Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Bi 1: HN P CHI TIT MY BNG MY HN H QUANG TAY 1. Cng tc chun b 1.1. Vt liu Vin hn quc t phn loi vt liu hn p cho tt c cc phng php hn p. s phn loi da theo thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi p. Nhiu nc trn th gii da vo cch phn loi ni trn phn loi vt liu hn p chng hn nh Lin x c phn li que hn p theo 8 loi sau y: + Que hn p thp hp kim thp cha t hn 0,4%C l que hn H-15340, H-184-35, H-204-40, H-142X-30. Que hn thp cc bon thp Cb-08 hoc Cb-08A, thuc bc floruacanxi, dng hn p cc chi tit thp cc bon thp b mi mn, cng ca lp kim loi p tu thuc vo kiu que hn nm trong gii hn 2540HRC. + Que hn p lp thp hp kim thp cha ln hn 0.4%C c ba kiu: H60X2CM-50, H-80X4C-55 v H-60X2CM-50. Li que hn bng thp Cb-08 hoc Cb-08A thuc bc floruacanxi. cng ca lp kim loi p 40-58HRC. Dng hn p cc chi tit b mn nhanh nh khun dp, li gt my i vv... + Que hn p lp thp crm. l que hn kiu H-25X12-40, H-70X11H325, T-546A, c li bng thp cc bon thp hoc thp hp kim v thuc bc floruacanxi cng kim loi hn p 2555HRC. Dng hn p khun my dp nng v ngui, cc chi tit mn nhanh, ghi g ng ray v cc chi tit thp mangan cao -13. + Que hn p lp thp ct gt tc nhanh. Li que hn lm bng cc loi thp khc nhau. Thuc bc floruacanxi. cng lp p 50-60HRC. l que hn kiu H-80B18X4-60, dng hn p dng c ct gt kim loi v hn p khun dp nng ti trng nng. + Que hn p lp gang c bit crm cao. l kiu que hn HY30X28C4H4-50, H-Y30X25PC2-60 v H-Y3023PC2T-55. Kiu que hn H-Y30X28C4H4-50 Li que hn bng thp hp kim, thuc bc floruacanxi, dng Cao Xun Tm 3 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

phc hi v sn xut nhng chi tit chng mi mn ca my bm li tm, my khai thc du... Hai kiu que hn: H-Y30X25PC2-60 v H-Y3023PC2T-55 lm t li Cb08 hoc Cb-08A, thuc bc floruacanxi, dng hn p cc chi tit bng gang chng mn, cng lp p 5960 HRC. + Que hn p lp thp crmvonfram chu nhit. Que hn kiu H-30X3B8-40 lm bng li thp H-60X3B10 thuc bc floruacanxi. Dng hn p cc b mt chng mn nh khun dp nng, dng c p, dao, cnh qut my khuy... cng kim loi hn p 54HRC. Que hn c li thp Cb-08 thuc bc floruacanxi. Dng hn p lp thp crmvonfram cha cc bon cao trn cc chi tit lm vic chu nhit ti 600o. cng lp p 54HRC. + Que hn p lp hp kim cban vi crm v vnfram. l que hn kiu H-Y18k62X30B5C2-40. Li que hn bng thp hp kim B3K. Thuc bc floruacanxi, thc hin bng phng php nhng mt hoc hai lp. Que hn dng vo vic hn p cc chi tit t thep austenit cromniken lm vic nhit cao ti 600o v p sut ti 800Kg/cm2 v trong mi trng xm thc. cng lp hn p 45 HRC. Chu mi mn rt cao k cac khi chi tit lm vic nhit bbnh thng v nhit cao. + Que hn p kiu khc. l H-08X17H7C52-30, BCH-6, HY105X7C-25, HX -10, Y-30X-1010.c im chung ca cc kiu l thuc bc nhm floruacanxi, li que hn lm t nhiu loi thp hp kim khc nhau, cng lp p tu thuc vo tng loi que hn nm trong phm vi 2055HRC.Cng dng ca que hn cng khc nhau chng hn que hn H08X17H7C52-30 dng hn p cc chi tit ng lm vic nhit ti 580o v p sut ring hn 800kg/cm2, que hn BCH-6 dng hn p cc chi tit thp cc bon v thp t l mangan cao lm vic trong iu kin chu ti trng va p mnh v mi mn ... bi tp ny thc tp hn p thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp thuc nhm thp d hn do vic hn p c thc hin bng phng php thng thng v iu kin bnh thng. Hn p mth phng phi 2508010mm v hn p trc phi 20250mm.

Cao Xun Tm

Khoa hn

Hn p 1.2. Thit b v dng c

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

- My hn in h quang tay - Knh hn - Ba g x, Bn chi st, Dng o, Thc dt, Ba ngui 1.3. iu kin an ton Mt bng thc tp b tr gn gng, ni lm vic c nh sng, h thng thng gi, ht bi hot ng tt My hn phi c y dy tip t. Bo h lao ng y 2. Trnh t thc hin 2.1.c bn v

Hnh 1. Hn p mt phng 2.2. Chun b chi tit hn p

Hnh 2. Hn p trc

Hu ht cc chi tit my a phc hi u rt bn, b mt lm vic b bm du m, han r. Nu hn p ln nhng chi tit nh vy mi hn s khng ngu, r kh v nhng tp cht phi kim loi khc. Bi vy trc khi hn p chi tit hn cn c lm sch cn thn, sau phn loi v xc nh phng php phc hi. Phng php ty sch chi tit bng tia la nhit hay trong l nung c hiu qu v tin li nht. Cht bn khng nhng b t chy khi b mt m cn khi c nhng ch him hc hay nt rn ca chi tit. Tip mui than v -xt kim loi c lm sch bng chi thp. Tuy nhin khng phi chi tit no cng c th ty sch bng phng php trn chng hn nhng chi tit bng thp mangan cao khng c php lm sch bng cch nung nng m phi ra sch trong dung dch xt 5% ri sau ra bng nc Cao Xun Tm 5 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

nng. Tri li nhng chi tit bng thp cc bon hay thp hp kim m cng ngh hn p phi ng dng gia nhit trc th vic ty sch du m v cc cht bn khc th hin ngay trong qu trnh gia nhit . Chng ta cng c th lm sch cc chi tit my bng my mi hoc chi thp, thit b phun ct vv.. Sau khi lm sch xong ta loi tr cc vt nt trn chi tit, i vi vt nt ln ta hn v trc khi hn p, i vi cc vt nt nh ta loi b bng my mi cm tay. Tm li, cng tc chun b chi tit trc khi hn p bng cc phng php hn khc nhau nhng u mang tnh cht chung v ng vai tr rt quan trng. N quyt nh phn ln cht lng lp hn p. Bi vy khng c coi thng m phi thc hin tt v y tt c cc cng vic cn thit ca qu trnh chun b. 2.3. Chn ch hn Gia chiu dy lp kim loi p , ng knh que hn, s lp hn p v cng dng in hn c quan h nh sau: Chiu dy lp p (mm) ng knh que hn (mm) S lp p, (lp) Cng dng in (A) ti 1,5 3 1 80100 t i 5 45 12 130180 ln hn 5 56 2 v hn 180240

2.3. K thut hn p thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp + Hn p mt phng Thp cacbon thp v thp hp kim thp thuc nhm thp d hn, do vic hn p c thc hin bng phng php bnh thng v trong iu kin bnh thng. Trong khi hn p que hn nghing vi mt phng ng mt gc 1520o. Nu que hn v tr thng ng th kim loi v x s chy trn ra phn cha c nung chy dn n mi hn khng ngu, ln x. C th chuyn ng que hn theo ng thng hoc hnh rng ca. Khi chuyn ng que hn theo ng thng (Hnh3a) chiu rng mi hn bng khong 1,5 ln ng knh que hn. Khi chuyn ng Cao Xun Tm Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

que hn theo hnh rng ca (Hnh 3b) ph thuc vo bin dch ngang ca que hn, bin ny thng thng bng 1,52 ln ng knh que hn. Trong hn p mt phng ngi ta t s dng phng php hn theo ng thng, v trong trng hp nyvng hn b, ng c nhanh, cc cht kh kh thot khi kim loi mi hn, mi hn do thng b r. trnh hin tng ny ngi ta thng chuyn ng que hn theo hnh rng ca khi que hn chuyn ng ra cnh ca ng hn th dng li my t cho mi hn ngu tt hn, khng b khuyt cnh, ng thi cc cht kh c iu kin thot khi mi hn, cht lng mi hn p nhn c tt nht khi chiu rng mi hn bng 2,5 ln ng knh que hn.

