GTPhanLoaiDat XayDungBanDo

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI
TS. Nguyn Hi (Ch bin)

Ths. Hong Vn Ma
PHN LOI T & XY DNG BN T

(Gio trnh cho ngnh QUN L T AI )
H ni 2007
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..1
LI GII THIU
Phn loi t v xy dng bn t l mn hc chuyn mn ca ngnh Khoa hc t. Gio trnh phn loi t v xy dng bn t c bin son lm ti liu hc tp v nghin cu cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh Khoa hc t. i vi sinh vin thuc cc chuyn ngnh khc nh Mi trng, Qun l t ai, Ho nng nghip, Cy trng v cc cn b nghin cu trong lnh vc nng nghip cng c th dng lm ti liu tham kho. Xut pht t mc tiu v nhim v o to, Gio trnh nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn v phn loi t, cc trng phi phn loi t chnh trn th gii, tnh hnh phn loi t Vit Nam, nhng kin thc chung v bn v quy trnh xy dng bn t. Ni dung gio trnh c trnh by thnh hai phn: Phn A: Phn loi t Phn ny gii thiu lch s pht trin ca phn loi t, cc phng php phn loi t trn th gii v tnh hnh phn loi t Vit Nam. Cc ni dung c trnh by trong 4 chng. Phn B: Xy dng bn t Phn ny gii thiu nhng kin thc chung v bn v quy trnh xy dng bn t, c trnh by trong 3 chng. Cc tc gi tham gia vit gio trnh c phn cng nh sau: Thc s: Hong Vn Ma: M u, cc chng 1, 2, 4 v mt phn chng 3 v 5. Tin s: Nguyn Hi: Chng 3, 5, 6, 7. y l ln u tin Gio trnh phn loi t v xy dng bn t c bin son. Mc d cc tc gi c gng rt nhiu trong vic tham kho, dch cc ti liu cng nh c gng trnh by c h thng nhng l lun c bn, cc cng ngh hin i, nhng thnh tu mi p dng trong phn loi v xy dng bn t. Song chc chn gio trnh cn mc phi nhng khim khuyt v vy chng ti mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca ngi c Gio trnh ngy cng hon thin v tt hn. Mi kin ng gp xin gi v theo a ch: B mn Khoa hc t - Khoa Ti nguyn v mi trng, trng i hc nng nghip H Ni - Tru Qu - Gia lm - H Ni. Cc tc gi
M u
1. Khi nim chung v phn loi t v bn t Phn loi t l t tn cho t v xp xp th t tn t theo h thng phn v thnh bng phn loi t. i tng ca phn loi t l t trong t nhin (cn gi l lp ph th nhng). t l mt th vt cht c bit c hnh thnh do s tc ng tng hp ca Sinh quyn, Kh quyn, Thu quyn, nng lng bc x mt tri ln b mt Thch quyn. V.V.Docuchaev v cc nh khoa hc khc xc nh c rng: t trong t nhin c hnh thnh l kt qu ca s tc ng ca 6 yu t l: m v mu cht, Sinh vt, Kh hu, a hnh, Thi gian v con ngi. S tc ng ca cc yu t hnh thnh t to nn cc qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i din ra trong t. Sn phm ca qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i to thnh cc loi t khc nhau. Cc loi t khc nhau c qu trnh hnh thnh v tnh cht khc nhau. V d: Qu trnh Feralit s to thnh t vng; Qu trnh phn ha to thnh t phn; Qu trnh mn ha to thnh t mn; Qu trnh lng ng ph sa ca h thng sng sui to thnh t ph sa,v.v... Cc loi t va nu c qu trnh hnh thnh v tnh cht khc nhau, thnh phn v tnh cht ca t nh hng trc tip n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut cy trng. Mt loi cy hoc nhm cy trng pht trin tt nht trn mt loi t nht nh no . T xa xa, con ngi bit phn loi t s dng t hp l vo sn xut nng nghip theo quan im (t no cy y). Khi th nhng hc ra i, phn loi t l mt ni dung quan trng ca n. Phn loi t gip chng ta nm vng v hiu r bn cht ngun ti nguyn t, l c s khoa hc b tr cy trng ph hp, thc hin cc bin php bi dng, bo v hay ci to t xu. Phn loi t gp nhiu kh khn v t thng xuyn bin i do s tc ng ca cc iu kin t nhin v ca con ngi. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc t, phn loi t ngy cng chnh xc, hin nay xc nh c kh y c s khoa hc dng cho vic phn loi t v pht trin t nh tnh sang nh lng. Bn t l mt loi bn chuyn . Bn t th hin s phn b theo khng gian cc loi t c trong mt vng lnh th hay mt n v hnh chnh (X, Huyn, Tnh, Vng, Quc gia, Chu lc, Th gii). Bn t c xy dng trn bn a hnh thng gi l (bn nn) cc t l khc nhau t kt qu iu tra, nghin cu phn loi t. Bn t l ti liu c bn quan trng, l cn c xy dng k hoch pht trin nng nghip, lm nghip, nui trng thy sn. nh gi t, phn hng t, quy hoch s dng t, quy hoch thit k nng nghip, lm nghip u phi da vo c s bn t. Xy dng bn t l s th hin kt qu iu tra, nghin cu phn loi t ln bn . 2. Ni dung mn hc Mn hc c hai phn lin quan n phng php phn loi t v xy dng bn t 2.1. Cc phng php phn loi t chnh T khi Th nhng hc ra i n nay, trn Th gii hnh thnh nhiu phng php phn loi t khc nhau, ni bt l 3 phng php chnh sau: - Phn loi t theo pht sinh (cn gi l trng phi phn loi t ca Nga): Phng php ny da vo iu kin hnh thnh, qu trnh hnh thnh c th hin r hnh thi t phn loi t, phng php ch yu mang nng tnh nh tnh. - Phn loi t ca Hoa K - Soil Taxonomy: C s ca phng php l da vo qu trnh hnh thnh v nhng tnh cht hin ti ca t. Cc tnh cht t c nh lng theo h thng tiu chun cht ch ng thi l cn c phn loi t, nn phng php phn loi t ca Hoa K l phn loi t theo nh lng. - Phn loi t ca FAO- UNESCO: Cng da trn c s nh gi nh lng tnh cht t tin hnh phn loi t thng nht ton Th gii. Nh vy phn loi t pht trin lin tc v ngy cng hon chnh hn. phn loi t, cn thc hin cc ni dung iu tra nghin cu:
iu kin hnh thnh t (yu t hnh thnh t) v qu trnh hnh thnh, bin i din ra trong t. Cc tnh cht: Hnh thi, l tnh, ha tnh, sinh tnh. t tn t v xy dng bng phn loi t. 2.2. Phng php xy dng bn t Bn t c xy dng trn bn a hnh (t l ca bn a hnh cng l t l ca bn t). T l cng ln mc chnh xc cng cao. Trn nn bn a hnh, xc nh mng li phu din cn nghin cu gm c phu din chnh, phu din ph v phu din thm d (nh ranh gii). Kt qu nghin cu phu din v phn loi t l c s bin v xy dng bn t. Ranh gii ca cc loi t l nhng ng cong khp kn ( cn gi l dng contua), mi loi c k hiu bng mu sc v k t ring. Cc loi t, a hnh, a vt...c ch dn y gip cho vic c bn nhanh chng, thun tin. Hin nay, s dng rng ri cng ngh GPS trong vic xy dng bn t vi cc phn mm ring (nh Mapinfo, Acview) Ton b kt qu phn loi v xy dng bn t cn c th hin thuyt minh t km theo bn . Sn phm y ca iu tra, nghin cu phn loi v xy dng bn t l bn t v thuyt minh km theo. 3. Phng php hc tp v nghin cu ca mn hc y l mn hc gn lin vi thc tin, l thuyt i i vi thc hnh. hc tt mn hc ny cn phi nm vng cc kin thc c hc nh: a cht hc, Th nhng i cng, t Vit Nam, Tin hc chuyn ngnh, Phn tch t, Thy nng, Canh tc...Ngi hc phi nm vng c ton b quy trnh cn thc hin xy dng bn t, mi bc i trong quy trnh c phng php ring n c th hin theo quy phm v cc ch dn... nm r c phng php ngi hc cn phi c i thc t, c tham gia xy dng bn t mt a phng no .
PHN A: PHN LOI T Chng I PHN LOI T V LCH S PHT TRIN CA CC H THNG PHN LOI T
1. Khi nim, mc ch v yu cu ca phn loi t 1.1. Khi nim Hu ht cc ngnh khoa hc u c ni dung phn loi nh phn loi thc vt, phn loi ng vt, phn loi cy trng, phn loi vt nui.... Phn loi t l mt ni dung ln ca ngnh khoa hc t. Khi nim phn loi t c hiu l s phn chia t trong t nhin thnh cc loi khc nhau. S tc ng tng hp ca cc yu t hnh thnh t to ra cc qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i to thnh cc loi t khc nhau. V vy cc yu t v qu trnh hnh thnh t l cn c dng phn loi t. Nhim v c th ca phn loi t l t tn cho t, sp xp tn t theo h thng phn v thnh lp bng phn loi t. t tn cho t, cn xy dng c cc tiu chun c th, tiu chun cng chnh xc th vic phn loi t cng ng. Vic xy dng tiu chun phn chia t hnh thnh nn nhiu trng phi phn loi khc nhau( cn gi l cc phng php phn loi t khc nhau). Mi trng phi c nhng tiu chun ring cho h thng phn loi ca mnh do to nn s phc tp v a dng ca phn loi t, c th nh cng mt loi t m li c cc tn gi khc nhau. 1.2. Mc ch ca phn loi t. Phn loi t c nhiu mc ch khc nhau. - Xc nh ngun ti nguyn t ca mt n v hnh chnh - Cn c xy dng bn t - Phn loi t l c s tin hnh nhng nghin cu tip theo v t. Phn loi v bn t l ti liu c bn quan trng phc v nh gi, phn hng t, phn b s dng t, quy hoch thit k nng nghip, lm nghip v nui trng thu sn u phi da vo phn loi t v bn t. Tnh cht ca cc loi t l cn c b tr c cu cy trng, chuyn i cy trng, u t phn bn, xy dng bin php bo v hay ci to t. Tm li, phn loi v xy dng bn t l nhim v cn thit v quan trng cho thc tin sn xut nng lm nghip, v nhim v ny do cc nh khoa hc t thc hin. 1.3. Yu cu ca phn loi t Mt h thng phn loi t cn t cc yu cu: - Tn t phi ng, chnh xc, bo m tnh khoa hc. - Tn t phi ph hp vi thc tin. - Tn t d hiu v d s dng. 2. Tm tt v lch s pht trin ca phn loi t trn th gii v Vit Nam. Trn th gii v ang tn ti nhiu trng phi phn loi t khc nhau, phn ny gii thiu nhng trng phi phn loi t chnh v tnh hnh phn loi t Vit Nam. 2.1. Lch s pht trin ca phn loi t th gii. Phn loi t trn th gii gn lin vi s pht trin ca th nhng hc v ngnh khoa hc t. Theo Tn Tht Chiu th lch s phn loi t gm cc giai on sau: - Trc V.V.Docuchaev
- T V.V. Docuchaev n gia th k XX - T gia th k XX n nay. a. Giai on trc V.V. Docuchaev Giai on ny t gia th k XIX tr v trc. Trong qu trnh s dng t trng trt, con ngi bit phn loi t, tn gi ca t th hin mt c tnh c bn no ca t. Vit Nam, t xa xa ng cha chng ta bit phn loi t da trn nhiu c s khc nhau: Da vo thnh phn c gii t c phn ra t ct, t tht, t st Da vo mu c: t en, t nu, t vng, t . Da vo tnh cht t c phn ra: t chua, t chua mn, t bc mu Da vo a hnh c t i, t bi, t cao, t vn, t trng. Da vo ch canh tc c t chuyn la, chuyn mu, t la - mu... Nhng hiu bit ca nng dn th gii tch lu c trong qu trnh s dng t v sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip c nghin cu, b sung bi cc nh khoa hc to nn s pht trin ca phn loi t v th nhng hc. Giai on trc V.V. Docuchaev c mt s cng trnh phn loi t. chu u nm 1853, A.D. Thaer cng b bng phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii. M nm 1832 E. Ruffin xy dng chng trnh nghin cu phn loi t, n nm 1860 W. Hilgard xy dng bng phn loi t v bn t u tin cho nc M da trn c s nhn thc t l mt vt th t nhin, tnh cht t c mi quan h n thc vt, kh hu. Nga, sau khi thnh lp Vin Hn lm khoa hc, nhiu nh khoa hc c cc cng trnh nghin cu v t v phn loi t. M.V. Lomonosov c nhn xt: T nhng ni c xut hin ru xanh, lp ru sau khi cht tr thnh t; t c tch lu vi thi gian rt lu, to cho ru ln v thc vt khc pht trin. Do vy, M.V.Lomonosov c cng nhn l ngi u tin nu nhng kin ng v s hnh thnh t pht trin theo thi gian do kt qu tc ng ca thc vt ln ni . Cng trnh nghin cu v tnh cht v phn loi t c cng b trong cc tc phm ca M.A. Afnin (1770) v J.M.Komov (1789). Theo Nyle C. Brady (1974) hn 4000 nm trc y, ngi Trung Quc c s th nhng v c dng lm c s nh thu t. Nhn chung, cc cng trnh phn loi t trc V.V Docuchaev khng nhiu v mang tnh s lc. b. Giai on t V.V. Docuchaev n gia th k XX Vo na sau th k XIX, nh cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc nh bc hc ni ting nh V.V. Docuchaev, B.A. Kostsev, N.M. Sibirsev, th nhng hc pht trin thnh b mn khoa hc. V.V. Docuchaev (1846-1903) c coi l ngi sng lp b mn th nhng hc, l ngi xc nh mi quan h c tnh quy lut gia t v iu kin t nhin ca mi trng. T nhng kt qu nghin cu t en nc Nga, V.V Docuchaev xc nh bt k loi t no cng c hnh thnh bi mt qu trnh lch s t nhin c bit, mt th t nhin c lp ging nh khong vt, thc vt, ng vt. V.V. Docuchaev l ngi u tin xc nh chnh xc v t, ch ra s hnh thnh t l mt qu trnh phc tp c quyt nh bi s tc ng tng hp ca 5 yu t l m v mu cht, thc vt v ng vt, kh hu, a hnh v thi gian (tui a phng). S hnh thnh t l kt qu tc ng ca cc th t nhin sng v cht, t hnh thnh hc thuyt v i t nhin. V.V. Docuchaev li nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v t v a l t nhin, trong c s phn loi t Bc bn cu. K tc V.V. Docuchaev, hng lot cc nh khoa hc nh N.M. Sibirsev, P.A Kostsev, K.D. Glinka, V.P. Viliam, B.B Polnov, K.K. Ghedroi, J.V. Tiurin, J.P Gheraximov, V.A Kovda, A.A. Rhode (1972).... nghin cu v cng b nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v t, v phn loi t.
Cng trong giai on ny, Milton whit M k tha E.Ruffin v W. Hilgerd pht trin h thng phn loi t, G.N. Coffey (1912) ngh chia t nc M thnh 5 nhm ln. C.F. Marbut xy dng h thng phn loi, sp xp theo cc cp t n v t (soil unit) n biu loi t (serier), nhiu nh khoa hc khc k tha v pht trin phn loi t ca nc M nh M.Balwin, C.E. Kellogg, J. Thorp, Smith...... Cc nh khoa hc t cc nc Ty u c ng gp ln trong cng tc nghin cu v phn loi t nh Fally (1857), Knop (1871), W.L. Kubiena (1953) Ph. Duchaufour (1961), E.Ehwald (1965). Trng phi phn loi t ca V.V. Docuchaev cng nh hng n vic phn loi t ca cc nc Ty u nhng mun hn. Nhng nghin cu phn loi t Ty u v sau c gng kt hp quan im a cht vi pht sinh ca V.V. Docuchaev. Nh vy, t V.V. Docuchaev n gia th k XX hnh thnh ba trng phi phn loi t chnh (J.P. Gretrin 1969) l: - Phn loi theo trng phi pht sinh (Trng phi Nga) - Phn loi theo trng phi Ty u - Phn loi theo trng phi ca M. c. Giai on t gia th k XX n hin nay Tnh trng khc nhau trong nghin cu phn loi t theo cc trng phi khc nhau gy nhiu kh khn cho vic nh gi ngun ti nguyn t th gii. Cng loi t nhng li c cc tn gi khc nhau do cch phn loi khc nhau v th cn c s thng nht trn th gii trong vic nghin cu phn loi t l vic lm rt cn thit. T nhng nm 60 ca th k trc thnh lp hai trung tm nghin cu phn loi t. Trung tm Soil Taxonomy do b nng nghip M ch tr, ti y cc nh khoa hc nghin cu phn loi t da trn c s nh lng cc tnh cht hin ti ca t, xy dng h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy vi h thng thut ng ring (US department of agriculture 1975. Soil convervation service. Soil Taxonomy-United states department of agriculture. Soil convervation service, keys to soil Taxonomy. Sixth edition 1994, keys to soil Taxonomy, Eighth edition 1998) Trung tm FAO-UNESCO c thnh lp tin hnh d n nghin cu phn loi t th gii do UNESCO ti tr v FAO thc hin. Cc nh khoa hc t ca trung tm cng dng phng php nh lng tnh cht hin ti ca t phn loi t. H thng phn v ca FAO-UNESCO mang tnh ch dn bn , h thng phn loi v thut ng mang tnh ho hp v c tnh k tha. Trung tm cho ra i bn t th gii t l 1/5.000.000 v bo co t km theo (Soil map of the world). Cc ti liu ny thng xuyn c b sung, nng cao v chnh sa da vo cc kt qu nghin cu tip theo (FAO-UNESCO-Soil map of the world revised legend 1988-1990). Ngoi ra, b sung cho phn loi t ca FAO-UNESCO hi khoa hc t quc t v chng trnh mi trng lin hip quc h tr pht trin c s tham chiu phn loi t quc t (IRB) v sau l c s tham chiu ti nguyn t th gii (WRB). C s tham chiu ti nguyn t th gii (WRB) b sung thm cc kin thc su rng cho bng sa i 1988 ca FAO-UNESCO. 2.2. Phn loi t Vit Nam Cng tc nghin cu phn loi t Vit Nam cng gn lin vi s pht trin th nhng hc ca nc ta. Cc phng php phn loi t trn th gii u c s dng nc ta nhng chm hn. Tnh hnh nghin cu phn loi t Vit Nam c th chia lm ba thi k: a. Thi k trc 1954 Sau khi thit lp ch h Vit Nam, Thc dn Php bt u cng cuc iu tra ti nguyn trong c t t k hoch khai thc s dng. Mt s nh khoa hc Php v Vit
Nam tp trung nghin cu mt s loi t in hnh nc ta nh t vng, t ph sa (R.F. Auriol v Lm Vn Vng, 1934; Castagnol v Phm Gia Tu, 1940; Castagnol v H c V, 1951.....). C th ni, thi k ny vic nghin cu phn loi t Vit Nam mi c bt u v cha thnh h thng. b. Thi k t 1954 -1975 Vo thi k ny, t nc ta tm thi chia lm 2 min nn hng nghin cu v phn loi t cng c s khc bit r theo ch x hi khc nhau, c th min Bc: Cc nh khoa hc t tip thu c phng php phn loi t theo pht sinh ca V.V. Docuchaev. Nm 1958, cc nh khoa hc t nh V Ngc Tuyn, Tn Tht Chiu, L Thnh B, Trn Vn Nam, Nguyn Vn Dng.... vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X (c) V.M. Fritland tin hnh nghin cu phn loi t min Bc Vit Nam. Nm 1959, nhm tc gi xy dng c bng phn loi v s th nhng min Bc Vit Nam t l 1/1.000.000. Nm 1964, V.M Fritland b sung bng phn loi t nm 1959, y l c s cho vic nghin cu phn loi t v xy dng bn t t l trung bnh v ln c cc tc gi L Duy Thc, Trn Khi, V Ngc Tuyn, Cao Lim, Tn Tht Chiu, nh, V Cao Thi, nh Thun, Nguyn B Nhun, L Thi Bt, Nguyn Cng Pho, Nguyn Khang...thc hin. Nh vy trong thi k ny, cng tc nghin cu phn loi t v xy dng bn th nhng min Bc Vit Nam hon ton da vo trng phi phn loi t theo pht sinh ca Lin X. min Nam Cc nh khoa hc t tin hnh nghin cu phn loi t theo phng php nh lng Soil Taxonomy. Nm 1960, F.R. Moormann xy dng bng phn loi v s th nhng min Nam t l 1/1.000.000. Tip theo l nhng nghin cu phn loi v xy dng bn t t l trung bnh v ln cho cc vng v tnh ng bng song M Kng (Thi Cng Tng, Trng nh Ph, Chu Vn Hnh...). Cc bng phn loi t v bn t min Nam c xy dng trong thi gian ny c p dng theo phng php nh lng ca Soil Taxonomy. Tm li, cng tc nghin cu phn loi t Vit Nam trong thi k 1954 -1975 c thc hin theo cc phng php khc nhau, min Bc theo pht sinh ca V.V. Docuchaev cn min Nam theo phng php nh lng Soil Taxonomy. c. Thi k t 1975 n hin nay Sau khi gii phng min Nam, nc nh thng nht, do yu cu ca s pht trin t nc, cng tc nghin cu phn loi t v xy dng bn t c thc hin v pht trin su rng. Nm 1976, ban bin tp bn t Vit Nam cng b bng phn loi t ca nc Vit Nam thng nht dng cho bn t t l 1/1.000.000. Bng phn loi t ny c thc hin theo phng php phn loi pht sinh l cn c xy dng cc bn t t l trung bnh v ln cho cc a phng trong c nc. Nhng nm 80 ca th k XX, phng php phn loi t nh lng c thc hin Vit Nam, Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu phn loi t theo FAO-UNESCO ln lt c cng b bi cc tc gi Tn Tht Chiu, L Thi Bt, Nguyn Khang, V Cao Thi, V Tng Xun, Nguyn Nht Tn, Hong Vn Ma.... Tp hp tt c cc kt qu nghin cu phn loi t Vit Nam theo FAO-UNESCO thi k ny, hi Khoa hc t Vit Nam xy dng bng phn loi t Vit Nam theo phng php nh lng FAO-UNESCO dng cho bn t t l 1/1.000.000, bng phn loi t ny c cng b nm 1996. Tip theo, nhiu bng phn loi t cho bn t t l trung bnh v ln theo FAO-UNESCO ca cc tnh, huyn c cng b (ng Nai, Qung Ngi, Ninh Bnh, H Giang, Qung Ninh, Nam nh,...).
Cng tc nghin cu phn loi t Vit Nam theo FAO-UNESCO tip tc c thc hin rng ri Vit Nam. Nh vy, cng tc nghin cu phn loi t v xy dng bn t ca Vit Nam lin tc pht trin. Cc nh khoa hc t Vit Nam rt linh hot v sng to trong vic p dng cc phng php nghin cu phn loi t ca th gii vo iu kin c th Vit Nam. Phn loi t Vit Nam, xy dng bn t quc gia v cc a phng gp phn quan trng cho s nghip pht trin kinh t ca nc ta. Cu hi n tp v tho lun chng I 1. Hy trnh by khi nim v phn loi t ? lin h thc t Vit Nam? 2. Phn loi t lm g? Yu cu cn t c ca phn loi t ? 3. Tm lc lch s phn loi t Th gii? 4. Tnh hnh phn loi t Vit Nam?
Chng II PHN LOI T THEO PHT SINH

Phn loi t theo pht sinh (ca Lin X c) c thc hin rng ri trn th gii, trong c Vit Nam. 1. C s khoa hc ca phng php Ngi t nn mng cho phng php phn loi t theo pht sinh l V.V. Docuchaev. Theo ng bt k loi t no c hnh thnh u chu s tc ng ca 5 yu t: m v mu cht, sinh vt, kh hu, a hnh v thi gian. Sau ny, cc nh khoa hc t b sung thm 1 yu t na l vai tr ca con ngi trong s hnh thnh t. S tc ng tng hp ca cc yu t trn s quyt nh qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i din ra trong t. Yu t hnh thnh t cc vng khc nhau c biu hin rt khc nhau do cc vng a l t nhin c s khc bit v cu to a cht, kh hu, a hnh, thm thc vt.... V d: c trng kh hu min nhit i c nhng c im khc vi vng n i v mt cu to a cht, a hnh ca vng min ni khc vi vng ng bng.... S khc nhau v cc yu t ny dn n cht lng ca cc qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i trong t khc nhau. Qu trnh hnh thnh t theo thi gian c th hin r cu to phu din t. Cc qu trnh hnh thnh t khc nhau to nn nhng tng t khc nhau trong phu din c gi l cc tng pht sinh. Vic nghin cu cu to phu din t v cc tng pht sinh s xc nh c cc qu trnh hnh thnh t. V.V. Docuchaev chia cc tng pht sinh c trong phu din thnh cc tng A, B, C, v lp m k hiu l D. Nh vy, phn loi t theo pht sinh da vo cc yu t hnh thnh t, qu trnh hnh thnh t v cu to phu din phn loi t. 2. Ni dung ca phng php 2.1. Nghin cu cc yu t hnh thnh t Trong phn cc yu t hnh thnh t ca th nhng i cng, trnh by vai tr ca cc yu t ny. Trong c th tm lc li nh sau: a. m v mu cht m v mu cht l c s vt cht u tin hnh thnh t. m b phong ho to thnh mu cht, mu cht sau tch lu dn cc cht hu c v bin i to thnh t. Do vy, mun phn loi t cn xc nh c cu to a cht ca vng nghin cu (cc loi m v mu cht c trong khu vc). c c ngun ti liu chnh xc phi da vo bn a cht ca khu vc. Nu cha c bn a cht, cc nh khoa hc t phi xc nh c cc loi m v mu cht trong khu vc iu tra, nghin cu. Khi xy dng bn t, cc loi m v mu cht c k hiu bng cc k t. b. Sinh vt L yu t quyt nh trong s hnh thnh t, yu t ny th hin r trong vai tr ca thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt t. Thm thc vt nh hng quyt nh n s tch ly v s lng v cht lng ca cht hu c trong t, gm thc vt t nhin v cc loi cy trng trong nng lm nghip + Thc vt t nhin: gm thm rng t nhin v cc loi thc vt t nhin nhng ni khng c rng nh mt s loi thc vt c trng c trong vng nghin cu, cc cy ch th nh sim, mua, s, vt, c nn, c b... c xc nh r v ghi bng tn Latinh khi m t. + Cy trng nng-lm nghip: Cc loi cy trng ang s dng trong sn xut nng nghip gm cc loi cy lng thc (la, ng, khoai....), cy cng nghip (ch, c ph, cao su, thuc l...), cy n qu (cam, bi, nhn, vi, to, na, chui,....), cc loi rau v cc h thng lun canh cy trng, cc loi
cy rng trng c th. y l cn c cho cc nhn xt v s tc ng ca con ngi, v cc qu trnh bin i din ra trong t nng nghip. * ng vt t thng c quan tm xc nh nh cc loi ng vt sng trong t nh giun, kin, mi,... c. Kh hu c xc nh thng qua cc tham s v kh tng th hin vi cc c trng kh hu chnh nh hng ti qu trnh hnh thnh t. + Ch nhit: nhit bnh qun thng, nm, tng tch n, s ngy nng, nhng bin ng c bit v ch nhit nh thi k nhit cao do chu nh hng ca gi Lo, hin tng nhit thp do sng gi... + Lng ma v ch ma: lng ma tng thng, lng ma c nm, ch ma, cng ma. + Lng bc hi v m khng kh. + Gi: ch gi, loi gi c bit nh gi m v gi kh, p thp v bo. Cc c trng v kh hu l cn c nh gi cc qu trnh bin i din ra trong t nh xi mn, ra tri, qa trnh v mc khong ho cht hu c....Ngun ti liu kh hu do cc trm kh tng cung cp d. a hnh, a mo Cc c trng ca a hnh nh dng t, cao, dc, mc chia ct nh hng ln ti qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i din ra trong t. + Hnh dng t: hnh dng c th ca a hnh, a mo c th li nh mt qu i, bng phng nh ng bng ph sa, lm nh mt bn a. Hnh dng t c lin quan s di chuyn hoc tch t cc cht trong t, lin quan n ch nc trong t.... Dng t li thng kh hn, dng t lm thng tch lu nhiu nc, t d m. + cao: gm cao tuyt i v cao tng i. - cao tuyt i: c th hin ng bnh trong bn a hnh v nh cc i ni, cao tuyt i c xc nh so vi mt nc bin. vng i ni, da vo cao tuyt i chia thnh ni cao, ni trung bnh v ni thp. - cao tng i dng phn chia cc loi cao ca mt vng c th c din tch nh vng ng bng. nc ta cc x vng ng bng chia a hnh tng i theo ba cp: cao - vn - trng hay nm cp cao - vn cao - vn - vn trng - trng. Trn nhng dng a hnh cao thng thiu nc, t d b kh hn v b ra tri. Ngc li trn nhng a hnh trng rt thun li cho vic tch lu nc, t thng xuyn d m v tch lu cc cht ra tri t ni khc n. Trn cc a hnh khc nhau s xut hin cc qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i khc nhau hnh thnh nn cc loi t khc nhau. V d: trong nhm t ph sa nc ta, ni c a hnh cao din ra qu trnh tch lu cc hp cht st ho tr 3 (iu kin xy ho mnh), lm cho t c tng loang l vng hoc kt von. Ngc li, ni c a hnh thp, t d m, qu trnh kh chim u th hnh thnh cc hp cht st ho tr 2, t b gly cc mc khc nhau. + dc: dc gp vng i ni, dc l gc c to bi nghing ca sn dc vi mt phng nm ngang (hnh 2.1)
Hnh 2.1. dc a hnh : gc to dc m: mt phng nm ngang S: sn dc dc c tnh theo (o) hoc phn trm (%) dc a hnh chia thnh 6 cp hoc 4 cp: Theo 6 cp. Cp I: 0-3o Cp IV: 15-20o Cp II: 3-8o Cp V: 20-25o Cp III: 8-15O Cp VI: >25o + Theo 4 cp: Cp II: 8-15o Cp I: 0-8o Cp III: 15-25o Cp IV: >25o Khi dc ln hn 250 th thng u tin cho pht trin lm nghip. e. Thi gian Hin ti yu t thi gian c dng thng qua vic nh gi nhng bin i v pht trin ca t. nh gi s bin i hoc pht trin cn c vo s hnh thnh, tn ti cc tng t trong phu din. Phu din c tnh phn tng khng r thng gp t mi c hnh thnh (t tr) v ngc li t c tnh phn tng r thy th hin nhng loi t c hnh thnh t kh lu i ny chu s tc ng ca cc qu trnh hnh thnh t. Ngoi ra cn cn c vo s lng v cht lng cc cht mi sinh trong phu din nh m g, kt von st, vt gly.... xc nh mc bin i hay thoi ho t. g. S tc ng ca con ngi Con ngi c nhng tc ng rt ln thng qua vic s dng t v cc ti nguyn lin quan ti t, th hin r cc ni dung: - Cc loi cy trng trong sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip. - Cc vt nui: gia sc, gia cm, thu sn. - H thng thu li, sng, bin. - Phn bn: cc loi phn v c, hu c. - Ci to t: cc loi t c vn . - nhim t: cc cht thi trong sn xut cng nghip, khai thc khong sn... Nhng tc ng trn th hin rt a dng c th lm t bin i theo chiu hng tt hoc xu. Cn xc nh nhng tc ng c th trong vng iu tra nghin cu xy dng bn t. T nhng tm hiu v nghin cu cc yu t hnh thnh t s lm c s cho vic xc nh v nh gi cc qu trnh hnh thnh t trong vng nghin cu. 2.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh t Trong t nhin gp nhiu qu trnh hnh thnh t khc nhau, phn ny trnh by nhng qu trnh hnh thnh t chnh gp Vit Nam. a. Qu trnh tch lu cht hu c trong t c trng ca qu trnh ny l s tch lu cht hu c v mn trong t. S hnh thnh v tn ti ca mn gp tt c cc loi t, c nh gi l qu trnh ch o ca s hnh thnh t. t c phn bit vi mu cht bi trong t c cha cht hu c v mn. Trong phu din, cht hu c v mn thng c tch lu lp t mt (tng A - tng canh tc) nn tng ny thng c mu sm (nu xm, xm, xm en, en). Song cng c mt s trng hp nhng
phu din c bit cht hu c c tch ly cc tng bn di nh t phn (hay t chua mn), do qu trnh bi p ph sa sng hoc hn hp ph sa sng bin nn tng hu c trn mt b chn vi bi cc lp ph sa trn mt to thnh tng hu c di su trong phu din t (in hnh l tng cha vt liu sinh phn ca t phn tim tng). Mn v thnh phn mn lin quan kh cht ch vi qu trnh pht sinh t. C th hu ht cc loi t vng (t feralit) Vit Nam v nhiu loi t khc nc ta c hm lng axt fumic ln hn axt humic. Tuy nhin c mt s loi t khc nh t en trn tuf vi, t en trn a macma siu baz (t en macgalit) trong thnh phn mn c axt humic nhiu hn axt fumic (xem bng 2.1). Bng 2.1. Thnh phn mn ca mt s loi t (tng t mt) Loi t C.aH/C.aF 0,20 t vng trn gnai 0,18 t nu trn bazan 0,72 t nu trn vi 0,31 t nu vng trn vi 0,28 t mn vng trn ni t mn trn ni cao 0,57 t ph sa sng Hng c bi hng nm 0,93 t en trn tuf vi 1,64 Gp iu kin thun li nh t thng xuyn d m (a hnh trng, vng ng bng hay thung lng vng i ni), kh hu lnh v m (vng ni cao), cc loi xc thc vt khong ho khng trit chng s tch lu v bin i to thnh than bn, hnh thnh nn t hu c. b. Qu trnh tch lu Fe, Al trong t y l mt qu trnh in hnh ca t nhit i, c phn thnh 2 qu trnh: tch lu tuyt i v tch lu tng i. - Qu trnh tch ly tuyt i Fe, Al trong t L qu trnh hnh thnh kt von v ong trong t. Thnh phn chnh ca kt von v ong l cc loi xit, hydroxit Fe3+, Al3+ (trong ch yu l st). Fe, Al trong t c ngun gc t qu trnh phong ho khong vt, hoc t cc ni khc di chuyn n ri sau c tch lu li trong t. Trong nc ngm, nc ngun nguyn sinh cha nhiu cht kh, trong c Fe2+ v Mn2+. Khi cc lp t trn mt b kh hn, nc ngm nng s di chuyn t di ln trn nh h mao qun, n gn mt t cc cht kh s b xy ho, Fe2+ s b bin i thnh Fe3+ dng xit kt ta trong t lm cho t c mu loang l vng, theo thi gian cc vt loang l vng pht trin ni vi vi nhau to thnh mt lp dy c bao bc trong nhiu keo st (nh Kaolint) hoc cc cht khc hnh thnh ong mm. Khi l ra ngoi khng kh, cc ong mm ny tip tc b oxy ho, b mt nc ri kt tinh to thnh khi cng rn, cc keo st b nc ho tan li cc khong trng nh l t ong gi l ong, t ong. ong thng gp nhng i thp gip vi ng bng (nc ngm nng) mt s tnh nh H Ty, Vnh Phc, Bc Giang... Nu cc xit Fe khng c iu kin pht trin mnh m ch trng thi c lp chng s to thnh cc kt von trong t. Theo hnh dng v nguyn nhn to nn kt von m chia thnh kt von trn, kt von hnh ng, kt von dng gc nai hoc c gng, kt von gi. Kt von trn c mt nhn gia v cc lp xit Fe to nhng mt cu ng tm bao quanh nhn. Nhng kt von ny thng c mu nu hay en c nh kim loi c kt ta t st trong dung dch t. Kt von trn c mu en, mm l kt von mangan (MnO2). Kt von hnh ng do xit Fe3+ bao bc quanh cc thn cy, cnh cy trong t to thnh, thng gp t phn, t ct.
