kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch v ht mi mi s dng vt liu thp 45 (l vt liu thng dng, r tin, d mua). Thnh phn ca thp 45 bng 3.2. Th nghim so snh cht lng ct ( nhm b mt gia cng) ca ht mi ti ch v ht mi mi s dng vt liu Al 6061-T6 trnh oxi ha b mt gia cng, dn ti d o nhm b mt. Thnh phn vt liu Al 6061-T6 bng 3.3. Bng 3.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu th nghim C45 [24]
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Lun vn thc s k thut Thnh phn ha hc % C 0,42-0,5 Fe 95 Mg 0.8-1.2
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM Mn 0.5-0.8 Si

0.6
Cu 0.6
Bng 3.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca vt liu th nghim Al 6061T6 [24] Thnh phn ha h c %
Al
Cr
Cu
Fe 0.7
Mg 0.81.2
Mn
0.15
Ti 0.40.8
Si
Zn
95.8- 0.04- 0.1598.6 0.35 0.4
0.15 0.25
3.1.4. Quy trnh thu hi v ti ch hat mi Bc th nht. Dng ht Supreme Garnet mi tin hnh ct ph mt tm phi hnh ch nht c kch thc 500x100x15. Hnh 3.1. l nh chp qu trnh th nghim (a) v s m t th nghim (b) thu li ht mi sau khi ct. Khi qu trnh ct hon thnh, thu gom ht mi t b cha, sau mang i ra loi b bt cht bn v tp cht. Trong qu trnh ra cc ht nh, min bi loi b cung vi nc. C th gi qu trnh ny lm sch th. Cui ca giai on ny cc ht mi trong ngn cha c lm sch bng nc. Kt qu cui cung ca bc 1 l thu c nhng thung cha hn hp gm c nc v ha t ma i c lm sch.
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
a)
b)
Hnh 3.1. Th nghim xc inh kh nng ti ch ht mi Bc th hai. Sy kh vt liu ht mi. Cc phng php sy thng thng mt kh nhiu thi gian cho qu trnh sy. Thng cn khong 6 gi vi nhit 300 C lm kh cho 3kg ht mi. Mt gii php hiu qu hn c p dng l sy trong mt l kh c nhit n inh, ch cn 3 gi cho 6kg mi. Bc th ba. Tch phoi kim loi. Vic tch phoi kim loi ra khi ht mi l kh quan trng v phoi khng tham gia ct, thm ch cn c th lm gim hiu sut ct ca cc vt liu mi. C mt s phng php tch phoi ra khi ht mi nh: Nu phoi l nhm th ta c th dung ha cht (NaOH) ha tan nhm. Nu phoi l thp dng nam chm tch phoi. th nghim ny s dng nam chm tch phoi v phoi l thp. Bc th t. L bc cui cung ca qu trnh ti ch. Phn tch sng hiu c s phn b kch thc ht cho ti ch nhm mc ch nghin cu s v ca ht . Qu trnh phn tch c thc hin vi ca c s ng ng knh s ng 8 inch cu a ha ng Endecotts [19] (hnh 3.2.) vi cc c >63, >75, >90, >106, >125, >150, >180, >212, >225, >250, >300, >350 (tt c 11 sng, t c 350m n 63m). Thit bi sa ng [20] l mt my sng rung (hnh 3.2.) c th iu chnh c tc , bin v thi gian. Sau Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
nhiu ln th nghim, cp tc v bin v thi gian sng c c inh l 15 pht cho mt ln sng phn tch.
Hnh 3.2. Sng ca hng Endecotts tiu chun -ISO3310-1 3.1.5. Kt qu v nhn xet a, Ty l ht mi mi.
Hnh 3.3. My sng phn loi ht mi
Tin hnh sng phn loi ht mi mi nhm xc inh ty l cc c ht trong mt bao. loi b sai s ngu nhin do ly ht khng u ta sng phn loi 1 bao 25kg trn my sng [20] ta thu c kt qu nh sau. Bng 3.4. Phn b kch thc ht mi mi Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut STT C hat
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM Thnh phn hat mi trong 1 bao (25kg)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
300 < ht < 350 250 < ht < 300 212 < ht < 250 180 < ht < 212 150 < ht < 180 125 < ht < 150 106 < ht < 125 90 < ht < 106 75 < ht < 90 63 < ht < 75
12,5 8,13 3,62 0,58 0,17 0 0 0 0 0
14 12
12.5
Supreme Garnet #80
Trng lng (kg)
10 8.13 8 6 4 2 0 >300 >250 >212 >180 >150 >125 >106 Cc c hat mi >90 >75 >63 3.62 0.58
0.17
Hnh 3.4. Phn b kch thc ht mi mi b, Thnh phn ht mi ti ch Trong th nghim trn vi 75kg ht Supreme granet #80 mi chia lm 3 ln ct v thu hi. Phi l thp 45 (hnh A2). Ht mi c thu hi li nh mt thung cha y nc nhm gim vn tc cc ht mi sau khi ct chng khng bi v thm khi va vo thnh thung cha hoc va vo cc ht mi khc. Sau khi ti ch, ht mi c Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
phn loi nh 11 sng (ISO3310-1) vi cc c 63, 75, 90, 106, 125, 150, 180, 212, 250, 300, 355 bng 11 sng (hnh 3.2) s dng my sng (hnh 3.3). Bng 3.5. Phn b kch thc ht mi sau ti ch
Khi lng hat mi (kg) C hat (m) Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3 Trung bnh T l (%) hat mi ti ch trong 25kg
300 < ht < 350 250 < ht < 300 212 < ht < 250 180 < ht < 212 150 < ht < 180 125 < ht < 150 106 < ht < 125 90 < ht < 106 75 < ht < 90 63 < ht < 75 Tng
1.25 4.13 3.48 2.75 2.38 1.63 1.33 1.1 1.13 0.58 19.76
1.48 2.9 4 2.18 2.3 1.55 1.25 1.08 1 0.4 18.14
1.35 4.37 3.5 2.52 2.65 1.67 1.3 1.12 1.25 0.32 20.05
1.36 3.80 3.66 2.48 2.44 1.62 1.29 1.10 1.13 0.43 19.32
5.44 15.20 14.64 9.93 9.77 6.47 5,17 4.40 4.51 1.73 77.27
4.00
Khi lng cc c ht (kg)
3.80
3.66
3.50 3.00 2.48 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 >300 >250 >212 >180 >150 >125 >106 >90 >75 >63 Cc c ht mi 0.43 1.36 2.44 1.62 1.29 1.10 1.13
Hnh 3.5. Phn b kch thc ht mi sau ti ch Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Bng 3.6. Kh nng ti ch ca ht mi Supreme granet so vi ht mi

