1.

Thnh phn ha hc
Khc vi thp cacbon, thp hp kim l loi thp m ngi ta c a thm vo (khng phi do yu cu thng thng ca cng ngh luyn kim) cc nguyn t c li vi lng ln lm thay i t chc v ci thin tnh cht (c, l, ha). Cc nguyn t c li c a vo mt cch c bit vi lng ln nh vy c gi l nguyn t hp kim, chng bao gm cc nguyn t vi hm lng ln hn cc gii hn cho tng nguyn t (khng c gi tr chung cho mi nguyn t) nh sau: Mn 0,80 - 1,00%, Si 0,50 - 0,80%, Cr 0,50 - 0,80%, Ni 0,50 - 0,80%, W 0,10 - 0,50%, Mo 0,05 - 0,20%, Ti 0,10%, Cu 0,30, B 0,0005%. Nh hn gii hn di k trn c coi l tp cht. Tuy nhin cc gii hn trn cng ch l quy c v khng cng nhc mt cch qu cht ch. Thp hp kim l loi c cht lng t tt tr ln nn cha t v rt t cc tp cht c hi.

2. c c tnh ca thp hp kim

y ni k hn cc c tnh tri hn hn ca thp hp kim so vi thp cacbon (thp cacbon tng ng c mang ra i chng phi l loi c cng thnh phn cacbon vi thp hp kim cho).

C tnh
Do mt s yu t m ch yu l do tnh thm ti cao hn nn thp hp kim c bn cao hn hn so vi thp cacbon, iu ny th hin c bit r rng thp sau khi ti + ram. Khi ht sc tn dng u im ny cn ch n n cc h qu sau y: - trng thi khng ti + ram (v d trng thi ), bn ca thp hp kim khng cao hn thp cacbon bao nhiu. Cho nn dng thp hp kim th phi qua nhit luyn ti + ram. Nu dng thp hp kim trng thi cung cp (sau cn nng, gn nh thng ha) hay l s lng ph ln v bn. - u vit v bn cao ca thp hp kim cng r khi tit din ca thp cng ln v lng hp kim bo m ti thu. Khi tit din nh ( 20mm) u vit ny ca thp hp kim khng th hin c (v vi tit din nh nh vy thp cacbon cng c ti thu). - Do tnh thm ti tt, dng mi trng ti chm (du) nn khi ti t bin dng v nt hn so vi thp cacbon lun phi ti nc. Do vy cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp phi qua ti (do i hi v bn) u phi lm bng thp hp kim. - Khi tng mc hp kim ha lm tng c thm ti lm tng cng, bn song thng lm gim do, dai nn lng hp kim cn thit ch cn va bo m ti thu tit din cho l , khng nn dng tha (dng thp hp kim qu cao va t va kh gia cng li

d b ph hy gin hn). Do vy c nguyn tc l chn mc thp hp kim cao hay thp l ph thuc kch thc (tit din). - Tuy t bn cao hn nhng thng c do, dai thp hn. Do vy phi ch n mi quan h ngc ny c x l thch hp (bng ram). Mc d c u im v bn, ni chung thp hp kim c tnh cng ngh km hn thp cacbon (tr tnh thm ti).

Tnh chu nhit cao

Cc nguyn t hp kim cn tr s khuch tn ca cacbon do lm mactenxit kh phn ha v cacbit kh kt t nhit cao hn 200oC, do vy ti cc nhit ny thp hp kim bn hn. Mt s thp hp kim vi lp vy xyt to thnh nhit cao kh xt cht, c tnh bo v tt.

Tnh cht vt l, ha hc c bit

Bng cch a vo thp cc nguyn t khc nhau vi lng ln quy nh c th to ra cho thp cc tnh cht c bit: - Khng g, chng n mn trong axit, bad, mui. - T tnh c bit hoc khng c t tnh. - Gin n nhit c bit... Qua thy rng thp hp kim l vt liu cn thit, khng th thiu cho nhng ngnh k thut quan trng i hi cc tnh cht cao hoc khc vi thng thng.

3. Tc dng ca nguyn t hp kim n t chc ca thp

Mt cch n gin c th xem mt thp hp kim n gin (ch c mt nguyn t hp kim) l a thm nguyn t hp kim vo hp kim Fe - C. Vy hy xem nguyn t hp kim nh hng nh th no n hp kim Fe - C m ta nghin cu, c th l n cc t chc chnh: cc dung dch rn ferit, austenit, hp cht xmentit (pha cacbit), t chc peclit (hn hp ferit - cacbit)... Cc nguyn t khi a vo thp cng khng ngoi hai tc dng: ha tan vo st thnh dung dch rn v kt hp vi cacbon thnh cacbit. Cng kh phn loi rch ri song c th tm chia thnh hai dng nguyn t hp kim tin kho st: dng ch yu ha tan vo st v dng c i lc mnh vi cabon to nn cacbit. Hy xt tng kh nng. Ha tan vo st thnh dung dch rn l trng hp ca phn ln nguyn t m in hnh v thng gp l Mn, Si, Cr, Ni. Vi lng t nguyn t hp kim (khong vi %) chng khng lm thay i ng k cu hnh ca gin pha Fe - C, chng ha tan vo st tc ferit nhit thp v austenit nhit cao. Khi ha tan (tt nhin l dng thay th) vo ferit, cc nguyn t hp kim lm x lch mng do lm tng cng, bn v thng lm gim do, dai. nh hng ca bn nguyn t trn n hai ch tiu in hnh l cng v dai c trnh by trn hnh 5.2. Qua thy r c hai nhm khc nhau: Mn v Si, Cr v Ni. Hai nguyn t Mn v Si lm tng rt mnh cng ( bn) song cng lm gim mnh dai ( do), c bit khi thp cha 2%Si hoc

3,5%Mn ferit c dai rt thp ( 500kJ/m2) lm thp gin khng cho php s dng. Do vy mc du c li th l r hn, kh nng ha bn cao Mn v Si ch c dng vi hm lng hn ch 1 - 2%. Nh th khng th dng thp Mn, Si vi thm ti cao v b hn ch bi lng a vo. Cn Ni v Cr (cho ti hm lng 4%) trong khi lm tng cng chng nhng khng lm gim cn lm tng cht t dai. Do vy hp kim ha thp bng Cr, Ni hay ng thi bng c hai l rt tt v ngoi lm tng thm ti, bn thn chng nng cao cng, bn m vn duy tr tt do, dai ca ferit. V th thp c thm ti cao thuc nhm c hp kim ha bng Cr - Ni. Mc du gi thnh c cao hn (do Cr v c bit Ni ngy cng t, him) loi thp ny vn c a chung trong ch to cc chi tit i hi tin cy cao. Vi lng nhiu (>10%) Cr, Ni, Mn chng lm thay i hn cu hnh ca gin pha Fe - C, c bit r l lm thay i cc khu vc ca ferit v austenit. Trn hnh 5.3 trnh by nh hng ca hm lng Mn v Cr n khu vc (austenit) ca gin pha Fe - C. Thy rt r Mn (v c Ni na) m rng (nhit tn ti ca) khu vc (tng ng thu hp khu vc ). Vi hm lng ln trong khong 10 - 20% t chc austenit tn ti c nhit thng (khng biu th hnh 5.3a), tc l khi nung nng hay lm ngui khng c chuyn bin pha nh thng gp, thp c gi l thp austenit. Cn Cr ngc li thu hp khu vc (tng ng m rng khu vc nh hnh 5.3b). Vi hm lng Cr ln (khong gn 20%) khu vc khng cn tn ti, t chc ferit tn ti c nhit cao cho ti khi chy lng. Thp ny cng khng c chuyn bin pha v c gi l thp ferit. Nhng trng hp nh vy ch gp thp c bit. R rng l cc thp ny khng th p dng ha bn bng ti.

Hnh 5.2. nh hng ca ha tan ca cc nguyn t hp kim ch yu trong dung dch rn ferit n cng (a) v dai va p (b) To thnh cacbit Tr cc nguyn t Si, Ni, Al, Cu, Co khng to thnh c cacbit trong thp (ch c th ha tan vo st), cc nguyn t hp kim cn li gm Mn, Cr, Mo, W, Ti, Zr, Nb ngoi kh nng ha tan vo st cn c th kt hp vi cacbon thnh cacbit. Ngi ta nhn thy rng s in t ca phn lp nd (3d, 4d, 5d) trong nguyn t ca nguyn t no cng b thiu th nguyn t cng c i lc mnh vi cacbon v tt nhin l trong thp (ch yu l st) ch nguyn t no c s in t ca phn lp nd t hn ca Fe (l 6) th mi c kh nng to thnh c cacbit. Ph hp vi s thiu ht ca in t, cc nguyn t to thnh cacbit trong thp theo th t t yu n mnh nh sau: Fe (6), Mn (5), Cr (5), Mo (5), W (4), V (3), Ti (2), Zr (2), Nb (2) [s trong ngoc l s in t trong phn lp nd], trong : - Mn v Cr l cc nguyn t to thnh cacbit trung bnh. - Mo v W l cc nguyn t to thnh kh mnh. - V l nguyn t to thnh cacbit mnh, v - Ti, Zr, Nb l cc nguyn t to thnh cacbit rt mnh.

Hnh 5.3. nh hng ca Mn (a) v Cr (b) n cc vng a v g trn gin Fe-C.

Khi a vo thp cc nguyn t ny, cacbon s u tin kt hp vi cc nguyn t mnh trc. Ty theo nguyn t hp kim (Me) a vo v hm lng ca n, trong thp hp kim c cc pha cacbit sau. - Xmentit hp kim (Fe, Me)3C. Khi thp cha mt lng t (1 - 2%) cc nguyn t to cacbit trung bnh v kh mnh l Mn, Cr, Mo, W chng ha tan thay th v tr cc nguyn t Fe trong xmentit to nn xmentit hp kim (Fe, Me)3C. Xmentit hp kim c tnh n nh cao (kh phn hy, kt t khi nung) hn xmentit cht t. Nhit ti c tng i cht. - Cacbit vi kiu mng phc tp. Khi hp kim ha n gin (ch bng mt nguyn t hp kim) song vi lng ln (> 10%) Cr hoc Mn (c dC / dMe > 0,59) chng to nn vi C loi cacbit vi kiu mng phc tp nh: Cr7C3, C23C6, Mn3C. Cc c tnh ca cacbit ny l: + C cng cao (hn xmentit mt cht). + C nhit chy khng cao lm, trong khong 1550 - 1850oC (cao hn xmentit), nn c tnh n nh cao hn. Nhit ti ca thp phi cao hn 1000oC. - Cacbit kiu Me6C. Trong cc thp cha Cr vi W hoc Mo s to nn cacbit loi Me6C vi kiu mng phc tp, trong Me l cc nguyn t Cr, W, Mo v c Fe. Loi cacbit ny cn kh ha tan vo austenit hn v n nh hn loi trn. Nhit ti ca thp trong khong 1200 1300oC. - Cacbit vi kiu mng n gin MeC (Me2C). Cc nguyn t to thnh cacbit mnh v rt mnh l V, Ti, Zr, Nb khi a vo thp vi lng t (0,1%) cng c kh nng lin kt ht vi cacbon thnh cacbit nh VC, TiC, ZrC, NbC, chng chnh l pha xen k vi kiu mng n gin (v dC/dMe < 0,59). Cc c tnh ca loi cacbit ny l: + C cng cao nhng t gin hn xmentit. + C nhit chy rt cao (trn di 3000oC) nn rt kh phn hy v ha tan vo austenit khi nung. Cc nguyn t ny khng c tc dng tng thm ti, cacbit ca chng thng ng vai tr gi cho ht nh v nng cao tnh chng mi mn. Nh vy cc cacbit hp kim cng hn, n nh hn, kh ha tan vo austenite hn so vi xmentit lm thp hp kim cng, bn nng hn v c nhit ti cao hn thp cacbon. Do cc nhm thp s dng cc loi nguyn t hp kim v lng cha khc nhau nn ni chung mi nhm thp thng ch gp 1 - 2 loi cacbit k trn, c th l: + Xmentit hp kim trong thp kt cu. + Cacbit vi kiu mng phc tp trong thp khng g v bn nng (thuc nhm thp c bit). + Cacbit kiu Me6C trong thp gi (thuc thp dng c). + Cacbit vi kiu mng n gin MeC c to thnh vi lng t trong cc nhm thp khc nhau. Vai tr ca cacbit hp kim - Ging nh xmentit, cacbit hp kim cng c tc dng lm tng cng, tnh chng mi mn ca thp song c phn mnh hn. Nh sau ny s thy thp lm dng c tt nht phi l loi thp c cacbon cao v hp kim cao. - Do kh ha tan vo austenit khi nung nng nn mt mt nng cao nhit ti mt khc li gi

c ht nh khi nung, iu ny gip nng cao dai v c tnh ni chung. - Khi ram, cacbit hp kim tit ra khi mactenxit v kt t li nhit cao hn so vi xmentit trong thp cacbon, do gi c cng cao ca trng thi ti nhit cao hn 200oC, i khi ti 500 - 600oC, tc c tnh cng hay bn nng.

4. nh hng ca nguyn t hp kim n qu trnh nhit luyn

Cc nguyn t hp kim c nh hng ln n qu trnh nhit luyn, c bit l ti + ram, do vy s nh hng ln n c tnh, y l c tnh ni bt ca thp hp kim. Hy xt ti tng mt v tng qu trnh ca nhit luyn. Chuyn bin khi nung nng ti Tr mt s thp c bit, cc thp hp kim thng thng cn li vn c t chc peclit, nn khi nung nng ti vn c cc chuyn pha: peclit austenit, cacbit ha tan vo austenit, ht austenit pht trin (nh thp cacbon vi pha cacbit l xmentit) song c cc im c trng sau: - S ha tan cacbit hp kim kh hn, i hi nhit ti cao hn v thi gian gi nhit di hn so vi xmentit trong thp cacbon. Hy so snh cc thp cng c 1,00%C nhng vi lng hp kim cao thp khc nhau: + Thp cacbon 1,00%C (mc CD100), Fe3C, nhit ti khong 780oC. + Tthp hp kim thp 1,00%C + 1,50%Cr (thp ln), (Fe,Cr)3C, nhit ti khong 830oC. + Thp hp kim cao 1,00%C + 12,0%Cr (thp khun dp), Cr23C6, nhit ti > 1000oC. - Cacbit hp kim do kh ha tan vo austenit, nm bin gii ht, nh hang ro gi cho ht nh. Tc dng ny rt mnh vi Ti, Zr, Nb, mnh vi V, tng i mnh vi W, Mo. Ring thp c Mn li c khuynh hng lm to ht austenit. Cc nguyn t hp kim cn li Cr, Ni, Si, Al c coi l trung tnh. Chnh v vy thp hp kim thng gi c ht nh hn thp cacbon khi c hai cng b nung nng cng nhit (v d khi thm cacbon). S phn ha ng nhit ca austenit qu ngui v thm ti y l tc dng quan trng nht v in hnh nht, cn nm vng v tn dng trit . S phn ha ng nhit ca austenit qu ngui. Khi ha tan vo austenit, tt c cc nguyn t hp kim (tr Co) vi cc mc khc nhau u lm chm tc phn ha ng nhit ca austenit qu ngui tc l lm ng cong ch "C" dch sang phi do lm gim tc ti ti hn Vt.h (hnh 5.4a). Trong ng : cc nguyn t c tc dng rt mnh l Mo (khi ring r) v Cr - Ni (khi kt hp), mnh l Cr, Mn, B. Vi cng tng lng hp kim, khi hp kim ha phc tp lm gim Vth mnh hn khi hp kim ha n gin. Cn ch l khi nguyn t hp kim khng ha tan vo austenit m dng cacbit khng nhng khng lm tng m cn lm gim tnh n nh ca austenit qu ngui, dn ti tng Vth. thm ti. Do lm gim Vt.h, cc nguyn t hp kim (tr Co) khi ha tan vo austenit u lm tng thm ti (hnh 5.4b). Nh thy r t hnh v, do ng cong ch "C" trong thp hp kim dch sang phi nn c Vt.h2 < Vt.h1 ca thp cacbon, tng ng 2 l thm ti ca thp hp kim, 1 - thm ti ca thp cacbon, ta lun c 2 > 1. Nh hiu qu ny trong thp hp kim c th xy ra cc trng hp sau m ta khng th gp trong thp cacbon:

- Vth b n mc nh hn c Vngui ca li, do sau khi ti li cng c t chc mactenxit, y l trng hp ti thu.