Kt von gi l cc mnh c cc xit Fe3+ bao bc lm cho c mu en, nu en cn gi l si u rui. S hnh thnh kt von v ong din ra thun li khi nc ngm nng, t trn mt thng xuyn b kh (i thp, t trng i trc....). ng bng, do nc ngm nng v nc mt nhiu nn phn ln cc xit Fe ch hnh thnh v tn ti dng vt to thnh tng loang l vng in hnh nhng ni c a hnh cao, vn cao. Kt von v ong xut hin trong t l bng chng ca hin tng thoi ho t. t c kt von v ong thng chua, ngho dinh dng, ln b gi cht dng FePO4 - Qu trnh tch lu tng i Fe, Al trong t Qu trnh tch lu tng i Fe, Al trong t cn gi l qu trnh feralit. Qu trnh feralit din ra in hnh t vng nhit i. Di tc ng ca yu t kh hu cc khong vt nh silicat, nhm silicat b phong ho mnh to thnh cc keo st, xit v cc mui. Mt phn keo st li tip tc b ph hu to thnh cc axt n gin nh SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3. Cng vi s ph hu, trong t din ra qu trnh ra tri cc sn phm trong cc cht kim, kim t l nhng hp cht b ra tri rt d dng, mt phn SiO2 cng b ra tri, cn cc hp cht Fe3+, Al3+ (di dng R2O3, R2O3.nH2O trong R l Fe v Al) do t b ra tri hn v dn n s tch lu tri trong t. Nh vy, v bn cht s tch lu Fe, Al gi l tch lu tng i do cc cht khc b ra tri nhiu hn lm cho t l Fe, Al trong t tng ln. Cc nh th nhng da vo t l SiO2/Al2O3;SiO2/Fe2O3 v SiO2/R2O3 nh gi qu trnh feralit, cc t l ny cng nh th qu trnh feralit din ra cng mnh v cng in hnh. Qu trnh feralit to thnh t feralit (t vng), theo V.M. Fritland (1964) t feralit c cc tnh cht chnh sau. - Hm lng khong nguyn sinh thp, tr thch anh v mt s khong vt bn khc. - Giu hydroxit Fe, Al, Mn, Ti. T l SiO2/R2O3, SiO2/Al2O3 ca cc cp ht st trong t 2, t c th cha nhm di ng. - Trong cp ht st, khong kaolinit chim u th nn dung tch hp ph cation thp. - Ht kt trong t kh in hnh v bn. - Trong thnh phn mn axt funvic nhiu hn axt humic. Theo gio s Cao Lim, qu trnh feralit din ra rt in hnh vng i ni nc ta v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t ngoi cnh nh cao tuyt i, a hnh, m. Cng ln cao, qu trnh feralit cng yu, qu trnh tch lu cht hu c v mn tng dn. cha nhiu canxi ( vi) thng c qu trnh feralit mc yu. m giu silic giu st ngho Ca, Mg qu trnh feralit mnh. a hnh dc, thot nc tt feralit din ra mnh; a hnh trng, kh thot nc feralit din ra yu. Qu trnh feralit hnh thnh nhm t feralit (t vng) rt ph bin vng i ni nc ta. c. Qu trnh gly Qu trnh ny gp nhng t thng xuyn d m do a hnh trng thun li cho vic tch ng nc hoc do canh tc la nc. Qu trnh kh trong t chim u th, st trong t b kh to thnh cc hp cht st ho tr 2 (Fe2+) , cc hp cht ny kt hp vi khong st trong t lm cho t c mu xanh xm hoc xm xanh rt c trng. Hin tng gly c th gp mt vi tng t hoc sut theo chiu su phu din cc mc khc nhau. Qu trnh gly nu din ra di v lin tc s ph v kt cu t, tng tnh phn tn v c th to ra t ly tht. S tch ly nhiu Fe2+ trong t cng l nguyn nhn gy hi cho cy trng, qu trnh gly cn to ra mt s cht kh c t nh H2S, CH4, PH3....Nh vy, qu trnh gly cng lm cho t bin i theo chiu hng xu. nc ta, gly thng gp nhng ni c a hnh thp, trng, t la nc, t ly tht, t phn, t mn....
d. Qu trnh phn ho, mn ho Qu trnh mn ho y l qu trnh tch lu cc loi mui tan trong t nh NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2CO3, K2SO4, Na2SO4, K2CO3.... Qu trnh mn ho ch yu do s tc ng ca nc bin theo cc phng thc nh thu triu dng lm nc bin trn ngp ln vng t thp, sau khi rt xung s li mt lng mui tan trong t lm cho t b nhim mn. Hoc do nc ngm mn c ngun gc t nc bin ngm vo cc tng t v lm t b nhim mn. Qu trnh mn ho gp rt ph bin vng ven bin nc ta, c bit ng bng sng Cu Long, do cao tuyt i thp nn nc bin tin kh su vo ni a mi khi thu triu dng lm nhiu din tch t b mn. Qu trnh phn ho L qu trnh hnh thnh, tch lu FeS2 v cc mui sulfat trong t nh Fe2(SO4)3, Al2(SO4)3. Nhiu nghin cu cho rng qu trnh phn ho lin quan mt thit vi xc thc vt c cha nhiu lu hunh l cc cy s, vt, c.... Thm thc vt rng ngp mn phn gii trong iu kin ym kh sinh ra nhiu H2S, cc hp cht ny s kt hp vi st to thnh FeS2 (khong pyrite), gp iu kin oxy ho FeS2 s b oxy ho to thnh mui sulfat st v axt sulfuric theo cc phn ng d y: 2FeS2 + 2H2O + 7O2 = 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + 1/2O2 = Fe2(SO4)3 +H2O Mui Fe2(SO4)3 l phn st, gp nc s thu phn to axt sulfuric Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = 3H2SO4 + 2Fe(OH)3 Axt sulfuric sinh ra tc dng vi nhm trong keo st to phn nhm Al2(SO4)3, phn nhm cng d dng b thu phn to ra axt sulfuric. Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = 3H2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3 Nh vy, qu trnh phn ho to thnh t phn c phn ng rt chua v nhiu tnh xu khc ca t. Khi trong t tch lu lu hunh dng FeS2 s to thnh t phn tim tng, nu trong t tch lu cc mui sulfat st, nhm ho tr 3 s to thnh t phn hot ng. . Qu trnh lng ng ph sa Hot ng ca cc dng nc chy trn b mt t cun theo cc sn phm mu cht, cc ht c gii t c kch thc khc nhau c gi chung l vt liu ph sa. H thng sng sui vn chuyn mt lng ln ph sa t ni cao xung ni thp ri ra bin. Tc dng chy ca cc h thng sng sui gim dn t thng ngun ti h lu lm cho cc ht ph sa ln lt lng ng theo quy lut ht c kch thc ln, nng lng ng trc; ht nh, nh lng ng sau. Qu trnh lng ng ph sa to nn t ph sa. nc ta, cc ng bng Bc B, Nam B, ven bin min Trung.... c hnh thnh do qu trnh lng ng ph sa ca h thng sng Hng, sng Thi Bnh, sng Cu Long v cc sng ngi khc. e. Qu trnh ra tri, xi mn Qu trnh ra tri Qu trnh ny din ra do nc di chuyn trn b mt hoc thm xung di su do sc ht trng lc. S di chuyn ca nc chy trn b mt t v t trn xung pha di s cun theo cc cht d tan, mt lng mn, cc ht st hoc limon... ca tng t theo cc dng chy hoc mang mt s vt liu ny xung cc tng B hay cc tng bn di. Theo thi gian, qu trnh ny lm cho t b ho chua do cc cht kim b ra tri, mn v cc cht dinh dng tng mt b suy gim hoc lm thay i thnh phn c gii do mt phn st b ra tri xung tng B.
Qu trnh ra tri lm cho t b thoi ho mnh. Vit Nam qu trnh ra tri l nguyn nhn chnh hnh thnh nn nhm t xm bc mu v lm cho phn ln din tch t a hnh cao b ho chua. Qu trnh xi mn Do nc chy trn mt t ni cao xung thp s bc i tng lp t mt v cun chng theo dng chy mang i ni khc. Gi thi trn b mt cng gy ra hin tng trn. Nh vy, xi mn l hin tng tng lp t trn mt b bc cun i ni khc do nc chy hoc gi thi lm suy gim nhanh chng ph t. nc ta, xi mn ch yu do hot ng ca nc chy trn b mt t, qu trnh ny din ra in hnh vng i ni, lm thoi ho nhiu vng t rng ln v to nn nhm t tng mng. Trong t nhin din ra nhiu qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i khc nhau, tu iu kin c th qu trnh no chim u th. Chng ph thuc vo cc yu t hnh thnh t v l nguyn nhn to nn nhiu loi t c tnh cht khc nhau. 2.3. Phu din t v phn loi t a. Nghin cu phu din t Ni dung ca vic nghin cu phu din gm: o phu din, m t phu din, chp nh, ly mu t phn tch, ly tiu bn t.... (phn ny s c trnh by chi tit trong phn quy trnh xy dng bn t) Trn c s iu tra, nghin cu v m t phu din t s xc nh c qu trnh hnh thnh t, kt hp vi xc nh cc yu t hnh thnh t lm cn c cho vic phn loi v t tn cho t. b. H thng phn v v bng phn loi t Sp xp tn t theo mt h thng v xy dng bng phn loi t. Theo Vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X c (1958), h thng phn v t theo pht sinh c 8 cp t ln n nh: Lp Lp ph Loi Loi ph Thuc Chng Bin chng Bc Trong h thng phn v trn, n v c bn ca h thng phn v l loi pht sinh, n v ln hn l lp, lp ph (hoc nhm t chnh), n v di loi l loi ph, thuc, chng, bin chng v bc. - Loi t: l t pht sinh v pht trin trong cng iu kin sinh vt, kh hu, thu vn v c nhng biu hin c trng ca qu trnh hnh thnh t c bn. c im ca mt loi t nh sau: + Cng phng thc thu nhn cht hu c, cng qu trnh phn gii cht hu c. + Cng qu trnh phong ho v khong vt nguyn sinh, cng kiu hnh thnh khong vt th sinh v phc cht hu c-v c. + Cng ch nc. + Cng cch di chuyn cc vt cht trong t. + Cng mt kiu cu to phu din. + Cng hng s dng, bo v hoc ci to t. Thut ng loi trong phn loi t quan trng nh thut ng loi trong phn loi thc vt y l n v c bn ca h thng phn loi. - Loi ph t: l n v trong phm vi loi khc vi loi v mc th hin qu trnh hnh thnh t chnh. Loi ph ch giai on pht trin khc nhau v cht lng ca mt loi t. V d: t ph sa sng Hng c bi hng nm, t ph sa sng Hng khng c bi hng nm.
- Thuc t: l n v nm trong phm vi loi ph, thng da vo m, mu cht hay thnh phn nc phn chia cc thuc t. Nhng s khc nhau v thuc t ch yu do iu kin c th ca ni nghin cu. C th da vo pH, qu trnh gly, qu trnh loang l vng xc nh thuc t. - Chng t: nm trong gii hn ca thuc t, phn chia chng t thng da vo mc ca qu trnh hnh thnh v bin i din ra trong t nh mc gly, mc mn,... - Bin chng: nm trong gii hn chng, c phn bit vi nhau bi s khc bit v thnh phn c gii. 2.4. Bng phn loi t Vit Nam theo pht sinh Nm 1976, Ban bin tp Bn t Vit Nam xy dng hon chnh bng phn loi t Vit Nam dng cho bn t t l 1/1000000 ca nc (th hin bng 2.1). Bng 2.2. Bng phn loi t Vit Nam (1976) I.t ct bin 1. t cn trng v vng 2. t cn ct 3. t ct bin II.t mn 4. t mn s, vt, c 5. t mn 6. t mn kim III. t phn (chua mn) 7. t phn nhiu 8. t phn trung bnh v t IV.t ly v than bn 9. t ly 10. t than bn V. t ph sa 11. t ph sa h thng sng Hng 12. t ph sa h thng sng Cu Long 13. t ph sa h thng sng khc VI. t xm bc mu 14. t xm bc mu trn ph sa c 15. t xm bc mu gly trn ph sa c 16. t xm bc mu trn sn phm ph hu ca ct v macma axt VII. t xm nu vng bn kh cn 17. t xm nu vng bn kh cn VIII. t en 18. t en IX. t vng (t feralit) 19. t nu tm trn macma baz v trung tnh 20. t nu trn macma baz v trung tnh 21. t nu vng trn macma baz v trung tnh 22. t nu trn vi 23. t vng trn phin st v bin cht 24. t vng trn macma axt 25. t vng nht trn ct 26. t vng nu trn ph sa c
X. t mn vng trn ni 27. t mn vng trn ni XI. t mn trn ni 28. t mn trn ni XII. t ptzn 29. t ptzn XIII. t xi mn tr si 30. t xi mn tr si Bng phn loi ny chnh thc c s dng tin hnh iu tra, nghin cu, phn loi v xy dng cc bn t t l trung bnh v ln cho cc a phng trong c nc. Cng trnh ny c nh nc nh gi cao v c gii thng H Ch Minh vo nm 2000. Cu hi n tp v tho lun chng II 1. Th no l phn loi t theo pht sinh? 2. iu kin hnh thnh t? Cc qu trnh hnh thnh t? 3. H thng phn v ca phn loi t theo pht sinh? 4. Phn loi t Vit Nam theo pht sinh?
Chng III PHN LOI T THEO SOIL TAXONOMY

H thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy l h thng phn loi t ca Hoa K c lu hnh chnh thc vo thng 12 nm 1975. H thng phn loi ny c cc nh th nhng bt u xy dng t sau th chin th hai trn c s tm hiu nghin cu cc h thng phn loi ca Hoa K thi k kt hp vi cc h thng phn loi ca nhiu cc quc gia khc. Cc nh th nhng Hoa K mun xy dng mt h thng phn loi hon chnh t c th thng k c ngun ti nguyn t ai mt cch h thng c v mt s lng v cht lng da trn c s nhng cn c khoa hc, c nh lng kh cht ch nh cc h thng phn loi v thc vt, ng vt, khong vt v ... Trong khong thi gian t nm 1951 n nm 1960 h thng phn loi ny c V Bo tn t ai Hoa k hon chnh v cng b s tho ln th 6 v sau tip tc c hon thin cho ti nm 1975 h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy c hon tt v chnh thc a vo lu hnh. H thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy l h thng phn loi mang tnh nh lng cao v h thng ny th hin r hai c trng sau: c trng th nht h thng phn loi c xy dng da trn c s cc tnh cht hin ti ca t, y l nhng c tnh, tnh cht quan st, o m v phn tch c th. Do c nhng hn ch v hoi nghi c th ng hoc sai i khi thng xy ra trong tranh lun gia cc nh khoa hc xc nh tn ca mt loi t c th trong h thng phn loi, nu nh phn loi t ch da vo c s hnh thi t v cc qu trnh hnh thnh t mt cch phin din, cng nhc. c trng th hai cc tn gi trong h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy c xy dng theo nhng thut ng c xc nh, da trn nhng tnh cht c bn ca t v c thng nht v mt danh php tiu chun s dng i vi cc c tnh v tnh cht t. 1. C s ca phng php C s ca phng php phn loi Soil Taxonomy da trn nhng c tnh, tnh cht hin ti ca t, song iu cng khng c ngha l cc qu trnh pht sinh t khng c quan tm v xc nh. Cng nh cc h thng phn loi khc mt trong cc mc tiu chnh ca h thng phn loi theo Soil Taxonomy l nhm nhng loi t c cng s ng nht v mt pht sinh hc. Tuy nhin, trong h thng phn loi ny nhng tiu chun ring bit dng sp xp cc loi t theo cc nhm phi l nhng tiu chun i vi nhng tnh cht t c th xc nh v nh lng (o, m) c v mt khi lng ln cc tnh cht vt l, ho hc v sinh hc ca t c ngi ta a vo s dng lm tiu chun cho h thng phn loi, c th nh: ng thi v m v nhit din ra trong nm, c tnh v mu sc t nh lng theo thang mu Mulshel, thnh phn c gii v cu trc ca t. Cc tnh cht ho hc v khong vt nh t l, thnh phn hu c, thnh phn khong st, hm lng oxit st, nhm, st silict, mn, pH, t l % no kim, dy tng t u l nhng tiu chun quan trng c a vo s dng trong phn loi h thng Soil Taxonomy. Bn cnh nhiu nhng c tnh quan trc trc tip ngoi ng i hi cng phi c m t theo nh lng mt cch rt c th v chnh xc cho nhng mu t c mang v phn tch trong phng th nghim. Nh vy, tnh nh lng chnh xc ca phng php gip cho vic tip cn cc kt qu phn loi m cc nh khoa hc mong mun t c, song c c cc kt qu phn loi ng i hi phi c s chi ph rt ln v tin ca v thi gian trn c s cc kt qu xc nh, nh gi mt cch chi tit nhng yu t c s dng trong phn loi ca h thng cng nh nhng yu t phn tch, xc nh c nhng tng chn on. Do , s c mt hay thiu i mt s yu t no s chi phi rt nhiu n kt qu xc nh tn t cng nh sp t chng trong h thng phn loi ny.
h thng phn loi t Soil Taxonomy c s c ngha quan trng nht c quan tm xc nh loi t chnh l nhng tnh cht t c xc nh cc tng chn on. Trong , cc tng chn on c ngi ta phn chia ra thnh cc tng chn on tng mt v nhng tng chn on di su ca t y l nhng tng c trng ca cc loi t cn xc nh khi nghin cu phu din t, chng l kt qu ca s tc ng gia cc yu t, cc qu trnh hnh thnh cng nh h qu ca vic s dng t. 2. Ni dung ca phng php Phn loi t theo h thng Soil Taxonomy c tin hnh theo nhng ni dung sau 2.1. Nghin cu s hnh thnh v cc tnh cht t a. Cc yu t hnh thnh t c xc nh qua nhng kt qu iu tra, thu thp ti liu v nhng yu t hnh thnh t chng hon ton gn ging nh cch xc nh cc yu t v ccqu trnh hnh thnh trong phn loi t theo pht sinh hc. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng yu t iu tra, nghin cu i hi phi c s xc nh theo mt h thng chi tit, kh cht ch. V d: cc c trng v iu kin kh hu, cc dng ca a hnh, cc dng a mo, cc loi thm rng, cc cy trng theo cc thang phn loi c th v.v.v. b. Cc tnh cht t Hnh thi t: c xc nh qua nghin cu, m t phu din t, ly mu phn tch, ly tiu bn t (monnoliez), chp nh cnh quan v phu din vic m t nhng c tnh v hnh thi t c xc nh theo cc tiu chun quy nh c th v: dy tng t, mu sc t (lc m v kh), thnh phn c gii, kt cu v cc loi ht kt, xp, cht, mc ln, kt von, gly, su xut hin nc ngm... Thng qua kt qu m t c th xc nh r c qu trnh hnh thnh t, cc tng pht sinh cng vi cc ch tiu nh lng v hnh thi v nhng tng pht sinh c la chn lm tng chn on trong phn loi t. Tnh cht vt l t: i vi tnh cht ny ngi ta thng xc nh cc tnh cht thnh phn c gii, kt cu, t trng, dung trng, cc loi m t bng nhng phng php phn tch trong phng. Tnh cht ho hc v ho l: lin quan ti hng lot cc tnh cht ho hc cn phn tch c th nh cacbon hu c tng s (OC%), cc cht dinh dng a lng N,P,K tng s v d tiu, phn ng chua, dung tch hp ph (CEC),thnh phn cation trao i. Ton b cc ch tiu ny c xc nh nh vic phn tch t trong phng theo cc phng php tiu chun ca phng php yu cu. 2.2 Tng chn on s dng cho phn loi t a. Cc tng chn on trn mt Tng chn on c gi l cc Epipedon (theo ngun gc ca ting Hylp). Tng chn on trn mt l nhng phn nm trn cng ca phu din t, chng thng c mu ti hoc xm c trng cho tng tch ly cc cht hu c, cc lp tn tch hu c nm pha trn mt hoc kt hp c hai trng hp trn. Tng chn on trn mt cng c th bao gm c mt phn ca tng B nu phn k tip ny th hin mu xm en c cha mt t l cht hu c ng k. Cc tng chn on trn mt c xc nh v chia ra thnh 7 tng mt khc nhau (bng 3.2), trong ch c 5 tng th hin cc c tnh t nhin ca t v thng bao trm trn phm vi rng, cn li hai tng khc l cc tng Anthropic v Plaggen c hnh thnh do kt qu s dng t do thm canh ca con ngi hnh thnh nn, chng ch ph bin nhng ni t c ngi ta s dng qua nhiu th k. b. Cc tng chn on di su Cc tng chn on di su l nhng tng nm bn di tng mt. Chng c xc nh theo cc c tnh khc nhau ca t, trong Soil Taxonomy c 18 tng chn on di su c ngi ta cn nhc (bng 3.1) vi nhng nt c trng ca chng. Mi mt tng chn
on cung cp nhng c tnh v tnh cht gip cho vic sp t chnh xc v tr ca loi t trong h thng phn loi ca Soil- Taxonomy. Bng. 3.1. Cc tng chn on Tng chn on trn mt Nhng c trng chnh ca tng Mollic (A) Dy (>25cm) c mu ti, c pH v no baz cao, c cu trc rn chc Umbric (A) Tng t nh tng Mollic ch khc no baz thp Ochric (A) C mu rt sng, hm lng hu c thp, mng c th cht cng khi kh Melanic (A) Dy, sm mu, c hm lng hu c cao (>6% hu c C), ch yu thuc cc loi t tro ni la Histic (O) C hm lng hu c rt cao (c khi > 30% nh t than bn), m t trong mt s thi gian trong nm Anthropic (A) t c s bin i tng A mollic do hot ng canh tc ca con ngi, c hm lng ln d tiu cao. Plaggen (A) t nhn tc c to ra sau nhiu nm bn phn v s dng phn bn cho t canh tc. Tng chn on di tng mt Nhng c trng chnh ca tng Argillic (Bt) Tng tch ly nhiu st. Natric (Btn) Tng tch ly nhiu st, c hm lng Na cao, kt cu st dng ct hay lng tr Spodic (Bh, Bs) Tng tch ly hu c v cc oxit st, nhm Cambic (Bw, Bg) Tng c s thay i hoc nhng chuyn i v tnh cht vt l hoc cc phn ng ho hc Agric (A hoc B) C s tch ly hu c v st (ngay di tng cy do kt qu ca qu trnh canh tc), nhn chung khng thuc dng bi tch Oxic (Bo) Tng b phong ho mnh, cha rt nhiu oxit st, nhm v khng c st silicate kiu kt dnh Duripan (Bqm) Tng cng, kt gn ximng cht bi silic Fragipan (Bx) Tng cng rn, thnh phn c gii thng l t tht trung bnh, cht. Albic (E) Tng c mu sng, st, v cc oxit st v nhm hu nh b trc di. Calcic (Bk) Tng tch ly CaCO3 hoc c CaCO3 v MgCO3. Gypsic (By) Tng tch ly khong gypxit. Salic (Bz) Tng tch ly mui. Kandic (Bz) Tch ly st c hot tnh yu Petrocalcic (Ckm) Tng kt gn ximng canxi Petrogypsic (Cym) Tng kt gn xi mng gypsic Placic (Csm) Tng cng kt gn mng ca st ring r hoc st v mangan hoc cht hu c Sombric (Bh) Tng tch ly cc vt liu hu c Sulfuric (Cj) Tng c chua cao cng cc m r jarosite
Bn cnh vic xc nh v nh lng cc tng chn on, c tnh v ch m v ch nhit ca t cng rt c quan tm trong h thng phn loi ca Soil Taxonomy Ch m t: phn nh mc tha hay thiu nc v iu kin dung dch t (thng th hin thng qua nc ngm) cng nh kh nng cung cp nc cho cy trng. xc nh c mc m bo hay thiu nc theo cc giai on trong nm ngi ta thng nghin cu, tm hiu trc din dn truyn nc ca t (xc nh qua kh nng xm nhp ca nc (cm) trong t sau khong thi gian 24 h). Kh nng dn truyn trong khong 10- 30cm i vi cc loi t c cha cc ht st v t 30- 90cm cho cc loi t ct. Nhiu ch m c s dng xc nh c tnh ca t, trong cc c tnh: Aquic: cho thy t lun thm m dung dch v nc v ch oxy trong mt s giai on thi gian nht nh, du hiu thiu khng kh xy ra r ( cc tng gly v m r). Udic: ch m t kh y trong c nm, nhu cu nc ca cy trng thng xuyn c p ng. Cc ch m ny thng ph bin nhng vng t ai c kh hu m, bao trm khong 1/3 din tch t ai trn th gii. Mt ch m qu mc gy hin tng thm lu nc theo chiu su trong sut c nm c xc nh bng thut ng perudic. Ustic: phn nh m t mc trung gian gia hai ch Aridic v Udic mt s cy trng c kh nng c p ng v nc trong giai on sinh trng, cho d mt s thi im hin tng hn hn mc trung bnh c th xy ra. Aridic: t b kh hn t nht trong mt na giai on sinh trng ca cy v m t mc thp trong hn 90 ngy lin tip. Ch m c trng ny thng gp cc vng kh hn. Thut ng torric dng ch iu kin m ca t tng t nhng loi t c iu kin nng v kh trong ma h. Xeric: y l ch m c tm thy loi kh hu ca vng a Trung Hi vi vi nhng c trng kh hu mt v m ca ma ng trong khi m v kh trong ma h. Tng t nh ch m Ustic chng c cc thi k hn hn ko di trong ma h. Nhng thut ng trn c s dng chn on ch m t trong phn loai ca SoiTaxonomy chng c ngha khng ch i vi phn loi t m cn gi m cho cc hng s dng t bn vng i vi ngi s dng t. Ch nhit ca t: Cc ch nhit ca t nh cc ch lnh, m thp v ch nhit c s dng phn loi cc loi t cc phn mc thp hn trong h thng phn loi ca Soil Taxonomy. Thut ng Cryic (bt ngun t ting Hylp Kryos c ngha l rt lnh) ch nhit cng c th c nhn bit mt s nhm c phn mc cao trong h thng phn loi. Cc ch nhit c xc nh da trn c s nhit bnh qun hng nm v s khc bit v nhit bnh qun ca ma h v ma ng su 50cm ca t. Nhng ch nhit ring r s c m t trong phn chia cp, bc h (family) ca h thng phn loi. 2.3. H thng phn v ca Soil Taxonomy a. Cc th bc phn chia ca h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy H thng phn v ca Soil Taxonomy c 6 th bc chng bao gm: (1) B (Order) bc ln nht ca h thng phn loi ny, (2) B ph (Suborder), (3) Nhm ln (Greatgroup), (4) Nhm ph (Subgroup), (5) H (Family) v (6) Biu loi (Serie). Cc th hng ny c sp xp tun theo trt t t cao n thp, trong nhng bc hng thp hn phi c sp xp mt cch thch hp trong phm vi ca nhng bc hng cao hn chng. C th nh mi B c cc B ph v mi B ph li c rt nhiu cc nhm ph cp th t di B. H thng phn chia ny c th so snh vi cc h thng phn loi ca thc vt v ng vt, v nh vic xc nh seri t Miami (Hoa K) c xc nh l mt loi c trng ca t tng t tip n cc th bc cao hn tip theo ca h thng phn loi l H, Nhm ph, Nhm ln, B ph cho ti cc th bc cao nht l B trong h thng phn loi t ca Soil Taxonomy. Cn thp hn Biu loi l cc Phase t m ngi ta xc nh t Biu loi Miami trn c s s khc bit v thnh phn c gii t. Bng 3.2
Bng 3.2. H thng phn loi t Biu loi (Seri t) Miami Cu trc phn v t Biu loi (seri t) Miami B (Oder) Alfisols B ph (Suboder) Udalf Nhm ln (Great Group) Hapludalfs Nhm ph (Sub Group) Oxyaquic Hapludalfs H (Family) Fine loam, mixed, mesic, active Biu loi (Series) Miami Pha (Phase)* Miami silt loam * Theo chuyn mn khng c tiu chun phn chia c th trong Soil Taxnomy nhng c tin hnh iu tra ngoi ng, c th mc thnh phn c gii silty loam c xc nh ch ra theo cc tng. Nh vy h thng phn v t t ln n nh ca Soil Taxonomy c th tm li nh sau: B (orders) B ph (Suborders) Nhm ln (great group) Nhm ph (subgroups) H (Families) Biu loi (Series) C s phn chia cc th t cp bc trong h thng phn v c din gii nh sau - B (Order): tiu chun phn chia th bc B v c bn l da trn cc qu trnh hnh thnh t c th hin qua kt qu iu tra hoc quan st thy qua cc tng chn on. B ca nhng loi t xc nh c ngi ta phn chia gn ging vi phn loi theo pht sinh. V d: t c hnh thnh trn cc thm thc vt ng c c nhng c tnh v tnh cht phn tng gn ging nhau bi dy, xm mu, c s phn chia gia tng t mt v cc tng chn on di su mt cch r rng. Chng c xc nh bi cc qu trnh hnh thnh t ging nhau, bi vy phi c gp vo mt b Mollisol. C 10 b trong h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy, cc b c xc nh da vo 10 yu t cu thnh b. B ph (Sub Order) c chia ra t cp B vic phn chia ny da trn c s tnh ng nht v m, mi trng kh hu, thm thc vt, y l nhng yu t h tr cho vic xc nh cc b ph t. Hoa k ngi ta xc nh c 47 b ph, xc nh b ph ng ta a ra 25 yu t cu thnh b ph. Tn B ph c hai vn, vn th nht ch tnh cht chn on ca t, vn th hai ch yu t cu thnh tn B. Cc b ph thng c dng cho xy dng bn t t l nh t 1/500.000 n 1/1000.000. - Nhm ln (Great Group): c chia ra t cc B ph v vic phn chia cc Nhm ln c ngi ta xc nh da trn c s cc tng chn on. Nhng loi t c cng v trong mt nhm ln phi c cng kiu phn b i vi cc tng chn on. Hin nay Hoa K c 230 nhm ln c ngi ta xc nh. Tn ca nhm ln c ngi ta th hin gm tn ca B ph v mt tip u ng cu thnh tn nhm ln trong tip u ng ng trc tn B ph th hin cc tnh cht tng chn on. Ngoi 25 yu t cu thnh tn b ph, c 35 yu t cu thnh tn nhm ln to ra 230 nhm ln (tng ng vi loi t Type trong phn loi Pht sinh). - Nhm ph (Sub Group): c phn chia ra trong phm vi cc Nhm ln theo cc tnh cht c bn c trng ca t to ra cc Nhm ln. Tn ca Nhm ph t c ngi ta th hin gm tn ca nhm ln v nhng tnh t b tr ng trc tn ca nhm ln. C hn 1200 nhm ph c xc nh trong khong 1000 nhm ph c xc nh Hoa k. C 3 loi nhm ph + Nhm ph in hnh (typic) tn ca nhm ph in hnh bao gm tn ca nhm ln v trc n l tnh t Typic.