C hat >300 (m) Khi lng (kg) Hat ti ch (%) Hat mi (%)
>250
>212
>180
>150
>125
>106
>90
>75
>63
1.36
5.16
8.82
11.30 13.75 15.36 16.66 17.76 18.88 19.32
5.44
20.64 35.28 45.21 54.99 61.45 66.63 71.03 75.53 77.27
50
82.52
97
99.32
100
100
100
100
100
100
T l phn trm (%)
>300
>250
>212
>180
>150
>125
>106
>90
>75
>63
C hat (m)
Hnh 3.6. Thnh phn ht mi theo cc c 3.2. Kh nng ct ca hat mi ti ch
3.2.1. Thi nghim nh gi kh nng ct ca ht mi Supreme garnet ti ch sau khi sng, cc ht c trn v sp xp theo c t >63(m) cho ti >300(m). Vi c ht t 63(m) s bao gm cc ht mi ca tt c cc c t 63, 75, 90,.,300. T bng 3.6. ta thy vi c ht kh ln t >180m th ch c 45,21% c ti ch qu t, them vo cn Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
lu rng vi ht mi c >63 v >75 s kh sng hn v ht nh lm bt ht mt sng. Do vy ta s chn cc c ht t >90; >106; >125; >150 nghin cu ti ch. Th nghim xc inh kh nng ct c miu t v c thc hin trn my ct tia nc (hnh 3.8) ca Cng ty c phn Phc Sinh (Cu Din, T Lim, H Ni). Kh nng ct ca ht mi ni chung v ht mi ti ch ni ring l chiu su ct ti a ca ht vi cung cc thng s khc ca qu trnh ct. B thng s th nghim nh sau. Thng s ht mi. Ht Supreme granet #80 mi Ht ti ch vi cc c ht t >90m; >106m; >125m; >150m. Hnh dng ht mi: Ngu nhin iu kin ht mi: Kh Thng s vi phun: ROCTEC 100 WFE 14400 ng knh l vi phun: 1,016mm ng knh l Ofrice: 0,33mm Chiu di vi phun : 101,6mm Thng s ct. p sut:350 MPa Khong cch t vi phun ti b mt gia cng: 5mm Gc gia vi phun v b mt gia cng: 900 Tc dich chuyn: 90 mm/pht Lu lng ht mi: 5g/s Mu thp ct th nghim. Thp C45 c dng hnh chm
Hnh 3.7. Phi ct th nghim thp C45 kch thc 150x100x30 Hc vin:V Hng Khim Trng H KTCN HTN 49
Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