Hnh 5.4. So snh gin T - T - T, Vth (a) v thm ti (b) gia thp cacbon v thp hp kim. - Vngui trong khng kh cng c th ln hn Vt.h, do thng ha cng t c t chc mactenxit, l hin tng t ti (trong khi thng ha thp cacbon ch t c xoocbit l cng). Do thm ti tng ln s c hai hiu qu chnh sau y: 1) Hiu qu ha bn ca ti + ram tng ln r rt, c bit khi ti thu s t ti c tnh cao v ng nht trn ton tit din, nng cao mnh sc chu ti ca chi tit. V th: - pht huy ht kh nng chu ti ca chi tit bng thp hp kim, phi s dng n trng thi ti + ram, c nh vy mi t hiu qu kinh t (v thp hp kim t hn). - Vi tit din cng ln cng phi dng thp hp kim v dng n cng hiu qu. Do vy phi cn c vo tit din v c tnh yu cu m chn mc thp: tit din cng ln, bn i hi cng cao, lng hp kim trong thp cng phi cao c th ti thu. 2) Khi ti c th dng cc mi trng ngui chm m vn t c mactenxit nh ti trong du, trong mui nng chy (phn cp hay ng nhit), iu ny dn n cc u vit sau:

- Chi tit, dng c vi hnh dng phc tp khi ti khng s gy, nt. Trong khi nu lm bng thp cacbon phi ti trong nc d sinh v. - t bin dng, trong nhiu trng hp c cong vnh di mc cho php, c bit khi ti phn cp hay ng nhit. Chuyn bin mactenxit Khi ha tan vo austenit, cc nguyn t hp kim (tr Co, Al, Si) u h thp nhit chuyn bin austenit thnh mactenxit, do lm tng lng austenit d sau khi ti. C 1% nguyn t hp kim lm gim Ms nh sau: Mn - 45oC, Cr - 35oC, Ni - 26oC, Mo - 25oC, cn Co lm tng 12oC, Al lm tng 18oC, Si khng nh hng g. Do austenit d tng mnh cc thp c cacbon cao - hp kim cao, cng sau khi ti c th b st 1 - 10 n v HRC so vi mc cao nht c th t c. Tuy y l nhc im song hon ton c th khc phc c bng gia cng lnh hay ram nhiu ln nhit thch hp austenit d mactenxit, cng li t c mc cao nht.

5. Chuyn bin khi ram

Ni chung cc nguyn t hp kim ha tan trong mactenxit u cn tr s phn ha ca pha ny khi ram hay ni c th hn l lm tng cc nhit chuyn bin khi ram. S d nh vy l v cc nguyn t hp kim cn tr s khuch tn ca cacbon. c bit W, Mo, Cr c i lc kh mnh vi cacbon c xu hng gi cacbon li trong mactenxit, do duy tr cng cao nhit cao hn. V d, s tit ra cacbit hp kim ra khi mactenxit cc nhit sau: - Xmentit Fe3C 200oC. - Xmentit hp kim (Fe,Me)3C 250 - 300oC. - Cacbit crm Cr7C3, Cr23C6 400 - 450oC. - Cacbit Fe3W3C loi Me6C 550 - 600oC. (VC, TiC, ZrC, NbC khng ha tan khi nung nng nn khng tit ra). Nh vy dn n cc hiu ng sau. - Nng cao tnh chu nhit cao, tnh bn nng, tnh cng nng. - Do khuch tn kh khn cacbit to thnh rt phn tn v nh mn, lm tng cng v tnh chng mi mn, c gi l ha cng phn tn. S tng cng khi ram thp hp kim nhit thch hp lm cho austenit d mactenxit v cacbit tit ra dng phn tn, nh mn c gi l cng th hai. - Cng ram hay cng lm vic mt nhit , thp hp kim bao gi cng c cng, bn cao hn. iu ny cng c ngha cng t cng bn nh nhau, phi ram thp hp kim nhit cao hn nn kh b c ng sut bn trong nhiu hn v th thp c th bo m dai tt. Tm tt cc tc dng tt ca nguyn t hp kim l: + Khi ha tan vo dung dch rn:

 Ferit lm tng x lch mng gy ha bn (cacbon cng c tc dng ny song ch trng thi ti, sau khi ram b gim rt mnh), Austenit lm tng tnh n nh ca austenit qu ngui, gim Vt.h, tng thm ti, thp ti t bin dng v gy v hn nh dng du v cc mi trng ngui chm hn. + Khi to thnh cacbit hp kim: Bn thn pha ny cng v chng mi mn hn xmentit, kh ha tan khi nung gi cho ht nh. Kh tit ra khi mactenxit hn nn gy nn bn nng v cng nng. Khi ram c tit ra di dng phn t nh mn, phn tn gy ha bn.

6. Cc khuyt tt ca thp hp kim

Tuy c nhiu u vit, thp hp kim i khi cng th hin mt s khuyt tt cn bit phng trnh. Thin tch Thp hp kim, c bit l loi c hp kim ha cao vi nhiu thnh phn ha hc phc tp, sau khi kt tinh s c t chc khng ng nht, khi cn s to nn t chc th lm c tnh chnh lch mnh gia cc phng dc v ngang (c khi chnh lch ti 50 - 70% hay hn na). Khc phc bng khuch tn ri em cn nng, song nhiu khi cc bn thnh phm c tit din ln vn cn thy dng khuyt tt ny. R rng tit din ca sn phm cn cng nh dng khuyt tt ny cng t th hin. Tuy cc nh my luyn kim phi chu trch nhim v loi khuyt tt ny song nu b lt li, cc nh my c kh phi tin hnh bin dng nng li vi mc ln. m trng l dng khuyt tt: trn mt ca mt s thp hp kim c cc vt nt nh dng m trng. Nguyn nhn l hyr ha tan vo thp lng ri nm li trong thp rn. trng thi rn do gim t ngt ha tan di 200oC, hyr thot ra mnh, gy ra nt. m trng l ph phm khng cha c, n ch th hin trong thp c thm ti cao nh Cr - Ni, Cr - Ni - Mo, Cr Ni - W khi cn nng (khi c khng xut hin m trng do cc r co phn tn l ti cha hyr). nh my luyn kim ngi ta ngn nga khuyt tt ny bng cch gim hi nc trong kh quyn, sy kh m luyn (c m liu - st thp vn ln tr dung - vi) v lm ngui tht chm sau khi cn hyr kp thot ra. Hai dng khuyt tt trn phi c kh b ngay nh my luyn kim, rt t gp nh my c kh, ni ch gia cng tip tc cc bn thnh phm cn thnh sn phm c kh vi hnh dng, kch thc, c tnh theo quy nh. Gin ram i vi thp cacbon, khi tng nhit ram dai tng ln lin tc cho n 650oC (vt qu s to ra peclit - hn hp ferit - xmentit th, dai gim i), cn i vi thp hp kim thy c hai cc tiu v dai hai khong nhit ram (hnh 5.5) m ta gi l gin ram, ng vi hai cc tiu l hai loi gin ram. Nguyn nhn ca chng cha xc nh c r rng. Gin ram loi I (khng thun nghch, khng cha c). Loi gin ram ny th hin rt r trong thp hp kim khi ram khong 280 - 350oC (mi mc c mt khong hp hn trong phm vi ny), khi thy dai rt thp, i vi mt s loi thp n cn thp hn c trng thi mi

ti. Cc thp cacbon cng b gin ram loi ny v xy ra nhit thp hn. Nguyn nhn c th l do trong khong nhit ny cacbit c tit ra khi mactenxit c dng tm hay dM, lm thp tr nn gin. y l loi gin khng th trnh c, tt hn c l trnh ram khong nhit gy ra gin ram ny cho mi mc (khong hp hn, ch 10 - 20oC so vi 70oC k trn).

Hnh 5.5. nh hng ca nhit n dai va p ca thp hp kim (c i chng vi thp cacbon). Gin ram loi II (thun nghch hay c th cha c). Loi ny ch xy ra trong thp c hp kim ha bng Cr, Mn, Cr - Ni, Cr - Mn khi ram khong 500 - 600oC vi cch lm ngui thng thng sau (trong khng kh). Cng ram ti nhit song li lm ngui nhanh sau (trong du hay nc ch hn) th cng khng c cc tiu th hai ny (ng chm chm trn hnh v). Nguyn nhn c th l ngui chm sau khi ram cao thc y tit ra cc pha gin bin gii ht. Gin ram loi II l thun nghch tc l c th b li nu em ram ln na cng vi ch nhit nh trn (500 - 600oC, ngui chm). y l loi gin ram c th trnh c. Bin php phng trnh nh sau: - Vi cc chi tit nh v trung bnh: lm ngui nhanh trong du, trong nc sau khi ram cao. - Vi cc chi tit ln lm ngui nh vy vn khng nhanh lm mt gin ram, lc ny phi dng thp c hp kim ha thm bng 0,20 - 0,50%Mo hay 0,50 - 1,00%W.

7. Phn loi thp hp kim

i vi thp hp kim c nhiu cch phn loi hn v mi loi cng cho bit mt c trng cn bit s dng tt hn. Theo t chc cn bng Theo t chc cn bng ( trng thi ), vi lng cacbon tng dn c th ln lt c cc thp vi t chc sau: - Thp trc cng tch: peclit + ferit t do.

- Thp cng tch: peclit. - Thp sau cng tch: peclit + cacbit t do. - Thp lburit (cacbit): c lburit. Ring trng hp thp c hp kim ha cao ch yu bng mt trong hai nguyn t Cr, Mn hay Cr - Ni, s c: - Thp ferit: loi c Cr rt cao (> 17%) v thng rt t cacbon. - Thp austenit: loi c Mn cao (> 13%) v thng c cacbon cao, v loi c Cr (> 18%) + Ni (>8%). Theo t chc thng ha Theo t chc thng ha cc mu nh 25, theo lng nguyn t hp kim tng ln s c cc thp sau y (hnh 5.6): - Thp h peclit: loi hp kim thp, ng cong ch "C" st trc tung, ngui trong khng kh c hn hp ferit-xmentit tc peclit, xoocbit, trxtit; phn ln thp thuc loi ny.

Hnh 5.6. T chc sau khi thng ha ca cc thp vi lng hp kim tng dn: a. peclit, b. mactenxit, c. austenit. - Thp h mactenxit: loi hp kim ha trung bnh (> 4 - 6%) v cao, ng cong ch "C" dch sang phi kh mnh, ngui trong khng kh cng c mactenxit. - Thp h austenit: loi c cha Cr cao v Ni cao (> 8%) hoc Mn (> 13%) cao, chng m rng khu vc v h thp im Ms (< 0oC) nn lm ngui trong khng kh (ch n nhit thng, cao hn Ms) cng khng c chuyn bin g, gi nguyn t chc austenit. Cch phn loi ny cho bit t chc ca thp trng thi cung cp (sau cn nng lm ngui trong khng kh). Theo nguyn t hp kim Da vo tn nguyn t hp kim chnh a vo gi, nh: - Thp ch c mt nguyn t hp kim chnh nh Cr, Mn c ln lt gi l thp crm, thp mangan, chng l cc thp hp kim (ha) n gin. - Thp c hai hay nhiu nguyn t hp kim nh Cr - Ni, Cr - Ni - Mo c ln lt gi l thp crm - niken, thp crm - niken - mlipen, chng l cc thp hp kim (ha) phc tp. Theo tng lng nguyn t hp kim

Theo tng (hm) lng ca cc nguyn t hp kim c trong thp t thp n cao, ngi ta chia ra: - Thp hp kim thp: loi c tng lng < 2,5% (thng l thp peclit). - Thp hp kim trung bnh: loi c tng lng t 2,5 n 10% (thng l thp h t peclit n mactenxit). - Thp hp kim cao: loi c tng lng >10% (thng l h mactenxit hay austenit) y dng theo cch phn loi trn quen thuc nc ta, theo OCT. Tuy nhin cc nc trn th gii quan nim hp kim ha cao thp khng ging nhau. Trung Quc cng c ba loi nh trn song ranh gii gia thp v trung bnh l 5% ch khng phi l 2,5%. Cc nc Ty u ch phn bit hai loi thp v cao, trong hp kim thp l loi khng cha nguyn t hp kim no nhiu hn 5%, cn hp kim cao l loi c t nht mt nguyn t nhiu hn 5%. Theo cng dng Theo cng dng ngi ta chia thp hp kim ra lm ba nhm: - Thp hp kim kt cu. - Thp hp kim dng c v - Thp hp kim c bit. Trong hai nhm u cng c trong loi thp cacbon, cn nhm th ba th khng c. y l nhm vi tnh cht vt l - ha hc c bit, thng cha tng lng hp kim cao v rt cao (>20%). Cc cch phn loi trn thng c quan h vi nhau v cho bit mt s c trng ca thp. Thp austenit, ferit bao gi cng l loi thp c bit, hp kim cao hoc rt cao, t v kh gia cng ct. Thp mactenxit l loi thp rt d ti song rt kh gia cng ct phi trng thi cung cp. Thp lburit bao gi cng thuc nhm hp kim cao - cacbon cao, rt cng lm dng c. Thp Cr - Ni bao gi cng l thp kt cu qu v c thm ti cao v dai tt...

8. Tiu chun thp hp kim

Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 1759 - 75 quy nh nguyn tc k hiu thp hp kim theo trt t nh sau: - S ch hm lng cacbon trung bnh theo phn vn, nu 1% c th khng cn biu th. - Cc nguyn t hp kim theo k hiu ha hc v ngay sau l hm lng theo phn trm trung bnh (thng c quy trn thnh s nguyn), khi lng cha ca nguyn t khong 1% th khng cn biu th (bng s). V d: - Thp c 0,36 - 0,44%C, 0,80 - 1,00%Cr s c k hiu l 40Cr. - Thp c 0,09 - 0,16%C, 0,60 - 0,90%Cr, 2,75 - 3,75%Ni s c k hiu l 12CrNi3.

- Thp c 1,25 - 1,50 %C, 0,40 - 0,70 %Cr, 4,5 - 5,5 %W s c k hiu l 140CrW5 hay n gin ch l CrW5. - Thp c 0,85 - 0,95%C, 1,20 - 1,60 %Si. 0,95 - 1,25 %Cr s c k hiu l 90CrSi. Nh vy trn nguyn tc rt d hiu ny c th k hiu mi thp theo thnh phn ca chng m khng c nhng trng lp quan trng. Nguyn tc ny c s dng k hiu cc thp khi cn thit phi rt gn cch biu th thnh phn ha hc. TCVN cha ph ht cc thp hp kim thng dng. Tiu chun Nga OCT k hiu thp hp kim theo trt t sau y: - S ch hm lng cacbon trung bnh theo phn vn (nu l thp kt cu) v phn nghn (nu l thp dng c, loi c cacbon cao), khi 1,00% khng biu th. - Cc nguyn t hp kim theo ch ci Nga (thng l ch u theo tn gi, nu trng phi ly ch khc) nh sau: Theo ch ci u tin c: X cho crm, H cho niken, B cho vonfram, M cho mlipen, T cho titan, K cho cban; Theo ch ci tip sau c: cho mangan, C cho silic, cho vanai, cho ng, cho nhm, P cho bo, - Thnh phn ca tng nguyn t c biu th theo phn trm t ngay sau mi ch ci tng ng, khi lng cha < 1,5% khng biu th. - Cc thp chuyn dng nh thp gi, ln, k thut in... c quy c ring. Theo bn k hiu thp trn ca TCVN s tng ng vi OCT nh sau: 40Cr l 40X, 12CrNi3 l 12XH3, 140CrW5 hay CrW5 l XB5, nhng 90CrSi l 9XC. Qua thy c nhng sai khc nh, song cch k hiu thp ca TCVN v c bn l ca OCT, rt d vit chuyn i cho nhau. Tiu chun Hoa K i vi thp hp kim kt cu, Hoa K thng s dng AISI v SAE, chng c cch biu th ging nhau bng bn s xxxx nn c vit l AISI/SAE xxxx, trong hai s cui biu th lng cacbon theo phn vn trung bnh. Sau y l mt s quy c: thp cacbon 10xx, thp cacbon c mangan nng cao 15xx, thp d ct (2 loi) 11xx, 12xx, thp mangan 13xx, thp niken (2 loi) 23xx, 25xx, thp niken-crm (4 loi) 31xx, 32xx, 33xx, 34xx, thp mlipen (2 loi) 40xx, 44xx, thp crm-mlipen 41xx, thp niken-crm-mlipen (11 loi)43xx, 43BVxx, 47xx, 81xx, 86xx, 87xx, 88xx, 93xx, 94xx, 97xx, 98xx, thp niken-mlipen (2 loi) 46xx, 48xx, thp crm (2 loi) 50xx, 51xx,

thp crm vi 0,50 1,50%C 501xx, 511xx, 521xx, thp crm-vanai 61xx, thp vonfram-crm 72xx, thp silic-mangan 92xx, thp bo xxBxx, i vi thp dng c, Hoa K thng s dng AISI vi k hiu gm mt ch ci ch nhm thp v s th t. Sau y cc ch ci (thng ly theo ch ci u tin ch nhm thp) : W cho thp ti nc (water), O cho thp ti du (oil), S cho thp dng c chu va p (shock), T cho thp gi vonfram (tungsten), M cho thp gi mlipen - vonfram, H cho thp lm dng c bin dng nng (hot), D cho thp lm dng c bin dng ngui (cold), A cho thp lm dng c bin dng ngui, t ti, trong khng kh (air), i vi thp khng g v bn nng, Hoa K dng AISI vi k hiu l nhm ba s xxx, trong : 2xx v 3xx l thp austenit, 4xx l thp ferit, 4xx v 5xx l thp mactenxit. Tiu chun Nht Bn JIS cng k hiu thp hp kim bt u bng ch S song tip theo c nhng ch ci biu th loi thp hp kim v cui cng l ba s xxx (trong hai s cui ch phn vn cacbon trung bnh) hay mt hoc hai s theo th t: SCrxxx - thp kt cu crm, SNCxxx - thp kt cu niken - crm, SMnxxx - thp mangan, SCMxxx - thp kt cu crm - mlipen, SACMxxx - thp nhm - crm - mlipen, SNCMxxx - thp kt cu niken - crm - mlipen, SUJx - thp ln, SUMx - thp d ct, SUPx - thp n hi, SUSxxx - thp khng g (xxx ly theo AISI), SUHx - thp bn nng, SKx - thp dng c cacbon, SKHx - thp gi, SKSx, SKDx, SKTx - thp dng c hp kim.