+ Nhm ph lin hng (Intergrade): l dng chuyn tip sang B, B ph, Nhm ln khc. y l nhng Nhm ph nm trong nhm ln c xc nh song chng li c chung c nhng tnh cht chn on thuc mt B, B ph, Nhm ln khc do tn t c xc nh bng tn ca Nhm ln cng vi trc n l tnh t b sung ca Nhm ln tng ng khc. Th d Torrifluvents- t ph sa vng kh nng (thuc b ph Fluvents- t ph sa ngp lt, b Entisols- t cha pht trin) nhng B ph ny c mt s tnh cht chn on ca B Vertisols nn chng c gi l Vetic Torrifluvents- t ph sa tro ni la vng kh hn. + Nhm ph ngoi hng (Extragrade): l nhng Nhm ph c tnh cht quan trng khng tiu biu cho cc Nhm chnh nhng khng ch ra c s bin i sang bt k mt loi t no c bit ti th tn ca chng s c b sung thm bng dng cc tnh cht sai khc . - H (Family): y l nhng loi t c phn chia ra t Nhm ph v nm trong phm vi Nhm ph . Chng c th hin qua s tng ng v nhng tnh cht l, ho hc v nhng nh hng trong vic qun l s dng t v c bit lin quan ti kh nng m xuyn ca b r cy trng. S khc bit v thnh phn c gii, thnh phn khong st, nhit v dy ca t l nhng c trng c bn c ngi ta s dng cho vic phn chia h h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy. Hin nay ngi ta phn ra c khong 6000 H khc nhau. - Biu loi (Series): v bn cht tiu chun c s dng phn chia biu loi l da vo nhng c tnh khc bit ca phu din t c trong phm vi ca mt vng hp, y cng c th c coi l n v phn loi nh nht ca h thng phn loi Soil Taxonomy. Hin nay Hoa K ngi ta xc nh c 10500 Biu loi khc nhau, cng c ti liu thng k nm 1983 xc nh phn bit c 13000 Biu loi. Tn ca cc Biu loi l tn ca a phng tm ra loi t ln u tin (kiu t tn theo H tng ca bn a cht). b. Danh php trong phn hng ca Soil Taxonomy Mt c trng kh c o ca h thng Soil Taxonomy l vic s dng nhng danh php thch hp xc nh tn cc loi t. Cho d lc u chng ta khng d dng lm quen khi mi tip xc vi chng, song h thng danh php ny c cu trc mt cch rt logic i vi nhng thng tin m chng nh chuyn ti v ngoi ra chng cn cha ng mt lng ln nhng thng tin v bn cht ca t cn tm hiu. H thng s tr nn d nm bt sau khi c hc v tm hiu v chng, vi nhng danh php s dng trong ti liu phn loi thng c minh ho c th gip ngi c c th nhn bit mt cch c hiu qu i vi tng b phn trong phn loi t thng qua cch t tn bng cc ch vit v xc nh c cp phn loi t. Tn cc B: hu ht c bt ngun t ting Latinh hay ting Hylp v y cng chnh l ngun gc ca cc ngn ng hin i. T mi phn m tit m tn t mang theo trong h thng phn loi cho ta khi nim v cc c tnh hay v ngun gc pht sinh ca t t c bc l v m t. V d: tn B t Aridisols (bt ngun t ting Latinh aridus c ngha l t kh v c nhiu mui tan) ch cc c tnh kh ca t trong cc vng kh hn. Hay nh B Inceptisols (cng bt ngun t ting Latinh inceptum ch s bt u v c nhiu mui tan) l nhng loi t ch mi c hnh thnh v mi pht trin v phu din t. Nh vy tn B phn nh t hp (1) cc yu t hnh thnh t quyt nh nhng c tnh chung nht ca t v (2) tn ca b thng c kt thc bng ch sols. Tn cc B ph: c xc nh t tn B c th v nh vy mt cch t ng chng th hin c tn ca B i km. V d: Cc loi t thuc B ph Aquolls l nhng loi t m t (xut pht t ting Latin aqua c ngha l nc) trong B Mollisols. (Hy ti 3 ch oll trong tn gi ca chng) Tn cc Nhm ln: c xc nh di B v B ph m chng c to thnh. V d: Agiaquolls l t m cng vi tng st hoc tng argillic (theo ting Latin argilla c ngha
l st trng). Trong miu t bng hnh nh di y s ch ra r c 3 ch oll c xc nh trong mi cp bc cc v tr thp hn (theo kiu hnh thp) ca B Mollisols. Bt u l B Mollisols v tip di l tn ca B ph Aquolls bao trm tn Nhm ln v Nhm ph... Nh vy, nu chng ta ch bit c mi tn ca mt Nhm ph no , th t nhin chng ta cng c th suy ra c tn ca Nhm ln v B bao trm trn Nhm ph . V d nh s phn v n v ph t Typic Argiaquolls t b Mollisols di y. Mollisols Oder Aquolls Suboder Argiaquolls Great group Typic Argiaquolls Sub group Tn cc H (Family): c xc nh l tp hp ca Nhm ph, chng c chia ra theo thnh phn c gii t, thnh phn khong vt v nhit bnh qun su 50cm ca t v d: tn gi Typic Argiaquolls, fine, mixed, mesic, active xc nh cho mt h c trng ca nhm ph Argiaquolls vi cc c tnh nh c thnh phn c gii mn, thnh phn khong st pha trn, m thp, nhit (8-15OC) v cc loi khong st c hot tnh i vi vic trao i cation. Tn cc Biu loi (hay Series): c mang tn theo cc a danh (tnh huyn thnh ph, sng...) ni m chng c ngi ta pht hin ra ln u tin. V nh tn gi Fort Collins, Cecil, Miami, Nofolk v Ontario... l nhng ni m ngi ta xc nh c cc seri t v m t chng theo cc tn a danh m ngi ta tm ra chng. Hin nay c khong 19000 Biu loi c xc nh ring Hoa k. Tn cc Pha t (phase): thng c xc nh trong nhng iu tra chi tit ngoi ng cc seri t c th c phn chia theo nhng khc bit rt chi tit v thnh phn c gii tng mt, mc xi mn, dc, hoc mt s c tnh khc... V d nh Fort Collins loam, Cecil clay... c ngha l t tht vng Fort Collin, st vng Cecil. Tuy nhin, cn lu tn ca cc pha t ch c xc nh mt cch thc t theo tng vng a phng v chng khng c ch tiu c th trong h thng phn loi ca Soil Taxonomy. Cc nh khoa hc t Hoa k xy dng c b kho cho phn loi t (Keys to Soil Taxonomy) gip cho vic phn loi t nhanh v chnh xc. B kho phn loi t mang tnh h thng cht ch v c tnh cht m, tc l da vo cc kt qu nghin cu phn loi mi xc nh b kho s c b sung, chnh sa nu c s sai khc. Kt qu iu tra nm 1975 ton b t ca Hoa K nm trong 10 b l Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Aridisols, Histosols, Oxisols, Spodosols v Vertisols. n nm 1998 b sung thm 2 b l Andisols v Gelisols. Hin nay ton b t ca Hoa K nm trong 12 b, ng nhin b kho phn loi t s c s thay i. Thng k bng 3.3. cho thy s pht trin trong phn loi t ca Hoa K. Bng 3.3. Kt qu phn loi t ca Hoa K B B ph Nhm ln Nhm ph H Biu loi Nm 1984 10 47 230 1200 6000 13000 Nm 2002 12 63 319 2484 8000 19000
Mt s B v B ph trong phn loi ca Soil Taxonomy Vit Nam Kt qu phn loi t theo Soil Taxonomy c thc hin mt s a phng trc khi min Nam gii phng (1975), tuy nhin cc mc p dng ch yu mi ch mc n l mt s a phng c th di y l mt s b c xc nh v tng kt B Entisol: l b c nhng loi t c cu to kiu phu din loi AC nh t Ph sa, t Regosols, t Solonchak. t trong b ny c mt tng A (Ochric epipedon) chng c mt s b ph sau: + B ph Aquent: gp t ngp nc nh cc loi t ph sa ngp ng bng sng M kng. + B ph Psamment: gp t ct thuc nhm regsol c nh regosols Vit Nam. + B ph Undent: c xc nh t ph sa nhng vng khng phi sa mc, khng m t v nhiu ct qu nh t ph sa ven sng Phan Rang, t rng Tr Vinh. B Ultisol: c nhng c im chnh l c 1 tng Bt (tng argilic); no baz thp (BS% <35%) t c cha t khong mica; khng c cc c im ca tng oxit; tng mt ca b ny c th l Ochric, Mollic hoc Umbric. Trong b ny c mt cc loi t thuc nhm t xm vng , t xm bc mu, t ngho hu c v c m r st trong phn loi theo pht sinh. t thuc b ph Ultisol Vit Nam xc nh: + B ph Aquult t c t cht hu c v c m r. + B ph Ochrult l cc Ultisol vi cc c im c tng Ochric hoc tng Bt c mu m hoc c hai c tnh trn c th hin Rhodochrult (t Latosol nu cng vng Blao); Typochrult (t xm vng ), t xm bc mu Ty Nguyn v mt s vng i ni nc ta. B Alfisol: t b ny c tng Bt; tng A1 m v bo ho (BS>35%) ta t nu khng cha vi Phan Rang thuc b ny. B Alfisol c cc b ph Aqualf, Usalf... B Vertisol: t b vertisol c trn 35% st; tng A1 dy trn tng C; c tr s no baz ln > 30 meq/100g t... B Oxisol: t c cha nhiu oxit st v nhm o thuc b oxisol. B oxisol c cc b ph Aquox, Arox, Udox, Ustox... B Histosol: t c cha hm lng hu c phn ln thuc b ny nh t than bn vng rng U Minh v mt s thung lng thuc vng i ni.
Cu hi n tp v tho lun chng III 1. C s khoa hc v ni dung trong h thng phn loi ca Soil Taxonomy? 2. Tng chn on l g? c bao nhiu tng chn on trn tng mt v cc tng bn di ngha ca chng? cho mt vi v d minh ha? 3. Cu trc h thng phn v ca Soil Taxonomy? C s xc nh cc phn v B, B ph, Nhm ln, Nhm ph, H v Biu loi ca h thng? 4. Cch t danh php trong tn t theo Soil Taxonomy?
Chng IV PHN LOI T THEO FAO - UNESCO

Nm 1961, t chc FAO c s ti tr ca UNESCO tin hnh thc hin d n nghin cu phn loi v v bn t t l 1/5.000.000 cho ton th gii. Mc tiu ca d n nhm kim k, nm vng ngun ti nguyn t ca th gii, t c bin php qun l s dng hp l, bn vng, c bit l qu t dnh cho sn xut lng thc, bo m nhu cu lng thc cho ton nhn loi. D n huy ng trn 300 nh khoa hc t t nhiu quc gia trn th gii lm vic ti trung tm khoa hc t Amstecdam - H Lan. Sau 20 nm lm vic nghim tc, bn t th gii (Soil map of the World) cng bn thuyt minh km theo c cng b. T n nay, vic nghin cu v b sung vn tip tc c tin hnh dn hon chnh bn t ton th gii. Phn loi t theo FAO - UNESCO tr thnh mt phng php phn loi t chnh thng cho nhiu quc gia trn th gii, trong c nhiu nc ang pht trin thuc chu Phi, chu M la tinh v chu ang p dng v truyn b phng php ny. 1. C s khoa hc ca phng php Phng php phn loi t ca FAO - UNESCO c xy dng da trn cc c s: - Hc thuyt pht sinh t ca V.V Docuchaev. - Nhng c tnh, tnh cht hin ti ca t. Nh vy c s khoa hc phn loi t ca FAO - UNESCO v cn bn cng ging vi phng php phn loi ca Soil Taxonomy l h thng phn loi FAO - UNESCO cng da vo ngun gc pht sinh v cc tnh cht hin ti ca t tin hnh phn loi. Cc tnh cht hin ti ca t l sn phm ca qu trnh pht sinh hoc bin i din ra trong t c th hin thng qua hnh thi, l tnh, ho tnh l nhng ch tiu dng nh lng tng chn on, c tnh chun v vt liu chn on. Kt qu nh lng tng chn on, c tnh chn on hoc vt liu chn on cho php xc nh ng tn t. Phng php phn loi t FAO - UNESCO nh gi ng bn cht ca cc qu trnh hnh thnh v cc tnh cht hin ti ca t v chng l c s b tr cy trng v thc hin cc bin php bo v, ci to t. Do vy, y l phng php phn loi t c tnh khoa hc v mang ngha thc tin cao. 2. Ni dung ca phng php Phn loi t theo FAO - UNESCO phi thc hin nhng ni dung sau: 2.1. Nghin cu cc yu t hnh thnh t Cc yu t hnh thnh t c iu tra, nghin cu, m t theo mt h thng ch dn cht ch v kh hu, a hnh, a mo, s dng t v thm thc vt, mu cht v m, c im mt t, mi quan h gia t v nc. a. Kh hu Thu thp cc thng s kh hu ca vng nghin cu nh nhit , m khng kh, lng ma v ch ma, lng bc hi, ch gi, nhng bin ng c bit ca thi tit. Nu iu kin cho php c th nghin cu nh gi y v ch m, ch nhit ca t. b. a hnh, a mo a hnh a hnh lin quan n s khc nhau v cao v dc ca b mt tri t phm vi quy m ln. a hnh ca mt vng theo quy nh ca FAO- UNESCO c xc nh c th theo vng v tng tiu vng ring r c xc nh r trong phn m t phu din (trnh by chng VII).
a mo L hnh dng ca b mt t trong vng nghin cu, c m t theo thut ng a l hnh thi vi 2 mc . Mc vng ln c chia ra 7 dng (c trnh by chng VII) vi cc k hiu v cc thut ng tng ng. cc mc iu tra chi tit a mo c phn chia v k hiu c th theo iu kin ca tng tiu vng v phm vi phn loi t trong vng hp ngi ta tip tc phn chia chi a hnh theo nhng thay i chnh lch v cao. c. Mu cht, m Trong phn loi t theo FAO- UNESCO m c m t chi tit v ngun gc hnh thnh, thnh phn khong vt v tn theo nhng k hiu xc nh bng cc ch ci in hoa. V d: GR: granit, BT: Bazan, SA: ct Cc loi mu cht cng c xc nh c th nh: FL: trn tch sng, VA: tro ni la, LI: trm tch ven bin d. Thm thc vt Bao gm cc loi thc vt t nhin v cc h thng cy trng nng nghip, lm nghip. - Thc vt t nhin: gm cc cy pht trin trong t nhin, c m t theo h thng phn loi ca a phng, vng hoc quc t. Chng c m t k theo cao ca cc loi thc vt nh cao ca cy thn g, cy lm bi, cc loi c. Cc loi thc vt cng c k hiu bng cc ch ci in hoa n hoc kp vi thut ng km theo. Nm 1973 UNESCO a ra bng k hiu phn loi thc vt chi tit cho tng nhm cy (v d phn m t chng VII). - Cy trng: c xc v nh phn chia theo nhm cc cy c th nh cy lng thc, cy cng nghip, rau qu Tm li, vic m t cc yu t hnh thnh t gip cho vic nh gi nhanh v xc nh chnh xc nhng c im lin quan ti cc qu trnh hnh thnh t. 2.2. Nghin cu phu din t o v m t phu din t l cng vic rt quan trng phn loi t. Trong m t phu din t c hai phn chnh phi thc hin: - M t cc yu t lin quan ti hnh thnh v bin i din ra trong t. - M t cc tng t trong phu din; xc nh v m t cc tng t chnh, tng chuyn tip...(c trnh by trong chng VII) Cc tng t chnh c th hin bng cc ch ci in hoa nh: H,O,A,E,B.C v R. Cc tng ny c th thm k t ph l ch in thng th hin cht lng c th ca tng t chnh, v d: Bt l tng B tch lu st. Trc tin phi xc nh c cc tng t chnh l nhng tng pht sinh, cht lng ca tng pht sinh sau khi c nh lng s gip cho vic xc nh cc tng chn on ca phu din v chng s l cn c phn loi t. Cc tng t pht sinh thng c m t gm: - Tng H Tng tch t hu c trn mt t, chng cng c th b chn vi di lp t mt, bo ha nc trong mt thi gian di. - Tng O Tng tch t hu c trn mt t, c th b chn vi di lp t mt, khng b bo ha nc nhiu ngy trong nm (c OC% 20%). Nu c tng r cy ang phong ha di lp t khong khng phi l tng O m l tng A. - Tng A Tng t khong hoc ang hnh thnh ngay lp t mt hoc lp t bn di lp t mt, c mt trong cc c im sau: - Tch lu cht hu c dng mn gn kt vi phn khong ca t v khng c cc c trng ca tng E hoc B.
- C cc c tnh canh tc, ng c hoc c nhng xo trn gia mn v khong st trong tng ny. - C hnh thi c to ra do qu trnh hnh thnh t, nhng khng c cc c trng ca tng E hoc tng B. Cht hu c tng A do c phn hu tt to thnh mn nn tng A thng sm mu hn tng nm k di. Nhng vng kh hu kh m c tng t mt mu sng hn nhng vn l tng A. Vt liu hu c tng A thng c hnh thnh t qu trnh phn hu ti ch nhiu hn l do di chuyn t ni khc n. - Tng E Nm di mt tng H, O hoc A, l tng ra tri, biu hin s tch lu cao v cc thnh phn ct, limon do s ra tri st, st, nhm hoc c 3. Tng E c lng hu c thp hn v c mu sng hn so vi tng trn, c gi tr mu (Value) cao hn v sc mu (Chroma) thng thp hn so vi tng bn di. -Tng B L tng t khong nm bn di cc tng H,O,A,E khng c hoc c biu hin yu v cu trc ca , n c mt hay nhiu c tnh sau: - Tch t do ra tri, ring l hay kt hp ca cc st silict, st, nhm, hu c, cacbont, thch cao. - Tch t nhiu cc hp cht Secquioxt (R2O3) so vi tng mu cht lm cho chng thng c mu vng, vng hay . - C nhng biu hin thay i v vt cht so vi vt liu hnh thnh ban u do qu trnh to st silict, gii phng cc Oxt hoc c hai hnh thnh cu trc ht, khi hoc lng tr. -Tng C y l tng vt liu cha n nh (tng mu cht) m t tng t c hnh thnh, tng C khng biu hin c tnh ca cc tng H,O,A,E hoc B v chng c c im khc vi tng m bn di l tng ang phong ha, mm, o c bng mai hay xng. nhng vng Nhit i m tng C i khi b nhm ln l gc nu ch nhn nhn v hnh dng bn ngoi, song tng vt liu ny b bin i bi qu trnh phong ha ha hc, thm ch mc rt mnh. S tch lu cacbonat, thch cao hoc mui ha tan khc cc qu trnh phong ho ti ch cng c th gp vo tng C. - Lp R Lp cng thng xuyn, khng o c bng mai xng khi m, thc t y l lp gc ( m) sau khi b ph hu to ra cc tng t pha trn n. - Tng chuyn tip L tng t c cc c im tnh cht ca hai tng t nm k cn nhau to thnh, c 2 loi tng chuyn tip. - Tng c mang theo tnh cht ca c hai tng t c bn ha trn vo nhau, chng thng c k hiu bng 2 ch in hoa, v d AE, EB, BC... - Tng pha trn c cc phn ring bit ca 2 tng c bn c k hiu bi 2 ch in hoa cch nhau bi gch cho nh: a/E, E/B, B/C...ch ng trc ch c tnh tri. -c tnh ph trong cc tng t Cc c tnh ph ca cc tng t c ngi ta quan st trc tip ngoi ng v xc nh nh gi theo mc nh tnh, chng c k hiu bng cc ch in thng vit ngay sau ch in hoa. V d: bt - tng tch st, khi mt tng ng thi quan st c nhiu tnh cht ph th s dng nhiu ch in thng vit ngay sau tng t chnh (thng s dng khng qu 2 ch in thng) v d Btg, Cck... Tnh cht ph ca cc tng t chnh v k hiu ca chng:
b.Tng pht sinh b chn vi: ch tng t c nhng c tnh pht sinh trc khi b chn vi. f. t ng bng: L nhng tng t cha bng vnh cu c nhit <0oC g. Gly: c mu xm v cc m r phn bit phn nh s thay i iu kin oxy hakh cc Secquioxt (R2O3) do t b ngp ng theo ma. h. Tch lu hu c: ch s tch lu hu c trong cc phn t khong, s tch t ny c th xy ra lp t mt hoc di su do ra tri. j. m Jarosite: l ch th ca t phn hot ng. k. Tch lu Ccbont: thng l tch t CaCO3 m. Gn kt hay kt cng: ch s gn kt thng xuyn, dng vi cc tng t b kt gn > 90%, hc cht kt gn (ximng), v d: sm- kt gn do st, Kgm: kt gn do vi v Silic... n. S tch lu Natri: l s tch t natri trao i Na+. o.Tch t Sesquioxt: ch s tch lu Sesquioxt (R2O3). p. Tng t cy hoc b xo trn khc: lp t mt b cy xi do qua trnh canh tc, hay s hnh thnh tng hu c b xo trn k hiu l Op hay Hp. Tng t khong trn mt sau khi b xo trn d l E, B, hay C u c k hiu l Ap. q. S tch lu Silict: l s tch t Silic th sinh, nu Silict tch t thnh lp c kt gn thng xuyn c k hiu l qm. r.S kh mnh: Biu hin bi Fe++ trng thi kh do qu trnh bo ha nc thng xuyn. Nu tng B c Fe++ b kh th k hiu l Br, tng C l Cr. s. Tch lu Sesquioxt + hu c: tng B tch lu phc h Secquioxt (R2O3) kt hp vi cht hu c phn tn v nh hnh nu nh gi tr mu (Value) v sc mu (Chroma) ca tng > 3. Nu cht hu c v Secquioxt u c vai tr quan trng tng B m c (Value) v (Chroma) < 3 th dng k hiu Bhs. t. S tch lu st Silicat: k hiu ny dng cho tng B hoc C ch s tch t ca st Silict c hnh thnh hoc di chuyn n trong cc tng ny. Du hiu nhn bit v s tch t st Silict l cc mng hoc lp st trn b mt cc mao qun v cc khe h trong t. v. S xut hin tng st loang l: k hiu ny ch s xut hin ca nhng vt liu ngho mn, giu st. Vt liu ny rn, cht khi m v rn n mc khng thay i c nu em n ra phi ngoi khng kh, trng thi ny c gi l ong. w. S pht trin ca mu sc hay cu trc: k hiu ny dng ch cho tng B c s pht trin ca mu sc hay cu trc hoc c hai. x. Tnh d v: k hiu ny ch cht, gin hay t trng cao y. Tch lu thch cao: k hiu ny ch s tch t thch cao. z. Tch lu mui: k hiu ny ch s tch t mui hoc cc cht d tan hn thch cao. Khi m t ngi ta cn ch s gin on, ranh gii tng v s chuyn tip ca cc tng t. 2.3 Phn tch tnh cht t Ch yu l tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca cc tng t trong phu din. a. Tnh cht vt l Phn tch cc ch tiu nh thnh phn c gii, dung trng, t trng, xp, m, ht kt v bn ht kt...
b. Tnh cht ha hc Phn tch cc ch tiu nh OC%, N,P,K tng s v d tiu, cc loi chua, CEC, Catrion trao i, BS (%), EC, tng mui tan, SO2-4, Cl-...Nhng ch tiu phn tch ph thuc vo iu kin c th a phng v loi t nghin cu. 2.4. nh lng tng chn on, c tnh chn on v vt liu chn on Kt qu m t phu din v phn tch tnh cht l ha hc l cn c tin hnh nh lng tng chn on, c tnh chn on v vt liu chn on. a. Cc tng chn on (Diagnostic horizons) Tng chn on l tng pht sinh c nh lng cc c tnh hnh thi v l ho tnh t dng t tn cho nhm v n v t. Cc tng chn on trong phn loi ca FAO- UNESCO c xc nh theo 2 nhm: nhm cc tng chn on trn mt v nhm cc tng chn on bn di. - Nhm cc tng chn on trn mt c cc tng: H. Histic, A. Mollic, A. Fimic, A. Umbric, A. Ochric. - Nhm cc tng chn on bn di gm c: B. Argic, B. Natric, B. Cambic, B. Spodic, B. Ferralic, tng Canxi, tng PetroCalcic, tng Gypcic, tng Sulfuric, tng E Albic. Tiu chun nh lng ca cc tng t chn on c th hin trong phn m t (chng VII) b. Cc c tnh chn on (Diagnostic properties) v vt liu chn on (Diagnostic materials) Bn cnh cc tng chn on trong phn loi t theo FAO- UNESCO c mt s c tnh c s dng phn chia cc n v t chng l nhng c tnh chn on ca tng hoc nhng vt liu c s dng cho mc ch phn loi phi c xc nh theo nh lng nh: c tnh thay i c gii t ngt v thnh phn c gii t (Abrupt textural change), c tnh t hnh thnh t hot ng ni la (Andic properties), c tnh giu Canxi (Calcareous properties), c tnh Ferralic (Ferralic Properties), c tnh bi t ph sa (Fluvic Properties), c tnh Gleyic v Stagnic (Gleyic and Stagnic Properties), giu Thch cao (Gypsiferous), ong non (Plinthite), c tnh mn (Salic properties), Phn tim tng (Sulfidic Material) v mi c tnh ny u c nhng tiu chun xc nh ring cho chng. 2.5. H thng phn v H thng phn v trong Phn loi t ca FAO- UNESCO c 4 cp t ln n nh (cn gi l h thng ch dn bn ): Cp 1 Cp 2 Cp 3 Cp 4 Major Soil Groupings Soil Units Soil Subunits Phase Nhm t chnh n v t n v ph t Pha t (tng t)
Theo bng chnh sa nm 1988 (Soil map of the World Revised Legend - Rome 1988), t ton th gii c 28 nhm t chnh v 153 n v t, cc n v t ph v pha t cha thng k c.
a. C s to thnh tn cc nhm t chnh Tn ca nhm t chnh th hin tnh cht c bn ca t, c tn c ly theo tn truyn thng ca quc gia no c cng nhn nh tn gi quc t nh Solonchaks, Podzols...hoc c cc tn t c tha nhn rng ri trong nhng nm gn y nh Fluvisols, Alisols, Ferralsols... cc tn t thng c ngun gc t tn Latinh hoc Hylp l nhng ngn ng chung v d phin dch ra cc ngn ng khc nhau. Tn cc nhm t truyn thng c dng trong h thng phn loi FAO- UNESCO l: chernozems, Greyzems, Kastanozems, Phaeozems, Podzols, Solonchaks, Solonnetz, cn li l cc nhm t chnh mi t tn. Tn ca cc nhm t c ui l - sols, v c k hiu bi 2 ch ci in hoa, v d Acrisols c k hiu l AC. Cc nhm t v c s to tn nhm nh sau: NHM T CHNH C s to thnh tn nhm t chnh (Mc 1)
ACRISOLS: ALISOLS: ANDOSOLS: ALTHOSOLS: ARENOSOLS: CALCISOLS: CAMBISOLS: CHERNOZEMS: FERRALSOLS: FLUVISOLS: GLEYSOLS: GREYZEMS: GYPSISOLS: HISTOSOLS: KASTANOZEMS: LEPTOSOLS: LIXISOLS: LUVISOLS: NITISOLS: PHAEOZEMS:
T ch acer l rt chua, ch bo ha Baz thp T ch alumen ch hm lng Nhm cao. T ting Nht t sm mu, c ngha l t c hnh thnh t m giu mnh thy tinh ni la v thng thng c tng mt mu en xm. T ting c anthropos con ngi, c ngha ch s hot ng ca con ngi. T arena l ct ch t pht trin yu c thnh phn c gii th. T ch carl l vi c ngha ch s tch t Cacbont canxi. T ch cambiare ch thay i, c ngha l t c s thay i v mu sc, cu trc v cht. T ting Nga cherm l t en, c ngha l t giu cht hu c c mu en. T ch ferrum v alumen ngha l St v Nhm, ch hm lng sesquioxides cao trong t. T ch fluvius sng, ch nhng sn phm lng ng ph sa. T ting Nga tn a phng gly l t bn nho ch s tha nc. T ting nglxcxong grey l xm v ting Nga Jemlja l t. t thuc nhng lp t giu cht hu c. T ch gypsum l Thch cao, c ngha l t tch lu sulphate canxi (CaSO4). T ting c histos m, c ngha l cht hu c cn cha b phn hy hoc b phn hu. T ch castanea c mu ht d, ch t giu cht hu c, c mu nu hoc mu ht d. T ting c leptos mng, c ngha l t pht trin rt yu, c tng mng. T ch lixibia c ngha l s tch lu st v phong ha mnh. T ch luere, ch s tch lu st. T ch Latinh nitidus l sng bng, th hin b mt ct ca t sng bng. T ting c phaios l ti mu v ghp vi t ting Nga Zemlja l t, ch t giu mn v c mu xm ti.