C cu iu chnh lu lng ht mi
Phi: Thp 45
Vi phun
Hnh 3.8. Th nghim kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch Bng 3.7. nh gi kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch C hat mi (m) > 90 > 106 > 125 > 150 (ht mi) Chiu su ct hmax (mm) 21.0 21.4 21.9 20.5 18.6 Kh nng ct ( % t l) 1.13 1.15 1.18 1.10 1
1.20 1.15 1.18 1.15 1.13 1.10
Chiu su ct (%)
1.10 1.05 1.00
1 0.95 0.90 >90 >106 >125 >150 Ht mi
Cc c ht mi
Hnh 3.9. Kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut 3.2.2. Kt qu v nhn xet
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Bng 3.7 v hnh 3.9 biu din kt qu ca th nghim xc inh kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch. T cc kt qu ny c th tht rng kh nng ct ca cc mu ht mi ti ch (4 mu) u ln hn kh nng ct ca ht mi mi (hnh 3.9) iu c th gii thch v cc mu ht mi ti ch u c kch thc nh hn ht mi mi do nn trong cung mt n vi thi gian vi cung mt lu lng ht mi tham gia qu trnh ct ca ht mi ca ht mi ti ch s nhiu hn ht mi mi do s ct c su hn [11]. Thm vo cc mi ti ch li c cnh sc hn ht mi mi (hnh 3.10) nn kh nng ct s tt hn. T kt qu ca th nghim (bng 3.7 v hnh 3.9) ta thy tn ti mt kch thc ht ti u m vi kch thc ht mi ti ch c kh nng ct cao nht. kch thc ti u ny cho ht ti ch ca Supreme garnet l >125m (hnh 3.9)
a) Hnh 3.10. 3.3.
b) Hnh dng ht mi: a) Ht mi, b) Ht ti ch
Cht lng ct ca hat mi ti ch Trong gia cng bng tia nc c ht mi, cht lng ct c nh gi bng hai
thng s l nhm b mt sau khi gia cng v chiu rng rnh ct. Trn thc t, th chiu rng rnh l thng s khng quan trng v n khng nh hng nhiu n cht
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
lng gia cng nn ta chn thng s nhm b mt chi tit gia cng lm ch tiu nh gi cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch. 3.3.1. Thi nghim Th nghim so snh nhm b mt sau gia cng c ct bng ht mi ti ch v vi ht mi mi c thc hin ging nh khi xc inh kh nng ti ch ca ht mi. C hai thng s l: Phi dung trong th nghim l hp kim nhm Al T6061-61 d o nhm do khng bi g sau khi ct Cc mu o c ct vi ba gi tri khc nhau ca lu lng ht mi c nhiu gi tri so snh. Cc gi tri lu lng dung trong th nghim l 5, 6, 7(g/s) Trong gia cng tia nc ht mi, do nhm ca b mt gia cng thay i theo chiu su gia cng do hin tng ct tr ca tia nc. Do vy nh gi nhm sau khi gia cng, tin hnh o cc mu phi sau khi ct ti hai vi tr: cch 2mm v cch 10mm tnh t mt trn ca mu My o nhm dung trong th nghim l my Mitutoyo Surfest SJ-301 (ca trng Cao ng Kinh t K thut, H Thi nguyn) (hnh C1, C2 ph lc C)
Hnh 3.11. S c t tr ca tia nc 3.3.2. Kt qu v nhn xet Kt qu o nhm b mt vi cc mu khi ct vi lu lng 5, 6 v 7(g/s) c biu din trn hnh 3.12. (vi tr o 2mm) v hnh 3.13. (vi tr o 10mm). T cc kt qu ny ta c cc nhn xt nh sau: Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