1. Thnh phn ha hc
Nh ni thp l hp kim st - cacbon vi lng cacbon nh hn 2,14% vi c tnh l c tnh do nn c th cn nng c (do khi nung nng ln nhit cao c t chc hon ton austenit dung dch rn vi mng A1, rt do). Song trong thc t thp khng ch l hp kim st vi cacbon m cn vi nhiu nguyn t khc. Do yu cu thng thng ca cng ngh luyn kim, nhiu nguyn t i vo thnh phn ca thp m khng cn phi kh b i do c li hoc khng cn phi kh b trit mc du c hi do qu tn km khng cn thit. Thp cacbon l thp thng thng (thp thng), ngoi cacbon ra cn cha mt s nguyn t vi hm lng gii hn m trong thp no cng c, chng c gi l tp cht thng c hay cht ln v khng phi do c a vo. Trong s cc tp cht c mt s c li v mt s c hi. Hy xem xt cc nguyn t . Tp cht c li: mangan v silic Bt k thp no d n gin n u cng c mangan v silic vi lng khng vt qu 1%, chng i vo thnh phn ca thp l do: - Qung st c ln cc hp cht (khong vt) khc nh xyt mangan, xyt silic, trong qu trnh luyn gang chng b hon nguyn (MnO Mn, SiO2 Si) i vo gang ri vo thp. - Khi luyn thp phi dng fer mangan v fer silic kh xy, phn khng tc dng ht vi xy s i vo thnh phn ca thp {fer l loi hp kim trung gian, d luyn v c nhit chy tng i thp, l nguyn liu pha ch, s dng trong qu trnh luyn kim; n cha st, cacbon (> 1%) v lng ln nguyn t hp kim tng ng. V d fer mangan 80 l loi c khong 80%Mn}. Trong cc iu kin thng thng ca qu trnh luyn, cc thp u c cha 0,80%Mn, 0,40%Si. Chng l cc nguyn t c ch, c tc dng tt n c tnh: nng cao cng, bn (cng lm gim do, dai), song vi lng t nh vy khng c nh hng ng k n c tnh ca thp cacbon. Tp cht c hi: phtpho v lu hunh Hai nguyn t ny i vo thnh phn ca gang v thp qua con ng qung st v nhin liu (than coke khi luyn gang). Chng lm thp gin do phi c kh b n gii hn cho php, song thng thng cao nht cng khng c vt qu 0,05% cho mi nguyn t. Vy thp no ngoi st ra cng u c cha: C 2,14%, Mn 0,80%, Si 0,40%, P 0,050%, S 0,050%. cng l thnh phn ha hc c bn ca thp cacbon hay thp thng. Cc tp cht khc Ngoi phtpho v lu hunh, trong thp cng lun cha cc nguyn t hyr, xy, nitdo chng ha tan vo thp lng t kh quyn ca l luyn. Chng c bit c hi v lm thp khng ng nht v t chc (gy tp trung ng sut) v gin (ring nit c tnh hai mt s trnh by sau) song vi lng cha qu nh (v d: 0,006 - 0,008% i vi xy) nn rt kh phn tch, do vy thng

"du mt" trong bng thnh phn nn c gi l tp cht n nu. c trng ca cng nghip luyn kim hin i l s dng li (ti ch) ngy cng nhiu vi t l cao thp, gang v hp kim ph liu m trong c mt phn l loi cha cc nguyn t c li (nguyn t hp kim). Do vy ngay trong thp cacbon luyn ra cng c th cha hm lng thp cc nguyn t sau: - Crm, niken, ng 0,30% cho mi nguyn t song tng lng ca chng khng c vt qu 0,50%. - Vonfram, mlipen, titan 0,05% cho mi nguyn t. ng ch xu th ny ngy mt mnh nn hm lng cho php ca cc nguyn t trn trong thp thng cng tng ln. Song d nh vy ngi ta vn ch coi chng l tp cht (cht ln vo) v: - Khng c a vo. - Vi lng t nh vy, chng khng c nh hng ng k n t chc v c tnh ca hp kim Fe - C, v c bn thp to thnh c t chc ph hp vi gin pha Fe - C.

2. nh hng ca cacbon n t chc, tnh cht v cng dng ca thp thng

Tuy l nguyn t ha hc rt bnh thng song c th ni cacbon l nguyn t quan trng nht, quyt nh ch yu n t chc, tnh cht (c tnh), cng dng ca thp (c thp cacbon ln thp hp kim thp). T chc t vi Nh thy r t gin pha Fe-C, khi hm lng cacbon tng ln t l xmentit l pha gin trong t chc cng tng ln tng ng (c thm 0,10%C s tng thm 1,50% xmentit) do lm thay i t chc t vi trng thi cn bng (). - C 0,05% - thp c t chc thun ferit (hnh 3.19a), coi nh st nguyn cht. - C = 0,10 - 0,70% - thp c t chc ferit + peclit, khi %C tng ln lng peclit tng ln (cc hnh 3.22a,b,c), l cc thp trc cng tch. - C = 0,80% - thp c t chc peclit (hnh 3.20a,b), l thp cng tch. - C 0,90% - thp c t chc peclit + xmentit II (hnh 3.23), khi %C tng ln lng xmentit II tng ln tng ng, l cc thp sau cng tch. Chnh do s thay i t chc nh vy c tnh ca thp cng bin i theo.

Hnh 5.1. nh hng ca cacbon n c tnh ca thp thng ( trng thi ). C tnh nh hng ca cacbon n c tnh ca thp thng trng thi c trnh by trn hnh 5.1. Cacbon c nh hng bc nht (theo quan h ng thng) n cng HB. V mt nh lng thy rng c tng 0,10%C cng HB s tng thm khong 25 n v. Thot tin cacbon lm gim rt mnh do (, ) v dai va p (aK) lm cho cc ch tiu ny gim i nhanh chng, song cng v sau mc gim ny cng nh i. V d: c tng 0,10%C trong phm vi cacbon thp ( 0,25%) gim 6%, aK gim 300kJ/m2, cn trong phm vi cacbon trung bnh (0,30 - 0,50%) tng ng l 3% v 200kJ/m2...Nh vy hm lng cacbon cng cao thp cng cng, cng km do dai v cng gin. C th d dng gii thch iu ny l do lng pha xmentit cng v gin tng ln. nh hng ca cacbon n gii hn bn b khng n gin nh i vi cng. Thy rng c tng 0,10%C trong khong 0,10 - 0,50%C b tng khong 70 - 90MPa, trong khong 0,60 0,80%C b tng rt chm v t n gi tr cc i trong khong 0,80 - 1,00%C, khi vt qu gi tr ny b li gim i. C th gii thch nh sau: thot tin tng s phn t xmentit trong nn ferit s lm tng s cht cn trt cho pha ny do vy b tng ln cho n khi c t chc hon ton l peclit, khi vt qu 0,80 - 1,00%C ngoi peclit (tm) ra bt u xut hin li xmentit II (hnh 3.23) gin li dng lin tc (li) lm cho thp khng nhng gin m cn lm gim gii hn bn. Vai tr ca cacbon. Cng dng ca thp theo thnh phn cacbon Chnh do cacbon c nh hng ln n c tnh nh vy nn n quyt nh phn ln cng dng ca thp. Mun dng thp vo vic g iu cn xem xt trc tin l hm lng cacbon sau mi ti cc nguyn t hp kim. iu kh k diu l ch cn thay i cht t hm lng cacbon (chnh lch nhau khng qu 0,50%) c th to ra cc nhm thp c c tnh i lp nhau m khng nguyn t no c c. Theo hm lng cacbon c th chia thp thnh ba - bn nhm vi c tnh v cng dng rt khc nhau nh sau. - Thp c cacbon thp ( 0,25%) c do, dai cao nhng bn, cng li thp, hiu qu

nhit luyn ti + ram khng cao, c dng lm kt cu xy dng, tm l dp ngui. Mun nng cao hiu qu ca nhit luyn ti + ram nng cao bn cng phi qua thm cacbon. - Thp c cacbon trung bnh (0,30 - 0,50%) c bn, cng, do, dai u kh cao mc du khng phi l cao nht, c hiu qu ti + ram tt, tm li c c tnh tng hp cao nn c dng ch yu lm cc chi tit my chu ti trng tnh v va p cao. - Thp c cacbon tng i cao (0,55 - 0,65%) vi u im l c cng tng i cao, gii hn n hi cao nht, c dng lm cc chi tit n hi. - Thp c cacbon cao ( 0,70%) vi u im l c cng v tnh chng mi mn u cao, c dng lm cng c nh dao ct, khun dp, dng c o. Trong mt s kiu phn loi, nhm thp c cacbon trung bnh c lng cacbon thay i t 0,30 n 0,65%. Tht ra cc gii hn v thnh phn cacbon k trn nh ranh gii gia cc nhm cng khng hon ton cng nhc, c th x dch i cht. Tnh cng ngh Tnh hn v kh nng dp ngui, dp su ca thp ph thuc nhiu vo hm lng cacbon. Thp cng t cacbon cng d hn chy v dp. Hm lng cacbon cng c nh hng n tnh gia cng ct ca thp. Ni chung thp cng cng cng kh ct nn thp c hm lng cacbon c tnh gia cng ct km. Song thp qu mm v do cng gy kh khn cho ct gt, nn thp c cacbon thp cng c tnh gia cng ct km. Ni chung tnh c ca thp khng cao.

3. nh hng ca cc tp cht thng c

Mangan Mangan c cho vo mi thp di dng fer mangan kh xy thp trng thi lng tc l loi tr FeO rt c hi: Mn + FeO Fe + MnO (MnO ni ln i vo x v b co ra khi l) Ngoi ra mangan cng loi tr c tc hi ca lu hunh. Mangan c nh hng tt n c tnh, khi ha tan vo ferit n nng cao bn v cng ca pha ny (hnh 5.2a), do vy lm tng c tnh ca thp, song lng mangan cao nht trong thp cacbon cng ch nm trong gii hn 0,50 - 0,80% nn nh hng ny khng quan trng. Mn cn c tc dng lm gim nh tc hi ca lu hunh. Silic Silic c cho vo nhiu loi thp di dng fer silic kh xy trit thp trng thi lng: Si + FeO Fe + SiO2 (SiO2 ni ln i vo x v b co ra khi l) Ging nh mangan, silic ha tan vo ferit cng nng cao bn v cng ca pha ny (hnh 5.2a) nn lm tng c tnh ca thp, song lng silic cao nht trong thp cacbon cng ch trong gii hn 0,20 - 0,40% nn tc dng ny cng khng r rt.

Phtpho L nguyn t c kh nng ha tan vo ferit (ti 1,20% hp kim thun Fe - C, cn trong thp gii hn ha tan ny gim i mnh) v lm x lch rt mnh mng tinh th pha ny lm tng mnh tnh gin; khi lng phtpho vt qu gii hn ha tan n s to nn Fe3P cng v gin. Do phtpho l nguyn t gy gin ngui hay b ngui ( nhit thng). Ch cn c 0,10%P ha tan, ferit tr nn gin. Song phtpho l nguyn t thin tch (phn b khng u) rt mnh nn trnh gin lng phtpho trong thp phi t hn 0,050% ( ni tp trung cao nht lng phpho cng khng th vt qu 0,10% l gii hn gy ra gin). Lu hunh Khc vi phtpho, lu hunh hon ton khng ha tan trong Fe (c Fe ln Fe) m to nn hp cht FeS. Cng tinh (Fe + FeS) to thnh nhit thp (988oC), kt tinh sau cng do nm bin gii ht; khi nung thp ln cn, ko (thng 1100 - 1200oC) bin gii b chy ra lm thp d b t, gy nh l thp rt gin. Ngi ta gi hin tng ny l gin nng hay b nng. Khi a mangan vo, do c i lc vi lu hunh mnh hn st nn thay v FeS s to nn MnS. Pha ny kt tinh nhit cao, 1620oC, di dng cc ht nh ri rc v nhit cao c tnh do nht nh nn khng b chy hoc t, gy. Sunfua mangan cng c li cho gia cng ct.

4. Phn loi thp cacbon

C nhiu cch phn loi thp cacbon m mi cch cho bit mt c trng ring bit cn s dng thp c tt hn. Theo sch tp cht c hi v phng php luyn R rng l thp cng t tp cht c hi (P, S) v cc kh (H, O, N) c do, dai cng cao tc c c tnh tng hp cao, cht lng cng cao. Cc phng php luyn thp khc nhau c kh nng loi tr tp cht c hi khc nhau ny cc mc cao thp khc nhau do to cho thp cht lng tt, xu khc nhau. C nhiu phng php luyn thp song cho n hin nay trn th gii ch cn tn ti ba phng php chnh l l mactanh, l in h quang v l thi xy t nh (l L-D) (nc ta ch bng l in h quang), ngoi ra cn cc phng php lm sch tp cht ngoi l. Theo mc sch tp cht t thp n cao c cc mc cht lng sau. - Cht lng thng, lng P, S ch c kh n mc 0,050% (hay cao hn mt cht) cho mi nguyn t. Phng php luyn thp L-D thng ch t c cp cht lng ny mc du n cho nng sut rt cao v gi thnh thp r. Cp cht lng ny thng ch p dng cho nhm thp c yu cu khng cao nh mt s thp xy dng thng dng. - Cht lng tt, lng P, S c kh n mc 0,040% cho mi nguyn t. Phng php luyn thp bng l mactanh v l in h quang d dng t c cp cht lng ny. Cp cht lng ny thng p dng cho cc nhm thp dng trong ch to my thng dng, tc c yu cu cao hn. - Cht lng cao, lng P, S c kh kh cn thn, n mc 0,030% cho mi nguyn t. Vi cc bin php k thut b sung (dng cht kh mnh, tuyn chn nguyn liu vo...) vn c th t c cp cht lng ny bng phng php luyn thp trong l in h quang. - Cht lng rt cao, lng P, S c kh mc trit nht: 0,020% cho mi nguyn t. Ch vi cc l in h quang khng th t c gii hn ny. Thp sau khi luyn l ny c tinh luyn tip tc: kh tp cht ngoi l bng x tng hp, bng in x. Ngoi ra gim ti a

lng kh cha trong thp ngi ta phi p dng c rt thp trong chn khng. Cc thp cacbon c th c cung cp ba cp cht lng: thng, tt v cao (t gp). Cc thp hp kim khng c cp cht lng thng, ch c cc cp: tt, cao v rt cao. Thp xy dng thng ch yu cu cht lng thng, trong khi thp ch to my phi c cht lng t tt tr ln. Ring thp lm ln phi t cp cht lng rt cao. Theo phng php kh xy Theo mc kh xy c trit hay khng ngi ta chia ra hai loi thp si v thp lng. Thp si l loi khng c kh xy trit , tc ch bng cht kh khng mnh l fer mangan, nn trong thp lng vn cn FeO v do c phn ng: FeO + C Fe + CO Kh CO bay ln lm mt thp lng chuyn ng nh th b "si" vy (nn c tn l thp si) v to ra bt (r) kh trong thi c. Khi cn nng tip theo phn ln bt kh c hn kn li (ch l v bc kh nm trong thi c, khng tip xc vi khng kh nu khng lu kho qu lu s cha b xy ha nn cc nguyn t st d khuch tn, hn kn li khi cn nng) nn ni chung khng nh hng xu n c tnh ca thp qua bin dng nng. Cc c im ca thp si l: - Do khng c kh bng fer silic nn cha rt t silic, thng l 0,05 - 0,07%, nn ferit ca thp rt mm v do, rt d dp ngui. - Khng cho php dng thp si ch to cc vt c nh hnh v cc r kh lm gim mt , tp trung ng sut gy nh hng rt xu n c tnh. - Khng cho php dng thp si lm cc kt cu hn chy, do trong thp vn cn xy (FeO) nn khi chy lng phn ng to CO li xy ra, mi hn cha nhiu bt kh. - Khng cho php dng thp si lm chi tit thm cacbon do khng c kh xy trit nn thuc loi thp ht bn cht ln. Thp lng l loi c kh xy trit bng c fer mangan ln fer silic l cht kh mnh v nhm, nn trong thp lng khng xy ra phn ng trn, mt thp lng lun "phng lng" (nn c tn l thp lng). Cc c im ca thp lng l: - Do c kh bng fer silic nn cha mt lng nht nh silic, thng trong khong 0,15 0,35%, v th ferit ca thp cng v bn hn, kh dp ngui hn. - Trong t chc khng c r kh nn c cu trc xt cht hn, c c tnh cao hn thp si, cc vt c bng thp phi c ch to bng thp lng, tuy nhin lm co trong thp lng kh ln (phn ny phi ct b i lm gim hiu qu kinh t). - Trong cc kt cu hn chy ch c php dng thp lng. - Cc chi tit thm cacbon ch c lm bng thp lng. Do cc c tnh tri hn thp si, thp lng c s dng rng ri hn. Nm trung gian gia hai thp trn l thp na lng, n ch c kh xy bng fer mangan v nhm. Tnh cht ca n nm trung gian gia thp si v thp lng. Tuy xut hin sau song thp na lng c khuynh hng thay th cho thp si. Thp hp kim ch c loi thp lng, song thp cacbon c th c ba loi: si, lng v na lng. Theo cng dng Theo mc ch s dng hay theo cng dng c th chia thp cacbon thnh hai nhm thp kt cu

v thp dng c. - Thp kt cu l loi c dng lm cc kt cu, chi tit chu ti (lc) do ngoi yu cu v bn bo m cn cn phi c do, dai yu cu tc l c tnh tng hp. y l nhm thp c s dng thng xuyn nht vi khi lng ln nht. Trong nhm ny cn c th phn tip thnh hai nhm nh hn l xy dng v ch to my: - Thp xy dng l loi ch yu c dng trong xy dng lm cc kt cu thp di dng cc thanh di, tm rng ghp li, chng i hi c tnh tng hp song khng cao. Thp xy dng tuy c cn bn song phi c do cao d un khi lp ghp v dai cao kh b ph hy gin, c tnh hn tt. - Thp ch to my i hi c tnh tng hp mc cao hn nn ni chung i hi cht lng cao hn, c bit l bn phi cao trong khi vn phi bo m tt do, dai. Thp dng c l loi ch chuyn dng lm cng c nn c yu cu ch yu l cng v chng mi mn. Trong thc t ngi ta s dng tt c cc cch phn loi trn.