T ting Latinh planus l bng phng, ngang bng, vi ngha chung l t pht trin mc bnh thng hoc a hnh b nn xung do mt t ngp nc. PLINTHOSOLS: T ting c plinthos l gch, ch t c nhng cht lm m ging nh t st b cng cht li do kh trong khng kh v nh sng. PODZOLS: T ting Nga pod v zola ngha l xm tro, ch t ra tri mt cch mnh m c tng bc mu trng xm. PODZOLUVISOLS: T ch podzzola v ch luvisols th hin s ra tri v tch ly st. REGOSOLS: T ting c rhegos l lp ph - c ngha l mt lp ph ca cht xp mm trn nn cng ca t. SOLONCHAKS: T ting Nga sol l mn v chak c ngha l vng, ch nhng vng t b mn. SOLONETS: T ting Nga l mn Natri, th hin mt cch rt mnh m mc gy mn. VERTISOLS: T ch Latinh vertere c ngha l o ln, ch t c s o ln lp t mt. b. C s to tn n v t n v t nm trong nhm t chnh, cc n v t khc nhau bi tng chn on, c tnh chn on hay vt liu chn on. Tn ca n v t c ui l -ic c vit trc tn nhm t chnh v c k hiu bng ch thng. Khi vit tt th t vit tt ca n v c vit ngay sau ch vit tt ca nhm t chnh, v d: t ph sa trung tnh t chua tn theo FAO - UNESCO l:Eutric - Fluvisols k hiu l FLe (t ph sa trung tnh t chua). Eutric l n v t c k hiu l e cn Fluvisols l nhm t chnh, k hiu l FL. C S TO THNH TN CC N V T (Mc 2) ALBIC: ANDIC: ARIC: CALCARIC: CALCIC: CAMBIC: CARBIC: CHROMIC: CUMULIC: DYSTRIC: T ch Latinh albus: trng, ch t hay tng t bc trng. T ting Nht an ti xm v do: t, ch t xm mu hnh thnh t ni la.. T ch Latinh arara cy, ch lp t c tn tch thc vt. T ch Latinh calcarius: c cha vi, t c s tch ly Cacbont canxi. T ch Latinh calx: vi, c ngha l c s tch ly ca cacbont canxi. T ch Latinh cambixre: thay i, s bin i, t c s bin i v mu sc cu trc. T ch Latinh carbo: than, c ngha l t c hm lng cacbon hu c cao trong tng B spodic. T ting c chromos: mu sc, c ngha l t c mu sng. T ch Latinh cumulare: tch ly, ch s tch t ca nhng sn phm trm tch. T ch dys: xu, t khng mu m, ngho dinh dng. C ngha l c bo ha baz thp.
PLANOSOLS:
EUTRIC: FERRALIC: FERRIC: FIBRIC: FIMIC: FOLIC: GELIC: GLEYIC: GLOSSIC: GYPSIC: HAPLIC: HUMIC: LITHIC: LUVIC: MOLLIC: PETRIC: PLINTHIC: RENDZIC: RHODIC: SALIC: SODIC: STAGNIC: TERRIC: THIONIC: UMBRIC: URBIC: VERTIC: VIRTIC: XANTHIC:
T ting c eu: tt, mu m, giu dinh dng. C bo ha baz cao. T ch Latinh ferrum: st v Aluman: nhm. Ch t c hm lng sesquioxides cao. T ch Latinh ferrum: st t c m st mu nu hoc c s tch ly cht st. T ch Latinh fibra: r con, t c nhng cht hu c phn hu yu. T ch fimun: phn bn, bn, bn than, t c mt tng c hnh thnh do s bn phn lin tc trong thi gian di. T ch Latinh folium: l cy, l nhng cht hu c khng phn gii. T ch Latinh gelu: sng gi, ch t ng bng. T ting Nga gly l t ly ton b. T ting c glossa: vt hnh li, l nhng phn din tch t ca tng trn n lan ta su xung tng t t nm bn di. T ch Latinh gypsum, c s tch ly Thch cao. T ting c haploos: n gin, c ngha l nhng tng chuyn tip n gin, bnh thng. T ch Latinh humus: t giu mn. T ting c lithos , c ngha l t rt mng. T ch Latinh luere c ngha l c s tch lu st. T ch Latinh mollis: mm ch cu trc mt t ti xp mm, t tt. T ch Latinh petra: . t c s hin din ca mt lp cng cht nng. T ting c plinthos: gch. t c nhng cht m st b cng cht li. T ting Balan rsedric: ting n o. Ch t c ting lo so khi cy do c nm nng trn mt. T ting c rhodon: mu hng, ch t c mu . T ch Latinh sal: mn, c ngha l t c mn cao. T ch Latinh sodium:c hm lng Natri trao i cao. T ch Latinh stagnare: ngp ng, c ngha l mt t thng b ng nc hay ngp ng. T ch Latinh terra: c ngha l t c cht hu c phn gii tt v m. T ting c theion: Sunfua, trong t c cht sulphuadic. T ch Latinh umbra: s chuyn mu hay s hn khc nhau, c ngha l trong t c mt ca tng A Umbric. T ch Latinh urbis: thnh ph th x, t c s tn ti nhng cht ph thi, rc ri, thc n tha. T ch Latinh vertere: o ln, c ngha l t c s xo trn trn lp t mt. T ch Latinh vitrum: knh, thu tinh, l t giu cht thy tinh. T ting c xanthos: mu vng, ch t c mu vng.
Nm 1988 Bng Phn loi t chnh sa theo 2 cp ca FAO- UNESCO cng b. Bng ny chia t th gii thnh 28 nhm vi 153 n v t nh sau:
Bng 4.1 Bng phn loi t th gii theo phn loi ca FAO- UNESCO Ct I Ct II Ct III
FL FLUVISOLS FLe Eutric Fluvisols FLc Calcaric Fluvisols FLd Distric Fluvisols FLm Mollic Fluvisols Flu Umbric Fluvisols FLt Thionic Fluvisols FLs Salic Fluvisols AR ARENOSOLS ARh Haplic Arenosols ARb Cambic Arenosols ARl Luvic Arenosols ARo Ferralic Arenosols ARa Albic Arenosols Arc Calcaric Arenosols ARg Gleyic Arenosols CM CAMBISOLS CMe Eutric Cambisols CMd Dystric Cambisols Cmu Humic Cambisols CMc Calcaric Cambisols CMxChromic Cambisols CMv Vertic Cambisols CMo Ferralic Cambisols CMg Gleyic Cambisols CMi Gelic Cambisols
Ct IV
CL CALCISOLS CLh Haplic Calcisols CLl Luvic Calcisols CLp Petric Calcisols
GL GLEYSOLS Gle Eutric Gleysols GLk Calcic Gleysols GLd Dystric Gleysols GLa Aldic Gleysols GLm Mollic Gleysols GLu Umbric Gleysols GLt Thionic Gleysols GLi Gelic Gleysols RG REGOSOLS RGe Eutric Regosols RGc Calcaric Regosols RGyic Regosols RGd Dystric Regosols RGu Umbric Regosols RGi Gelic Regosols LP LEPTOSOLS Lpe Eutric Leptosols LPd Dystric Leptosols LPk Rendzic Leptosols LPm Mollic Leptosols LPu Umbric Leptosols LPq Lithic Leptosols LPi Gelic Leptosols
AN ANDOSOLS ANh Haplic Andosols ANm MollicAndosols ANu Umbric Andosols ANz Vitric Andosols ANg Gleyic Andosols ANi Gelic Andosols
GY GYh GYk GYl GYp
GYPSISOLS Haplic Gypsisols Calcic Gypsisols Luvic Gypsisols Petric Gypsisols
VR VERTISOLS VRe Eutric Vertisols VRd Dystric Vertisols VRk Calcic Vertisols Vry Gypsic Vertisols
SN SOLONETZ SNh Haplic Solonetz SNm Mollic Solonetz SNk Calcic Solonetz SNy Gypsic Solonetz SNj Stagnic Solonetz SNg Gleyic Solonetz SC SOLONCHAKS SCh Haplic Solonchaks SCm Mollic Solonchaks SCk Calcic Solonchaks SCy Gypsic Solonchaks SCn Sodic Solonchaks SCg Gleyic Solonchaks SCi Gelic Solonchaks
Ct V
KS KASTANOZEMS KSh Haplic Kastanozems KSl Luvic Kastanozems KSk Calcic Kastanozems KSy Gypsic Kastanozems
Ct VI
LV LUVISOLS LVh Haplic Luvisols LVf Ferric Luvisols LVx Chromic Luvisols LVk Calcic Luvisols LVv Vertic Luvisols LVa Albic Luvisols LVj Stagnic Luvisols
Ct VII
LX LIXISOLS LXh Haplic Lixisols LXf Ferric Lixisols LXp Plinthic Lixisols LXa Albic Lixisols LXj Stagnic Lixisols
Ct VIII
HS HISTOSOLS HSl Folic Histosols HSs Terric Histosols HSf Fibric Histosols HSt Thionic Histosols HSi Gelic Histosols LXg Gleyic Lixisols
LVg Gleyic Luvisols
CH CHERNOZEMS CHh Haplic Chernozems CHk Calcic Chernozems CHl Luvic Chernozems CHw Glossic Chernozems CHg Gleyic Chernozems
PH PHAEOZEMS
PL PLANOSOLS Ple Eutric Planosols PLd Dystric Planosols PLm Mollic Planosols PLu Umbric Planosols PLi Gelic Planosols
PD PODZOLUVISOLS
AC ACRISOLS Ach Haplic Acrisols ACf Ferric Acrisols ACu Humic Acrisols ACp Plinthic Acrisols ACg Gleyic ACrisols
AL ALISOLS
AT ANTHROSOLS Ata Aric Anthrosols ATc CumulicAnthrosols ATf Fimic Anthrosols ATu Urbic Anthrosols
PHh Haplic Phaeozems PHc Calcaric Phaeozems PHl Luvic Phaeozems PHj Stagnic Phaeozems PHg Gleyic Phaeozems
PDe Eutric Podzoluvisols PDd Dystric Podzoluvisols PDj Stagnic Podzoluvisols PDg Gleyic Podzoluvisols PDi Gelic Podzoluvisols
PZ PODZOLS
Alh Haplic Alisols ALf Ferric Alisols ALu Humic Alisols ALp Plinthic Alisols ALj Stagnic Alisols ALg Gleyic Alisols
GR GREYZEMZ
NT NITISOLS
GRh Haplic Greyzemz GRg Gleyic Greyzemz
PZh PZb PZf PZc PZg Pzi
Haplic Podzols Cambic Podzols Ferric Podzols Carbic Podzols Gleyic Podzols Gelic Podzols
NTh Haplic Nitisols NTr Rhodic Nitisols NTu Humic Nitisols
FR FERRALSOLS
FRh FRx FRr FRu FRg FRp PTe PTd PTu PTa
Haplic Ferralsols Xanthic Ferralsols Rhodic Ferralsols Humic Ferralsols Geric Ferralsols Plinthic Ferralsols Eutric Plinthosols Dystric Plinthosols Humic Plinthosols Albic Plinthosols
PT PLINTHOSOLS
c. n v t ph v pha t n v ph t n v ph t c chia t cc n v t, n v ph th hin cht lng ca tng chn on hay c tnh chn on i vi cc mc khc nhau nhng c tnh c s dng xc nh n v t. V d tn t ph sa chua gly nh th tnh chua c dng t cho n v t, cn c trng gly s c s dng t cho n v ph t. Tn cc n v ph t c tip v - i c k hiu bng ch in thng vit v trc tn n v t v cch k hiu n v bi gch ngang - khi vit tn t ngi ta thng vit n v ph trc ri n n v cui cng l tn nhm t. V d ngi ta c y theo FAO-UNESCO ca t ph sa chua gly nh sau:
Gleyi- Dystric Fluvisols k hiu FLd- g FL: nhm t chnh; Dystric:n v t; Gleyi: n v ph t. Nu tng gly gp su 0-50 cm thm tip u ng Epi v ch vit tt thm s 1 sau ch g. Nu tng gly gp su >50 cm thm tip u ng Endo v ch vit tt thm s 2 sau ch g. C th ta s c cch vit tn nh sau: Epi Gleyi- Dystric Fluvisols k hiu FLd- g1 Endo Gleyi- Dystric Fluvisols k hiu FLd- g2 Cc nh Khoa hc t Vit Nam ngh t tn n v t ph theo cc nh tnh nh sau: Bng 4.2. Cc yu t xc nh dng t tn n v t ph Abrupti C s phn d v thnh phn c gii Acriv C tng tch st, nhm (feralit), giu st vi no baz < 50% tng B ( t ferralsols). Albi C tng bc trng su 0- 100cm. Glossalbi Tng bc trng hay tch st, hay cha Na+ hnh li. Alkali Kim (c pH H2 O) 8,5 su 0- 50cm Andi Anthraqui Ari Areni Aridi Gibbsi Geri Gleyi Epigleyi Glosi Molliglosi Umbrglosi Greyi Hapli Histi Fibrihisti Saprihisti C c trng tro ni la 0- 100cm. C tng nhn tc. Tng t thay i do cy su (dy 30- 50cm). Thnh phn c gii l ct 0- 50cm C tng kh nt chn ra. C lp t dy hn 30cm cha hn 25% gibbsite phn t mn tng t 0- 100cm. C c trng phong ha mnh vi lp t ca tng t 0100cm. C c trng gly thuc su 0- 100cm. C c trng gly su 0- 50cm. C hnh li ca tng ti mm hay tng sm mu xm nhp xung tng B hay mu cht. Tng ti mm hnh li xm nhp xung tng B bn di hoch tng mu cht. Tng sm mu hnh li xm nhp xung tng B bn di hoch tng mu cht. C tng limon khng c bc v cc ht ct trn mt ct cu trc t tng A ti mm ( t nu thm - phaeozems). C s th hin in hnh ca nhng c im nht nh. C tng hu c su 0- 40cm. C tng hu c su 0- 40cm cha cht hu c phn gii yu, th, ph bin l cht si, x. C tng hu c su 0- 40cm cha cht hu c phn gii mnh, ch c rt t si, x th v c mu en hoc xm en. C tng hu c b chn vi su 40- 100cm Tng canh tc vn dy 50cm, i vi t khc < 50cm.
Thaptohisti Hori
Humi
Mollhumi Umbrihumi Hydragri Hydri
Hyperochi
Hyperskeleti Irragi Lamelli Lepti Endolepti Epilepti Lithi Paralithi Lixi
Tng c hm lng Cacbon hu c cao; trong t (ferralsols) v t st bc (Nitisols) l ln hn 1,4% Cacbon t mn thuc lp t 0- 100cm; i vi cc loi t khc l > 1% Cacbon trong phn t mn thuc tng t 0-50 cm. C hm lng cacbon nh trn v tng ti mm. C tng sm mu v hm lng cacbon nh trn. C tng thay i do canh tc nc xy ra su 0- 100cm (ch c t nhn tc). C mt hay nhiu lp t su 0- 100cm vi tng dy 35cm vi kh nng tr nc 1500 Kpa (trong mu t ti, ch c t tro ni la). C tng xm, trng khi kh, khi m mu sm hn, hm lng cacbon hu c thp (< 0,4%) v c hm lng oxyt st t do thp, thnh phn c gii th, du hiu cu trc mng v lp v mng trn mt. C trn 90% khi lng l cui, si hay mnh v th n su 75 cm hay n tng m cng rn. C tng thay i do ti dy 50 cm t nhn tc; cc t khc mng hn 50 cm. C tng tch t st cu trc phin dy ti thiu 15cm trong lp t 0- 100cm. C cng su 25- 100 cm. C cng su 50- 100 cm. C cng su 25- 50 cm. C cng su 0- 10 cm. C v su 0- 10 cm tip xc vi cc vt nt su cho php r cy xuyn qua xung cc tng nu. C tng feralit vi hm lng st cao, no baz 50% tng B n su 100 cm (dng cho t ferralsols).
Luvi Hypoluvi Magnesi Mesi Molli Niti Ombri Pachi Pelli Petri
C tng tch st argic vi CEC 24me/100g st n su 100cm. C s tng tuyt i v hm lng st mc 3% hay hn (dng cho t ct). C t l cation trao i Ca/Mg <1 su 0- 100 cm. C no baz < 75% su 20 cm (dng cho t bin tnh). C tng ti mm. C c trng tnh st su 0- 100 cm. C ch nc xc nh bi mc nc ngm (dng cho Histosols). C tng ti mm hay sm mu dy hn 50 cm. C mu munsell t m < 3,5% hay < 1,5% lp t 030 cm (t bin tnh). Gn kt mnh khng do, khng n hi lp t 0-
Epipetri Petrocalci Petroplinthi Petrosali Plani Plinthi Epiplinthi Hyperplinthi Orthiplinthi
Rendzi Rhodi
Rubi Rupti Sali Endosali Episali Hyposali Sili Silti Spodi Stagni Endostagni Sulphati Tephri Terri Thioni Orthithioni Protothioni Toxi Calcari
100cm. Gn kt mnh hay C tng cacbonat lp t 0-100 cm C tng ong cng rn lp t 0-100 cm C tng mui kt gn cht dy hn 10cm trong lp t 0100cm C tng tn tch nm gin on trn mt tng thm chm thuc lp t 0-100cm C tng loang l thuc lp t 0-100cm C tng loang l thuc lp t 0-50cm C tng loang l cng rn ca ong khng lm thay i c C tng loang l vi ti thiu l 10% (khi lng) kt von st nhng chng khng th rn li khi thay i lp li iu kin kh m C tng ti mm cha cc vt liu cacbonat hc nm trn tng CaCO3 vi hm lng >40% ( tng t mng) C tng B vi mu munsell ph bin hn 5YR (3,5 YR hay hn) v c tng, v c mu khi m < 3,5 v gi tr mu kh khng cao hn 1 n v. C tng B (hay tng nm nm k cn di tng A) vi mu munsell ph bin hn 10 YR v cng 5( t ct) C cc lp khng lin tc trong lp t 0-100cm C tng mn su 0-100cm Tng mn su 50-100cm C tng mn su 25-50cm C dn in trong dch chit > 4dsm-1 25oC, ti thiu l cc tng ph thuc su 0-100cm C tng tro ni la vi SiO2 0.6% v t l ALpy1/AlOH2<0.5 ( t tro ni la) C 40% hay hn 40% limon tng t dy hn 30cm lp t 0-100 cm C tng xm tro C c trng ng nc su 0-50cm C c trng ng nc su 50-100cm SO4 > HCO3->Cl- ( t mn) C vt liu t tro ni la n su 30cm v su hn C tng ti xp trong t nhn tc dy 50cm v su hn C tng sulfuric hay vt liu sulfidic su 0-100cm C tng sulfuric su 0-100cm C tng sulfidic su 0-100cm C cc cht khc ngoi nhm, st, natri, canxi hay magi, c hi cho sinh trng ca cy C tng cacbonat su 20-100cm
Calei Hyperealci Hypocalci Orthicalci Dystri Epidystri Hyperdystri Eutri Hypereutri Ortheutri Ferrali Hyperferrali Ferrali Ferri Hyperferri Foli Fluvi Garbi Veti Verti Vitri
C tng vi su 50-100cm CaCO3 chim 50% tng t tr ln nh hng cacbonat 0-100cm C tng CaCO3 d su 0-100cm tng t mng, V%<50% su 20-100cm V<50% su 0-50cm V<50% su 20-100cm, c ni V<20% V>50% su 20-100cm V>80% phn ln tng t 20-100cm V>50% phn ln tng t 20-100cm C c trng feralit 0-100cm C CEC<16 me/100g st mt s tng t ph thuc lp t 0-100cm C CEC <me/100g t mn su 30-100cm v mu munsell hn 10YR ( t ct) C tng kt von 0-100cm C tng kt von st, mangan dy 25cm cha >40% ht kt von su 0-100cm C tng thm mc C vt liu ph sa su 0-100cm Tch lu vt liu t nhn tc cha trn 35% rc thi hu c ( t pht trin trn t ti nhn tc) C di 6me/100g st baz trao i cng chua trao i ti thiu cc lp t tng B thuc su 0-100cm C tng nt n (trng n, co gin) su 0-100cm C tng thu tinh su 0-100cm
Pha t Th hn nhng nhn t hn ch c lin quan n cc c trng ca tng mt hay cc tng di su. Nhng nhn t hn ch ny khng nht thit phi lin quan n hnh thi t v n c lin quan ti nhiu n v t khc nhau. V d pha canh tc trong iu kin ngp nc c th gp trn cc nhm hoc n v t c s dng trng la nc khc nhau (t ph sa, t xm bc mu, t mn, chua mn, t ct ...c s dng trng la nc). C th ngi ta xc nh c cc pha t nh: canh tc nc (Anthraquic), kt cng (Duripan), kt mnh d gy (Fragipan), st ha (Petroferic), c ln(Lithic), cui (Rudic), b trn ngp (Inundic), b mn ha (Salic), Natri (Sodic), kt cu th (Skeletic) 2.6. C s tham kho quc t cho phn loi t (IRB) v ti nguyn t th gii (WRB) a. C s tham kho quc t cho Phn loi t IRB (International Reference Base for Soil Classification) D n xy dng c s tham chiu quc t cho phn loi t c thc hin nm 1982 v c xem l cn c chnh sa li ch dn bn t Th gii (FAO- UNESCO 1974). Nm 1990, ti i hi ln th 14 ca Hi khoa hc t Th gii ISSS v Trung tm Ti nguyn Th gii IRB a ra khung phn loi t th gii vi 20 nhm t chnh. xut ca IRB rt kh thc hin v ton b t th gii ch c 20 nhm nn rt kh trong vic t hp v a ra nhng nh ngha cho ph hp.
Trong khi FAO xut bn cun sch Ch dn chnh sa cho bn t Th gii Nm 1988 vi 28 nhm v 153 n v t. Trc thc trng cc nh khoa hc t ngh IRB chp nhn bn ch dn chnh sa bn t th gii ca FAO v xem nh l khung cho cc hot ng phn loi t sau ny. Nhim v ca IRB l p dng nhng nguyn tc trong vic nh ngha cc nhm t v cc mi quan h ca t cng nh cung cp nhng hiu bit su rng v cc n v t xc nh hin nay theo FAO. b. C s tham kho th gii cho cc ti nguyn t (World Reference Baes for soil resources) y l cng trnh tip theo ca IRB c chnh sa ch dn bn t th gii ca FAO. Cng trnh ny l s hp nht ca hip hi khoa hc h thng quc t (ISSS), FAO v Trung tm thng tin t Th gii (ISRIC). Trong h thng c s s dng cho tham chiu ca WRB c 2 cp phn loi. - Cp I (cp c s): t th gii c chia thnh 30 nhm t chnh c trnh by bng 4.3 di y Bng 4.3 Cc nhm t chnh ca WRB Tn nhm t WRB Tn Vit nam Tn nhm t WRB Tn Vit nam 1.Acrisols t xm 16.Histosols t hu c 2. Albeluvisol t nu en 17.Kastanozems t ht d (c tng bc trng) 3.Alisols t Alit (tch nhm) 18.Leptsols t tng mng 4.Andosols t bt (ni la) 19.Lixisols t nu kh hn 5.Anthosols t nhn tc 20.Luvisols t nu en 6.Arenosols t ct 21.Nitisols t nu tm 7.Calcisols t tch vi 22.Phaeozems t nu xm 8.Cambisols t mi bin i 23.Planosols t st cht b 9.Chernozems t en 24.Plintosols t loang l 10. Cryosols t bng gi 25. t Podzols t Potzon 11. Durisols t cng rn 26.Regosols t ti 12. Ferralsols t vng 27. Solonchaks t mn 13. Fluvisols t ph sa 28. Solonetz t kim mn 14. Gleysols t Gly 29. Umbrisol t en nhn to 15.Gypsisols t thch cao 30. Vertisols t nt n - Cp II (Cp thp): C s tng hp cc tip u ng trong tn gi nhm th hin nhng tnh cht c trng b sung vo cc nhm t chnh gip cho vic t tn t chnh xc cho cc phu din ring r. H thng c s s dng cho tham chiu ca WRB xc nh c 121 n v t cp thp c nh lng ha c th, tn ca cc n v ny c th hin bng 4.4 Bng 4.4 Cc n v t ca WRB Stt Tn n v t Stt Tn n v t Stt Tn n v t Stt Tn n v t 1 Abrupic 31 Eutrisilic 61 Laptic 91 Regic 2 Aceric 32 Ferralic 62 Lithic 92 Rendzic 3 Acric 33 Ferric 63 Lixic 93 Rheic 4 Acroxic 34 Fibric 64 Luvic 94 Rhodic 5 Albic 35 Folic 65 Magnesic 95 Rubic
Stt 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Tn n v t Alcalic Alic Alumic Andic Anthraquic Anthric Anthropic Arenic Aric Aridic Arzic Calcaric Calcic Carbic Carbonatic Chernic Chloridic Chromic Cryic Cutanic Densic Duric Dystric Entic Eutric
Stt 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Tn n v t Fluvic Fragic Fulvic Garbic Gelic Gelistagnic Geric Gibbsic Glacic Gleyic Glossic Greyic Grumic Gypsic Gypsiric Haplic Histic Hortic Humic Hydragric Hydric Hyperochric Hyperskeletic Irragric Lamellic
Stt 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Tn n v t Mazic Melanic Mesotrophic Mollic Natric Nitic Ochric Ombric Oxyaquic Pachic Pellic Petric Petrocalcic Petroduric Petrogypsic Petrolinthic Petrosalic Placic Plaggic Planic Plinthic Posic Profondic Protic Reductic
Stt 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121
Tn n v t Ruptic Rustic Salic Sapric Silic Siltic Skeletic Sodic Spodic Spolic Stagnic Sulphatic Takytic Tephric Terric Thionic Toxic Turbic Umbric Urbic Vetic Virmic Vertic Vitric Xanthic Yermic
Tn t trong cc trng hp khc nhau c th c th c xc nh theo cch s dng cc tip u ng: Bathi: rt su Otthi: hot ng Endo: su Proto: tim tng Epi: nng Para: xp lp Hyper: nhiu Cumuli: chng xp Hypo: t Thapto: chn vi Theo quan im ca FAO- UNESCO- WRB th bn thn cc yu t v cc qu trnh hnh thnh t khng c s dng nh tiu chun phn loi m ch c nhng biu hin bng cc c im hnh thi t c th kt hp vi mt s ch tiu l ha hc th mi c gi tr phn chia trong phn loi. t cn c xc nh bng cc biu hin hnh thi hn bng cc s liu phn tch v cc c tnh t v vt liu chn on nu c th m t v xc nh trn c s thc a l tt nht, cc kt qu phn tch ch nhm h tr cho vic xc nh loi t.
