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HE PHNG TRNH AI SO
TRNG TM KIN THC

Chuyen e 2

CC H PHNG TRNH C BN
I. He phng trnh bac nhat nhieu an
1. He phng trnh bac nhat hai an
a1x + b1y = c1

a2 x + b2y = c2

a. Dang :

(1)

Cach giai a biet: Phep the, phep cong ...

b. Giai va bien luan phng trnh : Quy trnh giai va bien luan
Bc 1: Tnh cac nh thc :
a1

b1

a2

b2

D=

Dx =

Dy =

= a1b2 a 2 b1

c1
c2

b1
= c1b2 c 2 b1
b2

a1

c1

a2

c2

= a1c 2 a 2 c1

(goi la nh thc cua he)

(goi la nh thc cua x)
(goi la nh thc cua y)

Bc 2: Bien luan

Neu D 0 th he co nghiem duy nhat

x =

y=

Dx
D
Dy
D

Neu D = 0 va D x 0 hoac D y 0 th he vo nghiem

Neu D = Dx = Dy = 0 th he co vo so nghiem hoac vo
nghiem
x y + 1= 0
V d: Gii bng my tnh h:
2x + 2y 15 = 0
V d:

3. He phng trnh bac nhat ba an

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

Dang :
a2 x + b2y + c2z = d2
a x + b y + c z = d
3
3
3
3
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Cach giai: S dng phep cong kh mt n a v h bc nht hai n.
20 + 4x 8y + z = 0

V d: Gii bng my tnh h: 50 10x 10y + z = 0

40 12x + 4y + z = 0

II. He phng trnh bac hai hai an:

1. He gom mot phng trnh bac nhat va mot phng trnh bac hai hai an:
Cach giai: Gii bng php th
2x y 8 = 0
V d: Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
( x 1) + ( y + 2) = 5
2. He phng trnh oi xng :
1. He phng trnh oi xng loai I:
a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau
th he phng trnh khong thay oi.
b.Cach giai:

S,P.

Bc 1: at x+y=S va xy=P vi S2 4P ta a he ve he mi cha hai an

Bc 2: Giai he mi tm S,P . Chon S,P thoa man S2 4P .
Bc 3: Vi S,P tm c th x,y la nghiem cua phng trnh :
X2 SX + P = 0 ( nh ly Viet ao ).

Chu y: Do tnh oi xng, cho nen neu (x0;y0) la nghiem cua he th (y0;x0)
cung la nghiem cua he.
xy ( x + y) = 2
V d : Gii h phng trnh: 3 3
x + y + x + y = 4
2. He phng trnh oi xng loai II:
a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau
th phng trnh nay tr thanh phng trnh kia cua he.
b. Cach giai:

Tr ve vi ve hai phng trnh va bien oi ve dang phng trnh tch so.

Ket hp mot phng trnh tch so vi mot phng trnh cua he e suy ra
nghiem cua he .

2
2
x + 2 = 3xy
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh: 2
2
y + 2 = 3yx
V d 2:

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III. He phng trnh ang cap bac hai:

Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn
a1x2 + b1xy + c1y2 = d1
2
2
a2 x + b2xy + c2y = d2

a. Dang :
b. Cach giai:

x
x
y
= t hoac = t . Gia s ta chon cach at = t .
y
y
x
Khi o ta co the tien hanh cach giai nh sau:
Bc 1: Kiem tra xem (x,0) co phai la nghiem cua he hay khong ?
x
Bc 2: Vi y 0 ta at = t x = t y . Thay vao he ta c he mi cha 2
y
an t,y .T 2 phng trnh ta kh y e c 1 phng trnh cha t .
Bc 3: Giai phng trnh tm t roi suy ra x,y.
at an phu

x2 xy y2 = 1
V d : Gii h phng trnh: 2
2
x + xy + y = 3

CC H PHNG TRNH KHC

Ta co the s dung cac phng phap sau

1. S dng php th
V d 1:

V d 2:

V d 3:

2. S dng php cng

V d 1:

V d 1:
x4 + y4 + 6x2y2 = 41
Gii h phng trnh
2
2
xy x + y = 10

3. t n ph
V d 1: (A-2012)
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Hunh Ch Ho boxmath.vn

x 3x 9 x + 22 = y + 3 y 9 y

Gii h phng trnh 2

1
2
x + y x + y =
2

V d 2:
xy 4x y + 2 = 0
Gii h phng trnh 2
2
x 2x = y 8y + 18
V d 3:

V d 4:

V d 5:

V d 5:

4. Bin i v dng tch s

V d 1: (D-2012)

V d 2:
x2 + y2 + 2( xy + x + y) = 0
Gii h phng trnh: 2 2
x + y + 4x 2y + 4 = 0
V d 3:

V d 4:
x2 y2 + xy = 1
Gii h phng trnh:
2
3x + y = y + 3
V d 5:
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5. S dng tnh cht n iu ca hm s

V d 1 :
x3 = y + 6
Gii h phng trnh: 3
y = x + 6
V d 2:

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CC BI TON RN LUYN
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x 2 ( y + 1) ( x + y + 1) = 3x 2 - 4x + 1

Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh:

xy + x + 1 = x 2

x 2 + 1 + y ( y + x ) = 4y

Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh:

2

( x + 1) ( y + x - 2) = y

(1)
(2)

Bi 3: Gii cc h phng trnh:

4xy + 4 ( x 2 + y 2 ) +
2 = 7

x
+
y
(
)

1)

2x +
=3

x+ y

x = 1
Kt qu:
y = 0

4
2
2
x + 4x + y 4y = 2
2) 2
2
x y + 2x + 6y = 23

x = 1 x = - 1

Kt qu:
y = 3 y = 3

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