La chn t I xi mng vi t

khi ch to cc x I nn
t yu
Bo - Tp ch
Thu vin xin gi n bn c bi bo"La chn t I xi mng vi t khi ch to cc x I
nn t yu" do ThS. Thn Vn Vn - B mn Cng ngh v qun I xy dng, Trung i
hc Thy Ii thc hin
Tm tt: X l nn t yu bng cc xi mng-t i vi nc ta cn mi m. !t t"#ng n$%ng c$&
ti'u (uan t"ng )$i t$it ) cc xi mng-t l* l+a c$n t, l- xi mng vi t. ./ l+a c$n t, l- xi
mng vi t 0$1 $20 vi t3ng l#4i t nn c5n 0$6i x l7 t8c gi6 gii t$i-u n$%ng 6n$ $9ng c:a
t, l- xi mng vi t n t;n$ c$t c:a $<n $20 v=t li-u7 >?c c$@u t6i c:a cc An7 >?c c$@u t6i c:a
nn t >au )$i 2c gia c v* )in$ ng$i-m l+a c$n t, l- xi mng vi t i vi c8c l#4i t )$8c
n$au c5n 0$6i x l / !c gi6 t$am )$6#.
1. t vn
Hin nay cng vi s pht trin kinh t ca t nuc, nhu cu pht trin v co s h tng rt ln
v cp thit. Phn ln cc cng trnh uoc xy dng trn nn t hnh thnh mt cch t nhin
trong nhng mi trung khc nhau. Do nn t t nhin nhiu khi chua p ng uoc kh nng
chju ti ca cc cng trnh nhu nh ca, cu cng, p... xy dng trn chng, hay ni cch
khc, kh nng chju ti ca chng km hon so vi ti trong d kin. V vy cn ci thin tnh cht
ca nn t trong phm vi i nh hung chng c th sc chju ti trong thit k. Trong
thc t c nhiu phuong php ci thin tnh cht ca nn t yu, mt trong nhng phuong
php l x l nn bng coc xi mng t. Mt trong nhng thng s quan trong khi thit k coc
xi mng t l la chon uoc t l xi mng vi t hop l; n nh hung trc tip n tnh cht
ca vt liu, sc chju ti ca nn v gi thnh cng trnh.
2. nh hung ca t I xi mng vi t n tnh cht ca hn hp vt Iiu, sc ch[u ti
ca cc xi mng-t v sc ch[u ti ca nn t sau khi uc x I bng cc xi mng-t
a) nh hng ca t l xi mng vi t n tnh cht ca hn hp vt liu xi mng t
Vic la chon t l xi mng vi t (aw) nh hung rt ln n tnh cht ca hn hop vt liu xi
mng t v gi thnh cng trnh. Cung khng nn (qu) l mt chi tiu tnh ton sc chju
ti ca coc. Th nghim trong phng vi cc t l trn xi mng vi t dnh khc nhau cho kt
qu nhu bng sau:
Bng 1. Kt qu th nghim trong phng xc [nh cung khng nn ca hn hp vt
Iiu xi mng t

T l xi mng vi t,
aw (%)
6 7 9 12 17
Cung khng nn 28
ngy, qu
28 ngy
(kG/cm
2
)
6,02 6,18 9,13 15,56 17,51
Cung khng nn 90
ngy, qu
90 ngy
(kG/cm
2
)
8,13 8,35 12,33 21,01 23,65
Cung ca xi mng-t tng ln theo ti s tng luong xi mng trn vo (hnh 1) trong thc t,
t l xi mng vi t thung chon 7% 15%, trong cc trung hop thng thung th khng nn
nh hon 12%.
Hnh 1. Quan h gia t I xi mng vi t v cung ca xi mng-t (Lin 2000)
Ty thuc yu cu v sc chju ti ca coc m la chon t l aw tha mn yu cu vt liu ch
to coc.