5. Tiu chun thp cacbon

Tiu chun Vit Nam Tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh nhng loi thp cacbon chnh. TCVN 1765 - 75 quy nh cc mc thp kt cu cacbon cht lng thng lm cc kt cu xy dng, c s dng trng thi cung cp, khng qua nhit luyn. Do yu cu cht lng khng cao lng nn lng P, S cho php kh ln: P l 0,040 - 0,070%, S l 0,050 - 0,060%. Thp c k hiu bng CT (vi ngha l thp cacbon cht lng thng) vi cc ch sau cng: s ch thp si, n ch thp na lng, nu khng c ch g l thp lng. Trong nhm thp ny li quy nh c ba phn nhm A, B v C, trong phn nhm th nht A l ch yu. Phn nhm A phn loi cc mc theo gii hn bn ko ti thiu t c tnh theo n v kG/mm2 - CTxx. Cch k hiu theo b (min) nh vy kh tin cho vic tnh ton s b sc bn cng nh tit din thp. V d CT38, CT38n, CT38s l ba mc cng c b 38kG/mm2 hay 380MPa song vi ba phng php kh xy khc nhau: lng, na lng v si nn cc ch tiu c tnh khc c khc nhau i cht. Tiu chun cng quy nh t m v cht ch cc ch tiu khc nh 0,2, , , aK . Cc phn nhm B v C v c bn gi nguyn k hiu nh phn nhm A song u k hiu tng ng c thm ch B v C l BCTxx v CCTxx. Phn nhm B khng quy nh c tnh song li quy nh thnh phn ha hc, cn phn nhm C li quy nh c hai: c tnh ln thnh phn ha hc, v d: mc CCT38 c c tnh ca CT38 cn thnh phn ca BCT38. TCVN 1766-75 quy nh cc mc thp kt cu cacbon cht lng tt ch to my qua nhit luyn, do vy phi c bo m (quy nh) c thnh phn ha hc ln c tnh (phi tra bng), cc mc c k hiu bng ch C v s phn vn cacbon trung bnh - Cxx. V d: C40 l mc c khong 0,40%C (0,38 - 0,45%) v cc tp cht trong gii hn trnh by. Do cht lng tt nn lng P v S l 0,040% cho mi nguyn t, cc mc c cht lng cao (P, S 0,030% cho mi nguyn t) cui k hiu c ch A, v d C40A.

TCVN 1822-76 quy nh cc mc thp dng c cacbon bng CD (C l cacbon, D l dng c) vi s tip theo ch lng cacbon trung bnh tnh theo phn vn - CDxx hoc CDxxx. V d, CD80 v CD80A l hai mc cng c khong 0,80%C (0,75 - 0,84%) song vi cht lng tt v cao. Tiu chun cc nc OCT quy nh cc thp kt cacbon cht lng thng bng CT vi cc s t 0, 1 n 6 ch cp bn (s cng to bn cng cao). Cng c cc phn nhm theo th t A, , B ln lt tng ng vi cc phn nhm A, B, C ca TCVN. V thp kt cu cacbon cht lng tt OCT quy nh cc mc k hiu theo s phn vn cacbon trung bnh, nh mc 40 c khong 0,40%C nh mc C40 ca TCVN. V thp cacbon dng c OCT quy nh cc mc bng vi s tip theo ch lng cacbon theo phn nghn cacbon trung bnh nh 12 c khong 1,20%C. Tuy c mt s khc bit nh v c bn TCVN v thp cacbon vn theo cc nguyn tc c bn ca OCT, nn c s trng hp hon ton gia hai tiu chun ny. Hoa K s dng nhiu tiu chun cho thp cacbon. ASTM c dng cho thp xy dng. AISI v SAE cho cc thp ch to my v dng c. JIS quy nh cc thp kt cu cht lng thng bng SS hay SM vi s tip theo ch gii hn bn ko ti thiu tnh theo n v MPa - SSxxx, SMxxx; cc thp kt cu cacbon cht lng tt bng SxxC trong xx l s ch lng cacbon trung bnh theo phn vn, cc thp cacbon dng c bng SK vi cc s th t t 1 n 7 - SKx.

6.

u nhc im ca thp cacbon

u im Thp cacbon c dng rt rng ri trong k thut ni chung v ch to my v ba u im sau: 1) R, d kim khng phi dng cc nguyn t hp kim t tin. 2) C c tnh tng hp nht nh ph hp vi cc iu kin thng dng. 3) C tnh cng ngh tt: d c, cn, rn, ko si, hn, gia cng ct (so vi thp hp kim). Nhc im Thp cacbon cng c nhiu nhc im, trong ng ch nht l: 1) thm ti thp nn hiu qu ha bn bng nhit luyn ti + ram khng cao, do nh hng xu n bn, c bit i vi tit din ln. 2) Tnh chu nhit cao km: khi nung nng bn cao ca trng thi ti gim i nhanh chng do mactenxit b phn ha trn 200oC, trn 570oC b xy ha mnh. 3) Khng c cc tnh cht vt l ha hc c bit nh: cng nng, chng n mn. Cc thp hp kim trnh c cc nhc im ny. Do vy trong thc t thp cacbon c dng lm cc chi tit vi mt ct ngang nh, hnh dng n gin, chu ti trng nh v va phi, lm vic nhit thng; trong khi cc thp hp kim c dng cho cc trng hp ngc li.

1. Cc yu cu chung
Mt c my d to n u cng do nhiu chi tit, b phn nh ghp li vi cc i hi c tnh kh khc nhau cho nn thp lm chi tit my c yu cu cao hn v phi tha mn cc yu cu khc nhau v c tnh, chnh xc v hnh dng, kch thc cng nh bng b mt lp rp. tha mn c yu cu , cc chi tit my vi cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau thng c lm bng nhiu mc thp khc nhau vi ch nhit luyn ti + ram khng ging nhau.

C tnh
Tnh cht c bn ca chi tit my l kh nng chu ti trng tnh v ng, do vy yu cu c bn l c bn cao v dai tt ph hp vi iu kin ca ti trng. bn cao s gip to ra cc my khe (c cng sut ln) hn, nh v nh gn hn v gi thnh h hn. t c yu cu ny phi dng thp ph hp v nhit luyn bo m. Tuy nhin trong ch to my, v bn ngi ta ngy cng coi trng gii hn chy, v l cc chi tit my dng lp ghp khng cho php c bin dng do khi lm vic. dai va p rt quan trng i vi chi tit chu ti trng ng do phi tng ti mt cch t ngt. Chnh ch tiu ny quyt nh tin cy khi lm vic, n bo m kh b ph hy gin, yu cu c bit quan trng i vi cc phng tin giao thng. Ngoi hai ch tiu c bn trn nhiu chi tit my cn i hi cng b mt cao bo m tnh chng mi mn khi lm vic b ma st hay c st. Rt nhiu chi tit my lm vic di ti trng thay i theo chu k (trc, bnh rng...) nn i hi gii hn mi cao.

Tnh cng ngh

tr thnh chi tit thnh phm thp bn thnh phm phi qua nhiu khu gia cng. Trc tin thng l bin dng nng (rn) to phi, to ra hnh dng gn ng nhng mt s kch thc bao u ln hn bn v. Hn na cc nh my c kh khng bao gi c mi chng loi phi ph hp vi chi tit sn xut cho d l loi chi tit n gin nh trc trn, cht. Ngoi ra bin dng nng cng gip to ra t chc tt hn (lm nh mn ht, to th ph hp...). Tip phi thp to thnh phi qua ct gt to ra hnh dng, kch thc chnh xc v bng yu cu nh quy nh. Hu nh khng mt chi tit my no li khng phi qua ct gt, ni chung y l nguyn cng tn km nht trong gia cng c kh, chim t trng ln trong gi thnh. Tt c cc yu cu trn c th t c nh chn ng mc thp v ch nhit luyn thch hp.

Tnh kinh t
Do sn lng ln, thp ch to my ni chung phi r, nn ni chung thng dng thp cacbon v hp kim thp, trong trng hp tht quan trng mi dng n hp kim ha trung bnh, khng dng hp kim ha cao.

2. Thnh phn ha hc
Do cc yu cu v c tnh, tnh cng ngh, kinh t nh trn, thp phi c thnh phn ha hc ph hp. Cacbon v thp cacbon Nh bit cacbon l nguyn t c bn nht quyt nh c tnh v c tnh cng ngh ca thp, nn chn ng hm lng cacbon l yu t quan trng hng u khi xc nh mc thp. Cacbon ha bn thp song lm gim do, dai, lm xu tnh gia cng p lc, gia cng ct v tnh hn. Do tc dng nh vy lng cacbon trong thp kt cu ch to my thng gp c quy nh kh cht ch: 0,10 - 0,65% v ty theo cc yu cu khc nhau li chia ra ba nhm nh nh sau: - Nhm yu cu nng v do, dai: thnh phn cacbon thp 0,10 - 0,25%. Mun c bn cao phi ti + ram thp, cng b mt cao phi qua thm cacbon. - Nhm yu cu nng v gii hn chy v dai: thnh phn cacbon trung bnh 0,30 - 0,50%C v ti + ram cao. Mun c cng b mt cao phi qua ti b mt. - Nhm yu cu nng v gii hn n hi: thnh phn cacbon tng i cao 0,55 - 0,65% v ti + ram trung bnh. Cch phn chia ba phn nhm v thnh phn cacbon nh trn cng ch c tnh cht tng i, c th x dch i cht. Ni chung thp cacbon kt cu ch to my c tnh cng ngh tt v r, chim t l ti 80 - 90% trong c kh, c dng ph bin trong ch to my thng dng lm cc chi tit chu ti trng thp hay trung bnh, c tit din nh (< 20mm), hnh dng n gin ( khi phi ti trong nc khng b nt). Trong nhng iu kin dng thp cacbon khng khc g thp hp kim, tc t hiu qu kinh t - k thut cao hn. Tuy nhin thp cabon cng c nhc im quan trng, l: - Khi c tit din ln (> 30 - 40mm) khng th t c bn tt nh tit din nh, - Khng th ch to chi tit c hnh dng phc tp (tit din thay i t ngt), - Tnh chng ram km, khng duy tr c bn, cng cao sau khi ti khi b nung nng n 200oC v cao hn, nn ni chung khng lm vic c cc nhit . Ngc li thp hp kim li th hin u vit ba mt trn. Thnh phn hp kim v thp hp kim So vi thp cacbon, thp hp kim tuy c t hn, tnh cng ngh km hn, song b li c bn cao hn, l u im quan trng nht. Nguyn nhn ca n nh ni trc ht l do nng thm ti, ngoi ra cn do ha bn ferit, to ra cacbit phn tn, gi cho ht nh.

Trong thp kt cu ch to my, theo tc dng v hm lng, cc nguyn t hp kim c chia thnh hai nhm chnh v ph. Nhm cc nguyn t hp kim chnh chim t l ch yu trong cc nguyn t a vo, c tc dng lm tng bn nh nng cao thm ti, l cc nguyn t Cr, Mn, Si v Ni (ngoi ra c B), vi cc c tnh: - R, d kim (ring Ni tuy t song vn phi dng khi tht cn), song tng lng ca chng a vo thng ch khong 1,0 - 3,0%, rt t khi gp loi 5 - 6%, - C tc dng nng cao thm ti. nng cao thm ti, ngi ta thy rng vi mt tng lng hp kim nh nhau khi chia ra dng nhiu nguyn t (hp kim ha phc tp) c tc dng mnh hn khi ch dng mt nguyn t (hp kim ha n gin). V d khng dng thp vi 3%Cr v cho thm ti (bn) km hn 1%Cr + 2%Ni hay 1%Cr + 1%Mn +1%Si. Thng gp: - Khi tng lng hp kim ~1% dng mt nguyn t, v d thp crm; - Khi tng lng hp kim ~2% hay dng hai nguyn t, v d thp crm - niken; - Kkhi tng lng hp kim ~3% dng hai hoc ba nguyn t, v d thp crm - mangan - silic; - Khi tng lng hp kim 4% dng hai, ba hoc bn nguyn t. Nhm cc nguyn t hp kim ph c a vo thp vi lng rt t, thng < 0,1%, cao nht thng khng qu 0,2% vi mc ch ci thin mt nhc im no do nguyn t chnh a vo, l Ti, Zr, Nb, V v Mo. - Ti, Zr, Nb, V l cc nguyn t gi cho thp c ht nh khi nung, c bit trong thp Cr - Mn (Mn c khuynh hng gy ht ln), t mc ch ny thng dng khong 0,10%Ti. - Mo (~ 0,20%) trnh c gin ram loi II, thng c a vo thp Cr - Ni vi thm ti cao c lng cacbon trong khong 0,20 - 0,40% (nh sau ny s bit l loi thp ha tt ti thu vi tit din ln phi qua ti + ram cao, rt nhy cm vi gin ram loi II m khng trnh c bng bin php n gin lm ngui nhanh trong nc hoc du). W cng c tc dng ny nhng phi dng nhiu hn (~ 0,50%) nn t dng. Ngoi tc dng chng gin ram loi II cc nguyn t ny cn c tc dng nng cao thm ti, nn thp crm - niken - mlipen (hoc vonfram) c coi nh thp ch to my tt nht. Nh vy thp hp kim ch to my c nhng c im sau: - Tuy c gi thnh t hn song v c tnh n c bn cao hn, iu ny th hin rt r khi tit din ln nh tnh thm ti cao, c bit l khi ti thu s t c c tnh cao v ng nht trn ton tit din. - Do ti du, thm ch c th p dng ti phn cp nn c th lm c cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp m khng s nt hoc b bin dng ln. - Tnh chng ram tt nn mt mt gi c bn nhit cao hn, mt khc trong iu kin nh nhau thp hp kim c ram nhit cao hn do ng sut bn trong thp hn.

3. Quan h gia tng lng hp kim v ng knh ti thu

bo m c tnh cao v ng nht trn tit din thp phi c ti thu, mun vy phi c hp kim ha mt cch hp l hay ni khc i trong trng hp ny tit din thp c chn theo thm ti hay tng lng nguyn t hp kim. Cng c th ni rng mi mc thp ch bo m c tnh cao v ng nht ti tit din nht nh. Mc thp vi tng lng hp kim cng cao cho php lm cc chi tit c tit din cng ln. Theo thm ti cc thp kt cu c chia thnh bn nhm: - Thp c thm ti thp, ch ti thu ti ng knh 15mm, l loi khng hp kim ha tc thp cacbon. - Thp c thm ti trung bnh, ti thu ti ng knh 35mm, l loi c hp kim ha thp v n gin nh c 1%Cr hoc 2%Mn hoc 1%Cr + 0,5%Si. - Thp c thm ti tng i cao, ti thu ti ng knh 75mm, l loi c hp kim ha thp nhng phc tp nh crm - niken thng, crm - mlipen, crm - mangan silic. - Thp c thm ti cao, ti thu ti ng knh 100mm, l loi c hp kim ha phc tp ti 5 - 6% nh thp crm-niken cao hay crm-niken-mlipen.

4. Cc nhm thp ch to my
C ba nhm thp kt cu ch to my chnh vi cc c im khc nhau v thnh phn cacbon, hp kim, ch nhit luyn, c tnh v cng dng: - Thp thm cacbon c thnh phn cacbon thp (do, dai), t bn cao phi ti + ram thp, cn mun t cng b mt cao phi qua thm cacbon. - Thp ha tt c thnh phn cacbon trung bnh (kh bn, do, dai), nng cao c tnh hn na phi ti + ram cao, cn mun t cng b mt tt cui cng phi qua ti b mt. - Thp n hi c thnh phn cacbon tng i cao (km do, dai nhng kh cng, rt n hi), t gii hn n hi cao phi ti + ram trung bnh. Cn ch l trong mi nhm c nhiu mc khc nhau, chng khc nhau ch yu v thm ti do c dung cho cc ln tit din khc nhau; ngoi ra cc nguyn t hp kim cng a n cho thp nhng tnh cht c trng nh Cr - Ni va tng mnh thm ti va gi c dai cao, lm xu tnh gia cng ct, gy gin ram, Mn - Si lm thp bn, cng, nhng li gy gin.