nhm b mt khi ct bng ht mi ti ch nh hn khi ct bng ht mi mi (vi c 3 gi tri khc nhau ca lu lng ht mi) (hnh 3.12. v hnh 3.13.). S d nh vy l v kch thc trung bnh ca ht mi ti ch nh hn so vi ht mi mi nn khi ct s li vt gia cng ( nhm) nh hn. Lu lng ht mi tng th nhm b mt gia cng khi ct gim (ng c vi ht mi ti ch v ht mi mi) (xem hnh 3.12. v hnh 3.13). Thm vo , khi lu lng bng 6(g/s), nhm khi ct bng ht mi ti ch t gi tri nh nht. Do vy, gi tri lu lng 6(g/s) c th chn l gi tri hp l t cht lng gia cng tt nht (vi gi tri ca thng s gia cng nh chn).
10 Ti ch >125
nhm b mt Ra
Mi
6 5 g/s 6 g/s Lu lng ht m i (g/s) 7 g/s
Hnh 3.12. nh hng ca lu lng ht mi v loi ht mi n nhm b mt khi o cch mt trn ca mu 2mm
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 g/s 6 g/s Lu lng ht mi (g/s)
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Ti ch >125 Mi
nhm b mt Ra
7 g/s
Hnh 3.13. nh hng ca lu lng ht mi v loi ht mi n nhm b mt khi o cch mt trn ca mu 10mm
3.4.
Kt lun chng 3
Trong chng ny tin hnh lm th nghim nghin c u v kh nng ti ch
ca ht mi Supreme Garnet, kh nng ct, cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch, v xc inh kch thc ht ti u khi ti ch T cc kt qu ca chng ny, c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau: C th ti ch c ht mi Supreme Garnet. Thm vo ht mi ny c kh nng ti ch rt cao. C th kh nng ti ch c th t 71,03%; 66,63%; 61,45% v 54,99% tng ng vi cc c ht >90, >106, >125 v >150m Kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch cao hn ht mi mi. C ht ti u ti ch ht Supreme Garnet l >125m. Vi c ht ny kh nng ti ch l 61,45% v kh nng ct ca n s cao hn ht mi mi khong 18% Cht lng ct ( nhm b mt) khi ct bng ht mi ti ch cao hn khi ct bng ht mi mi.
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
CHNG 4.
KT LUN V HNG NGHIN CU TIP THEO
4.1.
Kt lun
Lun vn ny nhm nghin cu ti ch ht mi Supreme Garnet. Ni dung
nghin cu bao gm nghin cu v kh nng ti ch, nghin cu v kh nng ct v cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch. Thm vo , kch thc ht mi ti u khi ti ch cng l mt mc tiu ca nghin cu. T cc kt qu ca ti, c th a ra mt s kt lun sau: Cho n nay c mt s nghin cu v ti ch ht mi cc loi. Tuy nhin cha c mt nghin cu no trn th gii v ti ch ht mi Supreme Garnet (ngun gc Nam n ). Do vy ti ny tp trung vo nghin cu ti ch ht mi nu trn. Ht mi Supreme Garnet ti ch c v c kh nng ti ch rt cao. C th t ti 71,03%; 66,63%; 61,45% v 54,99% tng ng vi cc c ht >90, >106, >125 v >150m Khi ct bng ht mi ti ch kh nng ct, cht lng ct ( nhm b mt) cao hn khi ct bng ht mi mi. Kch thc ti u ny cho ht ti ch ca Supreme garnet l >125m. Vi c ht ny kh nng ti ch l 61,45% v kh nng ct ca n s cao hn ht mi mi khong 18%.
4.2.
Hng nghin cu tip
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
cho cc nghin cu v ti ch (ti s dng ht mi) c hon thin, mt s xut cho cc nghin cu tip theo v lnh vc ny nh sau: 1. Nghin cu nh gi tnh kinh t ca ti ch ht mi Supreme garnet. 2. Nghin cu ti ch ht mi Supreme garnet cng nh cc loi ht mi khc khi ct vi p sut nc rt cao (trn 400MPa) 3. Nghin cu s l cc ht mi do qu trnh gia cng tia nc thi ra gim thiu nhim mi trng.
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Flow International Corporation, http://www.flowwaterjet.com/en/waterjet-
technology/history.aspx, truy cp ngy 15/10/2011.

