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Chuyen e 11:

N TP HNH HOC GIAI TCH

TRONG MAT PHANG
PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG MAT PHANG
TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T
A. KIEN THC C BAN

I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong mat phang :

x'

x Ox : truc hoanh
y'Oy : truc tung
O
: goc toa o
r r
r r
rr
i
=
j
=
1
va
i j )
i, j : vec t n v (

r
j

'

x'

r
i

y'
Quy c : Mat phang ma tren o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong
goc Oxy c goi la mat phang
Oxy va ky hieu la : mp(Oxy)
II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t:
uuuur
1. nh ngha 1: Cho M mp(Oxy) . Khi o vec t OM c bieu dien mot cach duy
nhat theo
rr
uuuur r r
y
bi he thc co dang : OM = xi + y j v
i
,
j
i x,y .
Q
M
r
j
Cap so (x;y) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M.
r
Ky hieu:
M(x;y)
( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o
i
x
O
P
cua
iem
M)
y'

M(x; y)

Y ngha hnh hoc:

/ n

uuuur r r
OM = xi + y j

y
x'

x = OP vay=OQ

r
r
y'
2. nh ngha 2: Cho a mp(Oxy) . Khi o vec t a c bieu dien mot cach duy
nhat theo
r
r
r
rr
i a1,a2 .
i, j bi he thc co dang : a = a1i + a2 j v
r
y cua
Cap so (a1;a2) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o
vec t
a
r

e
a .
r

e
Ky hieu:
a = (a1; a2)
x
x'
2

67

y'

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r
a=(a1;a2)

Y ngha hnh hoc:

B2
x'

A2

r
r
r
a = a1i + a2 j

/ n

a1 = AB
1 1 vaa2 =A 2B2

H
x

A1

B1

y'

III. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t :

nh ly 1: Neu A(xA; yA) vaB(xB; yB) th
uuur
AB = (xB xA; yB yA)

nh ly 2:

B( x B ; y B )

r
r
Neu a = (a1; a2) vab = (b1; b2) th
*
*
*
*

r r
a = b
a= b 1 1
a2 = b2
r r
a + b = (a1 + b1; a2 + b2)
r r
a b = (a1 b1; a2 b2)
r
(k )
k.a = (ka1; ka2)

A( x A ; y A )

IV. S cung phng cua hai vec t:

Nhac lai
Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang
hoac nam tren hai ng thang song song .
nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t:
r
r
r r
nh ly 3 :
Cho hai vec t a vab v
i b0
r
r
a cu
ng phng b

nh sau:
b

r
r
!k sao cho a = k.b

r r
Neu a 0 th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh
r
r
k > 0 khi a cung hng b
r
r
k < 0 khi a ngc hng b a
r
a
k= r
v
2v
5v
v
b
a= b , b=- a
5
2
A

68

r
b
C
B

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nh ly 4 :

uuur
uuur Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn
A, B,C tha
ng ha
ng AB cu
ng phng AC
(ieu kien 3 iem thang hang )
r
r
nh ly 5: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2) vab = (b1; b2) ta co :
r
r
a cu
ng phng b

a1.b2 a2.b1 = 0

(ieu kien cung phng

cua 2 vec t

a =( a1 ; a2 )

b =(b1 ; b2 )

VD :

a =(1;2)

b =( 2;4)

V. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t:

Nhac lai:
rr r r
rr

a
.
b
=
a
.
b
.cos(
a
, b)
B

b
b
r2 r 2
a
=a
O
r
r
rr
x'

A
a
a b a.b = 0

a
r
r
nh ly 6: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2) vab = (b1; b2) ta co :
rr
a.b = a1b1 + a2b2

y'

(Cong thc tnh tch vo hng

theo toa o)

r
nh ly 7: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2) ta co :
r
a = a12 + a22

(Cong thc tnh o dai vec t

nh ly 8: Neu A(xA; yA) vaB(xB; yB) th

B( x B ; y B )

A( x A ; y A )