1. c im v thnh phn ha hc
Thp thm cacbon l loi thp c thnh phn cacbon thp: 0,10 - 0,25% (c bit c th ti 0,30%) ch to cc chi tit chu ti trng tnh v va p cao nhng b mt b mi mn mnh nh bnh rng, cam, cht... t c yu cu thp phi qua thm cacbon (bao gm c ti +

ram thp sau khi thm), nn c t tn nh trn. Cacbon Lng cacbon trong thp c quy nh trong khong 0,10 - 0,25% bo m do, dai cao ca li c trng thi ti + ram thp t c bn cao nht. Dng gii hn di khi cn dai cao hn, dng gii hn trn khi cn bn cao hn. Trong mt s trng hp cn t bn cao hn na c th dung ti 0,30%C. Nu dng cao hn na dai ca li s thp khi ti + ram thp, khng chu c ti trng va p. Cc thp cacbon c thm ti thp, ch dng cho chi tit nh ( < 10 - 20) v hnh dng n gin (v phi ti nc), ch chu mi mn bnh thng. Do phi chu nung lu nhit cao khi thm cacbon, cc thp thm cacbon phi l loi c kh xy trit (thp lng), tt nht l loi ht nh ht khng b to, lm thp gin. Hp kim Ngc li, u th ca thp hp kim l c thm ti cao, dng cho chi tit ln (> 30 - 50), hnh dng phc tp v chu mi mn cao. bo m cc yu cu trn cc nguyn t hp kim dng trong thp thm cacbon phi bo m c hai tc dng: va lm tng tnh thm ti nng cao bn li va thc y qu trnh thm cacbon (hoc t ra cng khng cn tr). Vi ngha ngi ta khng dng silic v gy thot cacbon nn cn tr qu trnh thm cacbon. Nguyn t hp kim c bn c mt trong mi thp hp kim thm cacbon l crm, c th dng n ring r hay kt hp vi niken, mangan. Cng khng dung thp ch hp kim ha bng mangan do nguyn t ny thc y ht austenit pht trin khi thm cacbon.

Bng 5.3. Thnh phn ha hc (trung bnh, %) ca mt s mc thp thm cacbon

u vit ca thp hp kim thm cacbon so vi thp cacbon l cc mt sau: - bn cao do thm ti cao, u vit ny cng r rt khi tit din chi tit cng ln. - Tnh chng mi mn cao nh sau khi thm cacbon to nn cc cacbit hp kim n nh hn, phn tn hn v cng c phn cng hn i cht. - bn, tnh chng mi mn cao k trn duy tr c nhit cao hn 200oC. - t bin dng, nt khi ti do c lm ngui trong du, nn lm c cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp. - C kh nng nng cao nhit thm, do rt ngn c thi gian thm. Bng 5.3 trnh by thnh phn ha hc ca mc thp thm cacbon theo mt s tiu chun.

2. Thp cacbon
Do cc yu cu trn, thp cacbon thm cacbon phi l loi thp lng, khng c dng thp si hay na lng v chng c khuynh hng pht trin ht mnh. Ph hp vi cc yu cu ra ch dng cc mc thp cacbon sau: C10, C15, C20, C25 v i khi c CCT38 (nh ni trong iu kin thng thng ca sn xut luyn kim mc thp ny c khong 0,20%C). (tng ng vi OCT l 10, 15, 20, 25, BCT3, SAE/AISI l 1010, 1015, 1020, 1025, JIS l S10C, S15C, S20C, S25C). Chng c c im: - Sau khi thm cacbon t c yu cu thp k trn tit din nh: cng b mt HRC 60 62, chng mi mn tng i tt, li HRC 30 - 40, dai cao, bn tt, b trong khong 500 600MPa. - Do bt buc phi ti nc, thm ti thp nn khng th lm c cc chi tit c hnh dng phc tp v ln. - Khi thm cacbon khng th nng cao qu 900oC (trong thp khng c cc yu t cn tr ht pht trin), tc thm ko di, ni chung ht vn b to. Do ht ln sau khi thm khng th ti trc tip m phi qua thng ha ri mi ti (mt hoc hai ln) nn thng b bin dng ln. Nh vy thp cacbon vi cc mc trn ch p dng cho cc chi tit nh ( < 20mm), hnh dng n gin, tnh chng mi mn yu cu bnh thng, tm li thng l cc chi tit khng quan trng nh mt s ph tng xe p, xe ci tin (trc, cn v bi). Chi tit d nh nhng hnh dng phc tp (nhiu gc cnh) cng khng th lm bng thp cacbon. Khi dng thp ny phi ch tun th ng quy trnh thm do tnh phc tp hn ca n.

3. Thp crm
Nh bit, crm l nguyn t tng i r, n khng nhng nng cao thm ti cn xc tin qu trnh thm cacbon (do c i lc vi cacbon mnh hn), do vy c dng trong mi thp hp kim thm cacbon. Thp crm n gin l thp c khong 1%Cr, c dng kh ph bin trong c kh lm cc chi tit loi nh, c hnh dng khng qu phc tp. Thng dng cc k hiu sau (nh ni

TCVN cha quy nh cho thp kt cu hp kim nn y ch l k hiu theo TCVN 1659-75) 15Cr, 20Cr, 15CrV, 20CrV (tng ng vi OCT l cc mc 15X, 20X, 15X, 20X, SAE/AISI l 5015, 5115, 5120, JIS l SCr415, SCr420). So vi thp thng, thp crm c nhng c im sau: - Sau khi thm cacbon cng t cng HRC 60 - 62 song c tnh chng mi mn cao hn i cht. - Do nng cao cht t thm ti v dng mi trng ti du nn c th lm c chi tit c hnh dng tng i phc tp. - bn cao hn i cht, b trong khong 700 - 800MPa. - Nhit thm cacbon trong khong 900 - 920oC, tc thm nhanh hn, ht bnh thng, sau thm khng cn thng ha song vn phi p dng cch ti nh thp cacbon (mt hoc hai ln). Ngoi ra thp ny cn c khuynh hng qu bo ha cacbon to nn li cacbit gy ra gin (iu ny d xy ra khi thm th rn). Cng dng: lm cc chi tit nh ( 20 - 40) song hnh dng tng i phc tp nh bnh rng, trc bc, cht vi i hi tnh chng mi mn tng i cao. nng cao thm ti v trnh qu bo ha lp thm ca thp crm, ngi ta thng hp kim ha thm bng niken hay mangan l cc nguyn t khng to thnh cacbit (Ni) hay to cacbit yu (Mn).

4. Thp crm - niken v crm - niken mlipen

Nh ni s kt hp ca crm v niken khng nhng lm tng mnh thm ti nh tng bn m cn duy tr c dai. Vi c trng bn v dai thp crm - niken c dng cho cc chi tit quan trng, cn tin cy cao nh trong t, my bay... C hai loi: - Crm - niken thng ~ 1%Cr + 1%Ni, v - Crm-niken cao ~ 1%Cr + 3%Ni. Ngoi ra nu a thm mt lng nh mlipen vo hai loi trn s nng cao thm ti thm na. Thp crm - niken thng L loi thp hp kim thp, trong crm 0,50 - 1,00% cn niken > 1%, nhng cng ci thin ng k thm ti, ti rt d trong du. Tuy nhin loi ny khng c hiu qu kinh t cao nn hu nh khng c dng cc nc phng Ty (trc y AISI / SAE c lot mc 3115, 3120, 3215, 3220 3316 v 3415 thuc loi crm-niken nhng b t lu, trc 1945). Mc thp in hnh hin cn c dng Nga l 20XH, c dng lm cc chi tit hnh dng phc tp vi kch thc trung bnh (50 - 75mm), chu ti trng va p cao nh cc bnh rng t ti nh v du lch. Thp crm - niken cao L loi thp trong niken cao hn 2% v c th ti 4% cn crm cng ch trn di 1%, tc c t l Ni / Cr = 3 hay 4. Nh bit vi lng crm - niken nh th thm ti rt cao, ti thu c cc tit din n 100mm v cao hn, trong thc t c th coi c thm ti bt k. Vi

ngay tit din ln nh vy cng rt d dng ti trong du, cn vi tit din nh hn c th p dng ti phn cp, nh gim mnh bin dng. Thp c dng lm cc chi tit thm cacbon rt quan trng: chu ti trng nng v b mi mn mnh, hnh dng ln v phc tp, yu cu tin cy cao nh cc chi tit trong my bay, t m cc h hng c th gy tai ha cho ngi. Mc thp in hnh ca loi ny l 12XH3A v 20X2H4A ca OCT (SNC415 v SNC815 ca JIS) c th t c t hp c tnh cao ti b = 1000 - 1200MPa, aK = 900 - 1000kJ/m2. Tuy nhin khi s dng thp ny phi tnh n cc yu t sau: - t (theo s liu ca Nga t gp ba thp cacbon), - Tnh gia cng ct km do thp qu do (do cacbon thp, niken cao), phoi khng gy vn, - Phi p dng quy trnh nhit luyn sau khi thm cacbon kh phc tp. ci thin phn no tnh gia cng ct thp phi qua thng ha. Quy trnh nhit luyn thp ny kh phc tp do sau khi thm cacbon b mt vi hm lng cacbon cao v nguyn t hp kim kh cao lm h thp im Ms nn nu ti bnh thng cn li nhiu austenit d (ti 50 - 60%) v cng ch t HRC 45 - 55, khng chng mi mn. V th sau khi thm tin hnh: - Thng ha trc tip ri ram cao 600 - 650oC trong thi gian di t 2 n 6h lm cacbit phn tn tit ra khi cc dung dch rn lm cho chng ngho hp kim i, - Ti: khi nung nng c hai pha austenit ngho hp kim (nng cao im Ms) v cacbit phn tn nn sau lm ngui c nhiu mactenxit, cacbit phn tn v t austenit d nn va bo m cng cao (HRC > 60) va chng mi mn cao, - Ram thp (nh thng l gim ng sut). Thp crm - niken - mlipen Ch yu l nhm thp crm-niken cao (cng c c thp crm niken thng) k trn nhng c thm 0,10 - 0,40%Mo vi tc dng ch yu l nng cao hn na thm ti ( y khng c tc dng chng gin ram do ch phi ram thp), chng c coi l thp thm cacbon tt nht, c dng vo cc mc ch quan trng nht v cho tit din ln nht. Cc mc thp in hnh ca loi ny l 20XH2M, 18X2H4MA ca OCT (SNCM415, SNCM815 ca JIS, 4320, 4720, 8115, 8615, 8822, 9310, 94B17 ca AISI / SAE). c tnh ca cc mc thp ny cng ging nh cc mc crm niken cng loi song c tnh thm ti cao hn (v d SNCM415 c tnh thm ti cao hn SNC415, cn cch nhit luyn ging nhSNC415). Cc mc tt nht (v d nh18X2H4MA) l loi t ti, tc loi mactenxit, phi p dng trit cch nhit luyn k trn.

5. Thp crm - mangan titan

Nhm thp ny c cc ch tiu kinh t - k thut cao c dng rt rng ri Nga cng nh nc ta trong ch to bnh rng t ti nh v trung bnh. V mt kinh t, n l loi thp tng i r v hp kim ha thp ch yu bng cc nguyn t r (Mn) v khng t (Cr) khng phi dng n niken t. V bn, i vi cc chi tit trung bnh (< 50mm) n c bn tng ng nh thp crm -

niken do c th ti thu (b = 1100 - 1150MPa), tuy do, dai c km hn i cht (aK = 600 - 900kJ/m2). u im chnh ca nhm thp ny l tnh cng ngh. Trc ht thp khng qu do, dai m vn mm c th ct gt tt. Sau l cng ngh thm cacbon ca thp c kh nhiu u vit: - Do c mangan nn b mt thp khng b qu bo ha cacbon, - Tuy c mangan l nguyn t lm ht ln, song nh c titan (d vi lng nh) nn to ra c cc phn t cacbit titan TiC rt nh nm bin ht austenit, ngn tr ht ln ln, nn thp c ht nh. Chnh do iu ny s dn ti ba u im sau, - Cho php thm nhit cao hn 900oC (v d 930 - 950oC) nn rt ngn c thi gian thm, - C th ti trc tip ngay sau khi thm v khng cn cc nguyn cng lm nh ht nh thng ha, ti ln th nht. Nhit luyn sau thm l n gin nht: ti trc tip vi h nhit cn khong 850 - 880oC ri ram thp, - Do quy trnh n gin nh vy nn bin dng rt thp. OCT quy nh hai mc thp lm bnh rng rt ph bin l 18XT (ngoi ra c 25XT, 30XT) v 25XM. Trong mc u dng trong trng hp thm cacbon nh trnh by cn mc sau dng cho trng hp thm cacbon - nit th kh vi nhit thm 850oC, thi gian thm vn rt ngn thm, ti trc tip + ram thp, bin dng t c gi tr nh nht. Do thm nhit thp hn, khng gy ra ht ln nn khng cn dng titan m thay vo l mlipen ci thin thm thm ti. Trong hai, ba mi nm tr li y, Nga phng n dung thp mc 25XM lm bnh rng hp s t, qua thm cacbon - nit th kh, ti trc tip phn cp trong du nng 180oC c coi l hon ho hn c v va cho cng cao, tnh chng mi mn cao (hn thm cacbon), bin dng di mc cho php (ch 0,08 - 0,12mm, cho php l 0,12mm) nh nng cao gn gp i tui th.

Thp ha tt l thp c thnh phn cacbon trung bnh, 0,30 - 0,50%C, ch to cc chi tit my chu ti trng tnh v va p tng i cao m b mt c th b mi mn nh trc, bnh rng, cht..., t c c tnh tng hp cao nht thp phi qua nhit luyn ha tt (ti + ram cao) nn c tn nh trn.

1. c im v thnh phn ha hc
Cacbon Lng cacbon trung bnh trong gii hn 0,30 - 0,50% s bo m s kt hp tt nht ca cc ch tiu c tnh: bn, do, dai (c tnh tng hp) sau khi ti + ram cao v cng, tnh chng mi mn tng i cao sau khi ti b mt, tha mn tt cc yu cu trn. Nu dng lng cacbon khc i khng th t c c tnh tng hp tt, tuy rng dng lng cacbon cao hn t c cng b mt v tnh chng mi mn cao hn. Thng dng ph bin lng cacbon

trong khong 0,35 - 0,45%. Hp kim bo m c c tnh tng hp cao v ng nht trn ton tit din, thp phi c hp kim ha thch hp t ti thm ti mong mun, do tit din cng ln lng hp kim a vo cng phi cao. Nguyn t hp kim chnh dng trong thp ha tt l cc nguyn t Cr, Mn vi lng cha 1 2%, Ni - 1 - 4% nh nhm thp thm cacbon, ngoi ra cn cho php dng c Si vi lng cha khng qu 1% (v khng qua thm cacbon nn khng phi hn ch nh trng hp trn). Trong my chc nm gn y ngi ta cng ch dng bo (B), vi lng rt nh, khong 0,0005 0,003%, cng c tc dng nh 1% Ni hay 0,5%Cr (khi dng < 0,0005% khng c tc dng, >0,003% to nn cc borit st FeB, Fe2B li lm gim thm ti). Khng dng B mt cch n c v tc dng ca B c tng cng khi dng n cng vi Cr, Ni, Mn. Nguyn t hp kim ph thng dng trong thp ha tt l Mo v W, chng cng c tc dng tng thm ti, song ch yu l khc phc gin ram loi II khi ram cao nhng tit din ln (khng th khc phc bng ngui nhanh sau khi ram). Cc thp cacbon v hp kim ha tt cng c nhng c im chung tng ng nh trong thp thm cacbon tr v thm cacbon.

2. c im v nhit luyn
Nu nh thp thm cacbon thng qua hai bc nhit luyn: s b l thng ha v kt thc l thm cacbon vi thi gian kh di th vic nhit luyn thp ha tt c coi l n gin hn. ci thin tnh ct gt, sau khi rn, dp nng to phi, thp c qua hon ton (tr thp crm - niken) t cng HB 180 - 220 d gia cng ct th. Nhit luyn kt thc thp ha tt c chia lm hai bc: - Bc u tin l to cho li c c tnh tng hp cao chu c ti trng tnh v va p bng cch ti + ram cao t t chc xoocbit ram vi cng HB 240 - 280 (HRC 25 - 30). Ngoi ra t chc ny cn c hai tc dng ph nhng kh quan trng l: + Gip to ra bng cao khi gia cng tinh tip theo ng nh hnh dng, kch thc yu cu v + Gip chuyn bin nhanh v to mactenxit kim nh khi ti b mt tip theo do vi hn hp ferit-xmentit nh mn s to ra rt nhiu mm austenit khi nung nng. iu ng ch l khi ram cao cho thp hp kim (loi khng cha Mo hay W) phi ch trnh gin ram (loi II). Vi cc tit din nh c th thay ti + ram cao bng thng ha cng t hiu qu tng t m cng ngh thc hin n gin v r hn. - Bc th hai l to cho b mt cng v tnh chng mi mn m khng ph hy c tnh tng hp va t c trn ton tit din. Mun vy sau khi gia cng tinh, chi tit thnh phm c qua ti b mt v ram thp. Vi lng cacbon ca thp nh trn sau ti b mt d dng t c cng HRC 52 - 58, cng vi cng li HRC 25 - 30 t c yu cu ra. Ring cc thp vi lng cacbon trong khong 0,30 - 0,35%, ti b mt khng t c cng cao hn RC50

nn phi thay bng thm cacbon - nit nhit thp (550 - 560oC) tc nhit khng vt qu nhit ram cao khng lm hng t chc xoocbit ram ca li vi c tnh tng hp cao.