Hnh 3: Phng php chuyn ng que hn a: phng php chuyn ng que hn theo ng thng b: Phng php chuyn ng que hn theo hnh rng ca Vic hn p mt phng thc hin vi chiu di h quang ngn, cc ng hn phi xp th t sao cho ng hn sau phi lm nng chy 1/31/2 chiu rng ca ng hn trc. Lng d gia cng c 23mm, c th ly ht cc rnh ngn cch gia cc ng hn. Sau mi ng hn phi nh sch x v cc ht kim loi bn to xung quanh mi hn ri mi hn tip ng hn tip theo. + Hn p trc K thut hn p trc cng tng t nh k thut hn p mt phng v gc nghing que hn, phng php chuyn ng que hn v ng hn sau cng phi lm nng chy 1/31/2 b rng ca ng hn trc. Khi hn p nhiu lp cn phi lm sch x hn ca lp hn trc , v din tch nung nng ln v s ln nung nng tng i nhiu nn d sinh ra bin dng ln. lm phn tn nhit v kh

Cao Xun Tm

Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

ng sut bin dng th th t cc ng hn p trc thc hin nh hnh v (Hnh 4)

Hnh 4: Trnh t hn p trc cn i gim bt s bin dng, c th nhn lc cn nng dng ba tay g nh vo lp hn p. p ng yu cu gia cng c cn phi hn p vi lng d t 35mm 2.4. Hn p bng hp kim cng Vic hn p bng bt hp kim cng thc hin bng h quang vi cc n than hoc in cc grapht ngun in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. Ngun in mt chiu cho h quang n nh hn. m bo cho mi hn ngu ttv in cc tiu hao t ngi ta hn bng in cc m. in cc c ng knh 8-25mm v chiu di khong 300mm. Dng in cc grapht c in tr nh, t chy khng to ra bt th tt hn l dng in cc than. Trc khi hn p u in cc cn c vt nhn chiu cao phn cn bng 23 ln ng knh in cc. Kp in cc trong km sao cho chiu di u ngoi cng n v tr kp ca km khng qu 70-80mm. Cng dng in c chn theo chiu dy chi tit ti ch hn p. cc ch hn c cho trong bng sau,

Cao Xun Tm

Khoa hn

Hn p bng 1. Tn hp kim Vka Stalinit v BCXOM-9 Hn hp borua x v k x Chiu dy chi tit Ti 10 ln hn 10 35 615 Ln hn 15 Ti 10 Ln hn 10 ng knh Chiu di in cc h quang mm 810 1218 810 1012 1620 1012 1215 35 35 48 48 48 46 46

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Cng dng in hn A Mt chiu 140160 160200 80100 120140 160180 160190 170210 Xoay chiu 160180 180240 90120 140160 180230 190210 220250

Nu din tch b mt hn p qu ln th phi hn nhiu lt. Ngi ta chia mt hn ra nhiu mnh dc hoc ngang vi mi mnh khng qu 40-50mm. Hn p trn mnh qu rng s khng m bo tt cht lng lp p v kim loi vng hn ngui qu nhanh. Bt hp kim cng phi c kch thc u v khng cha bi. Bi lm chy cc nguyn t hp kim trong khi hn gy r mi hn. Bt hp kim phi sy kh trc khi hn. B dy lp bt hp kim ph ln b mt chi tit ph thuc vo loi hp kim v chiu dy lp p.Chng hn chiu dy lp hn bng bt stalinit v BCXOM-9 bng 35-40% chiu dy lp bt ph, voka 50-65% v b rt crom 20-30%. nhn c lp p c mn cn thit v khng b r kh ta dng bt hn hoc bt nhm. Thuc hn thng dng nht l borc. Thuc hn a vo hp kim cng bng hai phng php: Hoc ph mt lp mng (0,1-0,2mm) ln b mt chi tit trc khi ph bt hp kim cng, hoc trn trc tip vi bt hp kim cng. Trong trng hp th hai thuc hn chim 25% trng lng bt hp kim cng. Trong khi hn p, mp chi tit hn c bo v khi chy bng cc thanh chn grapht hoc ng . Thanh chn c tc dng to hnh cho lp hp kim nng chy, nh vy mp hn p nhn c phng v sch.

Cao Xun Tm

Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hnh 5. Hn p h quang bng bt hp kim cng 1. Bt hp kim cng ; 2. in cc than; 3. Lp hn p; 4.5. Thanh chn Vic hn p thc hin t "trong ra" ngha l bt u t mp pha ngi th hn. H quang mi bn cnh lp bt ca hp kim, sau chuyn dn ti lp bt hp kim. in cc nghing v pha th hn mt gc khong 10-150 so vi mt phng ng (Hnh 5). u in cc khng t hng ln mt m t xuyn qua lp hp kim theo chiu ct vt. Trong khi hn in cc di chuyn theo hnh rng ca theo chiu rng ca lp hn p. Tc di chuyn phi bo m sao cho kim loi v tr h quang lun trng thi lng. Bt hp kim ng vi tc hn chn ca in cc phi chy hon ton. Qu trnh hn p phi lin tc. Trng hp phi ngt h quang th sau khi ngt th phi ph kn ming hn bng bt hp kim cng. i vi nhng chi tit c hnh dng phc tp hn ch bin dng nn nung nng ton b trc ti 500600oC. Sau khi hn p gi cho chi tit ngui dn bng cch ph n bng ct kh nng, tro hoc amiang. Trong trng hp hn p hai lp, sau khi hn p lp th nht cn phi nh sch mi hn bng chi thp, tip ph lp hp kim cng ri hn theo cng ngh nh lp th nht. tng gin v tng giai va p ca kim loi lp p c th hn bng in kim loi (que hn thuc bc nhm ion ho). Trong trng hp ny, in cc kim loi nng chy to vi bt hp kim v kim loi c bn mt lp kim loi p c th chu mi mn kh tt v t gin hn, phng php ny ng dng vo vic phc Cao Xun Tm 10 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

hi nhng chi tit lm vic trong iu kin chu ti trng ng. N cng c dng hn p cc lp th nht v th hai khi phi hn p nhiu lp. Chiu dy lp bt hp kim cng khi hn bng in cc kim loi ph thuc ng knh in cc v loi hp kim. Theo tnh ton, trng lng ca lp bt hp kim phi bng 3040% trng lng li in cc kim loi. Hn p bng ngun in xoay chiu cng dng in 180190A vi que hn ng knh 4mm , in p h quang 2426v. 3. Cc dng sai hng khi hn p chi tit my bng h quang tay v bin php phng nga 3.1. Chi tit hn b cong vnh - Nguyn nhn: do phn b cc ng hn khng hp l, khng g kp chc chn trong qu trnh hn. - Bin php khc phc: thng xuyn kim tra chi tit sau mi lp hn, thc hin th t cc ng hn, lp hn ng quy trnh k thut, c th tin hnh nn nng khi chi tit b cong vnh. 3.2. Mi hn ln x - Nguyn nhn: chn cng d dng in qu b, khng chp hnh cng tc lm sch trc khi hn c sau mi ng hn, phng php chun ng que hn khng thch hp. - Bin php phng nga: chn cng dng in thch hp, chp hnh trit cng tc lm sch, chn phng php chuyn ng que hn hp l. 3.3. Mi hn r kh - Nguyn nhn: que hn b m, khng lm sch phi hn. - Bin php phng nga: chp hnh vic sy kh que hn v lm sch phi hn trc khi hn.

