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CHUYN :
A. C S L THUYT
I. Khi nim v hiroxit lng tnh
1. Theo thuyt A-re-ni-ut
Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit, va c th phn
li nh baz.
V d: Zn(OH)2
- Phn li theo kiu baz:
Zn2+ + 2OHZn(OH)2
2H+ + ZnO 22
Zn(OH)2
Zn2+ + 4H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2H3O+
[Zn(OH)4]2- + 2H3O+
Zn(OH)2 + 4H2O
Tm li: Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit va c kh nng phn ng vi axit, va c kh nng phn
ng vi baz.
V d: Zn(OH)2.
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O hoc Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2[Zn(OH)4]
3. Mt s hiroxit lng tnh thng gp
Dng baz
M(OH)2
Zn(OH)2
Sn(OH)2
Pb(OH)2
Be(OH)2
M(OH)3
Al(OH)3
Cr(OH)3
Dng axit
H2MO2
H2ZnO2
H2SnO2
H2PbO2
H2BeO2
HMO2.H2O
HAlO2.H2O
HCrO2.H2O
+ 4OH- Al(OH)4-
(3)
n OH
n Al3+
Al(OH)3
Al(OH)4- hoc AlO2GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nhn xt:
- T = 3 =>
- T 4 =>
- T < 4 =>
Nu
n OH = 3 n Al(OH)3
OH
CC CCH GII:
1. Cch gii thng thng (theo phng trnh ion).
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 + OH- Al(OH)4- hoc Al(OH)3 + OH- AlO2- + 2H2O
2. S dng s v p dng bo ton nguyn t vi Al v OHAl3+ + OH- Al(OH)3 + Al(OH)4- hoc Al3+ + OH- Al(OH)3 + AlO2- + H2O
- Bo ton nguyn t Al:
- Bo ton nhm OH-:
n OH = 3n Al(OH) + 4n Al(OH)
3
n OH (min) = 3n Al(OH)3 + n +
H
n OH (max) = 4n Al3+ n Al(OH)3 + n +
H
S mol OHx
3a
x = 3b (mol)
y = 4a - b (mol).
4a
+ 4OH- Zn(OH)42-
hoc Zn2+
n OH
n Zn 2+
Zn(OH)2
2
Nhn xt:
- T = 2 =>
- T 4 =>
- T < 4 =>
n OH < 4 n Zn 2+ : iu kin c kt ta
Nu
n OH = 2 n Zn (OH)2
OH
CC CCH GII
1. Cch gii thng thng (theo phng trnh ion).
Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- Zn(OH)42- hoc Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- ZnO22- + 2H2O
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n Zn 2+ = n Zn(OH) + n Zn(OH)
2
n OH = 2n Zn(OH) + 4n Zn(OH)
2
2
4
2
4
n H+
- n OH (max) = 4n Zn 2+ 2n Zn(OH)2 +
n H+
S mol OHx
2a
4a
(9)
n H+
n Al(OH)
Al(OH)3
Al3+
Nhn xt:
- T = 1 =>
- T 4 =>
- T < 4 =>
ng vi mi gi tr
n H+ (min) = n
n H+ (max) = 4n Al(OH) 3n
4
Ch : Nu cho dung dch axit (H ) vo hn hp gm mui Al(OH) 4- v baz OH- th cng thm
mol OH- vo 2 cng thc trn, tc l:
n H+ (min) = n + n OH
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n H+ (max) = 4n Al(OH) 3n + n OH
4
(12)
n H+
n Zn (OH)2
4
Zn(OH)2
2
Zn2+
4
Nhn xt:
- T = 2 =>
- T 4 =>
- T < 4 =>
ng vi mi gi tr
n Zn 2+ = n Zn(OH)2 n Zn (OH)2
4
n H+ (min) = 2n
n H+ (max) = 4n Zn (OH)2 2n
4
Ch : Nu cho dung dch axit (H ) vo hn hp gm mui Zn(OH) 42- v baz OH- th cng thm
mol OH- vo 2 cng thc trn, tc l:
n H+ (min) = 2 n + n OH
v
n H+ (max) = 4n Zn (OH)2 2n + n OH
4
B. BI TP MINH HA
Bi 1. Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl3 vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th
cn c t l:
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Al(OH)3
3
T s : thu c kt ta th
n OH
n Al3+
Vy p n l D.
