1

THIT K
C S D LIU QUAN H
2
Ph thuc hm
nh ngha 3.1: Xt lc quan h gm n thuc tnh
R(U), U={A
1
, A
2
,, A
n
}
PTH gia hai tp thuc tnh X, Y U
K hiu: X Y (c: X xc nh hm Y hay Y ph thuc hm X)
r(R), t
1
, t
2
r nu t
1
[X] = t
2
[X] th t
1
[Y] = t
2
[Y].
X l v tri v Y l v phi ca PTH.
V d 3.2
r(R) A B
1 4
1 5
3 7
r khng tha A B, nhng tha B A
NHANVIEN_PHONGBAN
TenNV MaNV NgSinh Diachi MaPB TenPB TrPhong
MaNV MaPB MaPB {TenPB, TrPhong} MaNV TenNV
3
Bao ng ca tp PTH
nh ngha: Trn lc quan h R;
F l tp cc PTH, cho XY l mt PTH.
- Ta ni rng tp PTH F suy din logic X Y
k hiu F X Y,
nu bt k quan h r ca R tha cc ph thuc trong F
th cng tha X Y.
nh ngha: Bao ng ca tp PTH (Closure of FD) F
l tp cc ph thuc hm c suy din logic t F,
k hiu l F
+,
ngha l:
F
+
= { X Y | F X Y}
4
Bao ng ca tp PTH
F l tp PTH trn R
F = (MaNV TenNV,
MaPB {TenPB, TrPhong},
MaNV MaPB).
rR tha F v MaNV {TenPB, TrPhong}
cng ng vi r th MaNV{TenPB, TrPhong}
gi l c suy din t F.
Bao ng ca F, k hiu F
+
, gm
F v tt c cc PTH c suy din t F.
F gi l y nu F = F
+
.
5
Kim tra PTH suy din
Cho F = {AB C, A D, D E, AC B}
Hai PTH AB E v D C c c suy din t F hay
khng?
X X
F
+
AB ABCDE
D DE
c suy din t F
Khng c suy din t F
6
Xc nh kha ca lc
Thut ton: Tm mt kha ti thiu ca quan h
Nhp: tp PTH F xc nh trn lc R(U)
U = {A
1
, , A
n
};
Xut: kha K ca R.
Phng php :
Bc 0 : t K
0
= U
Bc i : Tnh
K
i 1
\ {A
i
} nu K
i-1
\ {A
i
} U
K
i
=
K
i-1
nu ngc li
t K = K
n
7
V d: Tm kha ca lc
Cho R(U), U = {A, B, C, D, E, F, G}.
F = {B A, D C, D BE, DF G}.
Tm kha ca R
B1:
K = ABCDEFG.
B2:
Lp 1: (BCDEFG)
F
+
= BCDEFGA K = BCDEFG.
Lp 2: (CDEFG)
F
+
= CDEFGBA K = CDEFG.
Lp 3: (DEFG)
F
+
= DEFGCBA K = DEFG.
Lp 4: (EFG)
F
+
= EFG.
Lp 5: (DFG)
F
+
= DFGCBEA K = DFG.
Lp 6: (DG)
F
+
= DGCBEA.
Lp 7: (DF)
F
+
= DFCBEAG K = DF.
B3:
Kha l K = DF.
8
Bi tp 1:
Cho lc quan h R(ABCDE)
v tp ph thuc hm:
F = {A -> B; CD -> E; B -> C}
- Tm mt kha ca lc .
9
Tm mt kha
p dng cc bc tm bao ng ca tp cc
thuc tnh:
Lp 1: (BCDE)
F
+
= BCDE K = ABCDE.
Lp 2: (ACDE)
F
+
= ABCDE K = ACDE.
Lp 3: (ADE)
F
+
= ADEBC K = ADE.
Lp 4: (AE)
F
+
= AEBC K = ADE.
Lp 5: (AD)
F
+
= ADBCE K = AD.
AD l kho.
10
Bi tp 2
Cho lc quan h R(A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I,J,K)
v tp cc ph thuc hm:
F = {A -> B ; C -> DHI ; IJ -> K ; BC -> A ; HC -> E}
Tm mt kha ca lc .
11
Tm mt kha ca lc
p dng cc bc tm bao ng
ca tp cc thuc tnh:
Lp 1: (BCDEGHIJK)
F
+
= R K = BCDEGHIJK
Lp 2: (CDEGHIJK)
F
+
R K = BCDEGHIJK
Lp 3: (BDEGHIJK)
F
+
R K = BCDEGHIJK
Lp 4: (BCEGHIJK)
F
+
= R K = BCEGHIJK.
Lp 5: (BCGHIJK )
F
+
= R K = BCGHIJK
Lp 6: (BCHIJK )
F
+
R K = BCGHIJK
Lp 7: (BCGIJK )
F
+
= R K = BCGIJK
Lp 8: (BCGJK )
F
+
= R K = BCGJK
Lp 9: (BCGK )
F
+
R K = BCGJK
Lp 10: (BCGJ )
F
+
= R K = BCGJ
12
Xc nh kha cho quan h
Bc 1: Xc nh
- tp thuc tnh ngun (l thuc tnh ch xut hin
v phi ca tt c cc ph thuc hm thuc F)
- tp thuc tnh ch (l thuc tnh ch xut hin
v phi ca tt c cc ph thuc hm thuc F)
- tp thuc tnh trung gian (l thuc tnh xut hin
c 2 v ca tt c cc ph thuc hm thuc F
Bc 2:
13
Xc nh kha cho quan h
Bc 2: Lp bng
Xi l tp con ca tp trung gian (2
n
phn t)
Xi U N (Xi U N)+ Siu kha Kha
Cc t
hp c
th xy
dng t
tp
trung
gian Xi
Xc nh
xem
Xi U N
c phi l
siu kha
hay khng
Xc
nh
kha
(siu
kha
nh
nht)
14
V d:
Cho lc quan h R(A,B,C,D,E)
v tp cc ph thuc hm:
F = { AB -> C; AB -> D; D -> A;
BC -> D ; BC -> E}
Xc nh tt c cc kha cho quan h
15
Xc nh kha cho quan h
Bc 1: Xc nh
- tp thuc tnh ngun {B}
(l thuc tnh ch xut hin v tri ca tt c
cc ph thuc hm thuc F)
- tp thuc tnh ch {E}
(l thuc tnh ch xut hin v phi ca tt c
cc ph thuc hm thuc F)
- tp thuc tnh trung gian {A,C,D}
(l thuc tnh xut hin c 2 v ca tt c cc
ph thuc hm thuc F)
Bc 2:
16
Xc nh kha cho quan h
Bc 2: Lp bng
Vy AB, BC, BD l kha ca quan h R
Xi Xi U N (Xi U N)+ Siu kha Kha

A
C
D
AC
AD
CD
ACD
B
BA
BC
BD
BAC
BAD
BCD
BACD
-
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
-
SK
SK
SK
SK
SK
SK
SK
-
K
K
K
-
-
-
-
17
Bi tp:
Cho lc quan h
R(A,B,C,D,E,G,H,T,V,X,Y,Z)
v tp cc ph thuc hm:
F = { AB -> HXGC; BH -> V; GC -> Y;
D -> CGZ ; E -> ABT}
a. Tm mt kha ca quan h R
b. Tm tt c cc kha ca quan h R