b) nh hng ca t l xi mng vi t n !c ch"u t#i ca c$c %n
Sc chju ti ca coc on l chi tiu tnh ton sc chju ti ca nn (sau khi uoc x l)
Sc chju ti cho php ca coc on xi mng-t c th uc tnh theo cc cng thc:
Theo sc khng ct ca vt liu coc xi mng-t
c) nh hng ca t l xi mng vi t &i vi !c ch"u t#i ca n'n t au (hi c
x) l* b+ng c$c xi mng,t
Sc chju ti ca nn sau khi uoc x l bng coc xi mng-t phu thuc vo sc chju ti ca coc
on, mt coc v phm vi x l. Cc yu t chju nh hung trc tip ca t l xi mng vi
t. tnh sc chju ti ca nn sau khi uoc gia c ngui ta ua ra cc quan im khc nhau:
- Phn tch ca mt khi cng (tnh ton nhu mng coc)
- Phn tch, tnh ton ca mt mi trung hop nht (xem coc v t cng lm vic ng thi)
- Phn tch, tnh ton tuong tc gia t v kt cu.
Theo quy phm Trung Quc DBJ 08-40-94: Sc chju ti t mng hn hop coc xi mng-t chju
lc c th uc tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
fsp - Sc chju ti cho php ca mng t hop (kN/m
2
);
fs - Sc chju ti cho php ca t mng thin nhin gia cc coc (kN/m
2
);
as - T l phn b din tch coc v t;
b - H s trit gim sc chju ti ca t gia coc. Khi t mi coc l t yu, c th ly 0,5 1,0;
khi t mi coc l t cng, c th ly 0,1 0,4.
Cng c th cn c yu cu cng trnh t ti sc chju ti cho php ca mng t hop, tm t l
phn b din tch coc v t theo cng thc:

Khi b tr mt bng coc xi mng-t chju lc c th cn c vo yu cu v sc chju ti v bin
dng ca nn mng i vi kin trc phn trn cng nhu c im kt cu phn trn. Chiu di
coc phi cn c vo cc yu t nhu yu cu bin dng ca khi kin trc v kt cu mng.
Coc xi mng-t c th b tr theo hnh vung hoc tam gic u, tng s coc cn dng tnh theo
cng thc:

Trong :
fspm - Lc nn mt y mng nng ton khi quy uc (kN/m
2
);
G - Trong luong mng nng ton khi quy uc (kN);
Asm - Din tch b mt bn mng nng ton khi quy uc (m
2
);
qs - Lc ma st bnh qun b mt bn mng nng ton khi quy uc (kN/m
2
);
fsm - Sc chju ti cho php ca t mng cnh mng nng ton khi quy uc (kN/m
2
);
A1 - Din tch mt y ca mng nng ton khi quy uc (m
2
);
f - sc chju ti cho php ca y mng sau khi chinh sa mt y mng nng ton khi quy uc
(kN/m
2
)
3. Kinh nghim Ia chn t I xi mng vi t
T l xi mng vi t (aw) uoc tnh theo % khi luong xi mng so vi khi luong t kh.
chon t l pha trn cc hn hop gia c theo phuong php th nghim trong phng xc jnh sc
khng nn ca mu xi mng-t. gim bt s mu v thi gian th nghim chng ti gii thiu
mt s kinh nghim c gi tham kho.
Theo thng k, t l xi mng vi t thch hop thay i theo tng loi t v c gi trj bin i
trong phm vi nht jnh. Trong xi mng-t thung dng xi mng silict ph thng hoc xi mng
xi qung. Luong xi mng trn vo l 7% 15% trong luong kh ca t cn gia c hoc luong xi
mng t 180 250 kg/m
3
t gia c. Thng thung, khi hm luong ht st trong t yu tng th
luong xi mng yu cu cng tng (Bell, 1993).
Theo nghin cu ca Lan Wang [2]: Tnh n nh ca vt liu xi mng-t t!ng m"i t#$ng c% &un'at(
luong xi mng thay i trong phm vi t 4% n 16% trong luong kh ca t cn gia c.
)ua nghi*n c+u &! &,nh- Shiells v cc cng s (2003) kt lun: thng thung phuong php trn
ut s dung t l xi mng vi t cao hon so vi phuong php trn kh.
- Luong xi mng t 180 400 kg/m
3
t cn gia c i vi phuong php trn ut;
- Luong xi mng t 90 180 kg/m
3
t cn gia c i vi phuong php trn kh.
Theo nghin cu ca hai tc gi Mitchell and Freitag, 1959, [3]:
(1) Thng thung xi mng-t cha t 5% 14% xi mng so vi trong luong ca t cn gia c
v thung s dung n jnh t c tnh do thp, t ct;
(2) Luong xi mng yu cu phu thuc vo loi t, trng thi ca t cn gia c.
(3) T l xi mng vi t ti uu (so vi trong luong kh ca t cn gia c) phu thuc vo cc
loi t khc nhau nhu bng 2, bng 3:
Bng 2. T I xi mng vi t ti uu tuong ng vi cc Ioi t khc nhau (MitcheII and
Freitag, 1959)
STT Loi t T I xi mng vi t
%
1 t tt cha si, ct ht th, ct ht
mjn, c hoc khng c luong nh bn
hay st
5% hoc t hon
2 t ct xu vi luong nh bn 9%
3 Loi t ct cn li 7%
4 t cha bn khng do hoc do
va phi
10%
5 t st do 13% hoc nhiu hon
Bng 3. T I xi mng vi t vi cc Ioi t khc nhau theo h thng phn Ioi Unified
(MitcheII and Freitag, 1959)
STT Loi t T I xi mng vi t %
1 Si c tnh chon loc km,
ct c tnh chon loc km v
ct c tnh chon loc tt
6 10
2 St do thp, bn do thp
v bn do cng 8 12
3 St do thp, do cng 10 14