3. Thp cacbon
Ph hp vi cc yu cu ra l cc mc thp C30, C35, C40, C45, C50 v C40Mn song dng nhiu hn c l hai mc gia (tng ng vi cc mc 40, 45, 40, 58 ca OCT, 1040, 1045 ca AISI/SAE, S45C ca JIS). Cc mc ny thng c dng lm cc chi tit my nh ( 20 - 30), hnh dng n gin nh cc trc, cht phng, thanh truyn lc. Chng c c im l t c yu cu ra nhng mc thp b = 750 - 850MPa. Trong my chc nm gn y Nga (v gn y Trung Quc) dng kh nhiu mc thp cacbon c bit c gi l thp vi thm ti thp (thp hn c thp cacbon thng), n cha rt t hai nguyn t Mn ( 0,20% thay v 0,50 - 0,80%) v Si ( 0,15% thay v 0,30 - 0,35%) vi mc 58 (hay 55). c tnh ca thp ny l d ti th tch cng t c hiu ng nh ti b mt v lp ti ch dy trn di 2mm nn li khng b ti vn gi c dai nht nh v vi lng cacbon cao hn 0,55% cng b mt t c khong HRC 60 vi tnh chng mi mn cao. Nhiu hng ch to t ca Nga dng thp ny ch to bnh rang b ng (thng c kch thc ln hn, quay chm hn v t b mn hn loi ch ng) vi cng ngh ti th tch hay ti cm ng vi nung nng su (su hn chiu su lp ti) m vn t hiu qu gn nh dung thp cacbon thp em thm cacbon.

4. Thp crm mlipen

a thm vo thp crm k trn khong 0,25%Mo s ci thin thm thm ti v chng c gin ram loi II. Thp crm - mlipen c dng lm cc chi tit my trung bnh ( > 50mm) hnh dng tng i phc tp nh bnh rng. Thng dng cc mc 38XMA ca OCT (tng ng vi 4140 ca AISI / SAE, SCM440 ca JIS).

5. Thp crm - mangan v crm - mangan silic

Thp c cha 1%Cr + 1%Mn hay 1%Cr + 1%Mn + 1%Si l loi hp kim ha phc tp nn c thm ti cao, dng lm chi tit kh ln ( 50 - 60mm). Tuy nhin thp ny do hp kim ha bng c Mn ln Si nn cng hn v cng gin hn cc loi thp hp kim khc v vy khng c ph bin tt c cc nc. Nga c dng thp ny vi mc 40X, 30XC, song khng c dng Hoa K, Nht.

6. Thp crm - niken v crm - niken mlipen

Nh hp kim ha bng c crm v niken, thp c thm ti cao m vn gi c do, dai tt, nht l trong trng hp niken cao ti 3% v c cha Mo.

Thp crm - niken thng Thp thng cha khong 1%Cr + 1%Ni, do niken thp nn cha c thm ti cao, ch c lm cc chi tit vi tit din 50 - 60mm vi b khong 700MPa v aK khong 700kJ/m2. Nh tnh ti tt nn thp c lm cc chi tit c hnh dng kh phc tp. OCT quy nh mc thp in hnh l 40XH, thng dng lm cc chi tit truyn lc hay h thng li trong t (Hoa k v Nht khng c thp loi ny). Nhc im quan trng ca thp ny l b gin ram loi II v tnh gia cng ct hi km. trnh gin ram loi II phi lm ngui nhanh sau khi ram hay dng thp 40XHM hay 8640 (cho tit ln hn). ci thin tnh gia cng ct thp c em ram cao. Thp crm - niken cao Thp thng cha khong 1 - 2%Cr + 3 - 4%Ni (vi t l Ni / Cr vo khong 3 - 4) thuc nhm thp hp kim trung bnh vi thm ti cao, ti thu vi tit din trn 100mm, thc t c coi l ti thu vi tit din bt k (n thuc loi mactenxit). Nh vy thp c c tnh tng hp rt cao: b = 1100MPa, 0,2 = 1000MPa, aK = 800kJ/m2. OCT dng thp ny vi mc in hnh l 30XH3A (tng ng vi SNC631 v SNC836 ca JIS, Hoa K khng c thp ny). Tuy nhin thp ny cng c hai nhc im l b gin ram v tnh gia cng ct km nh trn. Thp crm - niken cao vi mlipen y l loi thp ha tt ch to my tt nht v so vi loi trn a them mt lng nh (0,15 0,40%) mlipen khng nhng lm tng thm ti, lm cc chi tit vi hnh dng phc tp, tit din ln ( 100mm) m cn loi tr c gin ram loi II (i vi loi chi tit ln nh th ny lm ngui nhanh trong du, nc sau khi ram khng nhanh lm mt gin ram). Thp thuc nhm mactenxit, c coi nh ti thu vi tit din bt k. Thp c c tnh tng hp cao nht: b= 1200MPa, 0,2 = 1100MPa, aK = 800kJ/m2. Hu nh mi nc u c nhm thp ny. OCT dng thp ny vi cc mc 38X2H2MA, 38XH3 MA (cng vi 4340 ca AISI/SAE, SNCM439 ca JIS). Thp vn cn nhc im l tnh gia cng ct km.

7. hp dng thm nit

Nh bit, thp thm nit phi l thp hp kim c bit trong c cc nguyn t nh crm (~1,6%), mlipen (~ 0,30%), nhm (~1,00%) to nn nitrit cng, phn tn v n nh hn nitrit st. Lng cacbon ca thp ny l trung bnh, khong 0,40% nn c nhit luyn ha tt to c tnh tng hp cao cho li trc khi thm nit nng cao cng b mt. iu cn ch l nhit thm nit bao gi cng phi thp hn nhit ram cao khi ha tt. OCT dng mc 38X2 MA (tng ng vi mc 7140 ca SAE v SACM645 ca JIS). Ch nhit luyn ha tt cc mc thp ny gm ti 930 - 950oC trong du, ram 640 - 680oC c tnh t b = 1030MPa, 0,2 = 880MPa, aK = 600kJ/m2. Thm nit 520 - 540oC t cng HV850 - 1050 (~HRC 63 - 72).


Nh tn gi, thp n hi l thp kh cng, c tnh n hi cao, c thnh phn cacbon tng i cao, trong khong 0,55 - 0,65%, dng ch to nhp, l xo v cc chi tit n hi khc. t gii hn n hi cao nht thp c nhit luyn ti + ram trung bnh t t chc trxtit ram.

1. iu kin lm vic v yu cu i vi thp n hi

c im lm vic ca cc chi tit n hi l chu ti trng tnh v va p cao m khng cho php b bin dng do. Vi c im nh vy ngoi phi c hnh dng thch hp ra, cc thp em dng phi t c: - Gii hn n hi cao, tc kh nng chng bin dng do cao ( y gii hn bn khng c ngha v khng cho php c bin dng do), t l h / b cng gn ti 1 cng tt, thng t trong gii hn 0,85 - 0,95. - cng kh cao trong khong HRC 35 - 45 hay HB 350 - 450 l thch hp; do, dai thp khng xy ra bin dng d trong qu trnh lm vic, song khng qu thp d b ph hy gin. - Gii hn mi cao thch ng vi iu kin ti trng thay i theo chu k.

2. c im v thnh phn ha hc v nhit luyn

Thnh phn ha hc Lng cacbon thch hp bo m cc yu cu trn l trong gii hn 0,50 - 0,70% song tt nht l 0,55 - 0,65%, khi lng nguyn t hp kim tng ln thnh phn cacbon c th gim i i cht. Cc nguyn t hp kim a vo thp n hi phi t c cc yu cu sau: - Nng cao gii hn n hi v cng, vi yu cu ny dng mangan v silic l tt nht. - Nng cao thm ti bo m gii hn n hi cao v ng nht trn tit din, vi ngha dng crm - niken l tt nht, song silic, mangan cng c tc dng ny. Trong thp n hi ngi ta dng 1%Mn, 2%Si, 2% (Cr + Ni) v tit din ca chng khng ln, nu qu mc c bit l Mn, Si thp s qu cng v gin. c im v nhit luyn t c gii hn n hi cao nht thp phi c nhit luyn c t chc trxtit ram bng cch ti + ram trung bnh vi t l h / b 0,90. bo m gii hn n hi, gii hn mi cao khi nhit luyn cng nh khi gia cng phi ch n cht lng b mt: - Chng thot cacbon, v khi thnh phn cacbon b mt thp hn gii hn quy nh c th tch ring nh hn, chu ng sut ko v do d pht sinh vt nt mi. - To nn ng sut nn trn b mt. Bin php c hiu qu hn c l tin hnh phun bi, ln p, thm ch cn, ko ngui sau khi nhit luyn ti + ram trung bnh, nh tui bn tng 50 100%.

- Nng cao nhn bng b mt, loi b cc vt xc l mm mng ca nt mi, mun vy phi qua cn, ko tinh, thm ch qua mi.

3. c mc thp v c im
Cc mc thp n hi ca nc ta c quy nh TCVN 1767 - 75. Thp thng v thp mangan Thp thng c tnh n hi tt l loi thp cacbon vi cc mc C65, C70 v ngay c CD80, CD100. Thp vi khong 1%Mn vi mc 65Mn cng c dng rng ri. c im ca loi thp ny l: - Gii hn n hi thp h 800MPa do hu nh khng c hp kim ha (v thp cacbon cng c th c 0,80%Mn). - thm ti thp, ch ti thu vi ng knh ti 15mm. Dng ph bin nht ca chng l dy (ng knh 0,15 n 8mm) c cung cp trng thi ti ch (xem li mc 4.4.4d) ri sau ko ngui vi bin dng khng nh hn 70%. Do tc dng ca c hai hiu ng m gii hn n hi tng ln gp bi (v d h ca dy b ko ngui vi bin dng 95% - dy c ng knh < 1,4mm - c th ln hn 2000MPa), Nh vy dy c tnh n hi cao, nn lm l xo ch cn qua qun ngui to hnh ri thp (200 - 300oC) kh b ng sut bn trong va to thnh l m khng cn ti + ram tip tc. Thp silic v cc thp hp kim khc y l nhm c gii hn n hi cao c dng vo cc mc ch quan trng hn. Mc thp silic 60Si2 thng c dng vi 2%Si l mc ph bin vi cc c im sau: - Gii hn n hi cao, h 1000MPa vi gi thnh tng i r. - thm ti tt hn (ti thu trong du vi tit din dy 20 - 30mm). - D thot cacbon khi nung nng ti, v vy phi ch bo v b mt khi nhit luyn. khc phc nhc im trn v nng cao thm ti ngi ta hp kim ha thm bng crm, mangan, niken v vanai vi cc mc 50CrMn, 60Si2CrVA, 60Si2Ni2A. 60Si2 c dng ch yu lm l xo trong toa xe, nhp t, trc mm. 50CrMn c dng lm nhp t vi tnh cng ngh tt hn. 60Si2CrVA v 60Si2Ni2A c tnh thm ti cao, gii hn n hi cao hn 1500MPa nn c dng lm nhp, lxo ln, chu ti trng nng, ring loi chu va p mnh nn dng 60Si2Ni2A. Cc thp hp kim n hi thng c cung cp di dng bn thnh phm (dy > 6, thanh, bng) cha qua nhit luyn. Qu trnh ti + ram trung bnh to tnh n hi cao c tin hnh ngay sau khi to hnh (qun, dp, un) trng thi nng. OCT c cc mc tng t nh 65,70, 8, 10, 65, 60C2, 50X, 60C2XA, 60C2H2A.... AISI / SAE khng c k hiu ring, cc mc c thnh phn cacbon trong gii hn quy nh u l thp n hi nh: AISI/SAE 1065, AISI/SAE 1070, AISI/SAE 1566, SAE 9255, AISI/SAE 9260, AISI/SAE 4161, AISI/SAE 50B60, AISI/SAE 5160 v 51B60, AISI/SAE 8655... JIS k hiu thp n hi bng SUP vi s th t tip theo, c SUP3 (thp cacbon), SUP6 v SUP7 (thp silic), SUP9 v SUP9A (thp crm - mangan), ngoi ra cn SUP10, SUP11A, SUP12 v SUP13.

1. Cc yu cu chung
Trong sn xut c kh cc dng c hay cng c gia cng, ch bin, to hnh cc vt liu (thnh cc sn phm, chi tit my, kt cu) c ngha quyt nh n nng sut, cht lng v gi thnh ca sn phm c kh. Ni chung vic chun b dng c lun lun phi i trc mt bc v c hon thin trit trc khi sn xut hng lot. Vic s dng vt liu c tnh nng lm vic ngy cng cao c ngha rt quan trng i vi cc nh my ch to c kh. Phn loi Theo bn cht ca qu trnh gia cng, c th chia cc dng c thnh ba nhm ln sau y: - Dng c ct (gi tt l dao) vi c trng to hnh l to ra phoi, nh dao tin, phay, bo, tut... - Dng c bin dng vi c trng to hnh bng bin dng do nh trc cn, khun dp, khun p chy... c trng thi ngui ln trng thi nng. - Dng c o nh palme, thc cp, dng... tuy khng lm thay i hnh dng, kch thc sn phm, nhng cng khng th thiu trong sn xut c kh. C tnh Tnh cht c bn ca dng c l tc ng lc vo phi, sn phm m khng hay t b mn, do vy yu cu c bn l c cng cao v tnh chng mi mn cao. cng cao v phi cao hn hn cng ca phi, sn phm; do vy ty tng loi dng c cn cng yu cu ti thiu khc nhau. Tnh chng mi mn cao bo m cho dng c lm vic c lu di, gia cng c khi lng ln sn phm m khng b gim hay mt cp chnh xc. Tuy nhin trong khi quan tm ch yu n hai yu cu c bn ny cng phi ch n dai va p, khng cho php thp qu gi tr quy nh trnh gy v. Ngoi ra cn quan tm n tnh chu nhit khi dng c lm vic vi nng sut cao v trng thi nng. Tnh cng ngh v tnh kinh t Trong loi thp ny hai yu t ny khng tht quan trng v khng yu cu cao nh nhm thp kt cu bi v khi lng s dng rt t. Tuy nhin thp cng phi c kh nng bin dng do trng thi nng v mm trng thi ct gt c. V kinh t tuy t hn song phi b li do ko di tui bn v tang nng sut Thnh phn ha hc Cacbon. Nh bit, cacbon quyt nh cng v tnh chng mi mn nn nhng loi dng c cn yu cu ny cao nh dao ct, dng c bin dng ngui v dng c o c yu cu cacbon ti thiu cao hn, 0,70 - 1,00%, song ni chung l 1,00%, thm ch c loi ln ti trn, di 2%. Cn

i vi cc dng c gia cng phi mm hay trng thi nng c th thp hn, khong 0,30 0,50%. Cng vi l do trnh by, thp dng c cacbon ch ph hp vi cc loi c kch thc nh, hnh dng n gin (do thm ti thp) v nng sut thp, ch yu l cc dng c bng tay. Hp kim. a nguyn t hp kim vi lng t vo thp ch yu l tang tnh thm ti do vy lm c cc dng c nh vi hnh dng tng i phc tp hay phc tp. Cc nguyn t hp kim a vo cng lm tng tnh chng ram do nng cao tnh cng nng, song do vi lng t hiu qu ny khng ng k. a nguyn t hp kim (ch yu l W, Mo) vi lng nhiu vo thp, ngoi tc dng tng mnh tnh thm ti cn c mc ch chnh l gy cn tr mnh qu trnh ram do nng cao mnh nhit phn ha ca mactenxit, nng cao tnh cng nng. Chnh v vy hu nh cc dng c lm vic trn my u lm bng thp hp kim.