AB = (xB xA)2 + (yB yA)2

(Cong thc tnh khoang

cach 2 iem)
r
r
nh ly 9: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2) vab = (b1; b2) ta co :
r r
a b

a1b1 + a2b2 = 0

goc cua 2 vec t)

r
r
nh ly 10: Cho hai vec t a = (a1; a2) vab = (b1; b2) ta co

69

(ieu kien vuong

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rr
rr
a.b
a1b1 + a2b2
cos(a, b) = r r =
2
a.b
a1 + a22 . b12 + b22

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn
(Cong thc tnh goc cua 2 vec t)

VI. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k:

nh ngha: iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu
uuur
uuur
nh : MA= k.MB
A

uuur
uuur
nh ly 11 : Neu A(xA; yA) , B(xB; yB) va MA= k.MB ( k 1 ) th
xA k.xB

x
=
M

1 k

y = yA k.yB
M
1 k

ac biet :

xA + xB

x
=
M

y = yA + yB
M
2

M la trung iem cua AB

VII. Mot so ieu kien xac nh iem trong tam giac :

x A + x B + xC
xG =
3
1. G latrongtamtamgiacABC GA + GB + GC = 0
y = y A + y B + yC
G
3
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A
G

A
H

uuur uuur
uuur uuur
AH BC
AH.BC = 0
H latrc ta
m tam gia
c ABC uuur uuur uuur uuur
A
BH AC
BH.AC = 0
uuur uuur
AA' BC
A' lacha
n
ng cao ketA uuur
C
uuur
B A'
BA' cu
ng phng BC
IA=IB
I lata
m
ng tro
n ngoai tie
p tam gia
c ABC
IA=IC
uuur
AB uuur
D lacha
n
ng pha
n gia
c trong cu
a go
c A cu
a ABC DB =
.DC
AC
uuuur AB uuuur
'
'
D lacha
n
ng pha
n gia
c ngoa
i cu
a go
c A cu
a ABC D'B =
.DC
AC
uur
AB uuur
A
J lata
m
ng tro
n no
i tie
p ABC JA=
.JD
BD
70

I
B

C
B

C
D

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VIII. Kien thc c ban thng s dung khac:
Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac theo toa o ba nh :
uuur
uuur
nh ly 12: Cho tam giac ABC . at AB = (a1; a2) vaAC = (b1; b2) ta co :
1
A
SABC = . a1b2 a2b1
2
B

NG THANG TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

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A.KIEN THC C BAN

I. Cac nh ngha ve VTCP va VTPT (PVT) cua ng thang:
r
r

0
r

n
a la VTCP cua ng thang ( ) r
c tru
ng v
i ()
a cogiasong song hoa
r
r

r
n n 0
n la VTPT cua ng thang ( ) r
ng go
c v
i ()
n cogiavuo

( )

* Chu y:
r
r
Neu ng thang ( ) co VTCP a = (a1; a2 ) th co VTPT la n = ( a2; a1)
r
r
Neu ng thang ( ) co VTPT n = (A; B) th co VTCP la a = ( B; A)

()

a
( )

II. Phng trnh ng thang :

1. Phng trnh tham so va phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang :
a. nh ly : Trong mat phang (Oxy). ng thang ( ) qua M0(x0;y0) va nhan
r
a = (a1; a2 ) lam
VTCP se co :

x = x0 + t.a1 a
():
(t )
y = y0 + t.a2
O

Phng trnh tham so la :

M ( x; y )

M 0 ( x0 ; y0 )

x x0 y y0
():
=
a1
a2

Phng trnh chnh tac la :

2. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :

r
a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M0(x0;y0) va co VTPT n = (A; B) la:

y n
M ( x; y )

x
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )

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(): A(x x0 ) + B(y y0 ) = 0
( A2 + B2 0 )

b. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :

nh ly :Trong mat phang (Oxy). Phng trnh ng thang ( ) co dang :

y n = ( A; B)

vi A2 + B2 0

Ax + By + C = 0

M 0 ( x0 ; y0 )
x

a = ( B; A)

a = ( B; A)