2.7. Phn loi t Vit Nam theo FAO - UNESCO - WRB Theo bo co tng hp kt qu thc hin d n: Chng trnh Phn loi t Vit Nam theo phng php Quc t FAO - UNESCO dng cho bn t l 1/1.000.000, t Vit Nam c XXI nhm t chnh vi 61 n v t c th hin bng 4.5. Bng 4.5 Bng phn loi t Vit Nam theo FAO-UNESCO- WRB Tn theo S K Tn Vit Nam K hiu TT hiu FAO-UNESCO I C t ct AR 1 Cc t cn ct trng vng ARl Luvic Arenosols 2 Cd t cn ct ARr Rhodic Arenosols 3 C t ct in hnh ARh Haplic Arenosols 4 Cb t ct mi bin i ARb Cambic Arenosols 5 Co t ct potzon ARa Albic Arenosols 6 Cg t ct gly ARg Gleyic Arenosols 7 Cf t ct feralit ARo Ferralic Arenosols II M t mn SC Solonchaks 8 Mm t mn SCg Gleyic Solonchaks 9 Mn t mn SCh Haplic Solonchaks 10 M t m n SCm Mollic Solonchaks 1 III S t phn ( ) FLt Thionic Fluvisols GLt Thionic Gleysols 11 Sp t phn tim tng GLtp Proto-Thionic Gleysols 12 Sj t phn hot ng FLto Orthi-Thionic Fluvisols IV P t ph sa FL Fluvisols (2) 13 P t ph sa trung tnh t chua FLe Eutric Fluvisols 14 Pc t ph sa chua FLd Dystric Fluvisols 15 Pg t ph sa gly FLg Gley Fluvisols 16 Pu t ph sa mn FLu Umbric Fluvisols 17 Pb t ph sa c tng m g FLb Cambic Fluvisols V GL t Gly GL Gleysosl 18 GL t gly trung tnh t chua GLe Eutric Gleysosl 19 GLc t gly chua GLd Dystric Gleysosl 20 GLu t ly GLu Umbric Gleysosl VI T t than bn HS Histososl 21 T t than bn HSf Fibric Histososl 22 Ts t than bn phn tim tng HSt Thionic Histososl VII MK t mn kim SN Solonetz 23 MK t mn kim SNh Haplic Solonetz 24 MKg t mn kim gly SNg Glyic Solonetz VIII CM t mi bin i CM Cambisols 25 CM t mi bin i trung tnh t chua CMe Eutric Cambisols 26 CMc t mi bin i chua CMd Dystric Cambisols
S TT IX 27 28 X 29 30 31 32 33 XI 34 35 XII
K hiu RK RK RKh R Rf Rg Rv Ru Rq N Ne Nd XK
Tn Vit Nam t bt t bt t bt giu mn t en t en c tng kt von dy t en gly t en cacbonat t nu thm trn bazan t en tng mng t nt n t nt n trung tnh t chua t nt n chua t nu vng bn kh hn t nu vng bn kh hn t vng bn kh hn t nu vng vng khc t tch vi t vng tch vi t nu thm tch vi t c tng st loang l t c tng st loang l chua t c tng st loang l b ra tri mnh t c tng st loang l giu mn
K hiu AN ANh ANm LV LVf LVg LVk LVx LVq VR VRe VRd LX LXh LXx LXh CL CLh CLl PT PTd PTa
36 XK 37 XK 38 XKh XIII V 39 V 40 Vu XIV L 41 Lc 42 La 43 XV O 44 45 XVI X 46 47 48 49 50 XVII B 51 52 XVIII F 53 54 Lu
Tn theo FAO-UNESCO Andosols Haplic Andosols Mollic Andosols Luvisols (3) Ferric Luvisols Gleyic Luvisols Calcic Luvisols Chromic Luvisols Lithic Luvisols Vertisols Eutric Vertisols Dystric Vertisols Lixisols (4) Haplic Lixisols Chromic Lixisols Haplic Luvisols Calcisols Haplic Calcisols Luvic Calcisols Plinthosols (5) Dystric Plinthosols Albic Plinthosols
t podzolic Oc t podzolic chua Og t podzolic gly X Xf Xg Xf Xh t xm t xm bc mu t xm c tng loang l t xm gly t xm Feralit t xm mn trn ni
PD
PTu Humic Plinthosols Podzoluvisols (6) PDd Dystric Podzoluvisols PDg Gleyic Podzoluvisols Acrisols (7) ACh ACp ACg ACf ACu Haplic Acrisols Plinthic Acrisols Gleyic Acrisols Ferraic Acrisols Humic Acrisols Nitisols
AC
t nu tm B t nu tm Bd t nu tm t Fd t nu Fx t nu vng
NT
FR
NTh Haplic Nitisols NTr Rhodic Nitisols Ferralsols (8) FRr Rhodic Ferralsols FRx Xanthic Ferralsols
S TT
K hiu
Tn Vit Nam
K hiu FRp FRu AL ALh ALg ALu LP LPq AT AT
55 56 XIX A 57 58 59 XX E 60 XXI N 61
Fl t vng c tng st loang l Fh t mn vng trn ni t mn alit ni cao A t mn Alit ni cao Ag t mn Alit ni cao gly At t mn th than bn ni cao (4) t xi mn mnh tr si E t xi mn mnh tr si t nhn tc N t nhn tc
Tn theo FAO-UNESCO Plinthic Ferralsols Humic Ferralsols Alisols (9) Humic Alisols Gleyic Alisols Histric Alisols Leptosols (10) Lithic Leptosols Anthrosols Anthrosols
Ghi ch: (1)Theo phn loi t Vit Nam phn c thnh mt nhm ring (2) Trong nhm ny theo quan im ca FAO-UNESCO nhng t ph sa mt tnh cht Fluvic c xp vo Cambisols. Phn loi t Vit Nam mi xc nh c tnh Cambic t ph sa c tng m g; cn loi hnh no c tng Cambic r cng vo nhm Cambisols. (3) Trong nhm t en Vit Nam mt s ni cn xc nh c cc loi hnh Fhaeozems hay c bit Umbrisols (FAO-UNESCO- WRB). (4) Trong nhm t nu Vit Nam c c nhng vng bn kh hn v nhng vng khc nh xen k trong vng Ferralsols m theo phn loi (FAO-UNESCO- WRB) gi l Luvisols. (5) Theo quan im ca WRB bao gm nhng t c kt von dy c hay ong cht. (6) Gi li k hiu m ca tng n v. (1b) C mt s vng kh ngp thay i trong nm tng t mt b ph hu ri rc thay i cu to t ngt FAO-UNESCO- WRB xp l Planosols. (1c) trong vungFerralsols c bit cn mt s loi hnh non tr t c phn ng trung tnh t chua bo ha baz, c xp vo Luvisols hoc c bit Cambisols (FAOUNESCO- WRB). (7) Gi nguyn cao phn b nh trc y. (8) Theo ngha Vit Nam: t tch lu Nhm cao. (9) nh ni Fanxipng. (10) Trong WRB ngi ta xp t c tng Calcic rn, hoc tng gypsic hay plinthit rn ra khi Leptosols. Ngoi vic xy dng bn phn loi cho ton quc nhiu tnh tin hnh iu tra, nghin cu, phn loi v xy dng bn t mc chi tit theo FAO- UNESCO cc cp t l 1/50.000-1/100.000 c th nh cc tnh ng Nai, Qung Ngi, Thanh Ho, Ninh Bnh, Nam nh, H Giang, Qung Ninh...v mt s huyn Ty Sn, Ph M (Bnh nh), Trng Khnh (Cao Bng) ... Cu hi n tp v tho lun chng IV 1. Hy trnh by c s khoa hc ca phn loi t ca FAO- UNESCO - WRB ? 2. Hy nu Tng chn on, c tnh chn on, vt liu chn on dng trong phn loi t FAO- UNESCO? Cho v d minh ha ? 3.H thng phn v trong phn loi t ca FAO- UNESCO ?
4. C s t tn nhm t chnh ? Cho v d minh ha? 5. C s t tn n v t? n v t ph? Cho v d minh ha?
PHN B XY DNG BN T Chng V NHNG KIN THC CHUNG V BN

Trc khi tm hiu cc bc tin hnh xy dng bn t yu cu chng ta cn phi c c mt s khi nim v kin thc c bn v bn cng nhng phng php xy dng chng, trn c s nhng kin thc chung v bn v cc bin php xy dng chng s gip cho nhng ngi xy dng bn t xc nh r cc bn nn v phng php xy dng chng, cng nh cho vic la chn phng php xy dng bn t theo cc mc ch phn loi cc mc t l khc nhau. 1. nh ngha v phn loi bn 1.1. nh ngha Bn l bn v biu th khi qut v thu nh b mt ca tri t, vng lnh th hay tng vng ring r trn mt phng theo mt quy lut nht nh, cc quy lut ny c ngi ta th hin thng qua t l, php chiu, b cc v phn mnh. Ni dung ca bn c biu th theo mc ch, t l bn v c im v tr a l ca lnh th hay vng lnh th theo mt h thng ngn ng quy nh. T nh ngha trn cho thy bn th hin nhng c tnh chnh sau: a. Tnh trc quan Bn cho chng ta kh nng bao qut v nhn bit nhanh chng cc yu t v ni dung cc vn mun tm kim trong mt vng hay khu vc trn b mt tri t. Bn c kh nng bao qut cao bin nhng nhng vt th cn nghin cu trn b mt vng lnh th thnh nhng i tng c th nhn thy c qua hnh nh trc quan th hin trn bn v. Khi nhn vo bn , ngi ta c th pht hin c cc quy lut ca s phn b cc i tng v hin tng trn b mt tri t nh: i ni, ng bng, h thng sng sui, phn b dn c, hin trng s dng t ai, phn b vng th nhng... b. Tnh o c Cn c vo t l bn , php chiu v cc k hiu quy c ngi ta c th xc nh v nh v c v tr, to a l, di, khong cch, din tch, dc...Nh tnh cht ny m bn c dng lm c s xc nh v xy dng nhng m hnh ho c th tnh ton cc vn lin quan v mt a l hoc gii quyt nhiu vn trong khoa hc c lin quan n thc tin sn xut. V d: cn c vo cc ng bnh v khong cch ngi ta c th xy dng c bn dc theo a hnh v quy hoch thit k cho sn xut nng - lm nghip. c. Tnh chuyn ti thng tin Bn c kh nng lu tr nhng thng tin v chuyn ti thng tin v cc i tng cn tra cu cho ngi s dng chng. V d: bn giao thng gip cho ngi ta bit c cc tuyn ng, khong cch, v tr cc bn nh ga. Bn phn vng sinh thi gip cho nhn bit nhng c im v iu kin t nhin nh kh hu, t ai, phn b ng thc vt chnh. Bn a cht gip cho cc nh a cht v khai thc nm vng cc ngun ti nguyn t nhin, cc khu vc khong sng 1.2. Phn loi bn Cc bn thng dng hin nay thng c ngi ta phn loi theo ngha v cch th hin chng nh sau:
a. Phn loi theo i tng nghin cu Theo nhm i tng th hin, cc bn thng c phn thnh 2 nhm gm: bn a l v bn thin vn. Trong cc bn a l dng th hin b mt tri t y l cc loi bn rt ph bin trong thc tin. Cn cc bn thin vn th hin khng gian v tr, kh hu, thi tit b. Phn loi theo ni dung Theo ni dung phn loi ngi ta cng chia ra 2 nhm bn khc nhau l cc bn khi qut chung v cc bn chuyn . Cc bn khi qut chung nh bn a l chng biu th ton b cc yu t c bn ca vng lnh th nh hnh dng b mt t ai (a hnh, a mo, dc), iu kin thu vn, cc ng ranh gii (quc gia, tnh huyn), cc a im dn c, h thng mng li giao thng... Cc bn chuyn c ni dung i su th hin cc vn nghin cu theo tng chuyn c th. V d: bn dc th hin mc , phn b v dc, bn lng ma th hin mc phn b ma, bn a cht th hin s phn b cc loi m, cc khu vc c ti nguyn khong sn v bn t (hay bn th nhng) th hin cc ranh gii, phn b ca cc loi t... trong mt vng vng c th th c gi l nhng bn chuyn . c. Phn loi theo t l Da vo t l, bn c chia ra cc nhm: t l ln, t l trung bnh, t l nh. - Nhm cc bn c t l ln: t l 1/100.000 nh t l ca cc loi bn m chng ta thng gp1/50.000; 1/250.000; 1/10.000; 1/5000; 1/2000 hoc 1/1000. - Nhm cc bn c t l trung bnh: c cc t l trong phm vi t 1/100.000 n 1/1.000.000. - Nhm cc bn c t l nh: vi cc t l < 1/1.000.000. Ranh gii t l ca cc nhm khng c nh c th thay i theo mc ch s dng. Bn c t l cng ln th mc chnh xc ca chng cng cao. V d Vit Nam cc bn phm vi ton quc thng c xy dng t l nh 1/1000.000. phm vi tnh thng c xy dng cc t l 1/100.000- 1/50.000 v cc cp huyn x l nhng bn 1/25000- 1/5000 2. Cc php chiu bn thng dng Vit Nam 2.1. Khi nim v php chiu bn Hnh dng t nhin ca tri t rt phc tp, b mt tri t rt g gh vi 29% din tch l cc lc a, phn cn li l cc i dng. S chnh lch gia ni cao nht (nh Everest) vi ni thp nht gn 20 km. Trong php o c xy dng bn ngi ta coi hnh dng l thuyt ca qu t l Geoit (do nh vt l ngi c v Listing ngh nm 1882). B mt Geoit trng vi b mt i dng lc yn tnh, lc a b mt Geoit trng vi mt nc cc knh ni lin cc i dng thnh mt mt cong khp kn, tip tuyn vi bt k im no trn mt cong ny u vung gc vi hng dy di i qua im . Nhng nghin cu sau ny cho thy hnh dng l thuyt ca qu t rt gn hnh Elipxoit hi dt 2 cc. V vy trong thc tin o c v lp bn hin nay ngi ta ly hnh Elipxoit c hnh dng v kch thc gn ging Geoit lm hnh dng ton hc ca qu t gi l Elipxoit tng qut. Kch thc ca Elipxoit tng qut c tnh theo cc ti liu o c, o thin vn, trng lc trn ton b b mt qu t c th hin bng cc i lng: bn knh trc ln R, bn knh trc nh r v dt .
=
Rr r
Trong :
R: bn knh trc ln (m) r: bn knh trc nh (m)
Nhim v ca ton bn l xy dng cc nh lut v th hin b mt thc ca tri t ln mt phng. biu th b mt Elipxoit ln mt phng, ngi ta s dng php chiu bn , php chiu bn xc nh s tng ng cc im gia b mt Elipxoit (hoc mt cu) v mt phng. Mi im trn Elipxoit c cc ta v tng ng vi mt im trn mt phng c ta vung gc X v Y. Bng 5.1 Kch thc Elipxoit c cc tc gi xc nh trn th gii Tc gi Nc N m R(m) r (m) Delambre Php 1800 6.375.653 6.356.564 Bessel c 1841 6.377.397 6.356.079 Clark Anh 1880 6.378.249 6.356.515 Gdanov Nga 1893 6.377.717 6.356.433 6.356.912 Hayford M 1909 6.378.388 Krasovski Nga 1940 6.378.245 6.356.863
1/334,0 1/299,2 1/293,5 1/299,6 1/297,0 1/298,3
Li kinh tuyn v v tuyn trong php chiu gi l li chiu bn , l c s ton hc phn b chnh xc cc yu t ni dung th hin trn bn . 2.2. Mt s php chiu bn v ang s dng Vit Nam a. Php chiu Gauss- Kruger (thng gi tt l Gauss) Php chiu ny c nh bc hc ngi c xut vo nm 1825 v c nh ton hc ngi c Kruger hon thin vo nm 1912 nn c gi l php chiu Gauss- Kruger Tnh cht c bn ca php chiu Gauss- Kruger l xc nh s ph thuc gia to a l ca cc im trn b mt Elipxoit v to vung gc tng ng ca chng trn mt phng bn , do vy ta vung gc trn bn c bn c gi l Gauss. Theo php chiu ny, qu t c chia thnh cc mi 6o hay 3o v c cc c im sau: - Kinh tuyn gia l ng thng v l trc i xng mi mi, khng bin dng v di, qu t c hnh thnh 60 mi (mi 6o) hoc 120 mi (mi 3o) kinh tuyn, mi mi c h thng ta ring. Gc ta mi mi l giao im ca ng kinh tuyn gia vi ng xch o, Kinh tuyn gia c coi l trc honh, Xch o c coi l trc tung. - Mi 6o c bt u t kinh tuyn gc Green Wich (i qua i thin vn Green Wich ngoi London nc Anh). Li chiu ca Gauss l c s xy dng cc bn a hnh 1/25.000 v 1/50.000 ca Vit Nam vi cc yu t sau: elipxoit thc dng ca Kraxovski, h kinh tuyn gc Green Wich trong ng kinh tuyn tng ng i qua H Ni l 105o. b. Php chiu UTM (Universal Tranverse Mercators) Php chiu UTM thc cht l mt dng ca php chiu Gauss v n khc php chiu Gauss 2 im: - Php chiu Gauss dng h Elipxoit thc dng Kraxovski cho ton cu cn php chiu UTM tu theo tng khu vc khc nhau m ng ta s dng cc Elipxoit thc dng khc nhau. Vit Nam trong php chiu UTM dng Elipxoit thc dng Erovel (R= 6.377.726m; r= 6.356.075; = 1/300,8). - Php chiu Gauss khng c hng s k trong cc bi ton (coi k= 1, php chiu UTM dng k= 0,9996 trong cc bi ton (t l chiu di kinh tuyn mi 6o l 1 theo Gauss v bng 0,9996 theo UTM).
Do s khc nhau trn nn kch thc cc mnh bn UTM nh hn cc mnh bn Gauss. Cc nc vng ng Nam u dng php chiu UTM. 2.3. H ta bn C nhiu h ta bn khc nhau a. H ta a l Xc nh v tr mi im trn mt t theo 2 yu t to a l, Kinh () v V (). Kinh c tnh t kinh tuyn gc theo chiu t quay ca tri t (ngc chiu kim ng h hay t Ty sang ng) c ga tr t 0 n 360o hoc quy c kinh c gi tr t 0o n 180o, t kinh tuyn gc sang pha ng gi l kinh ng, t kinh tuyn gc sang pha Ty gi l kinh Ty. V c tnh t xch o n 2 cc tri t c gi tr t 0o n 90 V d H Ni c = 105o52, = +21o. b. H ta trc a Xc nh v tr ca mi im trn mt t bng 2 yu t trc a, kinh B v v L (ng vi v ). Cc yu t ny c xc nh theo kt qu o c da vo im gc c ta a l. c. H ta vung gc khu vc hp, mt t c coi l mt phng, v tr cc im c xc nh bng ta vung gc phng thng thng. Trc tung c k hiu l XX v trc honh c k hiu l YY, hai trc ny ct nhau ti O l gc ta chia mt phng thnh 4 gc theo chiu kim ng h (ngc li vi ta Decac trong ton hc). Trong h thng li nh nc ly xch o lm trc tung, kinh tuyn lm trc honh. d. H ta vung gc phng Gauss Mi mi chiu dng chung mt h ta vung gc phng Gauss vi trc X l kinh tuyn trc (kinh tuyn gia) ca mi v trc Y l xch o. H trc ta chnh thc ca nc ta hin nay l h ta vung gc phng Gauss vi trc X l kinh tuyn trc 105o qua H Ni mi 6o th 18. Nu n l th t ca mi chiu 6o, c th tnh kinh ca kinh tuyn trc theo cng thc: o = 6o x n - 3o V d: H ni th = 6o x 18 - 3o = 105o 2.4. Phn mnh v nh s hiu bn Vic phn mnh v ghi s hiu bn nc ta c thc hin theo cch phn mnh v ghi s hiu quc t, ly bn t l 1/1.000.000 lm c s. c cc bn t l 1/1.000.000 ngi ta chia b mt tri t thnh cc mi v cc ai gii hn bi cc kinh tuyn cch nhau 6o v V tuyn cch nhau 4o. Nh vy b mt tri t c chia thnh cc hnh thang c kch thc 6o x 4o. Mi hnh thang th hin hon chnh mt mnh bn t l 1/1.000.000 ghi s hiu gm du hiu ca ai v ca mi, cc ai k hiu bng ch ci Latinh, mi dng cc ch s Arp. Lnh th Vit Nam nm trong cc ai C, D, E, F v cc mi 48,49,50. Vic phn chia t bn t l 1/1.000.000 thnh cc t bn c t l ln hn gi l s phn mnh bn . Phn mnh v ghi s hiu cc t bn thng c thc hin nh sau:
a. Bn t l 1/500.000 Chia bn t l 1/1.000.000 thnh 4 hnh thang k hiu l A, B, C, D c ghi t tri qua phi, t trn xung di. S hiu ca mnh bn t l 1/500.000 gm s hiu ca mnh bn t l 1/1.000.000 vi mt trong 4 ch ci tng ng. V d: F- 48-D. b. Bn t l 1/300.000. c bn t l 1/300.000, ngi ta chia bn t l 1/1.000.000 thnh 9 hnh thang, cc hnh thang nh s bng ch s La m t I, II...IX theo th t t tri qua phi, t trn xung di. Mi hnh thang l mt mnh bn t l 1/300.000 c s hiu ca mnh bn 1/1.000.000 v mt trong cc ch s La m pha trc. v d IX- F - 48 (mnh hoc t th IX, ai F, Mi 48). c. Bn 1/200.000 c bn t l 1/200.000 ngi ta chia bn t l 1/1.000.000 thnh 36 hnh thang, c nh s bng ch s La m k hiu I, II, III...XXXVI theo th t t tri qua phi, t trn xung di. S hiu t bn t l 1/200.000 gm s hiu ca mnh bn t l 1/1.000.000 v ghi thm mt trong cc ch s La m pha sau. V d F- 48 - XXXVI d. Bn t l 1/100.000 c bn t l 1/100.000, ngi ta chia t bn t l 1/1.000.000 thnh 144 mnh c nh s bng cc ch s A rp k hiu 1,2,3...144 t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. S hiu t bn t l 1/100.000 gm s hiu ca mnh bn t l 1/1.000.000 v ghi thm mt trong cc ch s A rp tng ng th t mnh pha sau. V d: f- 48- 144. e. Phn mnh v ghi s hiu cc t bn t l ln Bn t l 1/50.000 Chia t bn t l 1/100.000 thnh 4 mnh s c cc bn t l 1/50.000 k hiu l A,B,C,D t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. S hiu ca mnh bn t l 1/50.000 l s hiu ca mnh bn t l 1/1.00.000 km theo mt trong 4 ch ci A, B, C, D tng ng. V d: f- 48- 144- D. Bn t l 1/25.000 Chia t bn t l 1/50.000 thnh 4 mnh s c cc bn t l 1/25.000 c k hiu l cc ch ci a, b, c, d theo th t t tri qua phi v t trn xung di. S hiu ca t bn t l 1/25.000 l s hiu ca t bn t l 1/50.000 km theo mt trong 4 ch ci a,b,c,d tng ng. V d: f- 48- 144 - D - d. Bn t l 1/10.000 Theo quy nh Quc t t bn t l 1/25.000 c chia thnh 4 mnh, Vit Nam c V thp nn chia thnh 6 mnh c k hiu t 1,2...6 t tri qua phi, t trn xung di. S hiu ca t bn 1/10.000 l s hiu ca t bn t l 1/25.000 v mt trong 6 ch s ni trn. V d: f- 48- 144-D- d- 6 Bn t l 1/5.000 v 1/2.000: c p dng cho vng c din tch > 20 km2 Vit Nam chia mnh bn t l 1/100.000 thnh 384 mnh bn c t l 1/5.000 v c k hiu l F- 48- 144 - (384). Chia mnh bn 1/5.000 thnh 9 mnh c cc bn t l1/2.000 nh s theo th t a,b,c...i K hiu F- 48- 144- (384 - i).
3. Bn a hnh 3.1 Khi nim Bn a hnh l bn biu th chi tit v chnh xc v cao tuyt i (so vi mc nc bin) hay cao ca cc i tng vt th. Ngi ta c th cn c vo bn a hnh ca mt vng hnh dung c mc li lm v b mt t ai, a vt ngoi thc a. Bn a hnh thng c th hin cc bn a l chung c t l 1/100.000. Nhng t l ph bin ca cc loi bn a hnh: 1/2000; 1/5.000; 1/10.000; 1/25.000; 1/50.000; 1/100.000. Yu cu ca bn a hnh l phi th hin r rng chnh xc v cao , d c v c th nh hng d dng ngoi thc a. 3.2 C s ton hc ca bn a hnh C s ton hc ca bn a hnh l php chiu, s phn mnh, h ta , t l... Bn a hnh Vit Nam da vo php chiu Gauss - Kruger H thng mi 6o i vi bn t l 1/10.000 v mi 3o vi cc bn t l > 1/10.000. Trong php chiu ca Gauss, cc kinh tuyn c cong rt nh nn th hin l ng thng. Cc v tuyn bn t l 1/50.000 th hin nh ng thng, bn t l 1/100.000 v tuyn l ng cong. 3.3. Ni dung ca bn a hnh Ni dung c bn ca bn a hnh l mt lot cc yu t c lin quan: thu h, im dn c, mng li ng giao thng, hnh dng t, lp ph thc vt, cc ng ranh gii...Tt c cc ni dung trn c th hin trn bn a hnh rt chi tit, c ghi ch y , c th theo nhng quy nh ca cc tp k hiu bn do Tng cc Bn , Tng cc a chnh Vin iu tra Quy hoch t ai xy dng. Thng qua cc k hiu v mu sc, ng nt k vintrong c nhng k hiu chnh c th cho cc nhm i tng cn phi trnh by nh: a. a vt nh hng L nhng i tng c trong vng nghin cu, cho php ngi ta c th xc nh v tr nhanh chng v chnh xc trn bn nh nh th, ct mc, cc ng giao thng giao, ct nhau... b. Thu h l h thng sng, sui, ao, m, h, ng b bin c th hin ng hnh dng, t l, dng chy thng xuyn hay tm thi theo cc k hiu mt nt hay hai nt theo quy nh v rng thc t v t l bn . c. Cc a im dn c Cc im tp trung dn c th v t khu dn c nng thn (lng, thn, xm, bn) cc vng nng thn. d. Mng li giao thng H thng ng giao thng th hin chi tit v kh nng ni kt v hin trng ca cc h thng ng giao thng nh ng b (quc l, tnh l, huyn l..), ng st, h thng cu, cng... e. Dng t Hnh dng t trn bn a hnh c biu th bng cc ng bnh . S th hin mc cao, dc to ra cc hnh dng t khc nhau thng qua cc ng bnh c xc nh trong bn .
f. Lp ph thc vt Thm thc vt c biu th thng l cc loi rng, r, vn cy, ng c, hin trng cy trng cc loi. Ranh gii ca cc lp ph thc vt v cy trng c biu th bng ng, chm, vch v mu sc theo cc k hiu ring cho tng loi c th nh t rng sn xut t rng phng h, t rung 2 hoc 3 v, t nng ry g. Ranh gii hnh chnh Th hin r v mt ranh gii hnh chnh theo cc n v hnh chnh: x, huyn, tnh v ton quc vi cc k hiu cc ng vin theo quy c chung trong quy c. 3.4. Phng php biu th a vt v dng t trn bn a hnh a. Biu th a vt Phng php thng thng l s dng h thng cc k hiu th hin cc a vt trn bn a hnh.K hiu bn l nhng du hiu quy c bng nt v, ghi ch hay mu sc biu th dng t v cc a vt trn b mt t ai. Nhng k hiu ny cho php ngi c hiu v hnh dung c v cc a vt trn bn cng nh ngoi thc tin, cc k hiu biu th trn bn phi c hnh tng r rng, d hnh dung v m bo tnh chnh xc. b. Biu th dng t Dng t l tng hp s li lm b mt t nhin ca tri t. C nhiu phng php biu th dng t khc nhau nh: k vn, t mu, ghi cao, v ng ng mc v th hin theo cc k hiu khc. - Phng php k vn: dng cc gch ngn v xui theo sn dc th hin dng t. Vng t phng hoc dc thoi dng nt v mnh v di, ni dc dng nt v ngn, m v gn nhau. - Phng php t mu: dng mu sc th hin s cao thp, nng su. V d: Bin, h dng m nht ca mu xanh th hin mc su. Mu cng xanh m cng su. - Phng php ghi nhn cao: thng dng cc s t nhin n v l mt th hin cao thp ca a hnh. - Phng php v ng ng mc: c s dng rt ph bin th hin cc hnh dng t ai. ng ng mc l ng cong khp kn ni lin cc im c cng cao ca mt t so vi mt nc bin (ct O). Cc ng ng mc khng ct nhau (tr trng hp c bit gp mm ni hm ch) cc ng ng mc cch xa nhau th hin a hnh kh bng phng, nu st gn nhau th mt t c dc ln, hng vung gc vi cc ng ng mc l hng dc nht. C hai loi ng ng mc l ng ng mc c bn v ng ng mc ci. ng ng mc c bn l ng v lin, nt mnh theo khong cao u c bn. ng ng mc ci c v lin bng nt m v c ghi cao, thng thng c 4 hoc 5 ng ng mc c bn th ngi ta v mt ng ng mc ci. 3.5. Xc nh gc ng v dc trn bn a hnh Gc ng v ca cnh AB l gc hp bi ng nghing AB v ng nm ngang AB. Cn dc l tg v h B i = tgv = d v h h: chnh lch cao hai im B v B (khong cao u) A d B d: khong cch gia hai im (o trc tip trn bn )
V d: khong cch gia hai ng ng mc k nhau trn bn t l 1/1.000 vi khong cch cao u h = 1m l d = 24m.
i = tgv =
h 1 o = = 0,0414 tra bng s c v = 2 22 d 24
Trong thc t cc bn t l 1/25.000; 1/50.000; 1/100.000 c thc o dc, cho bit khong cch gia hai ng bnh ng vi dc (tnh theo hay %). 3.6. Hng ca bn Cc bn a hnh t l ln xy dng theo php chiu Gauss th trc honh X l hng Nam - Bc tht; trc tung Y l hng ng - Ty ngoi thc a nn khi i thc a ngi ta thng dng a bn nh hng theo bn . 3.7. Vai tr ca bn a hnh Cc bn a hnh c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc, k thut, kinh t, qun s... Trong qun l t ai v sn xut nng nghip bn a hnh thng c s dng l bn nn xy dng cc bn a chnh, bn t, bn nng ha, bn n v t ai, bn quy hoch phn b s dng t, bn hin trng s dng t, bn phn b rng v cc cy trng nng nghip... 4. Nhng k thut thng p dng trong xy dng bn K thut xy dng v th hin bn khng ngng pht trin theo trnh pht trin chung ca khoa hc. Theo s pht trin ca lch s xy dng bn , u tin t nhng bn v s khai c ngi ta xy dng t c s quan st thc t ri th hin chng di dng cc s n nhng bn c xy dng bng phng php o v, tnh ton mt cch kh chi tit v chnh xc theo cc h ta bng cc thit b my mc. Ngy nay vic xy dng cc bn c tnh xc rt cao nh vo cc thit b my mc o v kt hp vi s tr gip hiu qu, mnh m t cc phng tin khoa hc hin i t cc chuyn ngnh vin thm v tin hc. 4.1. ng dng cng ngh nh v tinh v nh hng khng trong xy dng bn C th ni vic ng dng cng ngh khng nh l mt bc tin nhy vt xy dng bn , con ngi bit s dng phng php vin thm bt u khong t nhng nm 1920, phng php vin thm gii quyt nhiu nhng vn mang tnh thc tin trong nghin cu ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng ca tri t. Phng php vin thm l phng php nghin cu i tng t xa m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi i tng thng qua cc khng nh v cc my cm bin ghi nhn nng lng ca cc sng pht x v bc x in t cao t my bay hay cc v tinh nhn to. Thng qua cc hnh nh hay khng nh chp c t cc v tinh hoc my bay ngi ta tin hnh gii on nh theo nhng phng php khc nhau. Vic tin hnh phn tch, gii on cc khng nh kt hp vi h thng my tnh vi nhng phn mm chuyn dng gip ngi ta c th tin hnh xy dng cc bn hin trng hay bn chuyn ri sau lu gi s dng chng. y l mt h thng v cng tin li, chnh xc trong xy dng bn v chng lun p ng kp thi cho ngi s dng trong vic xc nh hin trng khng gian ca b mt t, tnh hnh s dng cng nh nhng chiu hng bin i ca cc i tng nghin cu theo thi gian. hiu c mt cch khi qut nhng ng dng ca khng nh trong xy dng bn ni chung v bn t ni ring chng ta cn hiu s b v phng php thu thp, gii on v s dng chng. a. p dng k thut vin thm trong nghin cu b mt t C th hiu bn cht ca phng php vin thm trong xy dng bn l vic xc nh i tng mt cch gin tip qua hnh nh v cc thng tin thu c t cc nh v tinh hoc nh my bay hay ni mt cch khc y l phng php xc nh cc vt th t xa.