[2]. [3]. www.flowwaterjet.com Vu Ngoc Pi (2008), Performance Enhancement of Abrasive Waterjet Cutting, PhD Thesis, TU Delft, The Netherlands. [4]. M.K. Kulecki Process and apparatus developments in industrial waterjet applications, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 42, 2002 [5]. M. Nanduri, T.Kim, Wear patterns in abrasive water jet nozzles, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Jetting Technology, Sardinia, Italy, 1996 [6]. A. W. Momber, R. Kovacevic, Principle of Abrasive Water Jet Machining, SpringerVerlag London 1998. [7]. [8]. [9]. http://www.amfed.org/t_mohs Privatdozent Dr.-Ing. Habil G. Galecki, M. Mazurkiewicz, Hidro-abrasive cutting head Energy transfer efficiency, The 4th American Waterjet Conference, New York, 1987, 172-177. [10]. M. Kretschmer, E. Aust, Recycling of abrasive and process water in Abrasive Water Jet Technique, Chemical engineering Technology 22, 1999 [11]. Vu Ngoc Pi, A.M. Hoogstrate, P. Golfiott, B. Karpuschewski, A study on abrasive recycling and recharging in abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining, Int. J. Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 6, Issue , 2009, pp. 213-233. [12]. T.J. Labus, K.F. Neusen, D.G. Alberts, T.J. Gores, Factors influencing the particle size distribution in an abrasive waterjet, Journal of Engineering for Industry, November 1991, Vol. 113, 402-411. Hc vin:V Hng Khim
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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
[13]. G. H. Louis, G. Meier, J. Ohlsen, Analysis of the process output in abrasive water jet cutting, 8th American Water Jet Conference, August 26-29, 1995, Houston, Texas, 137-151. [14]. J. Ohlsen, Recycling von Feststoffen beim Wasserabrasivestrahlverfahren, VDI Fortschritt-Berichte, Reihe 15, Nr. 175, 1997. [15]. M. Kantha Babu, O.V. Krishnaiah Chetty, A study on recycling of abrasives in abrasive water jet machining, Wear 254 (2003), 763-773. [16]. A.M. Hoogstrate, V.N. Pi, B. Karpuschewski, Cost optimization for multiplehead AWJ cutting, BHRs conferece 2006, 13-15 September, Gdansk, Poland, 251-264. [17]. D.A. Summers, Waterjet Technology, Chapman & Hall, 1995. [18]. M. Kantha Babu, O.V. Krishnaiah Chetty, Studies on recharging of abrasives in abrasive water jet machining, Int. journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 19 (2002), 697-703. [19]. Endecotts website, http://www.endecotts.com/products/sieves.aspx, (truy cp ngy 18/10/2011). [20]. Nguyn Vn Kin (2010), Tnh ton, thit k, ch to my sng phn loi c ht mi, Lun vn Thc s k thut, Trng i hc KTCN H Thi Nguyn. [21]. A.M. Hoogstrate, V.N. Pi, B. Karpuschewski, Cost optimization for multiple-head AWJ cutting, BHRs conferece 2006, 13-15 September, Gdansk, Poland, 251-264 [22]. Tr n Ngo c Hng (2004), Nghin c u cng ngh c t b ng tia n c ASC n c, Lu na n Ti n si khoa ho c, Vi n ma y va du ng cu cng nghi p. [23]. GS.TS. Trn Vn ich, PGS. TS. Ng Tr Phc (2006), S tay Thp th gii, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni. [24]. Nguyn Quc Tun, V Ngc Pi, Nguyn Vn Hung (2009), Cc phng php gia cng tin tin, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni. d i
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
[25]. Nguy n c Minh (2005), Nghin c u cng ngh c t b ng tia n c (p su t n 4000 bar), Lu na n Ti n si khoa ho c, Vi n ma y va du ng cu cng nghi p. [26]. http://www.supremegarnet.com. [27]. T.J Labus, K.F Neusen, D.G Albert, Factors influencing the abrasive mixing process, Proceedings 5th American Water Jet Conference, Water Jet
Technology Association, St.Louis, USA [28]. Gonfiotti. P (2006), Investigation on GMA garnet recycling in Abrasive Water Jet Cutting, Master Thesis, Facolt di Ingegneria Universit di Pisa, Italia. [29]. Trn Anh Qun (2003), Nghin cu cng ngh tia nc p sut cao trong cng nghip lm sch. Lun n Tin s khoa hc, Vin my dng c cng nghip.
Thi nguyn. ngy 02 thng 11 nm 2011
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Ph lc A: Thit bi, phi v ht mi dung cho th nghim xc inh kh nng ti ch ht mi
Hnh A1. My ct tia nc ca hng DARDI DWJ-A-5
Hnh A2. Tm thp dung trong th nghim xc inh kh nng ti ch ca ht mi
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hnh A3. Ht mi ti ch c phn loi ra cc c t 63m n 350m Ph lc B: Thit bi v phi th nghim xc inh kh nng ct ca ht mi ti ch
Hnh B1. Cc mu thp c ct bng ht mi ti ch
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hnh B2. Knh hin vi chp mu ht mi
Ph lc C: Phi v thit bi dung cho th nghim nh gi cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hnh C1. My o nhm Mitutoyo Surfest SJ-301
Hnh C2. Mu o nhm
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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Lun vn thc s k thut
Chuyn ngnh CK CTM
Hnh C3. o nhm trn my Mitutoyo Surfest SJ-301
Ph lc D: Bi bo xut bn Tn bi bo: Nghin cu ti ch, b ti ch hat mi supreme garnet trong gia cng tia nc co hat mi. Cc tc gi: V Ngc Pi, Trn Quc Hung, L Xun Hng v V Hng Khim (Bi bo c chp nhn ng bi Tp Ch C kh Vit nam ISSN 0866- 7056)
Hc vin:V Hng Khim