Bi 2. Cho 200 ml dung dch AlCl3 1,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M thu c 15,6
gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V l:
A. 1,2
B. 1,8
C. 2,0
D. 2,4
Phn tch, hng dn gii:
15, 6
= 0, 2mol;
78
1
= 2(l)
0,5
=> p n C.
- Cch 2: S dng s v bo ton nguyn t Al, bo ton nhm OH-:
V(max) (s mol NaOH ln nht) xy ra trng hp 2: Kt ta Al(OH) 3 b ha tan 1 phn cn li
15,6g kt ta.
S :
Al3+ + OH- Al(OH)3 + Al(OH)4+ Theo bo ton nguyn t Al:
n Al3+ = n Al(OH) + n Al(OH) => n Al(OH) = n Al n Al(OH) = 0,3 0,2 = 0,1 mol
3
3+
1
= 2(l)
0,5
1
= 2(l)
0,5
=> p n C.
- Cnh 4: S dng th:
S mol Al(OH)3
a=0,3
b=0,2
3a=3.0,3
S mol OH4b=4.0,3
1
= 2(l)
0,5
=> p n C.
Bi 3. Cho a mol AlCl3 vo 1 lt dung dch NaOH c nng c (mol/l) c 0,05 mol kt ta,
thm tip 1 lt dung dch NaOH trn th thu c 0,06 mol kt ta. Gi tr ca a v c ln lt l:
A. 0,15 v 0,06
B. 0,09 v 0,18
C. 0,09 v 0,15
D. 0,06 v 0,15
Phn tch, hng dn gii:
- Cch 1: Gii thng thng theo phng trnh ion:
+ Khi thm tip NaOH thu c thm kt ta => trc khi thm Al3+ cn d, NaOH ban u ht:
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
c mol
c/3 mol
=> c/3 = 0,05 => c = 0,15 M
+ Khi thm tip 1 lt NaOH cM m lng kt ta thu c ch tng 0,01 mol <0,05 mol => kt ta
b ha tan mt phn:
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
a
3a
a
-
Al(OH)3 + OH
Al(OH)4(a-0,06)
(a-0,06)
nNaOH p = 3a + (a 0,06) = 2c = 2.0,15 = 0,3
=> a = 0,09 mol
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
3+
=> a = 0,09
Vy p n C.
- Cch 3: S dng cng thc tnh nhanh:
+ Lng OH- tiu tn t nht: n OH (min) = 3n Al(OH)3 => c = 3.0,05 =0,15 M
+ Lng OH- tiu tn nhiu nht: n OH (max) = 4n Al3+ n Al(OH)3
2.0,15 = 4a 0,06
=> a = 0,09 mol
Vy p n C.
- Cch 4: S dng th:
S mol Al(OH)3
a
b
S mol OHx=c
3a
y=2c 4a
Bi 4. X l dung dch AlCl3, Y l dung dch NaOH 2M. Cho 150 ml dung dch Y vo cc cha 100
ml dung dch X , khuy u n phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 7,8 gam kt ta. Thm tip
vo cc 100 ml dung dch Y khuy u n khi kt thc phn ng thy trong cc c 10,92 gam kt
ta. Nng mol ca dung dch X l:
A. 3,2M
B. 2,0M
C. 1,6M
D. 1,0M
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
0,16
= 1,6M
0,1
Vy p n C.
Cch 2: S dng s v bo ton nguyn t Al, bo ton nhm OH-:
Theo bo ton nguyn t Al:
3+
+ Bo ton nhm OH :
n OH = 3n Al(OH)3 + 4n Al(OH)4 = 3.0,14 + 4.(a 0,14) = 0,5
=> a = 0,16
=> CM(AlCl3 ) =
0,16
= 1,6M
0,1
Vy p n C.