Chu y:
T phng trnh ( ):Ax + By + C = 0 ta luon suy ra c :
r
1. VTPT cua ( ) la n = (A; B)
r
r
2. VTCP cua ( ) la a = ( B; A) hay a = (B; A)
3. M0(x0; y0 ) () Ax0 + By0 + C = 0
Menh e (3) c hieu la :
ieu kien can va u e mot iem nam tren ng thang la
toa o iem o
nghiem ung phng trnh cua ng thang .
3. Cac dang khac cua phng trnh ng thang :
a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem A(xA;yA) va B(xB;yB) :

( AB):

x xA
y yA
=
xB xA yB yA

( AB): x = xA

y
M ( x; y )
O

y
B( x B ; y B )

yA
xA

x
A( x A ; y A )

( AB): y = yA

yB

A( x A ; y A )
xB

A( x A ; y A )
x

B( x B ; y B )

yA yB
x

B( x B ; y B )

b. Phng trnh ng thng theo on chn:

nh l: Trong mp(Oxy) phng trnh ng thng ( ) ct trc hong ti im A(a;0) v trc tung ti
x y
+ =1
im B(0;b) vi a, b 0 c dng:
a b
c. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M0(x0;y0) va co he so goc k:
nh ngha: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ng thang . Goi = (Ox, ) th k = tg c goi
y
la he so goc
cua ng thang
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nh ly 1: Phng trnh ng thang qua M0(x0; y0) co he so goc k la :

y

M ( x; y )

y0
O

y - y0 = k(x - x0 )

(1)

x0

Chu y 1: Phng trnh (1) khong co cha phng trnh cua ng thang i qua
M0 va vuong goc
Ox nen khi s dung ta can e y xet them ng thang i qua M0
va vuong goc Ox la

x = x0

Chu y 2: Neu ng thang co phng trnh y = ax + b th he so goc cua

ng thang la k = a
nh ly 2: Goi k1, k2 lan lt la he so goc cua hai ng thang 1 , 2 ta co :
k1 = k 2
1 // 2
1 2 k1.k2 = 1
c. Phng trnh t i qua mot iem va song song hoac vuong goc vi mot t cho trc:
ng tha
ng (1) //(): Ax+By+C=0 codang: Ax+By+m1=0
i. Phng trinh
ng tha
ng (1) ( ): Ax+By+C=0 codang: Bx-Ay+m2=0
ii. Phng trinh
Chu y: m1; m2 c xac nh bi mot iem co toa o a biet nam
tren 1; 2
y

1 : Ax + By + m1 = 0

: Ax + By + C1 = 0
O

M1

x0

M1

: Ax + By + C1 = 0
1

1
x

O
2

1 // 2

y
2

x0

III. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :

1 : Bx Ay + m 2 = 0

1 cat 274

1 2

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Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

(1): Ax
1 + B1y + C1 = 0
( 2): A2x + B2y + C2 = 0

V tr tng oi cua (1) va( 2) phu thuoc vao so nghiem cua he phng
trnh :
Ax
Ax
1 + B1y + C1 = 0
1 + B1y = C1
(1)
hay

A
x
+
B
y
+
C
=
0
A
x
+
B
y
=

C
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chu y: Nghiem duy nhat (x;y) cua he (1) chnh la toa o giao iem M
cua (1) va( 2)
nh ly 1:
(1)//( 2)

i. He(1) vonghie
m

ii. He(1) conghie

m duy nha
t (1) ca
t ( 2)
iii. He(1) covosonghie
m

nh ly 2:

(1) ( 2)

Neu A2; B2;C2 khac 0 th

A1 B1

A 2 B2

ii. (1) // ( 2)

A1 B1 C1
=

A 2 B2 C2

iii. (1) ( 2)

i.

(1) ca
t ( 2)

A1 B1 C1
=
=
A 2 B2 C2

IV. Goc gia hai ng thang

1.nh ngha: Hai ng thng a, b ct nhau to thnh 4 gc. S o nh nht trong cc s o
ca bn gc c gi l gc gia hai ng thng a v b (hay gc hp bi hai
ng thng a v b). Gc gia hai ng thng a v b c k hiu l ( a, b )
Khi a v b song song hoc trng nhau, ta ni rng gc ca chng bng 00
2. Cng thc tnh gc gia hai ng thng theo VTCP
r
rv VTPT
a) Nu hai ng thng c VTCP ln lt l u v v th
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rr
u.v
rr
cos ( a, b ) = cos u, v = r r
u.v
r
uur
b) Nu hai ng thng c VTPT ln lt l n v n ' th
r uur
n.n '
r uur
cos ( a, b ) = cos n, n ' = r uur
n . n'

( )
(

nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

(1) : Ax
1 + B1y + C1 = 0
( 2): A2x + B2y + C2 = 0

Goi ( 0 90 ) la goc gia (1) va(2) ta co :

0

A1A2 + B1B2

cos =
He qua:

A12 + B12 .