Cao Xun Tm

11

Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Bi 2: HN P CHI TIT MY BNG THIT B HN KH

1. Khi nim chung v hn p kim loi bng phng php hn kh Hn p l qu trnh bi p mt lp kim loi que hn ln kim loi c bn b t nng chy ti mt chiu su nh. Hn p c dng phc hi cc chi tit b mn v p ln b mt mt lp kim loi c nhng tnh cht c bit nh bn chng n mn, cng, bn chng mi mn vv...Hn p thc hin bng cc kim loi c cng thnh phn nh kim loi c bn, hoc khc thnh phn ho hc vi kim loi c bn. Trn cc chi tit bng thp v gang, ngi ta hn p bng kim loi mu (ng, ng thau, ng thanh), thp hp kim, gang v c cc hp kim khc na. c chiu su nng chy cn thit phi iu chnh mc t nng kim loi hn p v kim loi c bn. Khi hn p bng ngn la hn kh th d dng iu chnh mc nung nng kim loi c bn v kim loi p nh vic t nng chng ring bit. Ngn la xy- kh chy cng bo v kim loi nng chy khi b -xy ho bi -xy ca khng kh v trnh cho cc yu t thuc thnh phn c bn khng b bay hi. Nhc im chung ca hn p bng ngn la hn kh l nng sut thp hn so vi hn p bng h quang v vng nung nng ca kim loi c bn qu rng, do c th xut hin ng sut d v bin dng ca cc chi tit. V vy hn p bng ngn la kh dng cho cc chi tit c kch thc khng ln. 2. Chun b phi hn p Cng ging nh cc phng php hn p khc cc chi tit a vo hn p iu phi c lm sch, ht du m, lp -xy ho trn b mt, phi x l ht cc vt nt bng phng php hn, mi, chi tit p c lm sch cho sng nh kim loi. 3. Thit b dng c hn p bng phng php hn kh Thit b dng c hn kh bao gm chai cha -xy, chai cha a-x-ty-len, van gim p, ng dn kh , m hn kh, knh hn, ngun la, g, dng c o, dng c lm sch vv... Cao Xun Tm 12 Khoa hn

Hn p 4. K thut hn p kim loi mu

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hn p bng kh dng cho hn ng thau th rt u vit. ng thau c hn p ln cc chi tit to ra cc b mt kn kht trong cc thit b ng kn. Khi hn p ng thau ln kim loi en thng phi dng thuc hn, thng thng hn p thng s dng phng php hn tri v tr hn sp. hn ch s bc hi ca km khi hn p ng thau ngi ta dng ngn la cc bon ho . Kh hn thng dng l kh a-x-ty-len, prpan-butan v kh thin nhin. lm vt liu hn ngi ta dng tt c cc nhn ng thau cha khng qu 0,1%km. Khi hn p ln cc chi tit ln, ngi ta t nng chng ti nhit 500oC. Cng sut ngn la hn v ng knh qua hn c ly tu theo chiu dy lp p theo bng sau. Chiu dy lp p (mm) 34 56 69 ng knh que hn (mm) 46 810 1012 Cng sut ngn la a-x-ty-len (m3/h) 400700 6001100 10501750

Hn p c th mt lp hoc nhiu lp. Khi hn p cc lp sau, phi t nng chy lp trc su ti gn 30% chiu dy ca n, rc thuc hn vo b hn p. Phi t nng b mt kim loi ti nhit 900950oC. Sau khi rc thuc hn th tin hnh hn p, lp p dy 0,30,5mm. K thut hn p ng thau ln thp, gang v c bn ging nhau. Khi hn p gang cn lu rng khi t nng gang n nhit 900950oC th trn b mt n grapht b chy, sn phm do grapht chy to nn s gy cn tr cho vic xm nhp vo gang, do lc u, ngi ta t grapht t b mt hn p, dng ngn la -xy ho ca m hn t. Sau b mt cn p c lm sch cn thn bng bn chi kim loi..khi hn p gang bng ng thau th cng c kh nng lm cho gang ho trng. Hn gang bng ng thau c dng thuc hn bt c s dng trong cc trng hp rt hn ch. Khi hn p gang v thp bng kh v thuc hn th chi tit c t nng n gn 700oC bng m hn. Nung nng ti 500oC c Cao Xun Tm 13 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

thc hin khng dng thuc hn trong ngn la m hn, Ch sau mi dng thuc hn. S hn p c th hin hnh 28.

Hnh 28: S hn p bng hn kh c thuc 1. kim loi hn c bn; 2. Lp p; 3. B hn; 4. thuc hn; 5.mi hn B mt hn p c t nghing mt gc 0o10o so vi ng nm ngang. Hn p c tin hnh theo cch hn tri t di ln, gc nghing ca u m vi ng nm ngang l 30-60o gc gia u m v que hn l 90o-110o. u que hn c nhng vo b kim loi lng. Trong qu trnh hn p bnh thng, km khng bc hi, vt hn p c t nguyn vn, phn b hn khng chu tc ng ca ngn la th b ph bi mt lp mng x dy c, khi hn p, cc lp hn p tip sau c thc hin theo cng s , ch c gc nghing ca u m vi kim loi c bn l c th tng thm. V hn p bng thuc hn kh c thc hin nhit thp, nn khi hn p gang, grapht khng b chy. Khi hn p cc lp sau khng cn ty sch v rn cc lp trc. 5. Hn p hp kim cng Hn p bng hp kim cng c dng cho cc b mt lm vic chu mn. Cc chi tit l cc dng c khoan l, rng ca gu my xc, cc chi tit my cn v my ko dy, li cy, van, mi tm my tin, khun dp v c dng c ct nh dao tin, mi khoan dao phay. Cao Xun Tm Khoa hn

14

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hn p hp kim cng thc hin cho cc chi tit bng thp. Hn p hp kim cng tt nht l bng thp cc bon cha khng qu 0,6% cc bon v c chi tit bng thp crm-niken v thp vanai. Chn vt liu cho chi tit ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic ca sn phm. Hn p cho thp cc bon cao, thp mangan, thp crm-mlpen, c khuynh hng d b ti v c gang na, i hi nhng bin php c bit . Trc khi hn phi t nng chng, sau khi hn p phi ngui chm. dng lm vt liu hn khi hn p hp kim cng ngi ta s dng cc dng ht v bt, hp kim c thnh thanh, dy thp hn p, thanh ng hn p. Khi hn p bng ngn la hn kh ngi ta dng bt c nhn -XH80CP-2, -XH80CP-3 v x6-2 cc phn t ca bt phi c kch thc t 40100 m . Cc cht bt cha silic v bo lm tng tnh cht nng chy ca n. Trong cc hp kim mi mn, c dng nhiu nht l stalinil, (stalinil l hn hp bt gm st, cc bon, man gan, silic v crm). Hp kim cng c c sn xut di dng thanh. dng lm hp kim c ngi ta dng stelit v xocmai (stelit l dung dch rn crm trong st v niken. Hp kim c c nhit nng chy 12600C-13000C. Hp kim trn c s st (xocmai) khng thua stelit v cng, nhng r tin hn. Sitelit c tnh cht hn p tt hn xocmai. Thnh phn ho hc ca stelit v xocmai c tra trong bng sau: Thnh phn ho hc ca Stelit v xocmai Nhn hp kim Stelit B2K B3K Xocmai s 1 Xcmai s 2 Thnh phn ho hc, % C 1,82,5 1,01,5 2,53,3 1,52,0 Fe di 2 di 2 cn li cn li Si 1,02,0 2,5 2,84,2 1,52,2 Mn 1,0 2 1,5 1,0 Ni di 2 di 2 3,05,0 1,32,0

Cao Xun Tm

15

Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Nhn hp kim Stelit B2K B3K

Thnh phn ho hc, % Cr Co W Tp cht

cng HRC lp hn p

2733 2832

4753 5862 -

1317 4,55,0 -

di 1,5 di 1,5 di 11,5 di 1,5 4954 4545

Xocmai s 1 2531 Xc mai s 2 1317,5

lm vt liu hn p cc chi tit lm vic nhit cao, ngi ta dng Stelit, cn xocmai c dng cho cc chi tit lm vic nhit bmh thng v hi cao. Xocmai c sn xut di dng cc thanh c ng knh 67mm, di 400450mm. Vt liu ng hn p c sn xut di dng ng st v ng ni ken cha y cht bt cacbua vonfram v cc vt liu kh chy khc. Khi hn p ch c ng l chy ra, cng bt th ho ln vo th khi chung ca ch hn p, kt qu ch hn p c cng HRC85, vt liu ng hn p c s dng cho cc chi tit lm vic trong iu kin mn c hc. Nu chi tit b mn qu mc, th trc khi p hp kim cng ngi ta p bng dy hn cc bon thp phc hi hnh dng ban u sau lm sch ht vy, st, x ch hn p tin hnh vt mp hoc khot rnh. Chiu su vt mp i vi xocmai s 1 l 0,52,5mm vi xocmai s 2 l 1,53,5mm, chiu rng mp vt 510mm. Hn p thc hin bng ngn la a-xty-len, -xy tha d a-x-ty-len. i vi cc chi tit ln, khi hn p phi t nng trc bng ngn la khi n nhit 50o700oC v ngui dn trc khi hn p. bo v lp nng chy, ngi ta dng thuc hn c cc thnh phn sau y: borc nung nng - 20%, axtbric - 68%, fluorit(hunh thch) - 12%; borc - 50%, bicacbnat natri - 47%, xitsilic - 3%, loi thuc hn th nht nn dng hn p stelit, loi th 2 dng cho xocmai. Qu trnh hn p c tin hnh theo t Cao Xun Tm 16 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

th hn sp bng c hn phi hoc hn tri. sau khi hn p, cho chi tit ngui chm dn trnh nt ch kim loi p.