- Cch 3: S dng cng thc tnh nhanh:
Lng OH- tiu tn nhiu nht: n OH (max) = 4n Al3+ n Al(OH)3
0,5 = 4a 0,14
=> a = 0,16 mol
=> CM(AlCl3 ) =
0,16
= 1,6M
0,1
Vy p n C.
- Cch 4: S dng th:
S mol Al(OH)3
a
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12
3a
4a
=> CM(AlCl3 ) =
y = 4a b
0,5 = 4a 0,14
=> a = 0,16 mol
0,16
= 1,6M
0,1
Vy p n C.
Bi 5. (H 2009A). Ho tan ht m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung
dch KOH 2M vo X, thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M
vo X th cng thu c a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 20,125.
B. 22,540.
C. 12,375.
D. 17,710.
Phn tch, hng dn gii:
Ta c: nKOH(1) = 0,22 mol; nKOH(2) = 0,28 mol
Trong c 2 trng hp u thu c a gam kt ta => trng hp 1 cn d Zn 2+, trng hp 2 kt
ta Zn(OH)2 b ha tan 1 phn.
Gi s mol ban u ca Zn2+ l x
- Cch 1: Gii thng thng theo phng trnh ion:
+ Trng hp 1: Zn2+ d, OH- phn ng ht
Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2
0,22 mol
0,11 mol
2+
+ Trng hp 2: Zn phn ng ht, kt ta tan 1 phn:
Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2
x mol
2x mol
x mol
Zn(OH)2 + 2OH Zn(OH)42(0,14-x)
(0,28-2x)
Ta c: n Zn(OH)2 cnlai = x (0,14 x) = 0,11
=> m ZnSO4
Vy p n A.
Cch 2: S dng s v bo ton nguyn t Zn, bo ton nhm OH-:
Zn2+ + OH- Zn(OH)2 + Zn(OH)42Trong trng hp 1: => n Zn (OH)2 = 0,22/2 =0,11 mol
Trong trng hp 2:
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13
2
4
2
4
2+
=> m ZnSO4
Vy p n A.
- Cch 3: S dng cng thc tnh nhanh:
- Lng OH- tiu tn t nht: n OH (min) = 2n Zn (OH)2 => n Zn (OH)2 = 0,22/2 =0,11 mol
- Lng OH- tiu tn nhiu nht: n OH (max) = 4n Zn 2+ 2n Zn(OH)2
=> m ZnSO4
0,28 = 4x 2.0,11
=> x = 0,125 mol
= 0,125.161 = 20,125g
Vy p n A.
- Cch 4: S dng th:
S mol Zn(OH)2
a
b
S mol OHx
S mol OH-(min) phn ng l:
2a
4a
=> m ZnSO4
y = 4a - 2b (mol)
0,28 = 4x 2. 0,11
=> x = 0,125 mol
= 0,125.161 = 20,125g
Vy p n A.
Bi 6. (H 2010A). Ho tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dung dch X. Nu cho 110
ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch
KOH 2M vo X th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,71.
B. 16,10.
C. 32,20.
D. 24,15.
Phn tch, hng dn gii:
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14
Vy p n B.
Cch 2: S dng s v bo ton nguyn t Zn, bo ton nhm OH-:
Zn2+ + OH- Zn(OH)2 + [Zn(OH)4] 2Trong TN1: => n Zn (OH)2 = 0,09 mol
Bo ton nguyn t Zn:
n OH = 2n Zn(OH) + 4n Zn(OH)
2
4
2
4
2+
2
4
15
4a
Vy p n B.
Bi 7. Thm HCl vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol NaOH v 0,1 mol NaAlO 2 (hay Na[Al(OH)4]). Khi
kt ta thu c l 0,08 mol th s mol HCl dng l bao nhiu ?