2. Thp lm dng c ct
Trong cc nh my c kh, ct gt l nguyn cng c khi lng ln hn c, tiu ph nhiu nng lng, my mc, nhn cng v chim t l cao trong gi thnh sn phm. Do to ra cc dng c ct c th ct gt vi tc cao (nng sut cao) l yu cu thng xuyn. Yu cu i vi vt liu lm dng c ct iu kin lm vic ca dao tin v yu cu c tnh

Hnh 5.12. S tin (a) v s mt ct khi tin (b): 1. phi, 2. phoi, 3. rnh lm, 4. dao, 5. mt trc, 6. mt sau. Cc loi dao lm vic trong iu kin tin, phay, bo, doa... tuy c nhng nt khc bit song v c bn l ging nhau v c th coi tin l nguyn cng in hnh (hnh 5.12). 1) to phoi, li ct chu p lc rt ln to ra cng c hc ph hy (tch) kim loi. V vy dao phi c cng cao hn hn phi. Trng hp thong dng (ct thp, gang thng thng vi HB

trn di 200) dao phi c cng HRC 60. Cc trng hp khc c th thp hn (khi ct hp kim mu) hoc cao hn (khi ct thp bn nng, khng g, bn cao) gi tr trn. t c yu cu ny dao phi c lm bng thp vi lng cacbon ti thiu l 0,70% v qua ti cng + ram thp thnh mactenxit ram. 2) Dao b mi st: mt trc vi phoi, mt sau vi phi, c bit l trn mt trc s to nn rnh lm do phi bin dng v b gy phoi. Ti lc hai mt ny b mn mnh, khong cch hp li, li ct b gy v tr nn "cn" phi mi li. V vy dao phi c tnh chng mi mn cao chng to thnh rnh lm, yu cu ny c bit quan trng i vi trng hp gia cng chnh xc. Tnh chng mi mn ca thp ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - cng: c gi tr cng cao tnh chng mi mn cng tt. Thng l khi cng HRC mc cao hn 60, c tng thm 1 n v tui bn ca dao tng them khong 25 - 30%. - Lng cacbit d: cng cao tnh chng mi mn cng cao. Cc thp cng tch v sau cng tch sau khi ti tuy hu nh c cng nh nhau, song tnh chng mi mn khc nhau, cng xa cng tch (tc cng nhiu cacbon) tnh chng mi mn cng cao do cng nhiu cacbit. Chnh v l do ny phn ln thp lm dng c ct c lng cacbon 1%, i khi ti 1,50%, c bit ti 2% v hn. 3) Cng tch phoi v ma st bin thnh nhit v phn ln li tp trung li ct lm cho phn ny nng ln r rt, do s lm xu kh nng ct gt ca dao. c bit khi ct gt vi tc cao, nhit li ct cao vt qu 200 - 300oC, mactenxit b phn ha, cng HRC thp di 60, dao khng cn kh nng ct gt. Do vy vi dao ct cn nng sut cao, phi a vo thp nhng nguyn t to cho thp tnh cng nng: chng ha tan vo st (trong austenit ri mactenxit) v do c i lc mnh vi cacbon nn gi nguyn t ny li trong mactenxit ti 500 600oC. V vy khi ct gt vi tc cao, dao tuy vn b nng ln song vn gi c t chc mactenxit vi cng cao (HRC > 60) ct. Khc vi cng, (tnh) cng nng c xc nh bng nhit (ram) cao nht m cng HRC ca thp vn cn cao ti 58. Ngoi ba yu cu chnh ra cc thp lm dng c ct cng phi tha mn cc yu cu khc: bn (un khi tin, xon khi khoan... nh kt hp vi thit k), dai bo m (tuy khng yu cu cao trnh m, gy li ct). Thp lm dng c ct cng phi c tnh cng ngh nht nh. - Tnh thm ti tt bo m cng cao v ng nht khi ti trong du, nht l cc dao c hnh dng phc tp nh phay tut, mi khoan... phi ti phn cp trnh nt v bin dng. - C kh nng chu gia cng p lc trng thi nng. - C kh nng chu gia cng ct trng thi (HB 265). - C tnh mi tt sau khi ti. Thp lm dao c nng sut thp l loi thp lm dao ch ct c vi tc 5 - 10m/min. Thp cabon Theo TCVN 1822-76 c cc mc CD70, CD80, CD80Mn, CD90, CD100, CD110, CD120 v CD130 vi cht lng tt (P 0,035, S 0,030) v cng cc mc nh vy nhng c cht lng

cao (P 0,030, S 0,020) c thm ch A sau cng nh t CD70A n CD130A. Chng c cc c tnh nh sau: - Sau khi ti + ram thp c th t HRC 60 ct. Ch ti ca cc thp nh sau: CD70, CD80 - ti hon ton 800 - 820oC, 780 - 800oC, CD90 - CD130 - ti khng hon ton 760 780oC. Tuy tt c u t cng HRC 60 - 62 song cc thp sau cng tch CD100 - CD130 c nhiu XeII d nn chng mi mn tt hn cc mc cn li. - D bin dng nng, gia cng ct v r. Song cng l nhiu nhc im quan trng. + thm ti thp (ch ti thu cc tit din trn di 10mm). Vi cc dao ln hn, lp ti mng, sau thi gian lm vic khi mi li khng cn cng nn phi ti li, do khng thun tin khi s dng. + Tnh cng nng thp do mactenxit khng c hp kim ha, c tnh chng ram km. Tnh cng nng khng vt qu 200 - 250oC, do ch t nng sut thp, tc ct khng qu 5m/min. Chnh iu ny hn ch s dng. Cng dng: do nhng nhc im k trn nn rt t dng thp cacbon lm dao ct. Nu c s dng cng ch lm dao nh, hnh dng n gin vi nng sut thp hay bng tay. Dng c in hnh lm bng thp dng c cacbon l gia (hi t kh y cc iu kin va nu c ch to vi mc CD120). Thp hp kim l nhm thp c thnh phn cacbon cao (~ 1% v cao hn) v c hp kim ha thp v va phi vi c tnh c thm ti tt hn hay tnh chng mi mn cao. Loi c tnh thm ti tt l loi c hp kim ha thp bng 1%Cr (c th thm 1%Si) vi mc in hnh 90CrSi (TCVN 1823-76). Thnh phn hp kim nh vy c tc dng: - Ci thin tnh thm ti: mi trng ti du vn bo m cng HRC cao hn 60. Cng chnh v vy c th lm dao nh vi hnh dng phc tp nh mi khoan, doa, tar, bn ren, lc ren, phay.. - Nng cao cht t tnh cng nng. Silic cng vi crm cn cn tr mnh qu trnh ram di 250 - 300oC, v th c tnh cng nng n trn di 300oC, c th ct vi tc 10 m/min hay hn mt cht. 90CrSi tng i r vi tnh nng lm vic tt hn thp cacbon nn c dng tng i ph bin trong ch to cc loi dao ct k trn. Tuy nhin mc 90CrSi cng c nhc im m ng k nht l d thot cacbon khi nung (do c nhiu silic) nn phi ch bo v khi ti. Thp c ti 840 - 860oC trong du, ram 150 - 200oC, cng HRC t trong khong 62 - 64. Loi c tnh chng mi mn cao l loi c cacbon rt cao (> 1,30%) vi 0,50%Cr v 4,0 5,0%W mc CrW5 (140CrW5). Do c cacbon rt cao v nhiu vonfram l nguyn t to thnh cacbit mnh nn trong thp tn ti mt lng ln cacbit lm tng rt mnh tnh chng mi mn. Thp c tnh thm ti thp (do t crm v nhiu cacbit thc y chuyn bin thnh hn hp ferit cacbit) nn mi trng ti l nc. cng HRC sau khi ti (800 - 820oC) ram (~ 150oC) t ti 66 - 68, nn thp c dng lm dao tin, phay vi tc ct khng ln lm (do khng c tnh cng nng) ct sa cc phi cng (v d b mt trc cn ti).

Thp lm dao c nng sut cao - thp gi y l loi thp lm dao quan trng nht, tt nht, tha mn cao nht cc yu cu i vi vt liu lm dao: - Tc ct 35 - 80m/min (3 - 7 ln so vi loi trn). - Tnh chng mi mn v tui bn cao (8 - 10 ln). - thm ti c bit cao (ti thu vi tit din bt k). Thnh phn ha hc v tc dng ca cc nguyn t Thp gi l tn gi Vit Nam (cc nc thng gi l thp ct nhanh: high speed steel - Anh, acier coupe rapide - Php, - Nga) ca loi thp dng c t ti (c th l do t ti, ti trong khng kh (gi) cng t c mactenxit cng nn ta thp c gi l thp gi) c nng sut ct cao c tng lng hai nguyn t vonfram v mlipen cao (> 10%) v lng kh ln crm (4%), ngoi ra cn c th c thm vanai v cban. Cc nguyn t trong thp gi c tc dng nh sau. Cacbon bin i trong gii hn kh rng t 0,70 n 1,50%, ha tan vo mactenxit v to thnh cacbit vi cc nguyn t to thnh cacbit mnh l W, Mo v c bit l V. Khi thm 1%V phi a thm 0,10 - 0,15%C vo thp. C hai tc dng lm cho thp gi cng v lm tng mnh tnh chng mi mn. Crm c trong mi thp gi vi lng ging nhau, khong 4% (3,8 - 4,4%) c tc dng lm tng mnh thm ti. Nh tng lng (Cr + W + Mo) cao (> 15%) nn thp gi c kh nng t ti, ti thu vi tit din bt k v c th p dng ti phn cp. Vonfram l nguyn t hp kim quan trng nht khng nhng v c t l cao nht (6 - 18%) m chnh l do to ra tnh cng nng cao, nn c nng sut cao. L nguyn t to thnh cacbit mnh, vonfram ch yu nm dng Me6C hay Fe3W3C, khi nung nng n ha tan vo austenit nn sau khi ti mactenxit cha nhiu vonfram. Khi nung nng li hay khi ram Me6C ch tit ra khi mactenxit khong 550 - 570oC, nn duy tr c cng cao sau khi ti n ti 600oC. Mlipen c dng thay th vonfram t li c t l qu cao. Mlipen c cu trc tinh th v tnh cht rt ging vonfram nn c th thay th cho nhau theo t l nguyn t l 1 : 1, song do mlipen r hn li nh hn (vi khi lng ring 10,3 so vi 19,3g/cm3), v mt khi lng 1%Mo thay th c gn 2%W, v th s thay th em li hiu qu kinh t cao (mc d khng ci thin tnh ct gt). Vanai l nguyn t to thnh cacbit rt mnh. VC rt t ha tan vo austenit khi nung, trong thp n dng cc phn t cng, phn tn, lm tng tnh chng mi mn v gi cho ht nh khi ti. Mi thp gi u c t nht 1%V, khi vt qu 2% tnh chng mi mn tng ln, song khng nn dng qu 5% v lm xu mnh tnh mi. Cban khng to thnh cacbit, n ch ha tan vo st dng dung dch rn v vi hm lng vt qu 5% tnh cng nng ca thp gi tng ln r rt. OCT ch c cc mc thp gi cha hoc 5 hoc 10%Co, AISI c nhiu mc thp gi vi lng cban thay i trong phm vi 5 12%. Nhc im ca thp gi cha cban l d b thot cacbon khi ti v khi cha qu nhiu (>10 - 12%) thp b gin. T chc t vi v nhit luyn V t chc t vi, do thnh phn hp kim cao, 10 - 20% v cacbon cao nn thp gi thuc loi lburit (khi ), mactenxit (khi thng ha, trng thi cung cp). Thp cha nhiu cacbit (15 25%), sau khi c cacbit ch yu dng cng tinh lburit hnh xng c nn rt gin v phi lm nh chng bng bin dng nng (cn, rn). Thng thng phi c cung cp c tit din cng nh chng t c cn vi bin dng () mnh nn c cacbit nh mn v phn b u. cc nh my c kh thng tin hnh rn li cc phi ln ( > 40). Sau khi rn b bin

cng, thp c qua khng hon ton 840 - 860oC t cng HB 241 - 269 vi t chc peclit (dng xoocbit) + cacbit nh mn phn b u, c th chu gia cng ct c. Nhit luyn kt thc bng ti + ram quyt nh cng, tnh chng mi mn cao c bit l tnh cng nng theo yu cu. Ti l nguyn cng quyt nh tnh cng nng ca thp gi vi c im l nhit ti rt cao (gn 1300oC) khong dao ng li kh hp (ch 10oC), khng cho php ti nhit thp hn hoc cao hn gii hn quy nh v: 1) Khi nung thp hn, austenit cha bo ha W nng cao tnh cng nng: + Khi nung qu Ac1 (khong 850oC) trong thp gi mi c chuyn bin peclit thnh austenit, do vy ti 850 - 900oC ch t HRC 45 - 50 cha ct. + Tip tc nng cao nhit , cacbit hp kim bt u ha tan v ha tan cng nhiu vo austenit lm pha ny cng giu nguyn t hp kim (v c cacbon) nh biu th hnh 5.13a. Ti 1000oC bo ha crm do Cr23C6 d ha tan hn c. VC hu nh khng tan vo austenit. Cn Fe3W3C (loi cacbit ch yu) bt u ha tan mnh trn 1150oC v ngay c ti gn 1300oC austenit cng ch ha tan c 8%W. Nguyn l chn nhit ti ca thp gi l tn lng chn nhit ti cao austenit cha nhiu vonfram nht mactenxit to thnh c tnh cng nng cao nht. Ti nhit ti vn cn kh nhiu cacbit Fe3W3C v ton b VC cha ha tan s cn tr ht pht trin, gi cho ht nh v lm tng tnh chng mi mn.

Hnh 5.13. ha tan ca cc nguyn t hp kim vo austenite ca thp gi (a) v t chc t vi ca thp gi sau khi ti (b). 2) Tuy nhin khi vt qu nhit quy nh, cacbit ha tan nhiu, ht li pht trin mnh, thp b gin, thm ch c trng hp bin ht b chy. V th ti sao cho thp gi t c tnh cng nng cao nht i hi phi t nhit cao mt cch kh chnh xc. Nu ch cn t cng cao (HRC > 60) th nhit ti ch cn hn 1000oC l . T chc t vi ca thp gi sau khi ti ng (hnh 5.13b) gm mactenxit giu vonfram, austenit d (30%) v cacbit d (15 - 20%) vi cng HRC khong 62, song cha phi l cao nht. Cacbit d c nh hng tt n tnh chng mi mn song lng ln austenit d lm gim cng ca thp ti vi n v HRC. S d austenit d nhiu nh vy v ti nhit cao, austenit

c hp kim ha cao mt mt to nn mactenxit cng nng cao mt khc lm h thp im Mf. Do austenit qu ngui c tnh n nh rt cao nn c th p dng nhiu cch ti cho thp gi. - Ti trong du nng (> 60oC) p dng cho cc dao c hnh dng n gin. - Ti phn cp trong mui nng chy (400 - 600oC) vi thi gian gi nhit 3 - 5min, p dng cho cc dao nh, hnh dng phc tp, c yu cu cong vnh rt nh nh mi khoan. - Gia cng lnh kh austenit d sau khi ti, p dng khi cn n nh kch thc. - Ti trong khng kh (t ti) tuy vn t cng cao i vi dao mng, song c th cho cng khng u ( cng thp hn ch dy), d b xy ha, thot cacbon b mt, tit cacbit khi austenit lm gim tnh cng nng, nn rt t dng. - Ti ng nhit ra bainit (gi 240 - 280oC hng h) cho bin dng nh nht song cng HRC khng qu 60, nng sut thp, t dng. Ram thp gi l nhm lm mt ng sut bn trong, kh b austenite d, tng cng ( cng HRC tng thm 2 - 3 n v, hin tng ny c gi l cng th hai). Thp gi c ram 2 4 ln (thng l 3) 550 - 570oC, mi ln trong 1h. Chuyn bin xy ra nh sau. Khi nung ti 550oC cacbit vonfram Fe3W3C nh mn mi bt u tit ra khi dung dch rn lm austenit ngho hp kim i, nng cao im Ms v lm gim ng sut nn ln austenit d lm pha ny chuyn bin thnh mactenxit, cng tng ln. Sau mi ln ram ch c mt t l nht nh (khong 50 - 75%) austenit d chuyn bin v li gy ra ng sut bn trong mi, nn sau phi ram thm 1 - 3 ln na qu trnh xy ra c hon ton hn.

Hnh 5.14. Quy trnh ti + ram thp gi 80W18Cr4V (P18, T1, SKH2) cng nh s thay i ca lng austenit d v cng HRC. Ch ti + ram thp gi in hnh cng nh s bin i lng austenit d v cng c trnh by hnh 5.14. nng cao kh nng ct ca thp gi, sau khi mi c th c ha - nhit luyn: thm cacbon nit nhit thp (550 - 570oC) th lng trong 2 - 3h to ra lp thm mng c cng rt cao (HRC ~ 70) tui bn c th tng 50% song hi gin, ch thch hp vi loi dao t va p.

Cc mc v cng dng TCVN cha quy nh cc mc thp gi. Bng 5.7 gii thiu bn trong s cc loi thp gi thng gp ca Nga, M v Nht. Thp gi vi nng sut thng l loi c tnh cng nng n 615 - 620oC, loi khng cha hay cha rt t cban v c < 2% vanai, gm cc k hiu nh 80W18Cr4V (P18, T1, SKH2) v 85W6Mo5Cr4V2 (P6M5, M2, SKH51). Hin nay loi k hiu sau c a chung v cha t vonfram hn, r hn vi tnh ct tng ng loi k hiu u (loi c in, mc thp gi u tin), nhiu nc n chim khong 50% lng thp gi s dng. Thp gi vi nng sut cao l loi c tnh cng nng cao hn, khong 630 - 650oC, c th ct vi tc 40m/min hoc c tnh chng mi mn cao, chng cha cban hoc c > 2% vanai, gm cc k hiu nh 85W18Co5Cr4V2 (P18K52, T4, SKH3), 155W12Co5V5Cr4 (P124K5, T15, SKH10). Cng dng chnh ca thp gi l lm cc dng c ct ln, hnh dng phc tp, iu kin ct nng vi nng sut cao (tc ln) v tui th cao, tc lin quan n cc loi dao phc tp nht, ch cht nht, rt a dng nn thp gi c tm quan trng quyt nh trong ch to dng c ct.

Bng 5.7. Thnh phn ha hc (%) ca cc mc thp gi thng gp.