Cao Xun Tm

17

Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Bi 3: HN P CHI TIT MY BNG H QUANG TRONG MI TRNG KH BO V 1. Nguyn l v c im 1.1. Nguyn l Hn p trong kh bo v khc vi cc phng php hn p khc l y h quang chy trong lung kh bo v, kh bo v y khng kh khi vng h quang chy ng thi bo v kim loi lng khi -xy v nit ca khng kh trong s cc cht kh bo v ngi ta dng kh tr v loi kh hot tnh hoc hn hp ca chng, ngy nay ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php hn v hn p trong mi trng kh bo v nh hn tay, hn bn t ng v hn t ng bng dy nng chy hoc khng nng chy.(Hnh 6)

Hnh 6: S nguyn l hn p h quang trong mi trng kh bo v 1. H quang in ; 2.Kh bo v ; 3. Dy hn nng chy; 4. Ming phun kh 5.C cu cp dy hn 1.2. c im ca hn p bng h quang trong mi trng kh bo v Hn p bng h quang trong mi trng kh bo v n c s dng rng ri nht, n cho php c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh hn bt k v tr no trong khng gian thch hp vi b mt ca chi tit hn p k c hn trn, chng ta cng c th c kh ho c vic hn p cc chi tit nh. iu lm tng nng sut Cao Xun Tm 18 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

lao ng ln ti 3-5 ln so vi hn h quang tay. Vic quan st d dng h quang v s hnh thnh mi hn cho php s dng phng php hn p trong moi trung kh bo v phc hi nhng chi tit phc tp nh khun dp. Thao tc hn n gin, cht lng lp kim loi hn p cao. 2. Cng tc chun b 2.1. Kh bo v Trong cc cht kh bo v ngi ta dng agn, cacbnic, h li, nit v mt s cht kh khc. Song thng dng nht l agon v cacbnic. Agn l kh tr nguyn t. Agn tinh khit khng lin kt ho hc vi kim loi, khng ph thuc vo nhit nung nng. Bi vy trong hn v hn p thnh phn ho hc kim loi ch thay i do cc nguyn t b bay hi. Khi lng ring ca agn l 1,78g/l. Trong hn v hn p ngi ta dng agn c trn ln mt s cht kh khc. Agn cha trong bnh trng thi kh di p sut 150at. Bnh dung tch 40lt cho mt lng agn khong 6m3. Agon khng chy v khng to vi cc cht kh khc thnh cc hn hp d n. Agonnng hn khng kh bi vy n bo v kim loi vng hn khi khng kh, agon dng hn v hn pcc chi tit thp khng r, chu nhit v kim loi mu. Khi nit hoc hirm nhp vo vng hn th kim loi hn p s b r, bi vy ngi ta thng trn vo agon mt lng 5-10% hoc 10-20% kha cacbnic. Hn trong mi trng kh nh vy cho h quang n nh v ngn nga c hin tng to r kh. Trong trng hp ny dy hn phi tng lng cc nguyn t hp kim b tr phn bay hi do tc dng ca -xy hoc kh cacbnic. Trong hn p bng in cc nng chy ngi ta dng hn hp kh agonv cacbnic. Nh vy lng tiu th kh agon gim 56 ln. Cacbnic l kh hot tnh, dng hn p cc chi tit my bng thp cacbon, thp hp kim thp v mt s loi thp hp kim trung bnh. Cacbnic l kh r, r hn kh agon 1214 ln, sn v c hiu qu khi hn p cc loi thp ni trn. Vng hn nh v tc dng lm ngui ca lung kh cacbnic cho php s dng phng php hn p mi v tr trong khng gian v m bo mi hn hnh thnh tt. Vng nh hng nhit b hn 34 ln so vi hn xy, a-x-ty-len, do ng sut v bin dng gim ng k. Khi lng ring ca kh cacbnic tng i ln Cao Xun Tm 19 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

(Ln hn khng kh 1,5 ln) to iu kin tt bo v kim loi lng khi nit ca khng kh, ng thi tng tnh n nh ca n khi b khng kh thi. Kh cacbnic dng hn p c th nhn t phn ng ho hc gia axt sunfuaric vi phn, khi nung vi, s chy ca than cc, than ngtraxt... Axtcacbonic c th trng thi rn, lng hoc kh, dng thun tin nhtl trng thi lng. Khi bay hi, 1 lt a xtcacbnic lng 00C v p sut 670mm Hg cho 506,8 lit cacbnic. Trong bnh tiu chun thng np c 22 lit a xit cacbnic lng v nh vy khi bay hi cho 12,5m3 kh. Bnh cha CO2 c sn mu en v vit ch mu xanh, kh dng hn c tinh khit 99,5%. 2.2. Dy hn hn p trong kh cacbnic ngi ta dng dy thp cacbon v thp hp kim ng knh t 0,52,5mm v dy bt c ng knh 2,53mm. Dy c dng knh t 0,81,6mm thng dng hn p nhng chi tit c mn nh v nhng chi tit hnh tr b, chiu dy ln nht ca mt lp p l 12,5mm. Dy hn phi sch khng r. Thnh phn ho hc ca dy hn phi m bo kh nng kh -xy ca vng hn, hp kim ho n v nhn lp kim loi hn p bn chc. Khi kh cacbnic qu m v cha nhiu nit, v kh bo v vng hn khng tt, cht kh -xy khng th trong b hn s hnh thnh nhiu kh chy khng kp thot khi vng hn v to thnh r kh trong lp hn p. Ngi ta dng silic v mangan lm cc cht kh oxy khi hn p, cc chi tit bng thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp. ngn nga r kh ngi ta cho vo vng hn khong 0,8%silic v 1% mangan. iu ny ngn chn c s to thnh v thot oxt cc bon trong khi hn p cng nh ti thi im kt tinh ca kim loi vng hn. v vy dy hn dng hn p nhng loi thp ni trn phi cha 0,81,2% silic v1,01,5%mangan. S to thnh r kh trong lp hn p cn l do c hyr trong vng h quang. Ngun hyr thng l hi nc trong kh cacbnic v trong li ca dy bt, r trn b mt dy hn v chi tit hn p. loi tr r kh do hyr gy ra trong thnh phn dy hn cn c khong 0.5% silic florua , n s kt hp vi hr i vo x.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hin nay cc nc ngoi ta dng nhiu loi dy hn p trong kh ccbnic Lin x thng dng nht l dy nhn hiu Cb-12C, Cb08C, Cb082C, X13, X17, Cb-06X19HT, Cb-18XMA, Cb-08X20H9 7T. vv... Ngi ta cn dng dy bt nhn hiu -P18T, -P9T, -4X2B8T, X12BT, -Y45256T v mt s loi khc. nhng dy ny dng p thp hp kim cao, trong thnh phn ca dy bt c 1,02%Titan. S c mt ca titan trong dy hn lm gim ng k s bay hi ca crm, vonfram, vanadi v lng kim loi bn tung to. Kim loi hn p nhn c cu trc ht mn, khng c r kh v vt nt. Vi ch hn thng thng, kim loi hn p c thnh phn ho hc tng ng vi thp P18, P9, 3X2B8, X12B c thm 0,20,4%titan. S mt mt do bay hi v bn tung to chim 1015% v h s hn p l 1518g/Ah. hn p trong mi trng kh tr ngi ta dng in cc khng nng chy bng Vonfram nguyn cht v thori-Vonfram . Hai loi u dng hn p bng ngun in xoay chiu, loi th ba hn p bng ngun in mt chiu cc thun. 2.3. Vt liu bi tp ny thc tp hn p thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp thuc nhm thp d hn do vic hn p c thc hin bng phng php thng thng v iu kin bnh thng. Hn p mt phng phi 2508010mm v hn p trc phi 20250mm. 2.4. Thit b v dng c My hn bn t ng. Bn gh hn, g hn. Knh hn. Ba ngui, Ba g x. Gia. Km ct y hn. Bn chi st. Thc l. Dng kim tra mi hn. 2.5. iu kin an ton Cao Xun Tm Khoa hn