A22 + B22

(1) ( 2) A 1A2 + B1B2 = 02

V. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang :

nh ly 1: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang (): Ax + By + C = 0 va iem M0(x0; y0)
Khoang cach t M0 en ng thang () c tnh bi
cong thc:
M
0

d(M0; ) =

Ax0 + By0 + C

A2 + B2

O
()

nh ly 2: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :

(1): Ax
1 + B1y + C1 = 0

( 2): A2x + B2y1 + C2 = 0y

Phng trnh phan giac cua goc tao bi (1) va( 2) la :
Ax
1 + B1y + C1
A12 + B12

A2x + B2y + C2

A22 + B22
2

nh ly 3: Cho ng thang ( 1 ) : Ax + By + C = 0 va hai iem M(xM;yM), N(xN;yN) khong

nam
N
tren ( ). Khi o:
M
Hai iem M , N nam cung pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi
( Ax M + By M + C )( Ax N + By N + C ) > 0

Hai iem M , N nam khac pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi

( Ax M + By M + C )( Ax N + By N + C ) < 0

BI TP RN LUYN
76

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Bi 1: (A-2012)

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn

Bi 2: (D-2012)

Bi 3:

Bi 4:

Bi 5:

Bi 6:

Bi 7:

Bi 8:

Bi 9:

Bi 10:

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Bi 11:

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn

Bi 12:

Bi 13:

Bi 14:

Bi 15:

Bi 16:

Bi 17:

Bi 18:

Bi 19:

NG TRON TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I. Phng trnh ng tron:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
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nh ly :
knh R la :

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn
Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh cua ng tron (C) tam I(a;b), ban

y
I (a; b)

M ( x; y )
x

(C):(x a)2 + (y b)2 = R2

(1)

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh chnh tac cua ng

tron
ac biet:

Khi I O th (C): x2 + y2 = R2

2. Phng trnh tong quat:

nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh :
a2 + b2 c > 0
2

x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0

vi

la phng trnh cua ng tron (C) co tam I(a;b), ban knh

R= a + b c
II. Phng trnh tiep tuyen cua ng tron:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron
(C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0 tai iem M(x0; y0) (C) la :
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 )
(): x0x + y0y a(x + x0) b(y + y0) + c = 0
(C)

()

I(a;b)

VI. Cac van e co lien quan:

1. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va ng tron:
(C )

(C )

(C )

I
I

R
M
nh ly:

I
RH

M H

() I(C) =

d(I;) >R
() tie
p xu
c (C) d(I;) =R
() ca
t (C)
d(I;) <R

Lu : Cho ng trn (C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0 v ng thng ( ) : Ax + By + C = 0 . Ta giao

im (nu c) ca (C) v ( ) l nghim ca h phng trnh:
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x + y 2ax 2by + c = 0

Ax + By + C = 0
2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng tron :
2

C1
I1

C2
R1

R2

I2

C1

C1
I1 R1

R2
I2

C2

I1

C2
R1

R2

I2

C1
I1 I
2

C2
(C1) va(C2) kho
ng ca
t nhau

I1I 2 >R1 + R2

(C1) va(C2) ca
t nhau

R1 R2 <I1I 2 <R1 + R2

(C1) va(C2) tie

p xu
c ngoa
i nhau I1I 2 =R1 + R2
(C1) va(C2) tie
p xu
c trong nhau I1I 2 = R1 R2
Lu : Cho ng trn (C): x2 + y2 2ax 2by + c = 0
2
2
v ng trn ( C ') : x + y 2a ' x 2b ' y + c ' = 0 .
Ta giao im (nu c) ca (C) v (C) l nghim ca h phng trnh:
x 2 + y 2 2ax 2by + c = 0
2
2
x + y 2a ' x 2b ' y + c ' = 0

BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1: (B-2012)

Bi 2: (D-2012)
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Bi 3:

Bi 4:

Bi 5:

Bi 6:

Bi 7:

Bi 8:

Bi 9:

Bi 10:

Bi 11:

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Bi 12:

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn

Bi 13:

Bi 14:

NG ELP TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I.nh ngha:
Elp (E) la tap hp cac iem M co tong khoang cach en hai iem co
nh F1; F2 bang hang so
* Hai iem co nh F1; F2 c goi la cac tieu iem
(E)
M
* F1F2 = 2c ( c > 0 ) c goi la tieu c
82
2c

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F1

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn
(E) = { M / MF1 + MF2 = 2a}

F2

( a>0 : hang so va

a>c )

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Elp va cac yeu to:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
(E):

x2

y2
+
= 1 vi b2 = a2 c2
2
2
a b

( a > b) (1)

y
Q

B2

(E)

P
M

r1
- aA1 c F1

r2
O

c a
F2 A2

R
S
B1
2. Cac yeu to cua Elp:
* Elp xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem:
- Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy
- Tieu iem F1(-c;0); F2(c;0)
- Tieu c F1F2 = 2c
- Truc ln nam tren Ox; o dai truc ln 2a ( = A1A2 )
- Truc nho nam tren Oy; o dai truc ln 2b ( = B1B2 )
- nh tren truc ln : A1(-a;0); A2(a;0)
- nh tren truc nho :B1(0;-b); B2(0;b)
- Ban knh qua tieu iem:
c

r1 = MF1 = a + a x = a+ ex
Vi M(x;y) (E) th

r = MF = a c x = a ex
2
2
a
c
(0 < e < 1)
- Tam sai
: e=
a
a
- ng chuan : x =
e

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NG HYPEBOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I. nh ngha:
M
(1)
F1

2c

(H) = { M / MF1 MF2 = 2a}

F2

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Hypebol va cac yeu to:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:

84

( a > 0 : hang so va a < c )

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(H) :
y=

b
x
a

= 1 vi b2 = c2 a2

y=

B2
F1
c

a
O

A1

b
x
a

A2

F2
c

B1
2. Cac yeu to cua Hypebol:
* Hypebol xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem:
- Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy
- Tieu iem F1(-c;0); F2(c;0)
- Tieu c F1F2 = 2c
- Truc thc nam tren Ox; o dai truc thc 2a ( = A1A2 )
- Truc ao nam tren Oy; o dai truc ao 2b
( = B1B2 )
- nh: A1(-a;0); A2(a;0)
b
- Phng trnh tiem can : y = x
a
- Ban knh qua tieu iem:
Vi M(x;y) (H) th :
r1 = MF1 = a + ex
Vi x > 0

r2 = MF2 = a+ ex
r1 = MF1 = (a+ ex)
Vi x < 0

r2 = MF2 = (a+ ex)

- Tam sai

: e=

c
a

- ng chuan : x =

(e > 1)
a
e

85

(1)

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NG PARABOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I. nh ngha :

(P) = { M / MF = d(M, }
* F la iem co nh goi la tieu iem
* ( ) la ng thang co nh goi la ng chuan
* HF = p > 0 goi la tham so tieu
M

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua parabol:

1) Dang 1: Ptct:
y

y2 = 2px

2) Dang 2: Ptct:

y2 = -2px

M
-p/2

x
O

F(p/2;0)

F(p/2;0)

86
( ): x=-p/2

p/
2

( ) : x = p / 2

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3) Dang 3: Ptct:

x2 = 2py

4) Dang 4: Ptct :
y

p/2

( ) : y = p/2

F(0;p/2)

x
F(0;-p/2)

O
-p/2

:y = -p/2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

Bi 1: (A-2012)

Bi 2: (B-2012)

Bi 3:

Bi 4:

Bi 5:

Bi 6:

Bi 7:
87

x2 = -2py

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Bi 8:

Bi 9:

Bi 10:

----------------------------------Het-------------------------------

88