Trong xy dng bn quan st v nghin cu khng gian ca b mt tri t ngi ta thng s dng cc phng tin v tinh hoc my bay thu thp cc nh ca chng c th gi chung l cc khng nh Vic chp nh b mt tri t c tin hnh thng qua: - V tinh a tnh l cc v tinh c hng di chuyn t Ty sang ng, gn ng xch o v c chu k quay bng chu k quay ca tri t xung quanh trc ca n. cao ca v tinh khong 35800 km v vi vn tc 3,07 km/s v thi gian gip 1 vng ca n l 24h. - V tinh thng l cc v tinh bay trn qu o elip theo cc hng khc nhau. Nhng ng dng ca cc v tinh l rt rng nh: truyn tin, ng dng trong ngnh hng khng v hng hi, quan st d bo kh tng, quan trc iu kin thi tit thng xuyn trn b mt tri t v nghin cu ti nguyn thin nhin thng qua cc ti liu khng nh (nh v bng t) thu thp c xy dng cc bn chuyn nhm theo di nhng bin i ca b mt ca a cu theo thi gian v khng gian... - Ngoi phng tin v tinh k trn cn c phng php chp nh thng dng bng my bay, khc vi phng php chp nh v tinh cao hng trm ti hng ngn km nhng nh my bay c thu thp cao thng nh hn 20km v c mc kh chi tit. Phng php chp nh v tinh v nh my bay c s dng nghin cu b mt tri t v thu nhn cc thng tin v ti nguyn thin nhin thng qua cc phng tin ghi hnh nh my cm bin, my nh c lp t trn cc v tinh nhn to ghi nhn cc nng lng phn x, pht x ca mt t v cc i tng trn mt t theo nhng vng khc nhau. Cn phng php chp nh bng my bay thng c s dng hin nay trong iu tra ti nguyn v xy dng bn l phng php chp nh nh xuyn tm v phng php chp nh qut s dng ngun nng lng mt tri trong : Phng php chp nh xuyn tm: l phng php truyn thng thu nhn ccthng tin trc din t b mt t. tng tng phn gia cc i tng khc nhau trong phm vi chp ngi s dng phng php chp a ph. S dng my chp nh hng khng ngi ta thu c cc kiu nh di y Chp nh hng khng mt bng khi trc quang ca my nh trn my bay trng vi ng dy di (gc lch gia trc quang v dy di bng 0O) ta c tm nh thng gc. Chp nh nm ngang khi gc lch ca trc quang my nh vi ng dy di thay i t 1- 3O ta c tm nh mt bng. Chp nh hng khng nghing hay phi cnh khi trc quang ca my vi ng dy di ln hn 30 ta c tm nh hng khng nghing trn cc tm nh ny mt t thng c s sai lch kh ln chnh v vy khi lm cng tc gii on nh cho vic nghin cu t v lm bn t ngi ta khng s dng nhng nh loi ny. Bn hoc bnh c thit lp theo php chiu thng gc ln mt phng nm ngang. Phng php chp nh qut a ph: l phng php chp mi gn lin vi s pht trin ca k thut v tr, thit b qut a ph c lp t trn cc v tinh Landsat ca M hay v tinh kh tng Meteor ca Lin X. My qut a ph MSS v Fragment cho php thu nhn cc thng tin theo cc knh v tuyn t xa truyn v tri t, cc ti liu do my qut a ph c s dng trong cng tc iu tra ti nguyn thin nhin ni chung v trong lnh vc nng nghip nh xy dng bn t, bn hin trng thm thc vt, hin trng s dng t hoc bn vng ngp lt... v nh c chu k chp lp li ngn do chng cho php kp thi theo di cc din bin ca mt t, s pht trin ca cy trng hay lp ph thc vt trong nm. Vic thu nhn thng tin t khng nh ph thuc vo 3 vn chnh sau: Ngun nng lng ca mt tri. Mi trng kh quyn c lin quan n vic truyn v bin i nng lng ca mt tri. Cc phng php v thit bi chp.
b. Nhng c s xy dng bn thng qua gii on nh Khi chng ta c c cc tm nh chp t v tinh hay my bay th mi ch l nhng t liu cn thit ban u, tuy nhin nghin cu v xy dng c bn chng ta phi c nhng c s gii on chng. Nh chng ta bit trong iu kin c chiu sng nh nhau cc i tng khc nhau trn mt t c kh nng phn x, bc x nng lng mt tri nhng mc khc nhau, do vy khi ta nhn cc vt th khc nhau trn nh chng c nhng khc bit v sc (tone) nh bn cnh cc khc bit khc nh kch thc (size), hnh dng (shape), cu trc (structure) v phn b trong khng gian ca chng... Vic nhn bit cc i tng qua s biu th ca chng trn nh da trn nhng c trng v tnh cht ca vt th nhm phc v cho cc mc ch chuyn mn khc nhau c gi l php gii on nh. Cc ti liu khng nh ghi nhn c c nhng c im tnh cht ca i tng vt th m ta c th nhn bit c bng mt v c nhng tnh cht khng nhn c bng mt y l ngun ti liu qu gi c th dng khai thc nhng thng tin ca i tng, gia hin tng v mi quan h ca cc vt th m nh chp ghi nhn c. Vic khai thc cc thng tin nh l qu trnh nhn thc t ch cha bit n ch bit, t nhng mi quan h ca cc i tng ny hiu i tng khc, t n gin n phc tp t i tng ring r n c qun th v cnh quan khu vc v ngc li, t nhng nhn bit v qun th, cnh quan khu vc s b tr cho vic nhn bit v cc i tng ring r hay theo logic l s kt hp gia phng php quy np v phng php suy din. Ngi ta khai thc thng tin nh trn hai phng din nh lng v nh tnh: - Khai thc nh lng: l vic o c, tnh ton cc yu t thay i linh hot quan st thy trn nh nhng v tr tng i gia cc i tng. - Khai thc nh tnh: l vic xc nh cc tnh cht ca i tng th hin mu sc, hnh dng, kch thc, cu trc, bng... Gii thch khng nh trong xy dng bn Gii thch khng nh l vic xem nh xc nh cc vt th c trn khng nh nhn bit cc vt v mc quan trng ca chng i vi mc ch nghin cu. Cc khng nh c nhiu t l xch rt khc nhau t nhng t l t mt phn ngn n mt phn hng trc, hng trm ngn chng gip ngi ta nghin cu c nhng vng rng ln vi cc lp ph b mt t ai nh: rng rm, rng tha, i ni, h nc, thm c, nhng vng t trng, hoang mc... n vic xem xt, nhn nhn cc vt th mt cch r rng hn. Ngi ta cng c th phng i cc khng nh tuy nhin nhng ng nt th hin trn nh s khng r. Nhng yu t thng c s dng trong gii on nh - Kch thc (size): kch thc vt l mt trong cc yu t quan trng lin quan ti mt v mu sc ca nh n gip cc nh gii on xc nh vt th. V d khng nh ca vt rng va b cht c kch thc cy mt ca cc tit din cy theo chiu thng ng. Nu khng ti kch thc (hay ln ca vt th) ngi gii on c th nhm ln ngay c khi xem xt ng cc yu t bng, hnh dng, sc mu, cu trc. - Hnh dng (shape): c dng phn bit gia vt th ny vi vt th khc da vo hnh dng ngi ta c th phn bit c sn bng vi ao, h... v cng c th da vo hnh dng cong ln hay thng tch ng quc l vi ng st hay sng ngi... - Bng vt (Shadow): cc bng ca vt th c th cn tr hoc tr gip cho vic gii on v chng gip cho nhn bit gia vt th c chiu cao v vt th khng c chiu cao mt cch d rng. Song n cng gy kh khn cho vic nhn bit vt th v th ngi ta phi s dng knh lc v tng hp mu mc ch tng tng phn gia vt th v nn bng ca chng trong vic gii on. - Cu trc (Texture): cu trc trong nh c to ra bi s chng mu trong cc nhm vt chng gy cm gic to ra s g gh hay bng phng ca vt th nn c gi tr ln cho cng tc gii on. Trn khng nh chp rng cy kch thc ca cy c th c xc nh
c qua cu trc cc cu trc dng phng mt cho thy cc cy nh cn non, cc cu trc kiu g gh ho trn vo nhau thng biu hin cc cy gi, c bit trong cc nh raa v nh bc x sng cc ngn chng gip cho vic phn tch cc lp khc nhau trong mi trng. - Mu (pattern): Mu hay s bt chc, c hnh thnh do con ngi quan st m t v xy dng nn, vic xy dng cc mu i hi s quan st t m chnh xc trn mt t c lp i lp li mi to ra c cc mu c tin cy cao cho vic xc nh chng. V d: vn cy n qu v cc hng cy trng rt d tm thy nh cc mu quan st thy mt t. Cc mu lin quan ti qu trnh rt nc ca b mt t c quan h n cc sinh vt v mi trng c trng ca chng... - V tr (Site): v tr gia cc vt th c mi lin quan cht ch n cc c trng ca b mt t rt c ch cho vic gii on gin tip. V d v tr ca rng ngp mn ven bin lin quan n rng s, vt, mm. Rng trm ca vng t phn, rng da nc trong vng c nc l do nhng hiu bit tng quan gia v tr a l vi cc vt th quan st l rt quan trng t v tr c th suy ra vt v ngc li. - Mi lin kt (Association): trong nhng trng hp cc vt th c mi lin quan cht ch vi nhau th khi bit c vt th ny th c th gip cho vic nhn bit c cc vt th kia. V d trng hc thng lin kt vi cc sn chi, cc khu in kinh, trong khi nh th th li khng c cc lin kt ny. Cc khu cng nghip thng c cc ng khi cao trong khi cc cm dn c th li khng c... - phn gii (Resolution): phn gii ca nh thng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, song lun phn nh r thc t cn xc nh. Nhng vt th tuy nh nhng c tng phn ln so vi nn trn nh th cng d tm thy. V d v tr phn b ao, h trn nn t kh sng hay so vi nn lp ph thc vt. Tuy nhin nhng v tr chnh xc ca cc ng b bao ca chng i khi khng chnh xc do s tng phn ca sc mu gia cc di t nm k vi mt nc. C. Cc kho gii on nh Cc kho gii on nh l nhng ti liu cn bn dng kim chng nhanh chng v chnh xc cc vt th c trong nh nh vo s phn tch cc nh ca vt th nghin cu. Thc t mun c c kho gii on ngi ta phi phn loi tht r rng cc vt th trn nh theo mc ch cn nghin cu. V d: khi nghin cu v thm thc vt rng th cc nh qun s ch quan tm n vn che khut ca cc cy rng cho vic ngy trang v nhng thun li kh khn trong vic di chuyn qun, song mc ch ca nhng nh lm hc nghin cu v rng li nghin cu su v khu h thc vt t nhin ca rng, cc lp thm thc vt che ph khc nhau c trong rng hay cc nh th nhng li nghin cu v loi t v c im ca tnh cht t bn di lp ph thc vt ny... Nh vy tu theo cc mc ch nghin cu khc nhau i hi phi c cc kho gii thch trong nghin cu cng s khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mi cha kho gii on xc nh thng bao gm 1 b khng nh chp t v tinh hay my bay v 1 b nh m t mt t hoc bng hnh v mt t hay nhng m t, nhn xt gii thch cho cc im chun trn cc v tr xc nh khng nh. Trong nhng kho thng s dng trong gii on nh thng gp - Kho tin tc v vt th (Item): l nhng kho lin quan ti vic tm kim nhng thng tin ring ca vt th hay trng thi ca chng c trn nh. - Kho b tr (Subject): l tp hp cc kho tin tc hoc cc kho b tr lin quan ti vic tm thy cc vt th c bn hay cc trng thi ca chng theo mc ch chn. - Kho vng rng (Regional): l tp hp cc kho tin tc hoc cc kho b tr lin quan vi vic tm thy cc vt th trong tnh cht trng thi ring ca vng. - Kho vng hp (Area): l cc kho xc nh cho mt din tch iu tra c chng cho php ngoi suy trong vic gii on cc vt th v trng thi tng t cc vng khc. c trng v bn cht ca cc kho gii on nh c chia ra thnh 2 loi chnh sau:
- Cc kho trc tip: l nhng kho gii on c bn tm thy vt hoc trng thi ca chng trn cc tm nh. - Cc kho lin hp (kho gin tip): gm nhng kho m t hay nhng phc ho c bn dng suy lun gii on nhng c tnh khng trc tip thy r trn nh V d: khi iu tra t bng khng nh trn khu vc rng ngp mn (s, vt) ven bin t liu gii on cho chng gm cc khng nh c chp t trn v tinh hoc my bay th hin hnh nh v thm rng ti cc thi im iu tra. Km theo cc khng nh l nhng nh v phong cnh v nhng m t thc trng m ngi ta chp c trn mt t cc khu vc vo cc thi im c thy triu ln v xung. Nhng c im m t thng c din gii theo v tr xc nh nh sau: + V tr ca khu rng thuc vng ven bin c tn a danh... mc lng ng bn trn mt. + Nhng m t chnh cc loi cy c trong rng v chiu cao nh: cao khong 3m- 10m, c im mc xen k chng cht, l c mu xanh m dy vi cc r chm cm xung t. + Lc thy triu rt trong rng c nhiu cc knh, rch chy quanh co, mt t l nhng lp bn en... Qua nhng m t v hnh nh kim chng t mt t s gip cho vic xc nh hnh dng, phn b khu rng trn khng nh: c mu sc hi m, phn b cc mng mu khng u nhau nm dc cc vng bn ly ca sng gip bin... Tm li, nh vo cc m kho gii on khng nh chng ta c th xc nh trc tip nhng c im ca vt th v v tr, hnh dng, mu sc ca chng c trong nh ng thi cng c th suy lun mt s vn c th khng xc nh mt cch trc tip c trn nh, c th nh nhng khng nh chp rng cy s, vt ta khng th thy c s hin din ca cc lp t do s che ph ca cc tn cy rng dy c, song chng ta cng c th suy on c t y phi thuc loi t mn hay chua mn ch khng th l t loi vng hay t bc mu c. d. ng dng ca khng nh trong xy dng bn t S dng khng nh v gii thch chng l vic xem xt nhng vt th c trong nh nhn bit i tng l nhng vt th g trn mt t v ng vai tr th hin nh th no trong bn . Vic xem xt v i chiu khng nh dc ng dng nhiu trong cc lnh vc a l, a cht, hin trng rng, hin trng s dng t v kim tra, lp bn th nhng...Cc khng nh c chp theo cc t l v theo cc thi im khc nhau nn tu theo mc ch m ngi ta phi s dng cc t l khng nh khc nhau kim chng cc chi tit bn chp c trong nh. Vic nghin cu gii thch khng nh thng c ngi ta quan tm ti nhng vn chnh sau: Kim chng, xc nh cc chi tit c trong khng nh: da vo cc tiu chun ring ca tng chi tit phn bit cc vt th c trong khng nh. C th nh rung nng, h ao, sng sui, b , rng cy...theo cc kho gii on v qua nhng nghin cu khng nh gip chng ta xc nh cc i tng c th th hin hay chnh sa nhng g mi quan st thy v cp nht chng ln bn . Da vo kt qu nghin cu khng nh cng c th gip chng ta i su gii thch cc chi tit thu c t chng theo cc mc ch khc nhau, v d: khi c khng nh v khu vc rng ngi ta cng c th xc nh rng cy thuc loi cy g? trn c s i su nghin cu v thc th hnh dng, mu sc, ng knh tn cy gip cho vic xc nh dung lng g c kh nng khai thc. nhng khng nh chp theo di nhng bin ng v nc mt trong ma kh v ma ma cng c th gip cho vic nh gi mc hn hn... Xc nh gii thch tng th cc chi tit ca khng nh hay kt hp nhiu khng nh xc nh mt cch tng th cc vt th c trong cc khng nh v mi tng quan gia
chng vi nhau, c th nh khi xc nh c iu kin t ai nhng ni c a hnh v dc cao th cng ng thi xc nh c iu kin thot thy ca vng, khi xc nh c mt s loi thc vt rng c trng ngi ta cng c th tm hiu c mi lin quan n mt s c tnh t c trong khu vc . V nh vic nhn bit ra cc khu vc t mn v chua mn di cc tn rng s vt, t chua di cc thm thc vt sim mua, s hin din ca t xm trong cc khu rng Khp Ty Nguyn... Tuy nhin, vic gii on khng nh lun cn thit c s kt hp, kim chng b sung vi nhng kt qu iu tra c ngoi thc a (ngoi ng) xem chng c ph hp vi thc tin hay khng. Vic iu tra xy dng bn th nhng khc vi vic nghin cu cc i tng trn b mt nh iu tra s dng t, tm hiu thm thc vt rng, phn b cc khu vc cha nc, phn b vng dn c, ng x...nhng i tng ny lun c th hin r trn b mt nh do ngi ta c th quan trc trc tip c i tng cn xc nh. Nhng i vi vic xy dng bn th nhng do i tng nghin cu l cc lp t di su, thng b che lp bi cc lp ph trn b mt nn mun xy dng c loi bn ny ngi ta phi tin hnh iu tra trc tip ngoi ng trn c s nghin cu cc phu din, ly mu t phn tch phn loi v th hin chng. Song i vi cc mc ch tham kho, xy dng cc bn nn th vic s dng khng nh l rt c ngha trong vic gim bt nhng chi ph v thi gian trong o c v v bn . Ngi ta cn nghin cu khng nh chnh sa nhng chi tit thiu chnh xc v b sung nhng i tng cn thiu trn bn nn hay xc nh cc khoanh phn loi t sau khi iu tra. c bit, nhng vng cha c bn gc hoc bn gc c t l qu nh khng th s dng cho vic d ngoi, ngi ta cng c th s dng khng nh t l ln c chp t my bay xc nh, phn chia v tr cc li phu din cn iu tra hay s dng iu tra trc tip ngoi ng. Tuy nhin, khi s dng khng nh b sung cho bn hay iu tra phi ht sc lu ti t l ca chng v ngi ta cng thng ch s dng khng nh trong vic xy dng cc bn t mc bn chi tit (<1/50.000) cn i vi nhng bn t chi tit th chng cng ch c s dng lm cc ti liu tham kho. S dng khng nh trong xy dng bn t cn gip cho vic nhn nh v gii thch mt s mi tng quan rt c bn gia t v iu kin mi trng v cc yu t hnh thnh chng, v d nh: thng qua nghin cu nh gip ta c ci nhn tng th v phn bit r hn v ranh gii ca a hnh (ni, i, bnh nguyn, thung lng...) trong vng iu tra t c th s b xc nh c cc qu trnh hnh thnh t v s bin i c lin quan n cc qu trnh ra tri, tch t, ngp ng trong vng. Da vo lp ph ca thm thc vt t nhin quan st c trn khng nh gip cho vic tm hiu c mi tng quan gia cc thm thc vt ny i vi t. V d: khi thy xut hin cc di rng ngp mn ven bin (s, vt, c) c th cho chng ta lin h ti s hin din ca cc loi t mn hoc chua mn. Nhng vng thung lng c nhng loi thc vt t nhin lau sy c lin quan n cc loi t m ly, gly. Vng cao nguyn nhng ni c rng Khp tha tht thng c lin quan n iu kin kh hn khc lit v ma kh v s hnh thnh t xm. Vic quan st, tm hiu v t l t c s dng v cc loi hnh s dng cng s b gip cho vic nhn nhn v loi t v mt s c tnh ca chng, c th nh nhng vng rng ni xut hin nhiu nng ry v rung bc thang cho chng ta thy c v kh nng ph, m v kh nng cung cp nc ca t v ngc li nhng ni t dc, cy ci tha tht vi nhng loi cy c trng nh sim, mua... gip cho nhn nh v kh nng thoi ho ca t (t c tng mng, chua, ra tri...) ti nhng ni ny. Hnh nh nhng vng trng la nc rng ln c th lin quan n t ph sa ng bng chu th hay thung lng...
Qua quan st mu sc t kt hp vi thm thc vt c trn khng nh i khi cng c th gip cho vic nhn din mt loi t c th no . V d nh: mu trng ca t vi nhng thm thc vt tha tht trn nh chp vng ven bin gip cho vic xc nh cc loi t ct nm bn di. Mc xm, vng nht hay xm sng ca cc nh mu chp vng i ni gip chng cho vic phn chia ranh gii ca nhng loi t c cc c tnh khc nhau d dng hn rt nhiu so vi vic kho st trc tip chng ngoi thc a. Tuy nhin, cng phi ht sc thn trng trong cc suy on i vi cc c im hay tnh cht t. Nhng nghin cu trn khng nh phi c kt hp vi nhng iu tra trc tip ngoi ng ch khng th ch da vo quan trc nh v kinh nghim n thun. 4.2. ng dng GIS trong xy dng bn Trong k thut xy dng bn nu chng ta mi ch ni n ng dng vin thm m khng cp ti nhng ng dng rt rng ln ca k thut tin hc trong h thng thng tin a l (GIS) xy dng, lu tr v th hin bn th th hon ton thiu st trong vic nhn nhn v vic p dng nhng thnh tu k thut mi ca khoa hc trong xy dng bn . Vin thm mi ch cho chng ta nhng bc tranh chn thc, ri rc ca b mt nhng thng qua x l ca h thng thng tin a l (GIS) chng s c lin kt li mt cch c h thng v qua ngi ta c th x l, tnh ton, phn tch, tng hp hoc bc tch c cc i tng cng nh cc chi tit m chng ta quan trc c c lin quan ti vic xy dng bn . a. Khi nim h thng thng tin a l (GIS) H thng thng tin a l (GIS) l ch vit tt (Geographic Information System). y l mt h thng bao gm cc phn mm, phn cng, d liu tr gip con ngi trong vic tnh ton, phn tch, th hin cc thng tin c gn vi tng v tr khng gian trn b mt t. Nhng thnh phn cu thnh GIS gm c 5 hp phn chnh bao gm phn cng, phn mm tin hc, c s d liu, con ngi v phng php, trong : - Phn cng: l cc thit b ngoi vi nh my tnh, nh bn s ha, my v, my qut, my in... nhp v xut d liu. - Phn mm: bao gm nhiu modul khc nhau chng gip cho kh nng lu tr, qun l nhng d liu khng gian bng h thng qun tr c s d liu a l y l phn quan trng nht ca GIS. Cc modul phn mm thng c s dng lm cng c phn tch d liu, lm bo co, truyn tin... trong lp bn cc phn mm thng c s dng nh Arc/Info, ArcView, Map/Info.. - D liu: bao gm cc d liu thng k gn kt cc c tnh t nhin ca t ai c th hin theo thuc tnh hay khng gian. V d: bng s liu v din tch cc c im thnh phn c gii: ct mn, ct th, tht v st pha ct; h thng s liu s dng t c trong vng iu tra, bng thng k din tch ngp mn, s liu s ho... Trong GIS lun c cc cng c lu tr d liu thuc tnh (c s d liu) cng vi d liu khng gian (bn ) v nhng ni kt logic gia hai loi d liu ny v y chnh l th mnh ca GIS quan trng nht m cc h thng ring l khng th c. - Con ngi: L nhn t thao tc, ng dng v x l d liu, chng c xc nh trong h thng chuyn gia trn cc lnh vc chuyn mn khc nhau v cc chuyn gia GIS cng hp tc lm vic nhm vn hnh tt c hiu qu cao trong vic gii quyt cc vn khng gian v xy dng bn . - Phng php: Gip ngi s dng d dng p dng cc thao tc trong qu trnh x l cc s liu lin quan n thng tin a l. S di y phn nh khi qut ng dng cng ngh thng tin a l trong xy dng bn .
PHN CNG
C S S C TRI THC dliu
Vi X Th n l thm gi nh i thc CC QUY T NH GIS
Scanner
Modem
Workstation
Laser printer
Plot er
b. Kh nng ng dng ca GIS Cng ngh GIS ngy cng c s dng rng ri v kh nng ng dng chng trong thc t l rt rng ln bi GIS u vit hn cc h thng thng tin khc ch n c kh nng thu nhn c d liu khng gian (lin quan ti bn ) v cc d liu thuc tnh (cc bng th hin cc tnh cht thuc tnh), ng thi mnh hn na GIS cn c kh nng phi hp cc loi d liu c th hin trn vi nhau nhm p ng cho cc mc ch khai thc, s dng c th chng c th tr li c cc cu hi ca ngi s dng s nhn bit i tng l g? v tr i tng u v kch c ca chng l bao nhiu? nhng thng tin v thuc tnh lin quan ti i tng. V d c th nh ta c th khai thc thng tin t mt bn t v loi t m chng ta mun tm hiu c (m bn ny c thit lp t GIS) th chng ta c th xem c phn b v mt v tr trong khng gian ca loi t cn xc nh trn bn vi c cc c tnh lin quan n din tch, tnh cht vt l hoc mt s tnh cht ho hc c bn c ngi ta phn tch, iu kin ngp ng hay hin trng v kh nng s dng ca loi t ny... Chnh v vy m GIS l mt cng c c lc cho vic xy dng v qun l bn , v c bit hn na GIS li l mt cng c rt c lc trong vic thnh lp v xy dng bn t k thut nh vin thm bi tnh u vit ca GIS l c kh nng phn tch v mt khng gian v x l s liu mt cch linh hot ca chng. Di y l mt vi ng dng ca GIS thng gp trong thc t: - Dch v khn cp: p dng trong h thng an ninh, cu ha. - Qun l v lp k hoch: trong xy dng cc mng li giao thng ng ph vi cc chc nng tm kim v tr, a ch khi bit trc a ch ng ph, iu khin h thng n thnh ph, lp k hoch lu thng xe c, phn tch v tr, chn a im xy dng cc cng trnh cng cng, lp k hoch pht trin h thng ng giao thng. - Gim st ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng: vi nhng chc nng nh qun l h thng sng, ngi, kim sot cc vng l lt, s dng v khai thc cc qung, m, theo di
ng thi ma, mc nc sng, sui, phn tch tc ng mi trng, gim st v m hnh ho cc khu vc dn c... - Qun l t ai: bao gm cc chc nng lp bn , nh gi t ai, xy dng k hoch s dng t, quy hoch s dng t, qun l ngun nc (ti, tiu), tm hiu s bin ng v sn xut nng, lm nghip... - Qun l v lp k hoch cc dch v cng cng: bao gm cc chc nng tm a im cho cc cng trnh ngm, ng dn, ng in, cn i ti in, lp k hoch bo dng cc cng trnh cng cng... - Phn tch: tng iu tra dn s, lp bn cc dch v y t, bu in v nhiu cc ng dng khc... c. H thng thng tin a l v c s ng dng cho vic xy dng bn t S pht trin rng ri v mnh m ca k thut vi tnh c v phn cng ln phn mm to iu kin cho vic th hin cc s liu a l dng bn pht trin nhanh chng. Mt khc, do nhu cu cn thit v lu tr, phn tch v s l cc s liu a l trong vic xy dng bn cho mt vng rng ln v phc tp dn n s cn thit phi c s h tr ca h thng my tnh nhm lu gi v s l c cc h thng thng tin chi tit, t m trong xy dng bn . GIS c th gip chng ta qun l s dng cc ngun d liu ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch hp l v c hiu qu, bi GIS l mt h thng lin hp vi cc chc nng thu thp, lu d liu v ngi s dng v khai thc chng c th thao tc trc tip vi cc d liu c lu gi (nh: cp nht, sa cha, lu tr v khai thc d liu), phn tch khng gian v hin th d liu. Cc chc nng ny c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau c m t khi qut qua s 5.2 di y. C S D LIU THU THP Vector/Raster/Bng Hin th
- nh v tinh
- S ho - Qut nh - Nhp bng bn phm THAO TC
- Mn hnh - th - Bn
- Cp nht
- Sa cha - Lu tr - Khai thc
- Tp tin
PHN TCH KHNG GIAN
PHN TCH CHUYN
PHN TCH TNG HP KHNG GIAN S 5.2. Thu thp v qun l d liu trong xy dng bn ca GIS
d. C s d liu ca h thng thng tin a l trong xy dng bn C s d liu (CSDL) bn l mt tp hp c t chc cc thng tin nhm p ng mt s mc tiu k thut hoc qun l trong s dng bn . Nhng thng tin hay c s d liu ca bn c ngi ta phn loi, m ho v lu tr c th d dng tm kim c theo mt trnh t logic. Cc c s d liu y thng c xy dng di dng tp hp cc thng tin (cc tp d liu) dng Vector, Raster hoc cc bng s liu vn bn chng bao gm 2 loi c s d liu khng gian v d liu thuc tnh trong : - C s d liu khng gian: c dng m t v tr, hnh dng v kch thc ca i tng trong khng gian, chng bao gm to v cc k hiu dng xc nh cc i tng trn bn . H thng thng tin a l dng cc s liu khng gian to ra bn hay hnh nh bn trn mn hnh my tnh hoc trn giy thng qua thit b ngoi vi in n. D liu khng gian bao gm 3 loi i tng: im (point), ng (polyline) v vng (polygon). Cc i tng khng gian ny c lu tr 2 dng m hnh d liu Vector v Raster (Hnh 5.3). + M hnh d liu Raster: Thc th khng gian c biu din thng qua cc (cell) E D hoc nh (pixel) ca mt li cc (Hnh 5.3). Trong my tnh, li ny c lu tr dng C ma trn trong mi cell l giao im ca mt B A hng hay mt ct trong ma trn. Trong cu trc ny, im c xc nh bi cell, ng c xc nh bi mt s cc cell k nhau theo mt s cc cell m trn thc th ph ln. Hnh 5.3 Bn s vi cc ng cong M hnh raster cn c xy dng trn c s hnh hc clit. Mi mt cell s tng ng vi mt din tch vung trn thc t. ln ca cnh vung ny cn c gi l phn gii ca d liu. S th hin hnh nh ca mt s khoanh t ai t khng nh (hnh 5.5), trn mi vng c nh du bng cc theo cc gi tr c m ho khc nhau v khi tng hp ton b cc m ho ta thu c mt li lin kt cc Hnh 5.4. T chc theo dng vestor c gi tr khc nhau, trong mi khoanh th hin trn bn gn vi cc gi tr vt th tng ng nh: nc = 1; rng = 2 v t nng nghip = 3. Nh vy, trong cu trc raster s biu din hai chiu ca d liu khng gian l khng lin tc nhng c nh lng ho c th d dng tnh ton c chiu di v din tch ca i tng trong khng gian. Khng gian cng c chia nh thnh nhiu cell th vic tnh ton cng chnh xc. Ngoi ra, d liu a l dng Hnh 5.5. T chc theo dng raster raster cn c biu din theo phng php ch nht phn cp. Theo phng php ny, C s d liu khng gian ca GIS ngi ta chia din tch vng d liu ra thnh cc ch nht khng u nhau bng cch ln lt chia i cc cell bt u t hnh ch nht ln,
bao ph din tch d liu. Qu trnh chia c tip tc n khi no cc cell nh t c chnh xc cn thit (Hnh 5.6).
3333322111 3333332211 3113333221 3111333222 3111113322 2111113331 2222212333 3322222222
Hnh 5.6: Biu din raster d liu theo li im Hin nay cc d liu bn lu tr trong c s d liu thng c di cu trc vector. Cc d liu s ho t cc bn giy cng thng c th hin di dng ny. Nguyn nhn dng cu trc ny c p dng rng ri l do chnh xc, kh nng cp nht d dng v chim t khng gian lu tr. + M hnh vector: c chia thnh 2 dng cu trc l cu trc d liu ton a gic v cu trc cung- nt. Mi tng trong c s d liu ca cu trc ton a gic c chia thnh tp cc a gic. Mi a gic c m ho thnh trt t theo cc v tr hnh thnh ng bin ca vng khp kn theo h trc to no (hnh 5.7). Bn hin trng s dng t Biu din ch nht phn cp
Khu cng nghip

0 1
C n g v in
210 20
211
Thng m
Nng thn
21 212 213 3
Nh
Hnh 5.7: Biu din raster d liu theo cu trc ch nht phn cp
Mt kha cnh quan trng ca m hnh vector l c kh nng tch bit cc thnh phn thc hin o c v xc nh cc quan h khng gian gia cc thnh phn. M hnh khng gian GIS c cha cc quan h ni trn th c m t nh cu trc tp. cc tp d liu c cu trc tp y , mi khi ng hay vng ct nhau th cc giao im s l nt v cc vng mi c to ra.
a gic 1 6 4 2 0 0 2
I II III
a gic 2
a gic 3
1,4 4,3 4,2
4,2 4,0
7,2 6,1
Hnh 5.8: Cu trc ton a gic
- C s d liu thuc tnh: D liu thuc tnh l cc thng tin i km vi cc d liu khng gian ch ra cc tnh cht c trng cho mi i tng im, ng v vng trn bn . Mi quan h gia c s d liu khng gian v c s d liu thuc tnh l c im khc bit ca cc thng tin trong GIS so vi cc thng tin trong cc h ho my tnh khc, chng th hin s lin kt cht ch khng tch ri gia cc thng tin thuc tnh vi cc i tng bn (s 5.8). C s d liu GIS
C s d liu khng gian
C s d liu thuc tnh
M hnh vector
M hnh raster
M hnh quan h
M hnh th bc
M hnh mng li
Kt ni d liu khng gian v d liu thuc tnh S 5.8: T chc cc d liu trong GIS Mt bn s ho khc vi mt bn giy thng thng l c tnh n khng ch cho bit cc thng tin hnh ho v cc i tng trn bn m cn c kh nng hin th km theo cc thng tin thuc tnh v cc tnh cht v ni dung ca chng. S lin kt gia hai dng d liu ny chnh l im mnh ca cc h thng thng tin a l trong vic to nhng kh nng cho cc qu trnh hin th, phn tch v x l cc s liu. Nh ng ph n m m ang c ng d ng nhi u cho xy d ng b n hi n nay Ph n m m ARC/INFO : l ph n m m GIS, c kh n ng x l ho mang tnh t ng r t cao cng v i t c v chnh xc cho thnh l p cc b n s trn my tnh. Nh ng ch c n ng phn tch d li u nh ch ng x p, lm vi c theo h th ng c kh
n ng thao tc d li u a l trn c s cc php ton khng gian c ng nh kh n ng m hnh ho cc i t ng a l. Ph n m n ARC/INFO c s d ng r ng ri trong ngnh khoa h c tri t c ng nh nhi u ngnh khc xy d ng h qu n tr c s d li u b n , thnh l p cc lo i b n chuyn , qui ho ch, xc nh cc bi ton t i u... - Ph n m m AcrView : Hin ang l mt trong nhng phn mm ng u trong h GIS xy dng bn . Cng nh mt s phn mm trong GIS, AcrView c kh nng chng xp bn , x l d liu khng gian v c th ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc ca ngnh Qun l t ai nh xy dng bn t, bn n v t ai (LMU) nh gi t phc v qui hoch, x l d liu nh...