21

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Mt bng thc tp b tr gn gng, ni lm vic c nh sng, h thng thng gi, ht bi hot ng tt. Nn xng kh ro, thit b hn c dy tip t, h thng cp kh m bo kn. Bo h lao ng y 3. Trnh t thc hin 3.1. Lm sch phi Nn phng phi, kim tra kch thc phi, lm sch ht cc vt bn v lp -xy ho trn phi, nhng chi tit b nt ln th phi hn v vt nt, vt nt nh th x l bng my mi. 3.2. Chn ch hn Khi hn p bng h quang trong kh cacbnic bo v, loi dng in v cc tnh, mt dng in, in p h quang, ng knh dy hn v tm vi ca n, tc hn p v tc cp dy l nhng yu t quan trng nht ca k thut hn p. Hin nay ngi ta hn p bng dng in mt chiu cc nghch. Cng hn p lin quan vi mt dng in, ng knh dy hn, chiu su ngu ca mi hn, tc cp dy hn v chiu di h quang. Trong hn p khng th nhn c chiu su ngu ln, bi vy yu t c bn l tnh n nh ca h quang, nng sut hn p v cht lng ca cng tc hn p. m bo h quang n nh, bo v tt vng hn, kim loi t b bn to nn chn cng dng in hn, lng kh tiu hao theo cc s liu sau y: Bng 1-1
ng knh dy hn (mm) Cng dng in hn p (A) Lng kh CO2 tiu hao (l/pht) 8-9 8-9 8-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-20

0,5 30100

0,8 60150

1,0 80180

1,2

1,6

2,4

90-270

120-350

200-500

250-600

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Trng hp khng mun chiu su ngu ln nn s dng cng dng in nh v tc cp dy nh. Thay i cng dng hn v tc cp dy nh hng ti in p h quang. in p h quang l yu t quan trng ca ch hn p. Tng in p h quang lm tng chiu rng mch hn p, tng lng kim loi mt mt do bn to, bay hi v -xy ho, lm gim cht lng hn p, mi hn cha r kh. Bi vy cn gi in p h quang vi cng hn xc nh theo cc s liu di y: Bng 1-2 Cng hn p (A) in p h quang (V) 60 200 17-19 20-25 80 250 18-19 21-27 100 300 18-20 26-30 120 400 19-20 28-34 140 500 19-21 28-37 20-23 160

3.3. K thut hn p bng h quang trong mi trng kh bo v 3.3.1. Tm vi in cc Tm vi in cc nh hng rt ln n tnh n nh ca qu trnh hn p. Tm vi in cc ln lm cho u hn qu nng v chy mnh. Tm vi n cc nh, qu trnh hn kh thc hin.

Hnh 7: Tm vi in cc C th chn tm vi in cc theo cc s liu thc nghim sau y:

Cao Xun Tm

23

Khoa hn

Hn p Bng 1-3 ng knh dy hn mm Tm vi in cc mm 0,5 68 0,8 612 1,0 713 1,2 815

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

1,6 1320

2,0 1525

2,5 1530

3.3.2 Gc nghing m hn

Hnh 8: Gc nghing m hn Trong qu trnh hn p gi gc nghing m hn so mt phng hn, ngc vi hng hn mt gc 7080o. Khng cm m hn nghing sang tri hoc sang phi.

3.3.3. Cch gy h quang khi hn p Gy h quang cch im bt u ca mi hn 1020mm sau ko di h quang ri y v v tr cn hn.

Hnh 9: Cch gy h quang khi hn p

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

3.3.4. X l im kt thc mi hn n im kt thc mi hn t t y ngc m hn v pha sau mt khong 510mm.

Hnh 10: X l im kt thc mi hn Sau khi ngt h quang khng di chuyn m hn khi v tr rnh h quang ngay m phi gi m hn ti v tr trong khong 10s v trong thi gian kh CO2 vn tip tc phun bo v vng hn. Khi hn p cc loi vt liu mng, chi tit hn p nh th chuyn ng m hn theo ng thng khng cn giao ng ngang. Khi hn p cc tm vt liu dy hoc cc trc c ng knh ln ta tin hnh hn p ging nh hng p bng hn h quang tay que hn c thuc bc.

Hnh 11: Phng php chuyn ng que hn C th chuyn ng que hn theo hnh rng ca hoc hnh bn nguyt c dng li cnh mi hn phng khuyt cnh. ci thin kh nng bo v ca kh khi hn p cc chi tit trn, b mt ming phun khi cn c hng dng thch hp vi mt hn p. Khi hn p, chn bc hn sao cho ng hn sau m ly ng hn trc 1/3 chiu rng mi hn. Cc chi tit t thp cc bon cao v thp hp kim cn nung nng trc khi hn, ng thi kh bo v cng cn c nung nng ti nhit cao hn. Trong trng hp ngc li, kim loi vng nh hng nhit s b tri, dn n nt t vi gy kh khn cho qu trnh gia cng c kh sau khi hn. khi hn p nhiu lp, c bit l cc chi tit nh, chi tit hn c th qu nng (trn 500600o) h quang mt n nh v kim loi bn tung to nhiu. Trong trng hp ny cn gim ng knh dy hn v cng hn, ng thi tng lng kh bo v. Cao Xun Tm 25 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

4. An ton khi hn h quang trong mi trng kh bo v S dng kh phi ng loi, trnh ng c, chy n, khu vc kh phi thong gi, xa ch hn ch ct v cc ngun nhit khc, trnh va p bnh. Bnh kh phi g chc chn, khng ni c nhit cao trn 50oC. Kim tra cht kn ca ng dn kh. Khng ng dn kh i qua cc ch lm vic trnh lm hng ng. Khng dng ph kin khng ph hp vi tng loi kh. Khng m van bnh trc khi lp van gim p. M van kh t t. Nu h phi ng van bnh trc khi s l. eo knh thch hp chn h quang. Bo h lao ng hp l.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Bi 4: HN P CHI TIT MY BNG THIT B HN T NG DI LP THUC

1. Nguyn l v c im 1.1 Nguyn l: Cng nh hn p h quang tay, trong hn p t ng di lp thuc h quang chy gia in cc kim loi (dy hn) v kim loi c bn (Chi tit p). s khc nhau c bn gia hn p h quang tay v hn p t ng l s c kh ho, t ng ho qu trnh hn. Qu trnh hn bt u t khi pht h quang. Vng hn c to thnh sau khi h quang pht sinh. Ti y dy hn, thuc hn v kim loi c bn nng chy. ng thi di p sut kh gia kim loi v thuc hn to thnh mt mng kn bao bc ly h quang v vng hn. Thnh ca mng ny c to bi thuc hn nng chy.