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B GIO DC O TO I HC THI NGUYN TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP ..

LUN VN THC S K THUT

Hng dn khoa hc: TS. V Ngc Pi

Thi nguyn 11-2011

B GIA O DU C VA A O TA O A I HO C THA I NGUYN TR NG A I HO C KY THU T CNG NGHI P --------------------000-------------------

THUYT MINH LUN VN THC S K THUT

ta i: Nghin cu kh nng ti s dng ht mi Supreme garnet sau

Hc vin Lp Chuyn ngnh

: V Hng Khim : Cao hc K12 - CNCTM : Cng ngh ch to my

TS. V Ngc Pi DUYT BGH

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Thi Nguyn, thng 11/2011

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

1.2.1. 1.2.3. 1.2.4. 1.2.5. 1.2.6. 1.2.7. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.

Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.1.5. 3.2.

3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.3.

Cht lng ct ca ht mi ti ch ...................................................... 51

3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.4. CHNG 4. 4.1. 4.2.

Kt lun chng 3 ............................................................................... 54 Kt lun................................................................................................ 56 Hng nghin cu tip ........................................................................ 56

Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Danh mu c ca c ky hi u, ch vi t t t STT 1 2 3 4 K hiu TNASC ASC

Y nghia Tia nc p sut cao p sut cao

Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Hc vin:V Hng Khim

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

High Pressure - UHP) lm mt cng c ct vo nhng nm . to ra p lc ca

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

M t i u quan trng n a la khi c t ca c ph n c ng cu a c th nh xng th mu i ho c

Trng H KTCN HTN

Lun vn thc s k thut

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

H thng cng ngh

Ct bng tia nc (Water Jet Cutting-WJC) l mt qu trnh s dng tia nc

Trng H KTCN HTN

Chuyn ngnh CK CTM

Hnh 1.2. H thng bm cp nc ca hng Flow [2] H th ng n c bao g m ng n c va o u b lo c , my bm tng p , b

Trng H KTCN HTN