Nh vy thng qua vai tr lin kt ca GIS bn khng ch l bc tranh m t b mt n thun m chng s l bc tranh m t sng ng cc vn c lin quan m ngi s dng thc s mun khai thc c t bn . Cu hi n tp chng V. 1. Bn a hnh l g? Ni dung th hin bn a hnh v vai tr ng dng ca bn a hnh? 2. p dng nh k thut vin thm trong xy dng bn ? 3. Nhng c s xy dng bn thng qua vic gii on khng nh? 4. Khi nim v h thng thng tin a l (GIS) v kh nng ng dng chng? 5. C s d liu khng gian v d liu thuc tnh ca GIS trong xy dng bn t?
Chng VI BN T V NHNG NG DNG CA CHNG

Bn t (hay bn Th nhng) thuc nhm bn chuyn , chng th hin nhng kt qu iu tra, nghin cu su v phn loi t, cc c tnh, tnh cht t c quan h vi cc mc ch nh gi v kh nng s dng, quy hoch s dng, bo v, ci to t v xy dng cc bin php s dng t bn vng... Vic xy dng bn t ch yu da trn c s phn loi t thng qua vic nghin cu cc qu trnh hnh thnh, cc c tnh v mt hnh thi cc tng chun on v cc tnh cht ca t. i vi sn xut nng nghip bn t c vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh cc vng sinh thi, xy dng cc k hoch s dng t hp l, quy hoch s dng t ai v phc v nghin cu v dinh dng cho cy trngTu cc mc ch s dng khc nhau m bn t c xc nh theo nhng mc iu tra v cc t l bn ca cc mc iu tra trn cng rt khc nhau. Theo tng kt chung ca FAO- 1979, cc mc iu tra v t l bn t tng ng cng nhng ng dng ca bn t c th hin nh sau 1. Cc mc iu tra v t l bn t tng ng Vic iu tra xy dng bn t thng c p dng theo cc mc chi tit nh sau: - iu tra khi qut. - iu tra thm d. - iu tra bn chi tit v - iu tra chi tit Gia cc mc trn c s khc bit rt ln v phm vi iu tra, t l bn , cc mc ch yu cu t ra trong qu trnh iu tra. Do vy trnh nhm ln trong xy dng bn t th cc tiu ch v mc ch, mc v t l bn lun phi c xc nh mt cch c th v r rng ngay t u. Mc iu tra t ra cng chi tit th yu cu v cc phng php iu tra, cc ch tiu nh gi trong iu tra phn tch i hi phi cng chi tit v nhng chi ph cho iu tra xy dng bn cng tng ln rt nhiu. 1.1. iu tra khi qut (hay iu tra tng hp) Mc ch ca iu tra t theo kiu ny l thu thp nhng thng tin v th nhng trong vng iu tra mt cch khi qut, thng thng phng php ny ch p dng cho cc mc ch nghin cu chung hoc xc nh nhng vng sn xut thch hp cho cc mc tiu pht trin chin lc ca sn xut nng nghip. iu tra khi qut hay iu tra tng hp thng ch mang tnh pht hin v iu kin, c im t ai v kh nng ca chng trn c s khm ph m mang vng nghin cu. Chnh bi vy m chng c xc nh l nhng iu tra t mang tnh khi qut v ch thng c ngi ta p dng trong xy dng cc d n tin kh thi ca nhng chng trnh pht trin chung. Mc iu tra, thu thp thng tin v phng php p dng trong xy dng bn iu tra khi qut thng mang tnh tng hp hay thu thp t cc ngun s liu c sn ty thuc vo mc tiu t ra. Phm vi vng iu tra thng kh rng ln nn v mc chi tit i hi phi tp trung vo nhng nhm hay cc loi t chnh v do vy kt qu iu tra ch th hin c mc khi qut trong phm vi t l bn : 1:1000.000- 1:500.000. 1.2. iu tra thm d Vic iu tra thm d t thng c xc nh theo cc mc ch di y: - Vng nghin cu c tm hiu hoc iu tra khi qut nhng cn tip tc nghin cu su hn v cc iu kin v c tnh t.
- V tr v din tch t trong vng nghin cu khng ging nh nhng xt on ban u cn tip phi tc i su nghin cu chi tit. T l bn v mc iu tra p dng trong cc iu tra thm d cng rt khc nhau ty thuc rt nhiu vo loi t, hnh dng t ai v mc ch s dng t. Trn phm vi vng iu tra rng, ngi ta c th s dng nh my bay iu tra v gii on (API) kt hp vi nhng iu tra trc tip ngoi ng v vy m chi ph cho nhng iu tra thm d cng rt khc nhau ty theo cc phng php p dng xy dng bn . Tuy nhin, nhng iu tra thm d h thng phn loi t cng ch mang tnh khi qut, chng th hin cc vng kh nng t ai v phn b theo cc mc ch s dng chng. Vn quan trng t ra i vi cc iu tra thm d l phi xc nh c nhng vn hn ch chnh trong cc nh hng s dng t v loi b nhng din tch hay vng khng thch hp cho cc mc ch s dng t ra (v d nhng vng c nh hng ca ln, nhng vng thng b ngp lt hoc nhng vng c a hnh cao, dc b nh hng mnh ca iu kin kh hn v ra tri...). Nhng t l bn p dng cho iu tra thm d thng cc t l t 1/100.000 n 1/5000. Trong iu tra thm d t cc phng php c lin quan n vic gii on khng nh (API) thng c ngi ta p dng nhng t l bn t 1/20.000 - 1/40.000. Hoc iu tra theo cc lt ct (transects) a hnh trn cc n v bn ln. Nhng iu tra kh chi tit cng c th c tin hnh theo li phu din, tuy nhin nhng iu tra theo li phu din thng ch c ngi ta p dng nhng vng t ai c nhng s thay i nhiu v mt c tnh th nhng v nhng c tnh ny li khng th hin r theo hnh thi trn b mt thng qua nhng quan trc v hnh dng t ai hay thm thc vt. 1.3. iu tra bn chi tit Mc ch ca nhng iu tra bn t mc bn chi tit nhm tr gip cho vic nh gi tnh kh thi ca cc d n hoc k hoch thc thi ca cc chng trnh pht trin.Nhng iu tra bn chi tit thng c lin quan cht ch n nhng nh gi v phng din kinh t cho nhng mc tiu v cc gii php pht trin c t ra. iu tra bn chi tit thng c gi tr cho vic quy hach v pht trin, chng cung cp cc bn phn loi t mc t tng qut n bn chi tit. Vic iu tra t khng ch dng bn cht ca loi t, phn b v din tch ca chng m cn xc nh nhng yu cu v mt k thut, qun l t c lin quan ti cc n v bn c xy dng. Nhng iu tra t mc bn chi tit thng p dng vi nhng t l bn phm vi t 1: 10.000 cho n 1: 25000 v i khi l 1: 50.000 v t l mt phu din trn n v din tch trong li phu din t c b tr t 1/15 n 1/50 ha, ty thuc vo s phc tp v phng din t ai, th nhng v mc ch ca vic iu tra t ra. Cc bn t mc iu tra bn chi tit phi th hin: - Nhng loi t hay t hp ca loi t. - Kh nng s dng thch hp tng loi t hoc chi tit hn. 1.4. iu tra chi tit Nhng iu tra t chi tit thng c p dng xy dng cc bn cung cp nhng s liu mc chi tit v mt th nhng cho vic s dng t hay trin khai thc thi cc d n pht trin. Chng bao gm nhng iu tra rt chi tit hay chi tit i vi cc c tnh, tnh cht t phm vi vng nghin cu nhm xc nh c nhng s khc bit v cc c tnh, tnh cht t trong tng phm vi ranh gii din tch hp. Nhng iu tra chi tit c lin quan mt thit ti vic qun l t v ti nguyn t ai, gip cho mc ch t c nng sut v hiu qu s dng t ti u i vi cc loi cy trng. V vy, nhng kt qu iu tra thc a phi nhm trc tip, chnh xc vo nhng c tnh c lin quan n mc ch phc v cc i tng quy hoch v pht trin sn xut nng, lm nghip. Phn loi t chi tit phi c thc hin xc nh r nhng loi cy trng c
th no c th p dng t hiu qu s dng cao nht v nhng hot ng qun l t ai cn thit, thch hp cn p dng cho vic ci to, duy tr ph v bo v t. Nhng iu tra th nhng chi tit c xc nh theo phng php li phu din da trn c s cc c trng v t ai v cc i tng cy trng c lin quan, cng nh cc c trng trn phng din qun l s dng t ai. Do , phng php iu tra trc tip ngoi thc a c coi l phng php ch o y. Trong iu tra t mc chi tit, cc ch tiu iu tra xc nh tng ln rt nhiu i v c tng mt v cc tng di su tng loi t. Cc c tnh phn tng, cc tnh cht l, ho hc ca t, su nc ngm...c ngi ta c bit quan tm v nhng c tnh, tnh cht ny c vai tr quyt nh ti cc mc ch s dng, ci to, bo v t khi s dng. Nhng thng tin thu c trong iu tra chi tit phi phn nh c mt cch y nht nhng thng s cn thit phc v cho mc ch s dng t trong sn xut. Cc t l bn trong iu tra t chi tit thng thay i t 1: 15000 n 1: 5000. T l phu din cn xc nh theo din tch thay i t 1 phu din /15 ha n 1 phu din /1 ha v i khi c nhng t l phu din cn xc nh cao hn na.
Bng 6.1. Tm tt mt s mc iu tra th nhng (theo FAO)

T l bn tham kho nh my bay 1: 60.000 1: 100.000 Cc bn cui cng Thay i ty iu kin
Kiu iu tra Mc ch v mc - Kim k ti nguyn - Xc nh v tr d n - Xy dng cc d n tin kh thi. - Xy dng cc d n tin kh thi. - Quy hach vng. - Xc nh vng d n 50 25 20 20 iu tra t do hay theo mt thay i thng < 1 PD/ 100ha. 25 iu tra t do hay theo mt thay i thng < 1 PD/ 100ha.
Tn gi v t l bn
Mt v tr v phng php iu tra
c lng t l u t (%) Chi ph cho Chi ph cho Chi ph cho iu tra thc API ti liu a C th t Trung bnh Thay i 20 60 20
1: 40.000 n 1: 20.000
1: 50.000
iu tra tng - Mang tnh pht hin, Mc hp chi tit thp. T l B t 1: 1000.000 n 1:100.000 iu tra - Mc chi tit trung bnh thm d T l B t 1: 100.000 n 1: 25.000 iu tra bn - Mc chi tit cao chi tit T l B t 1: 25.000 n 1: 10.000 60 5 20 75
1: 25.000 n 1: 10.000
1: 25.000 n 1: 10.000
- Xy dng cc d n iu tra theo mt kh thi. thay i hoc theo li mt cch - D n pht trin v cht ch t 1 PD/ - Quy hach 50 ha n 1PD / 15 ha Tun theo li b iu tra chi - Mc chi - D n pht trin tr cht ch t 1PD/ tit rt cao tit - Qun l t ai v 25 ha n 1 PD/ T l B > - Cc mc ch ring 1ha 1: 10.000 bit khc
1: 10.000 n 1: 5.000
1: 10.000 n 1: 5.000
Ngun: Theo Young (1973), Stobbs (1970), Western (1978) v FAO (1979)
Vit Nam nhng mc iu tra v t l bn t thng c phn thnh nhng nhm nh sau: - Nhm bn t c t l nh gm cc loi bn c t l nh hn hoc bng 1/1000.000 vi nhng t l bn ny chng ch th hin mt cch rt khi qut nhng nhm t ln trong vng iu tra. - Nhm bn t c t l trung bnh gm cc loi bn c t l t 1/1000.000 n 1/100.000 vi t l bn nh trn cc i tng iu tra c th hin trn bn mc bn chi tit hoc khi qut vi nhng loi t chnh hay cc nhm t ln c trong vng iu tra. - Nhm bn t c t l ln gm cc loi bn c t l t 1/100.000 n 1/4000; 1/5000 hoc thm tr cn ln hn. Cc bn t ny thng th hin t mc kh chi tit cho n rt chi tit cc nhm, loi, loi ph hay n v t c trong vng iu tra. 2. Nhng ng dng ca bn t Nhng bn t (hay th nhng) trong thc t thng c ngi ta ng dng trong cc lnh vc sau: 2.1. M rng din tch t khai hoang, canh tc Trc khi tin hnh xy dng cc d n khai hoang m rng din tch t canh tc trn nhng vng t mi th vic tin hnh iu tra nghin cu v iu kin t ai v th nhng ca vng d n pht trin sn xut l bc i khng th thiu. lm c vn ny bt buc phi tin hnh iu tra xy dng bn t xc nh kh nng m mang, khai thc t v din tch cho mc ch s dng. Do phi iu tra tm hiu v cc c tnh nh kh hu, dc, dy th vic i su tm hiu cc tnh cht l, ho hc ca t c lin quan ti ph nh thnh phn c gii, xp, kh nng gi nc, chua, hm lng mn nhng vng t xc nh khai hoang phc v mc tiu pht trin t c c s cho vic b tr cc cy trng mt cch hp l. 2.2. S dng t v quy hoch t ai cho sn xut nng nghip Bn t l c s cn thit khng th thiu i vi vic nh gi kh nng s dng t cng nh cc hot ng quy hoch, qun l t ai cho pht trin sn xut nng nghip. Bn t l c s xy dng cc h thng cy trng thch hp da trn nguyn l t no cy , cng nh vic xy dng cc bin php canh tc hp l tng nng xut v sn lng cy trng nhm thu c hiu qu co trong sn xut nng lm nghip. Bn cnh , ngi ta cn da vo bn t b tr kho st cc th nghim v s dng phn bn trn nhng loi t khc nhau c xc nh t c th khuyn co cho ngi s dng v hiu qu, liu lng v mc bn thch hp nhm thu c hiu qu kinh t cao ng thi duy tr bo v c ph ca t. 2.3. Kho st xy dng cc h thng thy li xy dng cc h thng thy li cho sn xut nng nghip, ngi ta thng tin hnh kho st v iu kin, c tnh t ai, th nhng cho vic xy dng chng, nhm cn nhc, xem xt tnh kh thi ca cc vic xy dng cc h cng trnh. Nhng vn lin quan n cc c tnh v hiu qu s dng nhng vng hay din tch t nh xy dng a h thng ti, tiu vo nh: iu kin a hnh, dc, kt cu v thnh phn c gii t, kh nng tht thot nc... phi c xem xt trc khi xc nh la chn cc gii php xy dng h thng ti no cho ph hp. V d: ngi ta c th la chn h thng ti bng mng thch hp cho cc loi t c ngun nc ti phong ph v thnh phn c gii t t tht trung bnh n nng. Tuy nhin, nhng vng c ti nguyn nc hn ch t ch yu l t ct th vic la chn h thng ti phun i khi l thch hp hn. Cng tng t khi ngi ta
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mun xy dng h thng mng ti thau chua ra mn cho vng ven bin ngi ta cng phi cn nhc n mn ca t, kh nng thm, gi nc ca t xc nh mc ho tan v ra mn cho t...Tt c nhng thng tin trn ch c th thu lm c sau khi tham kho cc kt qu iu tra bn t. 2.4. Phc v cho sn xut lm nghip Bn t gip cho vic xy dng nh hng pht trin m mang din tch trng rng v quy hoch rng. Xc nh kh nng sn xut g (m3) trn cc n v din tch rng, khoanh vng cho cc mc ch trng rng chng xi mn, bo v rng u ngun v bo v cnh quan mi trng. 2.5. Tham kho bn t cho cc mc ch s dng khc Ngoi nhng mc ch chnh phc v cho sn xut nng nghip trong mt s lnh vc khc nh xy dng, giao thng v cng nghip cng c th tham kho bn t cho vic tm hiu nn mng xy dng nh ca, ng x, sn bay v quy hoch cnh quan... sau khi tham kho bn t v loi t kt hp vi nhng nghin cu su v mt s c tnh c l ca t v nhng tnh cht t c lin quan. 2.6. Nghin cu khoa hc Trn c s phn loi, xy dng bn t vic tin hnh nhng nghin su ngoi thc a i vi cc loi t s gip cho vic b sung nhng kin thc c bn v cc lnh vc hnh thi, phn loi, tnh cht, s dng, ci to t cng nh vic nh gi cc tc ng nh hng ca vic s dng t n mi trng sinh thi... 2.7. nh gi, phn hng kh nng s dng t ai Nhng kt qu iu tra v c im tnh cht t ai v nhng nghin cu su v hnh thi v cc tnh cht l, ho hc ca t c s dng lm c s cho nh gi tim nng v phn hng kh nng s dng t thch hp. Thc t ch ra cho thy nhng vng t bng phng t dc, t c dy ln v c ph, kt cu ca t tt c t nhng hn ch trong s dng l nhng loi t c kh nng thm canh cao t b thoi ho v mt kh nng s dng. Trong khi , ngc li nhng vng t c dc ln hay a hnh cao, tng t nng, c nhiu ln, kh nng gi m thp... th kh nng s dng chng cng s c nhiu mt hn ch. - Phng php phn hng t theo tim nng ca Hoa K, ngi ta phn chia ra thnh 8 nhm hng theo th t gim dn v kh nng s dng trong : Nhm t hng I: c nhn nhn l nhm t c kh nng thm canh cao vi nhng th hin a hnh bng phng, tng t su, kh nng gi nc tt song khng b ng, khng c cha cc c t trong t. y l nhng loi t c ph ln v hu nh khng c yu t hn ch, kh nng s dng trong sn xut ln, nu kt hp s dng phn bn s cho hiu qu kinh t cao. Nhm t hng II: gm nhng loi t c mt s hn ch nh t hi dc, tng t khng su, kt cu ca t khng c tt, kh lm t... do vy vic canh tc cc loi t ny khng phi thch hp cho mi loi cy trng v khi s dng t i hi phi c mt s bin php bo v t nh xy dng cc bc thm, lm t v canh tc theo ng ng mc, cn c cc bin php lun canh cy trng hp l. Nhm t hng III: l nhng loi t thuc nhm ny c nhiu yu t hn ch hn nhm t hng II c th nh t c dc kh ln, tng t nng, t c kt cu khng bn, kh nng xi mn mnh hn, qu trnh thm nc ca t rt chm xong kh nng gi nc km. Nhng k thut qun l t trong qu trnh canh tc i hi mc cap hn so vi hng II. Nhm t hng IV: gm nhng loi t c dc ln, tng t nng, t rt d b xi mn kh nng gi nc km, d b ng, t c th b mn kim. Vic s dng nhng loi t ny vo trng trt i hi phi c nhng bin php bo v v ci to mc cao nu khng t rt d b thoi ho.
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Nhng nhm t t hng V n hng VIII: l nhng loi t c nh gi l khng nn s dng vo mc ch canh tc bi v nhng hng ny c nhiu hn ch mc khc lit v l lt, kh tiu thot nc hay c rt nhiu ln, nh hng ca cc thi k ngp ng ko di khng thi gian cho cc loi cy trng sinh trng v pht trin. - Trong phng php nh gi t ai ca Lin X (c) da trn c s cc c tnh t ai: kh hu, a hnh, th nhng, nc ngm trong lp ph th nhng rt c quan tm. Kt qu nh gi mc s dng t thch hp c chia theo cc nhm v lp t thch hp trong s dng trong : Nhm t thch hp c phn chia theo iu kin vng sinh thi t nhin cn lp t thch hp ch yu c phn chia theo s khc bit v cc loi hnh th nhng (a hnh, mu cht, dy, thnh phn c gii t, ch nc). - Trong nh gi s dng t thch hp ca FAO ang c p dng rng ri trn th gii v nc ta hin nay, ngoi nhng c tnh c bn ca t ai nh kh hu, nc mt v nc ngm, lp ph thc vtcc loi t xc nh trong bn t c ngha rt quan trng cho vic tng hp cc yu t trong nh gi s dng t thch hp. trong ngi ta phn ra cc yu t tri l cc yu t kh ci to nh: a hnh, dc, dy tng t, thnh phn c gii...v cc yu t thng thng nh: OM%, pH, N%,P2O5%, K2O%...Nhng yu t th nhng ny s kt hp vi cc c tnh t ai khc (iu kin kh hu thi tit: ch ma, ch nhit, kh nng cung cp khng kh, ch nc mt, nc ngm) xy dng cc bn n v t ai (LMU) v cc n v bn t ai ny c s dng lm c s trong nh gi s dng t thch hp phc v cho mc ch quy hoch t ai v s dng t bn vng. Cu hi n tp chng VI 1. Bn t l g? 2. Hy m t cc mc iu tra chi tit (khi qut, thm d, bn chi tit v chi tit) nu ngha ca chng? 3. Nhng ng dng ca bn t trong thc tin?
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Chng VII QUY TRINH K THUT XAY DNG BN D DT

Vic xy dng cc bn t nc ta c bt u tin hnh ngay sau khi cc h thng phn loi t hnh thnh v tng bc hon thin. Vo khong nhng nm 1959 v 1960 khi hai min t nc cn ang tm thi b chia ct chng ta xut bn 2 bn s th nhng t l 1/1000.000. Trong s t min Bc 1/1000.000 c xy dng theo h thng phn loi pht sinh c cng b vo nm 1959 phn chia t min Bc thnh 18 n v phn loi t chnh v 37 loi ph do cc tc gi V Ngc Tuyn, Tn Tht Chiu, Trn Vn Nam, nh, Nguyn Vn Dng di s hng dn ca chuyn gia Lin X M.V. Fridland. min Nam nm 1960 xy dng Bn t ai tng qut min Nam Vit Nam theo h thng Soil Taxonomy do chuyn gia Moorman ch bin xy dng vi 25 n v ch dn bn . T nn tng phn loi t ban u cc nh th nhng Vit Nam dn hon thin cc h thng phn loi t trn c hai min. Sau khi t nc hon ton thng nht, khong t nhng nm 1985 tr li y chng ta tip tc hon thin v b sung hai h thng phn loi t theo FAO/UNESCO v Soil Taxonomy v ng dng hai h thng ny xy dng cc bn cp tnh v cc d n hp tc quc t. Tuy nhin, v quy phm iu tra lp bn t t l ln mi n nm 1984 chng ta mi cho ra i bn quy phm tiu chun ngnh u tin v c p dng t cho n nay. Trong quy phm xy dng bn t c nu r nhng yu cu cn t c trong xy dng bn t - Ti liu iu tra t c dng nh gi t ai v quy hoch s dng t, kim k, nh gi ti nguyn t ai ca tng vng c th cho cc mc ch s dng t ca sn xut nng nghip. Do ni dung, ti liu bn t phi phn nh r v tr, s phn b, s lng v cht lng cc loi t (cc n v phn loi t) tng vng iu tra, b tr s dng t hp l v p dng cc bin php bo v, ci to t thch hp v bn vng. - Mc yu cu v cc t l bn khc nhau ty thuc vo cc mc ch s dng. Trong nhng t l sau y thng hay c s dng nc ta: + Bn t khi qut ton quc t l 1/1000.000 hoc nh hn. + Bn t c xy dng cho cc tnh hay cc vng sinh thi t l 1/100.000 1/50.000 + Bn t xy dng cho cc huyn, th hay cc vng chuyn canh (cc c s sn xut ln sn xut cy trng, chn nui, ngh rng...) t l 1/50.000 - 1/25000. + Bn t xy dng cho cc vng sn xut cp huyn, x c din tch t 5000 n 20.000 ha thng c t l 1/10.000. + Bn t t l 1/5000 xy dng cho cc vng din tch cp x hay c s sn xut, nghin cu c din tch di 500 ha. - T l bn nn a hnh hay bn gii tha c s dng xy dng bn t phi c t l ln hn t l bn t cn xy dng. Theo quy phm vic xy dng bn t c chia thnh 3 giai on chnh l: giai on chun b, giai on iu tra ngoi ng v giai on lm ni nghip. Sau y chng ta s ln lt i su tm hiu v ni dung ca tng giai on trn. 1. Giai on chun b Giai on chun b ti liu bao gm cc ni dung chnh sau y: - Chun b ti liu - Chun b vt t dng c - Xy dng k hoch cng tc
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1.1. Chun b ti liu Trc khi trin khai cng tc cn thu thp v nghin cu k cc ti liu c lin quan n vng iu tra gm: - Nhng ti liu lin quan n iu kin a cht, a hnh, thc vt, kh hu, thu vn, cc ti liu t trc y c. - Tnh hnh s dng rung t, cc loi cy trng, nng sut v sn lng ca chng... - Trong cc bn cn chun b cho iu tra th bn nn a hnh, bn gii tha l nhng bn khng th thiu cho iu tra, thng thng ngi ta thng chn bn a hnh c t l ln gp i bn t cn xy dng gim sai s khi thu li. Ngoi ra cn tham kho bn hay s a cht (nu c) xc nh v cc loi m. - Ngoi cc ti liu chnh trn, kim tra chnh sa bn gc cn c cc khng nh, cc ti liu nghin cu v h thng nng nghip, h thng s dng t ai v s dng phn bn... tham kho. 1.2. Chun b dng c, vt t Bao gm vic chun b tt c nhng dng c, vt t cn thit cho vic iu tra d ngoi ngoi thc a - Dng c o t: cuc, xng, khoan, dao, ti ly mu - Hp tiu bn - Bn t, bt ch, bt d... - a bn, my o cao, my nh v my nh v GPS nu c. - My o pH, thuc th gly, th cacbonat. 1.3. Xy dng k hoch cng tc Cn c vo mc ch yu cu, i tng iu tra t, t l bn , khi lng iu tra ngoi ng v ni nghip t chc lc lng (s lng ngi iu tra) v lp k hoch cng tc. - Phn chia cc tuyn v phn cng nhm iu tra. - Xc nh r phm vi vng iu tra, khi lng cng vic ca tng nhm, s phu din d kin, v tr ca chng trn bn , s mu cn thu thp, s cn b iu tra v chun b cc vt t cn thit km theo cc nhm. Cng tc chun b l mt cng tc ht sc quan trng nu bit chun b tt s gim thiu rt nhiu cng sc trong iu tra v vit bo co sau ny. 2. Giai on iu tra ngoi thc a Khu vc iu tra cn c chia ra cho cc nhm theo s t on ca a hnh, r nt v ranh gii. Cc nhm iu tra phi kho st chm ranh gii c phn chia khong 200m sang cc nhm khc. Nhim v ca giai on iu tra ngoi ng c xc nh c th nh sau: 2.1. Cc bc iu tra v nhng vn cn xc nh trong iu tra ngoi thc a - iu tra s b: c tin hnh theo tuyn lt ct (transect) tm hiu v iu kin hnh thnh t, pht hin cc loi t chnh, ng thi xc nh r thm cc ni dung cn iu tra. - iu tra t m: l iu tra theo mng li phu din d kin, xc nh trn bn , pht hin chi tit cc loi t, xc nh c ranh gii ca chng v v c cc khoanh t ln bn . a. Sai s cho php v khoanh t nh nht: Sai s cho php v ng ranh gii cc khoanh t c xc nh cn c vo t l bn , cht lng bn nn v mc th hin chi tit cc loi t khc nhau ngoi thc a theo quy nh v hai mc th hin ca t + R rng khi ranh gii gia cc loi t nm k cn c th xc nh d dng bng mt thng thng qua cc yu t hnh thnh t.
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+ Khng r khi ranh gii kh xc nhn c ngoi ng. Bng 7.1. Quy nh v sai s cho php v ranh gii cc khoanh t Ranh gii Sai s trn bn (mm t s) v ngoi thc a (m mu s) t c vi cc t l khc nhau th hin 1/250.000 1/100.000 1/50.000 1/25.000 1/10.000 1/5.000 thc a R rng 4/1000 4/400 4/200 4/100 4/40 4/20 Khng r 6/1500 6/600 6/300 6/150 6/60 6/30 Din tch khoanh t nh nht (ch xc nh cho nhng khoanh t c hnh dng gn khng ko di qu) c quy nh cn c vo s th hin ranh gii t thc a. Quy nh c th v din tch cc khoanh t nhng bn t l ln 1/25000, 1/10.000, 1/5000 l 20mm2. Bng 7.2. Din tch thch hp ca cc khoanh t nh nht Ranh gii Din tch khoanh t nh nht trn bn (mm2 t s) t c v ngoi thc a (ha mu s) vi cc t l th hin 1/250.000 1/100.000 1/50.000 1/25.000 1/10.000 1/5.000 thc a R rng 50/312 50/50 50/12,5 50/3,12 50/0,5 50/0,12 Khng r 400/2500 400/400 400/100 400/25 400/4,0 400/1,0 b. Mt phu din: cn c vo t l bn , mc kh khn trong qu trnh iu tra v yu cu thc tin sn xut. Vic xc nh mt li phu din t phi cn c vo iu kin t ai c th ca tng vng iu tra, c im ca cc yu t hnh thnh t v cc qu trnh hnh thnh t chnh... Theo quy phm iu tra lp bn t t l trung bnh v ln- Vin Quy hoch v Thit k Nng nghip mt phu din c xc nh theo 4 loi vng a hnh cn iu tra v nhng vng ny c th hin cc mc khc nhau trong thc a nh sau: A. i cao hoc ni trung bnh, ni cao b chia ct mnh, dc ln hn 250 B1. i, ni thp b chia ct, dc 10- 250, khng b cy rng hoc cy trng che ph. B2. Vng t bng, dc thoi, t ng nht trn phm vi ln. C1. i ln sng, dc thoi, dc di 100, khng b cy trng hoc cy rng che ph. C2. ng bng chu th, bi bng ven i, ven sng sui khng c cy trng hoc cy rng che ph, a hnh t tng i ng nht. C3. a hnh i, ni t b cy trng hoc cy rng che ph. D1. i bt p b chia ct mnh. D2. a hnh bng, i, ni dc di 250, c cy trng hoc cy rng che ph. D3. ng bng xen i, ni hoc ng bng, bi bng t phn b xen k phc tp. D4. Vng t ct, t phn, t mn ven bin.