Hnh 12: Qu trnh hn p di lp thuc 1.Dy hn ; 2.Thuc hn ; 3. kim loi c bn; 4.x lng; 5. Bt kh Bi vy qu trnh nng chy xy ra trong mng kn tch ri khng kh (hnh 12), ngoi ra n cn c ph bng lp thuc nn bng mt thng khng th nhn r lp trong vng hn, trong qu trnh hn thuc hn c cung cp lin tc v u xung vng hn. Thuc nng chy to thnh x hn. phn thuc khng nng chy c thu li v s dng tip. Phn ln chi tit my phc hi l nhng chi tit c b mt lm vic phng hoc tr. Khi hn p mt phng, thng thng chi tit hn ng yn cn u hn p Cao Xun Tm 27 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

chuyn ng thng trn chi tit, sau mi ng hn u hn c a v v tr ban u. hn tip ng th hai, phi dch u hn theo phng chuyn ng ngang mt khong cch nht nh gi l bc tin ca ng hn (Hnh 13a). Qu trnh hn p t ng trn chi tit tr trn l ph kn b mt ca chi tit bng mt ng hn xon xp cnh nhau. ng xon ni trn c to thnh t hai chuyn ng(hnh 13b)

Hnh 13: Nguyn l hn p mt phng (a) v mt trn(b) Qu trnh hn p t ng trn chi tit tr trn l ph kn b mt ca chi tit bng mt ng hn hnh xon xp cnh nhau. ng xon ni trn c to thnh nh hai chuyn ng, chuyn ng ca phi quay quanh trc ca n v chuyn ng tnh tin ca u hn dc theo dc theo trc phi. Nhng chuyn ng trn l nhng chuyn ng u v lin tc. qu trnh hn tin hnh mt cch t ng v lin tc th dy hn phi chuyn ng lin tc v u n v lin tc xung vng hn, ng thi thuc hn cng phi chy u n bo v h quang. 1.2. c im ca hn p t ng di lp thuc bo v So vi hn h quang tay, hn p t ng c nhiu u im. Trong hn p t ng c th hp kim ho ti 30%, do c tnh ca lp hn p c ci thin v tng tnh chng mn ca chi tit sau khi khi phc. Vic hp kim ho trong hn p t ng r hn so vi hn tay. Nmg sut hn p tng r rt, iu kin lao ng v cht lng hn p c ci thin, in nng v kim loi p gim. 2. Vt liu hn p Vt liu hn p t ng di thuc bao gm thuc hn v dy hn. 2.1. Thuc hn

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Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Vai tr ch yu ca thuc hn trong hn p t ng l lm mng ngn cch l hc ca vng hn khi tc dng ca khng kh, n nh h quang, iu chnh thnh phn ho hc ca lp hn p v to dng mi hn. Tc dng lm mng cch ca thuc ph thuc vo kch thc ht v cu trc vt l ca chng. Cu trc ht cng mn v kch thc ht cng nh th kh nng bo v ca mng cng tng. Chiu dy ca lp thuc ph ln trn b mt cng lm nh hng n kh nng lm mng cchs ca n. Chiu dy cn thit ca thuc hn ng vi cc dng in khc nhau, bng 4-1. Chiu dy thuc hn trn b mt vt hn c th chn theo bng sau: Bng 4-1 Cng dng in hn (A) Chiu dy thuc hn (mm) 130200 2025 200400 2535 400800 3545 8001200 4560

Thnh phn ho hc ca lp hn trong hn tay ch yu ph thuc vo trnh tay ngh ca ngi th hn. Song trong hn t ng di lp thuc, do cc thng s hn khng thay i trong qu trnh hn, thnh phn ho hc ca mi hn n nh hn. Thnh phn ho hc ca lp hn khng nhng ph thuc vo thmh phn ho hc ca dy hn v kim loi c bn m cn ph thuc nhiu vo thuc hn. Trong khi hn mt phn cc nguyn t ca thuc hn chuyn vo mi hn lm thay i c tnh cht cng ngh v tng c tnh ca lp p. Cc nguyn t nh hng ln l mangan v silic. S hnh thnh mi hn ph thuc vo nht ca thuc hn nhit cao v c im v nh hng nhit ca n. Ngoi ra n cn ph thuc nhiu vo ch cng ngh hn, trc ht l cng dng in hn, bng 5-1.

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Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP Bng 5-1 Quan h gia kch thc ht v cng hn Kch thc ht B nht 0,25 0,4 0,6 Ln nht 1,6 2,5 3,0

Cng hn, A Ti 600 T 6001200 Trn 1200

Da vo lng man gan, c thuc hn khng c man gan, thuc hn mangan trung bnh v thuc hn mangan cao; theo cng dng c thuc hn cc bon thp, thuc hn hp kim, thuc hn baz v thuc hn axt . Trong lnh vc phc hi ngi ta phn loi thuc hn p nng chy theo cng dng. Chng hn cng ho dn ch c thuc hn nng chy Pie 18 UPACr6 dng hn p thp hp kim cao bng cc dy hn tng ng. Mi hn c hp kim ho bng silic,mangan v Crm. Thuc c dng hn p bnh cut trc cu xch, g bnh tau hovv... Ba lan c bn loi thuc hn p nng chy: TNA.St.1; TA.St.3; TA.St.9 v TA.St.11CrNi (theo tiu chun PN73/M-69355) vi thnh phn ho hc ca chng nh sau: Bng 6-1. Thnh phn ho hc ca thp nng chy (Ba lan) Loi thuc Thnh phn ho hc,% SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO CaF2 46 5-7 1,55 MnO 811 4045 417 FeO S P Khng qu Fe2O3<1 0,05 0,05 1,5 1,5 0,1 0.1 0,1 0,1

TNA.St.1 2933 1417 1923 1619 TA.St.3 TA.St.9 3844 4550

4 6 5

2832

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

- Thuc TA.St.11.CrNi.c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 2026; Al2O3: 2632; MgO: 1520; Cr2O3:24; CaF2: 1723; CaO: 8; ZrO2:2-6; Na2O: 26; K2O: 12; FeO 1 * Cc loi thuc hn Lin x, tiu chun v thnh phn ho hc: - Thuc AH-8OCT9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%) SiO2: 3336; MnO:2128; CaO:47; MgO:57,5; Al2O3:1115; CaF21319; Fe2O3 khng qu 1,53,5; S khng qu 0,15; P khng qu 0,15. - Thuc AH-15MMTY-1-1014-70 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2:610; MnO: ti 2; CaO:2933; MgO:ti 1; Al2O3:3640; CaF216,620; NaF: 26; Fe2O3 khng qu 0,8; S khng qu 0,07; P khng qu 0,05. - Thuc AH-20OCT 9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2:19-24; MnO: 0,5 ; CaO: 39; MgO: 913; Al2O3: 2732; CaF2: 2533; NaF: 2-3; Fe2O3 khng qu 1; S khng qu 0,08; P khng qu 0,05. - Thuc AH-22OCT 9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2:1821,5; MnO: 79; CaO: 1215; MgO: 11,515; Al2O3: 1923; CaF2: 2024; NaF: 12; Fe2O3 khng qu 1; S khng qu 0,05; P khng qu 0,05. - Thuc AH-26OCT 9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 2933; MnO: 2,54; CaO: 48; MgO: 1518; Al2O3: 1423; CaF2: 2024; C 0,066; Fe2O3 khng qu 1,5; S khng qu 0,1; P khng qu 0,1 - Thuc hn AH-60OCT 9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 42,546,5; MnO: 3641; CaO: 311; MgO: 0,53; Al2O3: 5; CaF2 548; Fe2O3 khng qu 1,5; S khng qu 0,15; P khng qu 0,15. - Thuc hn AH-348-AOTC 9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 4144; MnO: 3438; CaO: 6,5; MgO: 57,5; Al2O3: 4,5; CaF2: 45; Fe2O3 khng qu 2,4; S khng qu 0,15; P khng qu 0,12. - Thuc hn O-6 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 4; CaO: 1623; MgO: 3; Al2O3: 2027; CaF2:4560; Fe2O3 khng qu 1,5; S khng qu 0,025. - Thuc hn O-10 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 912; MnO: 1114; CaO: 8; MgO: 0,3; Al2O3: 2834; CaF2: 3546; Fe2O3 khng qu 1; P khng qu 0,025.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