A. 0,18 hoc 0,26
B. 0,18
C. 0,26
D. 0,14 hoc 0,24
Phn tch v hng dn gii:
- Cch 1: Gii thng thng theo phng trnh ion:
Cc phn ng c th xy ra theo th t sau:
H+
+
OH-
H2 O
(1)
+
[Al(OH)4] +
H
Al(OH)3
+
H2O (2)
+
3+
Al(OH)3
+
3H
Al
+
3H2O
(3)
ng vi 1 gi tr kt ta s c hai trng hp:
+ TH1: 0,8 mol kt ta l gi tr cc i, tc l H+ thiu, phn ng (3) cha xy ra.
T (2):
T (1) v (2): n H + = n OH +
+ TH2: 0,08 mol kt ta l gi tr min, tc l H+ d ha tan 1 phn kt ta, phn ng (3) xy ra.
H+
+
OH-
H2 O
(1)
0,1 mol 0,1 mol
[Al(OH)4]- +
H+
Al(OH)3
+
H2O (2)
0,1 mol
0,1mol
0,1 mol
+
3+
Al(OH)3
+
3H
Al
+
3H2O
(3)
(0,1-0,08)
0,06
T (1), (2), (3) =>
n H+
n H+ = n Al(OH)3
+ Trng hp 2:
Theo bo ton nguyn t Al:
Theo bo ton cation H+:
=> Vy p n A.
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16
+ Trng hp 2:
=> Vy p n A.
- Cch 4: Dng th:
S mol Al(OH)3
a
b
S mol H+
x
4a
x = b (mol)
[Al(OH)4]
(1)
Al(OH)3
H2 O
(2)
Al(OH)3
+
3H
Al
+
3H2O
(3)
ng vi 1 gi tr kt ta s c hai trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: 0,2 mol kt ta l gi tr cc i, tc l H+ thiu, phn ng (3) cha xy ra.
+
T (2):
3+
17
n OH = n H+ (1)
0,3 mol
3H+
0,3 mol
[Al(OH)4]- +
0,3 mol
Al(OH)3
+
(0,3-0,2) mol
T (1)
n OH = n H+ (1)
Al(OH)3
0,3 mol
Al3+ +
+
3H2O
H2 O
(2)
(3)
n H+ = n Al(OH)3
+ Trng hp 2:
Theo bo ton nguyn t Al:
n OH
n H+
max
n OH
=> Vy p n B.
- Cch 3: S dng cng thc tnh nhanh:
+ Trng hp 1: n H+min = n Al(OH)3 +
+ Trng hp 2:
=>
n OH
n H+
max
=> Vy p n B.
18
4a
x = b (mol)
C. BI TP RN LUYN
1) Mt cc thu tinh cha 200ml dung dch AlCl3 0,2M. Cho t t vo cc V ml dung dch NaOH
0,5M. Tnh khi lng kt ta nh nht khi V bin thin trong on 200ml V 280ml.
A. 1,56g
B. 3,12g
C. 2,6g
D. 0,0g
GV: Trn c Phng----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
20
21
22
LI KT
Qua qu trnh ging dy nm hc va qua cho HSG tnh, c bit l HSG i thi olympic,
ti nhn thy:
- Kin thc ca hc sinh ngy cng c cng c v pht trin sau khi hiu nm vng c
bn cht v s lai ha v dng hnh hc phn t.
- Hc sinh c th t hc, t lm trn 90% bi tp xc nh trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc
phn t trong cc thi HSG tnh, thi HSG quc gia v olympic ha hc.
Do thi gian c hn, ti c th cha bao qut ht c s lai ha ca nguyn t trung tm
v dng hnh hc phn t ca ht cc loi phn t. Cc v d c a ra trong ti c th cha
thc s in hnh nhng v li ch thit thc ca cng tc ging dy bi dng HSG v hc tp nn
ti mnh dn vit, gii thiu vi cc thy c v hc sinh.
Rt mong s ng gp kin b sung cho cho ti thc s gp phn gip hc sinh hc
tp ngy cng tt hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Chn Thnh, ngy 06 thng 03 nm 2013
GV: Trn c Phng-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23
Trn c Phng
24
KIN CA T CHUYN MN
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