Vin k thut Chu , Law (1989) tin hnh nghin cu ua ra kt lun: trn 10% xi mng
vi t st yu Bng Cc Thi Lan lm tng bn nn n hng 10 ln, p lc c kt truc
tng 2 4 ln. H s c kt quan st uoc tng 10 40 ln [1].
./0 an1 2345 67889: ;i<n ngh: xi mng =nh h#>ng t?t ch! vic c=i thin c,c @c tnh ca t &At > Bng
4?c- Th,i LanC Dh#Eng Fh,F xG lH nIn JKng cLc xi mng-t th#$ng &G 1Mng hNm l#Ong xi mng thch hOF
t!ng ;h!=ng 9P Q 2PP ;gRm
S
vN chTng #Oc x,c nh 1Ua vN! c#$ng V thi<t ;< ca mWi 1U ,nC Th"ng
th#$ng- xi mng D!tlan1 vXi hNm l#Ong vN! ;h!=ng 2PP ;gRm
S
#Oc &G 1Mng t!ng c,c nghi*n c+u n
nh t &At JiYn mIm Z<uC
T%m l[i- vic lUa chLn t\ l xi mng vXi t nn da trn co s cc kinh nghim xut trong nhiu
cng trnh nghin cu truc y. Sau , tin hnh th nghim trong phng xc jnh sc khng
nn ca mu xi mng-t. Cui cng, chon ra t l xi mng vi t thch hop.
4. Kt Iun v kin ngh[
Vic la chon t l xi mng vi t x l nn t yu bng coc xi mng t l rt phc tp; n
phu thuc vo nhiu yu t v chi phi n cht luong, gi thnh xy dng cng trnh. y l
mt chi tiu quan trong cn phi uoc nghin cu ti mi k c l thuyt v th nghim la chon
uoc mt t l thch hop mang li hiu qu cao khi x l nn t yu.
Ti Iiu tham kho
[1] D.T.Bergado J.C.Chai M.C.Alfaro A.S.Balasubramaniam (1994), B$%ng bi-n 0$80 )C
t$u=t mi c6i t4# t yu t"#ng xDy E+ng7 Nh xut bn Gio duc Bn djch ca Nguyn Uyn,
Trjnh Vn Cuong.
[2] Lan Wang (May 2002), FGmGntiti#u> >tabiliHati#n #I >#il> in t$G 0"G>GncG #I >ulIatG , A
Dissertation Submitted to Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and
Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the equirements for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in The Department of Civil nvironmental ngineering.
[3] V.N.S.Murthy (2006), Geotechnical engineering, Chapter 21. Soil improvement, JK.L.
M#il >tabiliHati#n by t$G u>G #I aEmixtu"G>.
Abstract:
SLCTN F CMNT-SL AT N PL MANUFACTN F WAK FUNDATN
MPVMNT
The improvement of weak foundation is supposed to be newly applied in Vietnam. ne of
important standards to design cement soil piles is to select an appropriate ratio of cement and
soil. To have a suitable selection of cement soil ratio to every different foundation, some factors
needs handling. The author, hopefully, tries to introduce some effects of cement soil ratio on
mixed properties of materials, gravity sustainment of monopiles, and reinfored foundation
sustainment and experiences in selecting cement soil ratio to every different soils that needs
handling for all readers references.