- Thuc hn OC-45OCT 9087-69 c thnh phn ho hc (%): SiO2: 3438; MnO: 3844; CaO: 6,5; MgO:2,5; Al2O3: 5; CaF2: 69; Fe2O3 khng qu 2; S khng qu 0,15; P khng qu 0,1. - Thuc TA.St.1 dng hn p thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp. Thuc TA.St.3 dng hn p cc chi tit thp cc bon thp. Thuc TA.St.9 hn p vi dy kiu 35XCA phc hi trc cn, bnh cn cu, bnh tu ho vv... Thuc TA.St11CrNi dng hn p cc chi tit thp cc bon v thp hp kim ca my in v ho hc. * Lin x c 10 loi thuc hn p nng chy trn c ng dng rng ri, cng dng ca cc loi thuc trn nh sau. - Thuc A-H8 hn v hn p in x thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp vi dy hn thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp. i tng phc hi l cc my luyn kim, cn v rn dp. - Thuc AH-15M: Hn v hn p t ng cc chi tit thp hp kim cao nh cc loi trc, c trc cn vv... - Thuc AH-20: Hn v hn p t ng cc lp thp hp kim k hiu CbX20H107T. - Thuc AH-22: Hn in x v hn p t ng thp hp kim vi dy hp kim cao k hiu CbX20H107T. - Thuc hn AH-26: Hn v hn p t ng thp khng g v thp chu nhit nh cnh tuabin nc, cc chi tit my bm, my in v ho hc. - Thuc AH-60: Hn v hn p thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp bng dy thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp, hoc ai thp hp kim trung bnh v cao. Hn p trc cn nng, dao ct kim loi nng, cc chi tit t kim loi mu trn nn ng. - Thuc AH-348A: Hn v p t ng thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp bng dy thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp: bnh cn cu, cc chi tit my ko, t tu thu. - Thuc O-6: Hn v hn p t ng thp hp kim thp chng r, chu nhit. - Thuc O-10: Hn p thp hp kim v hp kim thp bng ai v dy nhn hiu Cb-10X16H.25AM6, Cb-03X24H132, 04X1911M3 v cc loi khc.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

- Thuc C-45: Hn v hn p thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp bng dy thp cc bon v thp hp kim nhn hiu H-30XCA, Cb-102C v cc loi khc. * Tip Khc c ba loi thuc hn p nng chy: VUZ-3P, F205(VUZ4BaC) v F-624(VUZ-IN). - Thuc VUZ-3P v F-205 dng hn p cc chi tit thp khng r v chu nhit bng dy hn k hiu X18H10 v X25H13. - Thuc hn F-624 dng hn p t ng cc chi tit thp hp kim cao v thp hp kim bng dy hn tng ng. * Vit Nam c thuc hn TH-36-42 thuc c tnh cng ngh c bn ging AH-348A. 2.2. Dy hn p B mt mi mn ca cc chi tit my ngi ta hn p bng dy thp cc bon, dy thp hp kim hoc dy hn p chuyn dng. Lp hn p bng dy cc bon khng c c chu mn cao, tng chu mn phi hp kim ho lp hn p bng dy hp kim, dy bt hoc thuc gm. Khi chn dy hn cn ch n thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi c bn, c tnh v dng ti trng ca n, nguyn nhn v lng mi mn, mi trng lm vic v cc yu cu t ra i vi chi tit phc hi. Lp p c hp kim ho bng dy hp kim c thnh phn ho hc chnh xc hn. V th hp kim ho bng cch ny tuy t xong vn dng ph bin. * Lin x c hn 40 loi dy hn p phn thnh hai nhm k hiu bng hai ch H, v nhm k hiu bng hai ch Cb, thnh phn ho hc, phm vi ng dng ca dy v cng lp p. V d: Dy hn H-25 c thnh phn ho hc (%): C:0,22-0,3; Mn:0,5-0,8; Si:0,17-0,37; Cr 0,25; Ni 0,3 S khng qu 0,04; p khng qu 0,04. cng sau khi p160-229HB. Phm vi ng dng Hn p trc, trc chnh. - Dy hn H-65 c thnh phn ho hc (%): C:0,6-0,7; Mn:0,9-1; Si:0,170,37; Cr 0,3; Ni 0,3; S khng qu 0,03; P khng qu 0,04. cng sau khi p220-300HB.phm vi ng dng hn bnh cn cu trc cn trc cn thp. - Dy hn Cb-08 c thnh phn ho hc (%): C: 0,1; Mn:0,35-0,6; Si: 0,03; Cr 0,15; Ni 0,3. cng sau khi p 120-160HB. Phm vi ng dng dng hn p trc , con ln gi my ko, tay hm. Cao Xun Tm 33 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

- Dy hn Cb-10X17 c thnh phn ho hc (%): C: 0,12; Mn: 0,7; Si: 0,8; Cr 16-18; Ni 0,6; Ti:0,2-0,5. cng sau khi p 160-190HB. Phm vi ng dng dng hn p cc chi tit my hi nc lm vic trong mi trng chu nhit ti 4500C. * Ba lan c hai loi dy hn p di thuc. - Dy Sp 40G-2S1H1 hn p di thuc TA.St3v TA.St6 cho lp p c cng 300HB, chu mi mn v kh nng chng va p tt. Dng vo vic hn p trc cn, vnh ai tu ho v cc chi tit khc. - Dy hn Sp24H14 dng hn p cc chi tit lm vic trong iu kin mi mn do ma st xm thc nhit bnh thng v cao nh ng van dn, xu pp hi vv...Lp p c cng 420-500HB, chu mi mn tt, c kh nng chng r trong mi trng nc bin v hi nc. - Cng ho dn ch c c 21 loi dy hn p dng vo vic phc hi cc chi tit khc nhau. * Tip khc thng dng dy thp hn A-102( theo CH055376) hn p. cng HB ca lp p di thuc FK-502, FK-503, FK-504, FK-541 tng ng l 300, 450, 500 v 350. Dy dng hn dp bnh cn cu c trc v cc chi tit khc. 3. Cng ngh hn p 3.1. Chun b chi tit hn p Vic chun b cho hn p t ng cng ging nh hn p th cng, tt c cc l rnh cn bo v phi bt bng thp, ng hoc bt Graphit, bt bng bt graphit t hn c v d thc hin cht lin kt thng dng nht l thu tinh nc vi t l 15% trng lng so vi graphit.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hnh 14: Phng php bt l (a), rnh rng (b) Mc tiu ca vic bt cc rnh, l trn b mt chi tit m bo cho qu trnh hn p tin hnh c lin tc v d gia cng c sau khi hn. i vi nhng l, rnh ln ,nu bt bng graphit c th lm mt n nh h quang khi n qua ch bt, trong trung hp ny c th kt hp c hai phng php bt bng thp v graphit (Hnh 14).

3.2. K thut hn p 32.1. nh hng ca cc yu t cng ngh hn i vi hnh dng ca mi hn. Hnh dng ca mi hn c c trng bi cc kch thc sau (Hnh 15)

Hnh 15: Cc kch thc c trng ca mi hn p b - chiu rng mi hn. h - Chiu su ca mi hn. c - Chiu cao ca mi hn.

Cao Xun Tm

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Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Nhng yu t cng ngh c nh hng ln nht n hnh dng ca mi hn l cng dng in (Ih), in p h quang (Uh ) v tc hn (Vh). Tip n l: ng knh in cc, gc nghing in cc i vi b mt ca chi tit hn v gc nghing ca chi tit hn vi mt phng nm ngang. nh hng ca cng dng in v ng knh ca in cc. Vi ng knh in cc (dy hn) khng i vic tng cng dng in lm tng nhit to ra h quang. Do lm nng chy kim loi c bn nhiu hn. Nmg lng h quang ln thi kim loi lng v pha ngc li vi chiu hn kt qu h quang n su hn vo kim loi c bn, ng thi thuc hn chy t hn. Mi hn ngui nhanh, khng pht trin c b rng v to b mt cao (hnh.16).

Hnh 16: nh hng ca cng dng hn i vi hnh dng mi hn. nhn c mi hn c hnh dng thch hp cn tng in p h t l vi mt dng in. Khi cng dng in khng i, vic thay i ng knh in cc, tc thay i mt dng in s nh hng n hnh dng mi hn. Gim ng knh in cc lm tng mt dng in, mi hn n su v hp. nh hng ca in p h quang. Thay i in p h quang trc ht lm thay i chiu rng chiu cao mi hn (hnh 17).

Hnh 17: nh hng ca in p h quang i vi hnh dng mi hn.