Thp lm dng c bin dng ngui Bin dng do thp nhit thng - bin dng ngui - l hnh thc gia cng ph bin trong ch to c kh vi nng sut cao. Dng c bin dng nh trc cn, khun dp, t... c ngha quan trng quyt nh nng sut v cht lng sn phm. iu kin lm vic v yu cu C th thy rng dng c bin dng ngui m in hnh l khun dp v c bn cng c iu kin lm vic v yu cu nh i vi dao ct, song cng c im hi khc. Ngoi chu p lc ln

ra, khun dp cn chu ng sut un, lc va p v ma st. Hn na do din tch tip sc ln, khng to ra phoi nn khun dp khng b nng ln nhiu (thng khng qu 200 - 250oC). Vi iu kin lm vic nh vy, cc dng c bin dng ngui phi t c cc yu cu sau. 1) cng cao. Ni chung dng c bin dng ngui cng yu cu cng cao, tuy khng i hi cao nh dao ct, nhng cng phi t n gii hn di ca n tc l HRC 58 - 62 ph thuc vo loi khun, chiu dy v cng ca thp l em dp, bin dng. Khi dp ct cc l thp cng nh thp k thut in (tn silic) hay c chiu dy ln phi yu cu cng HRC ti trn 60, thm ch 62; khi dp un l mng hay c cng thp yu cu cng ch cn HRC 56. Khi cng HRC ln hn 62 khun d b nt, m khi lm vic. 2) Tnh chng mi mn cao bo m c hng vn - hng chc vn ln dp. Nu khun c tnh chng mi mn km s to ra khe h gia chy v ci, khng lm vic c. 3) bn v dai bo m chu c ti trng t vo ln v chu va p. i vi cc khun dp ln cn c thm yu cu v thm ti v t thay i th tch khi ti. c im ca thp lm dng c bin dng ngui t c cc yu cu c tnh k trn, cc thp lm dng c bin dng ngui c cc c im chung sau. - Thnh phn cacbon cao, thng mc trn di 1%, bo m cng, tnh chng mi mn sau khi ti, song c mt s trng hp c bit phi ly khc i. + Khi chu va p mnh, lng cacbon gim i, cn 0,40 - 0,60%, + Khi cn chng mi mn tht cao, lng cacbon phi cao n 1,50 - 2,00% hay hn. - Thnh phn hp kim ph thuc vo hnh dng, kch thc khun v tnh chng mi mn yu cu do tc dng nng cao thm ti v to ra cacbit cng. lm tng thm ti thng dng cc nguyn t crm, mangan, silic, vonfram vi lng t (~1% mi loi). nng cao tnh chng mi mn phi dng lng ln crm (~ 12%) cng vi lng cacbon rt cao, 1,50 - 2,00% hay hn. - Nhit luyn kt thc dng c bin dng ngui cng ging nh dao ct l ti + ram thp t t chc mactenxit ram vi cng cao, song cng c c im ring. bo m bn v do kch thc ln (hn dng c ct) nhit ti ca thp c ly cao hn mt cht (20 - 40oC) austenit c ng nht hn, nng cao thm ti. Cng t iu ny, trc khi ti nn thng ha t hn hp ferit - cacbit nh mn, ngoi ra n cn c tc dng gim bin dng, nt khi ti. Nhit ram ly cao hn (song vn l ram thp) v yu cu cng thp hn cht t. Ch do ram thp phi trnh gin ram loi I. Trong s cc dng c bin dng ngui, ch xt loi khun dp ngui l loi c dng ph bin trong sn xut c kh. Thp lm khun b lm khun dp ngui b, hnh dng n gin, chu ti trng nh c th dng thp dng c cacbon vi cc mc CD100, CD120, khi ti phi lm ngui trong nc, thm ti thp song c

 cng cao bo m tuy tnh chng mi mn khng ln. Do thm ti khng cao nn vi kch thc 30 - 40mm li vn c do nht nh, khun c kh nng chu va p, song nu lp ti qu mng n c th b ln, dt i trong khi lm vic. Thp lm khun trung bnh lm khun trung bnh (75 -100mm) hay loi b nhng c hnh dng phc tp, chu ti trng ln phi dng thp c khong 1%C v cc nguyn t hp kim Cr, W, Mn, Si (~ 1% mi nguyn t) nng cao thm ti vi cc mc 110Cr, 100CrWMn, !00CrWSiMn. Trong cc mc 100CrWMn l in hnh hn c v c dng ph bin. N c nhng c im sau y. Bng 5.8. Thnh phn ha hc (%) ca cc mc thp lm khun dp ngui thng gp

- Do c mangan nn sau khi ti c lng austenit d nht nh nn bin dng nh. - C th dng cch ti phn cp (nu l khun nh) v ti trong hai mi trng (nu l khun trung bnh) gim bin dng m vn t cng cao.

- Thin tch cacbit ln, khi cacbit ln thp d b nt khi ti, do phi kim tra cp cacbit, nu thy ln phi thp phi qua rn. Thp lm khun ln v c tnh chng mi mn rt cao lm khun dp ln (200 - 300mm), chu ti trng nng v b mi mn rt mnh phi dng nhm thp crm cao ti 12% v cacbon rt cao, 1,50 - 2,20% vi cc mc Cr12 (210Cr12), Cr12Mo (160Cr12Mo) v Cr12V1 (130Cr12V1). Chng c nhng c im ni bt nh sau. - Tnh chng mi mn rt cao do c t l ln (ti khong 30%) cacbit crm nn bo m tui bn lm vic rt cao. - thm ti cao, ti thu vi kch thc 150 x 200mm khi ti trong du do vy bo m bn, cng cao c khi khun ln. - C th p dng nhiu ch ti + ram khc nhau t c cc yu cu khc nhau v c tnh v s n nh kch thc da trn c im l thp c nhiu cacbit, thay i nhit ti dn n mc ha tan cacbit khc nhau lm bin i thnh phn ca austenit, v th lm thay i t l ca cc t chc to thnh do n cng v kch thc khun: + Ti nhit thp, 1050 - 1075oC, t austenit d, cng HRC t 64 - 65, nhng tnh cng nng thp (cch ti ny gi l ti ra cng th nht). Sau khi ti ram 150 - 200oC. + Ti nhit cao, 1125 - 1150oC, austenit c hp kim ha cao, mactenxit c tnh cng nng cao, nhng cng t thp, HRC 54 - 56 v c nhiu austenit d (~ 60%). Ging nh thp gi, thp ny sau khi ram nhiu ln 500 - 530oC austenit d s chuyn bin thnh mactenxit v c cng tng ln n HRC 58 - 60 (cch ti ny gi l ti ra cng th hai). + Ti nhit trung bnh, 1100 - 1125oC c t l austenit d kh ln (~ 40%) nn kch thc hu nh khng thay i, t cng HRC khong 58. Sau khi ti, ram 150 - 200oC (cch ti ny gi l ti n nh kch thc). Khi ram, trnh nhit gin ram loi I ca thp ny l 300 - 375oC. - C th dp vi tc cao, khun chu c nhit nung nng ti 200 - 350oC. Trn bng 5.8 trnh by thnh phn ha hc cc mc thp ca hai nhm trn. Thp lm khun chu ti trng va p lm cc dng c bin dng ngui chu va p nh c, ba hi, khun dp ct thp tm dy 3 - 4mm tr ln phi lm bng loi thp hp kim vi 3 - 5% nguyn t hp kim song c lng cacbon thp hn, ch 0,40 - 0,60% bo m dai va p nht nh. Thng dng cc mc sau: 40CrSi, 60CrSi, 40CrW2Si, 50CrW2Si, 60CrW2Si v 60CrWMn, c 1%Cr, 1%Si v 1 2%W. t dai yu cu sau khi ti phi ram cao hn cc khun dp bnh thng. Khi ram, trnh gin ram loi I ca cc thp trn 240 - 270oC. Hin nay ang c khuynh hng dng hp kim cng lm khun dp ngui, t hiu qu rt cao.

Thp lm dng c bin dng nng Nh bit bin dng nng l hnh thc gia cng ch yu ch to bn thnh phm v phi ( gia cng ct) trong sn xut luyn kim v c kh. Trong sn xut c kh thng dng ph bin cc phng php gia cng p lc: rn, p chy thng qua cc b khun tng ng iu kin lm vic v yu cu C th thy rng tuy c bn cht nh nhau (lm bin dng do) song dng c bin dng nng c iu kin lm vic hi khc dng c bin dng ngui v ct do cc c im sau y. - Dng c (khun) lun lun tip xc vi phi nng ti ~ 1000oC nn bn thn khun cng b nung nng ti 500 - 700oC song khng thng xuyn, lin tc. - Do c nung nng n trng thi austenit nn phi thp c tnh do cao, v th cng ca khun khng cn cao nh dng c bin dng ngui. - Cc dng c bin dng nng thng c kch thc ln, chu ti trng ln, c th t ti vi trm - vi nghn tn. bo m c cc iu kin lm vic nh vy cc dng c bin dng nng phi t c cc yu cu sau: 1) bn v dai cao, cng va phi bo m chu c ti trng ln v va p, cng ca dng c ch cn trong khong HB 350 - 450 (HRC 35 - 46), qu gi tr ny dai khng bo m. 2) Tnh chng mi mn cao bo m to ra c hng nghn n hng vn sn phm. Do lm vic nhit cao, nng sut ca cc khun bin dng nng thp hn khun bin dng ngui chng 10 ln. 3) Tnh chu nhit cao, chng mi nhit chu c trng thi nhit thay i tun hon d gy ra rn, nt. Mun vy thp phi c tnh chng ram cao. c im ca thp lm dng c bin dng nng t c cc yu cu c tnh k trn, cc thp dng lm dng c bin dng ngui phi c cc c im chung sau. - Thnh phn cacbon trung bnh, ty theo tng loi khun ( cng v dai va p yu cu) lng cacbon dao ng trong khong 0,30 - 0,50%. - Thnh phn hp kim thch hp bo m ti thu, c tnh ng nht trn ton tit din v bo m tnh chu nng, chng ram tt c bit trong trng hp phi tip xc lu vi phi nng. bo m thm ti tt v dai cao thng dng crm - niken; bo m thm ti, chu nng v chng ram phi dng ti 8 - 10% vonfram. - Nhit luyn kt thc dng c bin dng nng bao gm ti + ram t t chc trxtit ram (i khi c trxtit - xoocbit ram) c bn, dai, cng ph hp vi yu cu lm vic. Ch : do ram nhit 500 - 600oC nn phi trnh gin ram loi II. Hai loi dng c bin dng nng ph bin trong sn xut c kh l khun rn v khun p chy.

Thp v khun rn to phi, trong sn xut c kh ngoi cch rn t do ngi ta s dng rng ri cch rn khun: bin dng trong cc khun nh hnh c gi chung l khun rn. Cc khun rn thng c kch thc ln, chu ti trng cao v va p, b nung nng t (500 - 550oC) do thi gian tip sc ngn. nc ta hay dng thp crm - niken (hay crm - mangan) c hp kim ha thm bng mlipen hay vonfram v c khong 0,50% cacbon vi cc mc 50CrNiMo, 50CrNiW, 50CrNiSiW, 50CrMnMo trong 50CrNiMo l mc in hnh v c dng ph bin hn c. Thp ny c nhng c im sau. - Tnh thm ti cao, ti thu trong du vi khi th tch 400 x 300 x 300mm, c th ti phn cp hay ng nhit vi khun b. - Ti + ram 500 - 600oC, ty theo yu cu cng vi tng loi khun: nh HRC 40 - 45 ram khong 500 - 540oC, ln HRC 35 - 38 ram khong 540 - 580oC, t chc t trxtit hay trxtit xoocbit ram. C tnh tt 500oC: b = 900MPa, 0,2 = 650MPa, = 20 22%, = 70%. - cng phn ui nn thp hn phn lm vic t 5 n 10 n v HRC do phi ram thm phn ny trong l mui 600 - 650oC hay bng nung cm ng.

Bng 5.9. Thnh phn ha hc (%) ca cc mc lm khun rn v khun p chy thng gp

Ch khi nhit luyn khun rn: + Thi gian nung nng di (do kch thc khun ln) thng dn n xy ha v thot cacbon, phi c bin php bo v. + i vi cc khun ln do yu cu phi c dai cao hn nn cng c khi phi ly thp i (HRC < 35), lc c th tin hnh khc hnh chnh xc sau khi ti + ram bo m chnh xc cho khun. Thng dng 50CrNiMo, cho khun rn vi trng lng ba > 3T, cc mc cn li vi khi lng ba < 3T.

Thp v khun p chy Khc vi khun rn, cc khun chn p nng (p chy) c kch thc b hn nhng li chu nhit cao hn (do phi tip sc lu vi phi), chu p sut cao nhng ti trng va p nh. bo m tnh cng nng kh cao (b mt khun c th b nung nng ti 600 - 700oC) phi dng loi thp c c tnh gn nh thp gi, l loi c hp kim ha cao (~ 10%) bng Cr + W v c khong 0,30 - 0,40%C ( y khng cn ti 0,50%C nh trn m vn c ha bn tng ng v thp c lng nguyn t hp kim cao hn), ngoi ra c th c thm vanai (1%) nng cao tnh chng mi mn v gip duy tr ht nh v mlipen (1%) ci thin hn na tnh thm ti. Cc mc thp thng dng l 30Cr2W8V v 40Cr5W2VSi. Chng c ti nhit cao (gn 1100oC) ha tan mt lng ln cacbit hp kim vo austenite v do sau khi ti c mactenxit hp kim ha cao cho tnh cng nng cao, ht nh bo m dai tt. Khi ram nhit thch hp cc mc ny cng cho cng th hai nh thp gi, song bo m dai tt v cng yu cu chng c ram 600 - 650oC t t chc trxtit ram vi cng HRC bin ng trong khong 40 - 50. nng cao cng v tnh chng mi mn cho b mt khun p chy, sau khi ti + ram 600 650oC nh trn, khun cn c thm cacbon - nit nhit thp (bng Tenifer hay thm xyanua) 500 - 600oC (thp hn nhit ram khng lm xu bn, cng chung ca khun), to nn lp b mt cng HRC trn di 65 chng mi mn rt cao, cn li vn c cng bo m: HRC 40 - 50. Bng 5.9 trnh by thnh phn ha hc ca cc mc thp trn theo TCVN, OCT, AISI v JIS.

1. c im v phn loi
ng nh tn gi y , loi thp ny c nhng c tnh s dng khc l, t gp (do s dng vi khi lng khng ln) nhng c ngha quyt nh, khng th thiu trong mt s lnh vc k thut, chng c nhng c im chung nh sau: - V thnh phn cacbon, phn ln loi thp ny c cacbon rt thp (< 0,10 - 0,15%) thm ch yu cu khng cn cacbon (lc khng phi l thp m ch l hp kim st), cng c thp ngc li yu cu cacbon rt cao (> 1,00%), rt t trng hp c lng cacbon trung gian. - V thnh phn hp kim, phn ln loi thp ny thuc loi hp kim ha cao (> 10%) hay rt cao (> 20%) song thng ch dng mt (hp kim ha n gin nh crm hoc silic) hay hai nguyn t hp kim ch yu (nh crm - niken). - V t chc t vi, phn ln loi ny c t chc khc hn, do hp kim ha cao c th c t chc austenit, ferit, mactenxit trng thi cung cp. Do thnh phn v t chc nh vy, loi thp ny c nhng nhm thp vi cc c tnh c, l, ha khc nhau: + C tnh chng mi mn c bit cao.

+ C tnh cht in - in t c bit. + Lm vic nhit cao. + C tnh gin n nhit hay n hi c bit... Trong mc ny ch kho st cc thp c s dng tng i rng ri trong sn xut c kh.

2. Thp c tnh chng mi mn c bit cao di ti trng va p

i vi cc chi tit b mi mn rt mnh trong iu kin ma st do mi st di p lc cao v va p [nh xch my xc, xe tng, hm nghin p, rng gu xc (t, ), thanh gt, ghi (ni giao nhau) ng st...] khng th dng cch thm cacbon hay ti b mt v chng khng tnh chng mi mn, lp thm mng nn thi gian lm vic qu ngn. Lc ny phi dng loi thp hp kim c bit c dai cao nhng c kh nng t tng mnh cng b mt khi lm vic, nh tng mnh tnh chng mi mn, hn na lp chng mi mn khng bao gi mt i v mt khi b mn i lp t bin cng khc tip theo li hnh thnh, iu ny u vit hn hn ti b mt v ha - nhit luyn. Thp dng vo mc ch ny c gi l thp Hadfield (do Hadfield tm ra t th k 19), l thp hp kim c bit c dng trng thi c vi thnh phn c bn gm 0,90 - 1,30%C, 11,4 - 14,5%Mn (theo TCVN s c k hiu l 110Mn13) v t chc l austenit. Nh bit Mn l nguyn t m rng khu vc nn vi lng ln Mn nh vy thp thuc loi austenit (tc c t chc n nh nhit thng). Vi t chc austenit thp c dai cao, cng thp, song khi lm vic di p lc cao v b va p austenit (vi mng A1 rt nhy cm vi ha bn bin dng - xem li mc 2.1.3b) b bin dng do v bin cng mnh, lm tng mnh cng v tnh chng mi mn ca lp b mt (cn thuyt khc li cho rng di p sut cao do va p, austenit cha cacbon cao chuyn bin thnh mactenxit cacbon cao - 1,10% - nn c cng cao), cn li vn gi nguyn t chc ban u nn vn duy tr c dai. t c dai, tnh chng mi mn cao nh vy, sau khi c thp phi qua dng nhit luyn c bit. Do c mangan v cacbon cao nn sau khi c vi tc ngui chm ngoi austenit ra thp c mt lng ln Mn3C hay (Fe,Mn)3C c to thnh nm bin ht nn lm gim mnh bn, dai v rt gin, cha th em dng ngay c. lm mt dng khuyt tt ny phi nung vt c n 1050 - 1100oC, gi nhit lu cacbit mangan ha tan ht vo austenit ri sau lm ngui nhanh trong nc cacbit khng kp tit ra v nh th t chc thp hon ton l austenit, c tnh t c nh sau: b = 800 900MPa, 0,2 = 300 350MPa, = 15 25%, = 20 30%, HB 180 220. Nguyn cng nhit luyn l austenit ha (n nh t chc hon ton l austenit) nhng do cch thc hin ging vi ti nn trong thc t vn dng cch gi ny. Khi s dng thp Hadfield phi ch ti cc c im sau: - Thp ch c tnh chng mi mn c bit cao vi cc iu kin ni trn, trong cc iu kin khng ging nh vy u vit ny b hn ch hoc mt i do khng to c lp bin cng b mt. V d, khi phun ct thp Hadfield li b mn rt nhanh (hn c thp thng) do tc dng mi bc ca ng sut tip, rng gu xc t li b mn nhanh hn khi xc .

- Tuy thp c cng thp sau khi austenit ha (HB 200) nhng tnh gia cng ct li rt km nu khng mun ni l khng th gia cng n bng dng c ct. Thp c to hnh ch bng c (nu cn c th mi th). Cc mc thp loi ny Nga l 11013 , Hoa K theo ASTM A128, Nht l SCMnHx (x l s th t).