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Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Khi in p h quang ln, h quang hu nh chy trong thuc v t ab vo kim loi c bn. Trong iu kin nh vy thuc hn chy nhiu mi hn ngui chm. Kt qu mi hn rng v nng. nh hng ca tc hn. Thay i tc hn lm thay i tit din ca mi hn (hnh 18)

Hnh 18: nh hng ca tc hn i vi hnh dng mi hn. Gim tc hn nh hng ging nh tng in p h quang. Vi tc hn qu nh (khong 10m/h) mi hn rt rng v n su tng i t, cng tng tc mi hn cng c hnh dng van chiu rng v chiu su thay i, gim bt chiu cao mi hn khi hn vi tc ln cn tng in p h quang. nh hng ca gc nghing in cc v vt hn. C th hn vi in cc t vung gc hoc nghing mt gc so vi b mt chi tit. t vung gc khi hn vi tc hn nh v trung bnh. Khi tc hn ln (ti 80m/h) in cc t nghing v chiu ngc vi chiu hn (hnh 19a). in cc t nghing theo chiu hn (hnh 19b). Ni chung khng lm thay i hnh dng mi hn. Song hn vi in cc t nghing v pha ngc vi chiu hn th mi hn s rng v su hn (hnh 20), h quang t thi kim loi lng pha di n. Nghing in cc v pha ngc li vi chiu hn khong 40-500 s lm gim chiu su mi hn ti 50% v mi hn s rng ra khong 50 %.Chiu cao mi hn cng gim ng k. V th khi hn vi tc ln. gim chiu cao mi hn cn nghing cc hn v pha ngc vi hng hn.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hnh 19: in cc t nghing a) v pha ngc chiu hn; b) V pha chiu hn

Hnh 20: Hnh dng mi hn khi hn vi in cc t nghing ngc chiu vi chiu hn

nh hng ca gc nghing vt hn cng ging nh gc nghing in cc: Khi hn ln (hnh 21a) ngoi lc in ng ca h quang cn c trng lc tc dng ln vng hn, kim loi lng b chy v kt qu chiu su v chiu cao mi hn tng.

Hnh 21: a) Hn ln; b) Hn xung Khi hn xung (hnh 21b) kim loi lng vt trc h quang lm gim su ca mi hn trong hn p t ng cc chi tit phng khng nn vt nghing so vi mt phng ngang. Gc nghing cho php l 80.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

3.2.2 K thut hn p t ng mt phng di lp thuc nng chy Vic hn p c thc hin theo tng ng dc hoc ngang b mt chi tit ( gim thi gian ch i g x cn hn theo tng phn mt (hnh 22a) th t thc hin cc ng hn c ch bng cc con s. X hn ca ng 1 v 2 g trong khi hn ng 4; ca ng 3 g trong khi hn ng 5 vv...Khi chiu rng mt hn p khng rng lm th cc ng 1,2,3,4 vv...(hnh 22b) c thc hin theo khong cch bng hai ln bc tin ca mi hn. Sau khi hn xong lt th nht, g x ri hn tip lt th hai theo cc ng 8,9 vv... Nu u hn c trang b thm c cu di chuyn ngang th c th hn p vi mi hn rng (hnh 22c) chiu rng ca n ph thuc vo ch hn p. Chiu su ca mi hn iu chnh bng ch hn p. Ch hn p phi chn sao m bo cho lp p khng c vt nt, r kh hoc cc khuyt tt khc vt hn t b bin dng, vng nh hng nhit b.

Hnh 22: Th t hn p mt phng a) Hn p theo tng phn I-IV; b) Hn p cch ng c) Hn p theo gii ngang t c mc ch cn dng dy hn ng knh nh, mt dmg in nh. Khi mn ca chi tit ti 23mm th hn p bng dy hn c ng knh 2mm, ngun in mt chiu, vi dng in hn 200A, tc hn 2025m/h, in p h quang 3032V. Trng hp mn ti 34mm vn dng dy hn 2mm nhng ch hn khc, dng in hn340350A, tc hn 25m/h, in p h quang 3234V, c th dng dng xoay chiu hoc mt chiu. Vi mn ln hn 5mm ngi ta hn p bng dy ng knh 5mm, dng in hn 650700A, tc hn 2430m/h, in p h quang 3436V. Cao Xun Tm 39 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Mun nhn lp p rng v thp cn t nghing in cc hn so vi mt phng ngang mt gc 4050o. Trong trng hp ny chiu su mi hn gim khong 2 ln v chiu rng ca n ln gp i so vi hn bng in cc t vung gc. p cc mp ca vt hn phng v y n cn chn trc bng nhng tm ng hoc thuc hn mn trn vi nc thu tinh v hn vi mt thp v in p thp so vi bnh thng. 3.2.3 K thut hn p t ng mt trn di lp thuc nng chy Trong hn p t ng cc chi tit hnh tr iu kh khn nht l gi thuc hn vng h quang v thuc lng c bit l cc chi tit c ng knh nh hn 60mm v vic g x khi ng hn. Vic gi thuc hn trn mt chi tit c ngha ht sc quan trng, khi mun nhn mi hn p c cht lng cao. Nu cung cp thuc hn qu nhiu v nhanh s lm tt h quang v qu trnh hn p s b gin on. Bi vy s dng tt c cu gi thuc s to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh hn p thc hin d dng. Trn hnh v 23 l cu to ca c cu d thuc trong qu trnh hn p cc chi tit hnh tr khng c g khi thuc hn c d tt th d c x vng hn.

Hnh 24: C cu d thuc hn cho vic hn p hnh tr di 1: Phu; 2: Tu hn; 3:Dy hn; 4: ng dn thuc; 5: Lp thuc hn; 6: X; 7: Mi hn p

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Cng dng in hn v ng knh dy hn c chn tu theo ng knh chi tit hn p, i vi nhng chi tit hnh tr c th xc nh gn ng cng dng in theo th (hnh 25)

Hnh v 25: th xc nh dong in hn theo ng knh chi tit hn p Phn gch cho l gii hn ca cng dng in hn c th chn ng knh dy hn theo s liu sau, bng 1-6. Bng 1-6 Cng dng in hn (A) ng knh dy hn (mm)

90200

120300

160400

180450

220500

320750

1,2

1,6

2,0

2,5

3,0

4,0

Bc tin hn p ph thuc vo ng knh dy hn v cng dng in hn thng t 3,5 n 9 mm/vg, s lp p ph thuc vo mn ca chi tit v lng d gia cng c kh. Lng d gia cng c kh ph thuc vo cht lng lp hn p, thng bng 1,52mm v mt pha. Vic hn p nhng chi tit mn theo dng hnh cn hoc hnh lng mng ni chung khng kh khn lm, nu gc cn to vi trc ca chi tit khng qu 200. Cc ng hn thc hin t di ln, u hn c nng dn ln theo tng chu k 1-2 lp. Cao Xun Tm 41 Khoa hn

Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Hnh 26: Th t thc hin cc ng hn khi hn p hnh cn hoc lng mng Hn p nhng g nhng mng ng phc tp hn. Hin nay ngi ta p dng hai phng php, th nht l hn v tr nm ngang i vi trc quay. thc hin ta g vt hn ln g quay thch hp. Vic gi thuc hn kim loi lng v x lng thc hin bng c cu gi thuc.

Hnh 27: Hn p thnh ng v tr ngang i vi trc quay 1. C cu gi thuc; 2. Dy hn; 3. Thuc hn; 4. Thanh ng 5. B hn; 6. Kim loi lp p; 7. Dy amiang; 8. u hn Thng thng ngi ta cun sn bng aming, hn p bng dng in nh, in p thp v tc cao to ng hn thp. Phng php ny tng i n gin, ch dng hn p nhng chi tit c g thp vi chiu dy lp p b nh b bnh my cu, bnh t xe xch v nhng chi tit tng t.

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Hn p

Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Mc lc Trang Bi 1: Hn p chi tit my bng my hn h quang tay Bi 2: Hn p chi tit my bng thit b hn kh Bi 3: Hn p chi tit my bng h quang trong mi trng kh bo v Bi 4: Hn p chi tit my bng thit b t ng di lp thuc Ti liu tham kho 3 12 18 27 43

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Trng TC ngh s 17/BQP

Ti liu tham kho

- Nguyn Vn Thng- Cc phng php hn v hn p phc hi chi titNXBKHKT- 1984. - Hong Tng- S tay hn-NXBKHKT -2006.

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Khoa hn