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Bng 7.3. Din tch trung bnh cn o 1 phu din chnh hoc ph Din tch ngoi thc a (ha) T l bn Loi vng t IA II B III C IV D 1/250.000 1920 1280 960 768 1/100.000 480 320 240 192 1/50.000 120 80 60 48 1/25.000 30 20 15 12 1/10.000 25 10 7 5 1/5.000 7 5 3 1 c. Phu din t Nhng khi nim c bn v phu din t Phu din t (soil profile): l lt ct thng ng t b mt t xung su. Nghin cu phu din chnh l vic nghin cu cc c trng v hnh thi chng c hnh thnh t kt qu ca cc yu t v cc qu trnh hnh thnh t, qua tm hiu v nghin cu v phu din t s gip cho vic phn loi t.
nh phu din t ph sa o ti trng i hc Nng nghip I Khi nghin cu v hnh thi t ngi ta thng i su tm hiu v mt s vn chnh sau: - Cc yu t v cc qu trnh hnh thnh t.
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- Cc tng t v cc tng chn on. - Mu sc t v s bin ng mu sc cc tng t. - Cc tnh cht vt l chnh v mt s tnh cht c l tnh ca t. - S hnh thnh mt s hp cht ho hc, cc cht xm nhp, cc cht mi sinh c lin quan n cc qu trnh hnh thnh t. y l nhng vn c cp chi tit trong gio trnh Th nhng v phn m t theo cc ch tiu yu cu c th trong bn t phu din. d. Chn a im o phu din a im o phu din phi i din cho vng, khu vc iu tra da theo cc c im sau y: - a im phi c xc nh trn cc dng a hnh ch yu - Di cc thm thc vt t nhin v cy trng i din - Trn cc vng c cc phng thc s dng, ci to v bo v t khc nhau - Trn t i, ni phu din i din phi c o nh i hoc nh ni - Trn cc a hnh bng v thung lng, phu din t phi c o gia cc khu vc thuc a im xc nh. Khng c o gn b, gn dng, gn knh mng v cc khu vc gn ni khai thc m hoc l gch... Khng c o ni c mi hang kin, ni t b bom n hoc hot ng nhn to lm xo trn. Vic xc nh v tr phu din t thc a vo bn rt quan trng v chng gip cho nghin cu v khoanh c ranh gii t mt cch chnh xc. Nhng phng php sau y thng c ngi ta xc nh: - Phng php giao hi (theo cc mc c nh d nhn bit). - Phng php o khonh cch v c lng c ly. Vic tm hiu phu din, phn loi v khoanh cc khoanh t c tin hnh thng qua cc phu din chnh phu din ph v phu din thm d. Cc k hiu phu din phi c xc nh r trn bn d ngoi - Phu din chnh c phn tch - Phu din chnh khng phn tch - Phu din ph - Phu din thm d . Quy nh o phu din - Phu din t xc nh nhng ni t c dy ln, khng gp cc tng cng rn thng c o theo kch thc: di 120- 150cm (nhng phu din chp nh phi o di> 2m c th d dng ng chp b mt ca lt ct); rng 70- 90cm; su trn 125cm. - Khi o phu din cn lu : + Mt phu din dng quan st, m t phi hng v pha nh sng mt tri d m t + Khi o, lp t mt ring, lp t di ring. Khng t hay dm p ln pha b mt m t ca phu din lm mt trng thi t nhin ca t. + Sau khi o xong pha mt m t phi c xn cho thng gc. + Trn nhng vng t ang c canh tc, trng trt sau khi o phu din xong phi lp t li ngay theo trnh t cc lp di lp trc v trn lp sau.
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Khi o phu din cn phi ring lp t trn mt sang mt bn v cc tng bn di sang mt bn, sau lp li theo th t ban u ca chng. e. Cc loi phu din thng c xc nh trong xy dng bn t - Phu din chnh: + o n tng cng rn, m hoc n su ti thiu 125cm, nu cha gp tng cng rn. + M t vo bn t chnh, ghi v tr, s phu din tn bn . + Th pH, Carbonat v cc ch tiu mn, phn dn in khi cn thit. + Ly tiu bn t. + Ly mu t ni cn phn tch. - Phu din ph: + Khi gp loi t ging phu din chnh th o phu din ph. + o su n 100cm. + T vo bn t phu din ph, ghi v tr s phu din ln bn . - Phu din thm d: + o su t 70- 100cm. + nh du trn bn d ngoi. Yu cu i vi xc nh phu din: - Mi khoanh t ti thiu phi c mt phu din chnh, ph hoc thm d. - T l gia cc loi phu din chnh, ph, thm d thng l 1:4:4 - V tr phu din phi c th hin r rng trn bn . f. Ly mu t phn tch Vic ly mu phn tch c tin hnh theo cc trnh t sau y: - Trc tin ly mu tng y phu din sau mi ly dn ln cc tng trn. - Mu t ly tt c cc tng pht sinh ly u theo dy tng t. - Tng t canh tc v tng mng hn 10cm ly mu theo dy c tng.
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- Tng t dy cha n 50cm ly 1 mu. - Tng t dy 50- 90 cm ly 2 mu. - Tng t dy hn 90cm ly 3 mu. + Trng lng mu t ly phi 1 kg cho vo trong ti vi c nhn s theo ng quy nh (s phu din, a im ly mu, tng ly mu, ngy ly mu, ngi ly mu). + Mi n v phn loi t th hin trn ch dn bn t ti thiu phi ly 1 phu din t phn tch (tr t c din tch nh hn 1ha, t c ngha v mt pht sinh v nng hc). - Ly t vo hp tiu bn: + Ly theo cc tng pht sinh cho vo cc ngn ca hp tiu bn (bng g hoc bng nha). t cho vo hp phi gi c dng t nhin v c trng cho tt c cc tng t. + Cch ghi tiu bn t: bn cnh mi ngn tiu bn ghi r dy tng t pht sinh, u v np hp tiu bn phi ghi s phu din, k hiu phu din, k hiu tn t, trn mt np hp ngoi nhng phn nghi trn cn ghi thm a im o phu din v thc vt ph bin. 2.2. M t phu din t M t phu din t l vic lm khng th thiu trong cc iu tra xy dng bn t, y cng l nhng ti liu c bn cn lu gi li kim chng cho nhng kt qu iu tra gi ngoi ngoi ng. m t c phu din t cn nm vng, ghi chp v m t c y cc mc yu cu c ghi trong bn t phu din. Sau y l mt s hng dn cho vic m t cc yu t cn xc nh trong bn t phu din t, trong phn loi t theo phng php phn loi ca FAO UNESCO.
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M t phu din v ly mu t a. K hiu tng v lp chnh K hiu tng gm 1 hoc 2 ch ci hoa cho tng chnh v ui ch thng cho phn ph (distintion). m t phu din t, iu ct yu l phi xc nh ng tng v k hiu tng. Cc tng v lp chnh: Ngi ta thng s dng cc ch hoa H, O, A, E, B, C v R biu th cc tng v lp chnh ca t. Hin ti ghi nhn 7 tng v lp chnh v 7 tng chuyn tip. Hu ht l cc tng pht sinh, phn nh s nh gi cht lng v nhng thay i xy ra trong qu trnh hnh thnh v s dng t. Cc tng pht sinh khng tng ng vi tng chn on. - Tng H: Ch yu l cc cht hu c, to thnh t s tch lu cc cht hu c cha phn hu hoc phn no phn hu trn mt t, chng c th ngp nc. Tng H c th trn cng ca t khong hoc su no bn di b mt nu n b vi lp. - Tng O: Ch yu l cc cht hu c gm cc mu rc cha phn hu hoc phn hu mt phn nh l, l kim, cnh con, ru, a y, chng tch t trn b mt. Tng O khng b bo ho nc trong thi k ko di. Cht khong trong ch chim t l % rt nh. Lp O c th b mt ca t khong hoc su bt k bn di lp mt nu n b vi lp. - Tng A: Tng khong c to b mt hoc ngay di tng O, hu ht cu trc ban u khng cn v c trng bi mt hoc nhiu c tnh sau: + Tch t cht hu c dng mn ln vi ht khong v khng mang c trng tnh cht ca tng E hoc B + Mang cc c tnh canh tc, ng c hoc cc loi xo trn tng t + C hnh thi khc vi tng B hoc C bn di. vi ni c kh hu kh nng, b mt khng b xo trn t sm hn tng st bn di v ch cha lng nh cht hu c. N mang hnh thi khc bit vi lp C, mc d l phn khong khng b thay i hoc ch thay i t do kh hu.
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Tng E: Tng khong mt i st silicat, st, nhm, hoc cc hp cht no , li ch yu ct v limn v phn ln cu trc gc khng cn na. mt s loi t c mu l mu ca ht ct v limn, tng E c phn bit vi tng di B trong cng mt phu din t bi tr s mu vng mnh hay yu. Tng E thng gn b mt, bn di tng O hoc A v trn tng B, nhng k hiu E c th dng m khng cn xt ti v tr trong phu din cho bt k tng no tho mn cc yu cu v n l sn phm ca s pht sinh t - Tng B: Di tng A, E, O hoc H v trong cc c im chnh l tt c hoc phn ln cu trc gc b phong ho, cng vi mt hoc c s kt hp ca nhng c im sau: + Bi tch tp trung, ring hoc kt hp vi st silicat st, nhm, humic, cacbonat, thch cao hoc silic. + C du vt ca s chuyn ri cacbonat + Tp trung sesquioxide c gi li trong tng. + Lp v sesquioxide lm cho tng ny r rng c gi tr thp hn c mu vng mnh hn, hoc l hn cc tng ph trn v di v thiu s bi tch r rt ca st. + C s bin i to thnh st silict hoc lm mt i cc oxit hoc c hai v to ra cu trc ht, tng, hoc cu trc lng tr, c s thay i ln th tch nu c s thay i v m. +Trong tng B: C th tch t cacbonat, thch cao, hoc silic m chng l kt qu ca cc qu trnh pht sinh th nhng. - Tng C: l tng hoc lp khng bao gm nn th m nhng ny b tc ng bi qu trnh pht sinh th nhng m khng c cc tnh cht ca cc tng H, O, A, E hoc B. Chng hu ht l cc lp khong, nhng mt s lp b silic v vi ho nh v s, san h, diatonit. Lp C c th b thay i c khi khng c du vt ca s pht sinh th nhng. R cy c th xuyn qua tng C ni cung cp mi trng sinh trng quan trng. Tng C bao gm cc sn phm trm tch, saprolit ( ang phong ho) c th o bng mai d dng khi chng m. Mt s loi t hnh thnh trong nhng vt liu chu tc ng ln ca thi tit (nng, ma) v nhng vt liu khng p ng cc yu cu ca tng A, E hoc B th cng c gi l tng C. - Tng R: Lp nn rn nm di lp t. Granit, bazan, quarzite v vi hoc ct l nhng v d c th ca nn - c gi l R. Nhng mu kh (khng kh hoc kh hn) ca tng R nu c th vo nc s khng c s no nc trong vng 24 gi. Tng R cng d m vn khng th o c bng mai, hoc d n c th c cc vt nt rn, nhng ch vi r c th xuyn qua. - Tng chuyn tip: C 2 loi tng chuyn tip mt loi c cc c tnh an xen ca 2 tng v mt loi c cc c tnh ca 2 tng an xen v mt loi c hai tnh cht ring bit. + Nhng tng th hin bi cc tnh cht ca mt tng ch o nhng c cc tnh cht ph ca tng khc th c k hiu bng 2 ch ci hoa, nh l AB, EB, BE, BC. K hiu tng ch o c t trc ch r l tng c cc tnh cht bao trm trong lp chuyn tip. Chng hn tng AB c cc c tnh ca c tng A bn trn v tng B bn di nhng n ging A nhiu hn B. + mt s trng hp, mt tng c th c coi nh l lp hay tng chuyn tip ngay c khi khng c mt trong mt s tng chnh ca phu din. - Tng pht sinh b vi lp: C cc loi t khong, l nhng tng b vi lp c th nhn dng vi cc nt c trng pht sinh chnh m trc khi b chn vi, cc tng pht sinh c th hoc khng hnh thnh trong cc vt liu bn trn, m vt liu ny l ging hoc khng ging nhng vt liu c coi l gc ban u (parent) ca t b vi lp.
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- S kt von (concretion) hay cc nh (nodules): Ch s tch t ng k ca cc kt von hay cc nh. Bn cht v mt ca cc ht c ch r bi nhng ui ch khc nhau c th nh: h. Tch lu cht hu c i. (Khng s dng) j. m jarosite k. Tch lu cacbonat m. S gn kt hoc s ng cng n. Tch lu natri o. S tch lu sesquioxide p. S cy ba hoc xo trn khc r. S kh mnh s. S tch t bi tch sesquioxide t. S tch lu st silicat v. S xut hin tng st loang l w. S pht trin mu sc hay cu trc x. Tnh d v y. Tch lu thch cao z. Tch lu mui b. Mu sc t Mu sc cht liu ca mi tng c ghi li trong iu kin m (nu c th th c iu kin kh v m), cc k hiu cho mu sc, tr s v sng c cho trong thang mu t Munsell (Munsell, 1975) Nn o mu sc t di nhng iu kin nh sang ging nhau v ban ngy, vic mu vo sng sm v chiu ti th khng chnh xc. Cc mu trung gian (quan trng vi tng chromic, cambic B, rhodic...) c th c dng 3.5 YR, 4 YR, 6 YR, 6.5 YR, 8.5 YR v 9 YR. Chng hn 3.5 YR c ghi, th ngha l mu trung gian gn vi 2.5 YR hn vi 5 YR; 4 YR ngha l gn hn vi 5 YR.
Mt s gi tr v cng chn on mu cn ghi nh: Tr s 4 v 5 Th hin cc tng Albic v cc c tnh Hydromorphic (thy thnh) Tr s 3.5 v 5.5 Cc tng Mollic v Umbric Cng 1 v 2 c tnh Hydromorphic (thu thnh) Cng 2 Chernozerms (t en) Cng 1.5 c tnh Vertisols Cng 3.5 Cc tng Mollic v Umbric Cng 4 Chromic c. Vt, m r st Vt m ca hn hp t c m t theo s lng (abundance), kch c, mc tng phn, ranh gii v mu sc ca chng. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th xc nh thm v hnh dng, v tr v mt s cc c tnh khc. Lu mu r st quanh r thng khng c coi l m r. Cc m r trong cc tng t c th hin theo:
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- Lng: c m t theo hng ch phn trm ca m vt c trong tng t. Theo gii hn t l tng ng: N Khng 0% V Rt t 0-2 % F t 2-5 % C Trung bnh (thng thng) 5-15 % M Nhiu 15-40 % A Rt nhiu trn 40% - Kch c: Dng cc k hiu di y ch ng knh gn ng ca cc m ring l. Chng tng ng vi cc loi c ca cc ht. V Rt mn Di 2 mm F Mn 2-6 mm M Trung bnh 6-20 mm C Th Trn 20 mm - S tng phn: S tng phn v mu sc gia cc m vt v hn hp t c th c m t nh sau: F: M nht: Cc vt, m th hin r mi c xem xt. Mu t cc m v hn hp tng i gn nhau v mu sc, sng v cc tr s. D: Khc bit: Mc d khng mnh, song c th d dng nhn thy cc vt m. Mu sc, sng hoc tr s ca hn hp d dng phn bit vi cc m, vt. Chng c th khc bit nhau ti 2.5 n v mu sc hoc vi n v v sng v tr s P: Ni bt C th d dng nhn thy cc m, vt chng th hin l mt trong cc c tnh ni bt ca tng. Ring mu sc, sng v tr s hoc kt hp ca chng cch nhau t nht vi n v. - Ranh gii: Ranh gii gia m vt v mu ch o ca t c m t theo dy chuyn tip ca chng. S: Sc nt 0-0.5 mm C: R rng 0.5-2 mm D: Khng r trn 2 mm d.Mu sc: Nu vic m t mu ca m vt theo cc gi tr v thut ng chung, tng ng vi thang mu t Munsell th s m bo y ngha ca chng. Cc k hiu v tn mu sau y c xc nh theo mu ca t. WH: Trng YE: Vng RE: RY: Vng - nht RS: Hi GE: Xanh (l cy) YR: + Vng nht GR: Xm BR: Nu GS: Xm nht
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BS: RB: YB:
Nu nht Nu - nht Nu - vng nht
BH: BB: BL:
Xanh (da tri) en - Xanh nht en
+ Thnh phn c gii ca t mn Phn loi c ht v thnh phn c gii - Theo nh ngha cc loi c ht ca t mn (di 2 mm) tn cc gi ca cc c ht thng thng tng ng vi nhng thut ng chun sau: St (0.002 mm) Limon mn (0.002-0.02 mm) Limon th (0.02-0.063 mm) Ct rt mn (0.063-0.125 mm) Ct mn (0.125-0.200 mm) Ct trung bnh (0.200-0.630 mm) Ct th (0.630-1.250 mm) Ct rt th (1.250-2 mm) - Phn loi thnh phn c gii t: Tn cc loi c gii ca t c xc nh theo cc k hiu sau: C Clay St L Loam Tht CL Clay loam Tht pha st Si Silt Limon SiC Silty clay St pha limon SiCL Silty clay loam Tht pha st limon Silty Loam Tht pha limon Sc Sandy clay St pha ct SCL Sandy clay loam Tht pha st ct Sl Sandy loam Tht pha ct FSL Fine sandy loam Tht pha ct mn CSL Coarse sandy loam Tht pha ct th LS Loamy sand Ct pha tht LVFS Loamy very fine sand Ct rt mn pha tht LFS Loamy fine sand Ct mn pha tht LCS Loamy coarse sand Ct th pha tht VFS Very fine sand Ct rt mn FS Fine sand Ct mn MS Medium sand Ct trung bnh CS Coarse sand Ct th US Sand unsorted Ct, cha phn loi S Sand, unspecified Ct, cha c nh r Ngoi cc loi thnh phn c gii, cn c c lng v % st ngay ti ng rung, c lng ny nhm s b xem xt hm lng st trong t cao hay thp v so snh nhng nh gi c lng ngoi ng rung vi cc kt qu phn tch. Mi quan h gia cc cp ht c gii st, limon v ct v hm lng phn trm ca chng c xc nh trong biu tam gic.
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e. M t cu trc t Cu trc t l cu thnh t nhin ca cc ht t vo tng n v (peds) t ring r m chng tch bit nhau do khng c s lien kt bn vng. Ngi ta thng m t cu trc khi t kh hoc m. Nu ly mu t trong iu kin m hoc t th nn tin hnh vic m t cu trc vo thi im khi t kh. m t cu trc t c th ly nhng tng t ln theo cc tng khc nhau ca phu din quan st tm hiu hn l vic ch quan st cu trc t theo b mt phu din. Cu trc t c m t theo cp, loi v kiu cu trc on lp (agregate). Khi mt tng t m c cha nhiu bc, loi, kiu th nhng loi on lp ny phi c m t ring v phi ch ra c mi quan h ca chng. Khi m t cc cp, bc hay s pht trin ca cu trc, trc tin xc nh, phn chia r t hay cc tng thnh t khng c cu trc (apedal) v t c cu trc (pedal). - t khng c cu trc (apedal): quan st t khng c s sp xp r rng trn b mt t nhin. t khng c cu trc c phn chia thnh loi ht n ri rc (nh t ct) v khi (nh t st). + Dng vt liu ht n (SG) thng khng cht, xp v rt d v vn v hn 50% cc ht khong mt lin kt. + Dng khi chc (MA) thng c cht v dng khi ln. Vt liu t to khi c xc nh theo cht v xp ca t. - t c cu trc (pedal) cc mc cu trc ca c xc nh nh sau: + Cu trc yu: Kh nhn thy mu quan st ti thc a chng ch th hin s lin kt, sp xp yu hay ri rc tr b mt t t nhin v khng bn. Khi b tc ng nh, t v vn thnh hn hp v ch c vi mnh hay mu nguyn vn, nhiu mu b v v khng cn gi c hnh dng bn u ca chng na. + Cu trc trung bnh: khi d dng nhn thy cc mu hay ht t ti ch v c s sp xp r rng ca chng trn b mt t nhin song khng bn. Khi b tc ng hay xo trn cc vt liu t v thnh nhiu mnh hay mu, mt s mnh b v v mt s khng cn gi c trng thi ban u na. Mt ngoi ca cc mu t thng khc bit r rng so vi bn trong ca chng. + Cu trc mnh: Lng cc mu hay ht t th hin r v rt d thy chng c s sp xp ni bt trn cc b mt t nhin. Khi b xo trn, t tch ch yu thnh cc dng mnh. B mt mu t dng ny nhn chung khc hn vi bn trong. Cc k hiu c th dng m t cu trc VW Rt yu ST Chc WE Y u VS Rt chc MO Trung bnh Cc loi kt hp c th nh sau: VM Yu n trung bnh MS Trung bnh n chc - Kch c: Bng 7.4. Phn loi cu trc (phng, ct hay lng tr) c kch thc khc nhau (mm) K hiu Loi Phng Lng tr Khi H t (granular) VF Rt mn FI Mn 1-2 10-20 5-10 1-2 ME Trung bnh 2-5 20-50 10-20 2-5
86
CO Th 5-10 50-100 20-50 5-10 VC Rt th >10 100 50 10 C th phn cp nh sau: FF Mn v rt mn CV Th v rt th FM Mn v trung bnh FC Mn n th MV Trung bnh v rt th MC Trung bnh v th - Kiu cu trc ca t. Cc kiu cu trc chnh ca t c xc nh nh sau: + Dng ht (granular): l khi a din hoc khi cu, c b mt cong hoc khng u v b mt ny khng ging nhng lp ph bao quanh mu t. + Dng khi: Khi hoc khi a din, c s gn kt u, c b mt phng hoc kh trn c dng dp ca cc mt bao quanh mu t. C th chia nh thnh dng gc nhn khi chng c cc mt ct nhau to thnh cc gc tng i nhn hoc nhng mt dng khi gc t. + Dng lng tr: C cc phng chiu gii hn theo mt ngang hay dc theo mt thng ng, cc mt thng ng thng d xc nh. B mt bn ngoi ca t phng hoc hi trn. Cc mt thng ct nhau to thnh cc gc tng i nhn. cu trc lng tr c cc u trn c coi l dng ct (columnar). + Dng tm, phin: kiu phng theo chiu thng ng thng hn ch; ch yu nh hng theo mt nm ngachurtheo dng tm hay phin v thng trng thnh cc lp ln nhau. - Cu trc : Bao gm s sp xp trm tch mn, khng rn chc v nhng dng gi (pseudomorphs) cc khong vt b phong ho vn gi cc v tr, hnh dng ca chng lin kt vi cc khong cha b phong ho trong cc khi rn. T hp cu trc ca t c th c tch ra theo cc k hiu sau: SG Ht n AS Khi t v nhn MA Khi SA Khi nhn v t GR H t SN Khi t nutty PR Lng tr (nhiu qu hch) PS Lng tr t AW Khi nhn hnh nm (hi nhn) AP Khi nhn hnh hp CO Ct PL Phng AB Khi nhn SS Cu trc xp lp - Quan h cu trc kp (phc hp) ca t. Nu trong t c mt dng cu trc th 2, th phi m t mi lin quan ca chng vi cu trc th nht chng hn nh hai dng cu trc ct v lng tr. Cu trc c s (th nht) c th b ph v thnh cu trc th cp (th hai) nh trong trng hp cu trc lng tr c th b v thnh khi nhn. Cu trc th nht c th ho ln vo cu trc th 2 nh trng hp cu trc phng ho vo cu trc lng tr. Th d CO + PR: C 2 cu trc tn ti PR - AB: Cu trc u (s cp) ph v thnh cu trc th cp. PL/PR: Cu trc ny ho trn vo cu trc kia.
87
f. xp ca t xp bao gm tt c khong trng trong t. Chng lin quan n s phn b sp xp ca cc thnh phn: r cy, hang ng vt v nhng qu trnh hnh thnh t to ra s nt rn, di chuyn, ra tri ca t... Thut ng void (khong trng) l gn tng ng vi t pore (r, xp), nhng thut ng pore thng c dng khng gm cc vt rn nt hoc phn chia lp. Cc l c m t theo kiu, kch thc v s lng theo t l ca chng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn st ti cc tnh cht lin tc, nh hng... - Kiu xp: Trong t c nhiu dng l rng to ra xp. Tuy nhin, trong thc t ngi ta thng phn loi v m t mt s dng chnh sau: + A. K h: c xc nh bi kt cu, hoc s sp xp ca cc ht t to thnh khe rng cn gi l khe rng c gii. C th nh tp hp cc khe rng n gin do cc ht ct to thnh v ngoi ra cn cc tp hp rng phc tp c to thnh cc mu t c kch thc khc nhau kt hp li, to thnh cc k h khng u ni kt li vi nhau v kh c th xc nh c s lng ngoi ng. + B. L hng (vesicles): L cc l rng c dng hnh cu hoc hnh elip c ngun gc trm tch hoc c to do khng kh b nn, tng t nh cc bng kh trong cc lp t ngm nc sau trn ma to. + V. H: L cc l hng thng khng c qui tc v khng ng u do kt qu ca vic cy, cy hoc xo trn lm cho chng khng lin tc v khng lin nhau. C th nh lng nhng trng hp c bit. + C: Rnh ng: Cc l rng dng thon di, c ngun gc ng vt to ra hoc thc vt (r cy cht, xc ng vt). Phn ln c hnh dng ng v lin tc, nhng rt khc nhau v ng knh. C khi rng ti hn vi cm nh cc l hang to nn do hot ng ca sinh vt. + P: Khe phng: Phn ln nm trn mt phng, l nhng khe rng t c cu trc c lin quan ti cc b mt hoc cc kiu nt gy. Chng thng khng bn v khc nhau v kch thc, hnh dng v s lng ty thuc vo iu kin m ca t. Cc khe trng ny thng c m t v rng v tn s xut hin ca chng. Trong phn ln cc trng hp ngi ta ch m t kch c v s lng ca cc khe rnh rng di lin tc. - Kch thc: ng knh ca cc l rng thon di hay hnh tr (ng tube) c m t theo cc loi sau: V Rt nh Di 0.5 mm F Nh 0.5 - 2 mm M Trung bnh 2 - 5 mm C To (th) 5 - 20 mm VC Rt to (rt th) 20 - 50 mm Ngoi ra vic miu t cn dng thm cc k hiu sau: FM Nh v trung bnh FF Nh v rt nh MC Trung bnh v to - Lng: S lng xp rng thon di nh n rt nh vo mt nhm l trung bnh v to c xp vo nhm khc. Chng c xc nh theo s lng/dm2. Rt nh v nh Trung bnh v to N Khng c 0 0 V Rt t 1 - 20 1-2
88
F C M
t 20 - 50 2-5 Bnh thng 50 - 200 5 - 20 Nhiu >200 >20 - xp rng: c xc nh bng t l phn trm din tch m tt c cc khe rng ln nh chim so vi din tch b mt ct trong phu din hoc cc lp t. 1. Rt thp di 2% 2. Thp 2 - 5% 3. Trung bnh 5 - 15% 4. Cao 15 - 40% 5. Rt cao >40%
g. S tng phn - F mc khng r: B mt c s tng phn mu sc rt t, nhn phng hoc c cc c tnh khc vi b mt k cn. C nhiu cc ht mn trn mt. C phin mng khng dy qu 2 mm - D Mc khc bit: B mt nhn (bng) hn hoc c mu sc khc bit so vi lp nm k cn di. Cc ht ct mn nm trong lp ngoi nhng vn c th nhn thy c. Phin mng dy 2 - 5 mm. - P Mc ni bt: B mt c s tng phn mnh v nhn hay l mu sc vi b mt k cn, khng thy cc ht ct mn bn ngoi, phin mng dy hn 5 mm. Bn cht: ca cc lp v (cutans) c th m t nh sau: C St CS St v sesquioxide CH St v cht hu c PF Mt p S Mt trt, khng giao nhau SP Mt trt, giao nhau mt phn SI Mt trt, giao nhau hu ht Sf Mt sng bng (nh trong cc c tnh nitic) h. S gn kt (xi mng) v mc nn cht S xut hin cc kt gn hay b nn cht theo cc lp cng hoc cc v tr khc nhau trong phu din, c m t theo tnh lin tc, cu trc, bn cht v mc . Cc vt liu b kt cht th thng bn chc hn ngay c trong iu kin m v cc ht b nn cht cng li. Vt liu b gn kt thng khng ngm nc sau mt gi ngm chng vo trong nc. Tnh lin tc B Gy v Lp gn kt b xi mng ho hoc b nn cht <50% v c biu hin b ngoi khng u. D Khng lin tc 50% - 90% lp kt gn c biu hin bn ngoi ng u. C Lin tc Hn 90% lp b kt gn v ch b ngt cc ch nt, gy. Cu trc Cu trc kt cu, hay cu trc ca lp gn kt c m t nh sau: N Khng Cu trc l dng khi khng thy c s nh hng no c.
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P V P D
Phin Vesicular Pisolithic Ht (nodular)
Cc phn b nn ging nh cc tm, phin v c nh hng ngang. Lp c cc l trng kch thc rng, chng c th b lp y bi cc vt liu cha kt gn. Lp kt cu rng bi cc ht cu kt dnh li. Lp ch yu c kt cu t cc ht kt gn hoc khi kt c hnh dng khng u (irregular).
Bn cht Bn cht ca lp kt gn c m t theo tc nhn kt gn hay cc hot ng nn cht (compacting): K Cacbonat. GY Thch cao. Q Silic. C St. KQ Carbonat silic. CS St - sesquioxide. F St. M C hc. FM St - mangan (sesquioxide). P Cy xi. FO St - cht hu c. NK Cha c bit. Mc N Khng b kt gn v khng nn cht: Khng thy c s kt gn khi nhng trong nc. Y Nn nhng khng b kt gn: Khi b nn cht rn hn v gin hn khi t tng ng khc khi nhng trong nc. W B kt gn yu: Khi b kt gn th gin v rn, nhng c th bp v bng tay. M Kt gn trung bnh: Khi b kt gn khng th bp v bng tay nhng li gin on (din ra khng lin tc) C B kt gn: Khi b kt gn khng th bp v bng tay v l din ra lin tc (>90% khi t).
2.3. Nhng nhm chnh, cc n v v on v ph n thng gp trong qu trnh iu tra theo phng php phn loi ca FAO - UNESCO Trong qu trnh iu tra ngoi thc a chng ta c th gp mt s nhm t chnh cng cc n v v n v ph ca chng, di y l nhng xc nh tng qut v nhng lp lun cn thit cho vic nhn din chng ngo thc a cc vng ln 2.3.1. Vng ng bng Khi o phu din vng ng bng, thng thng c nhng nhm t sau y cn c cn nhc: - Nhm t ct bin (Arenosols): Thng phn b dc bin c thnh phn c gii ton phu din l ct (t l cc phn t c gii t c kch thc: 2 - 0.02 mm chim khong 90% tr ln). Theo phn loi ca FAO/UNESCO nhng n v t, n v ph thng gp thc tin
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Nhm t
1. t ct (Arenosols)
n v t
Cn ct trng vng (Luvic Arenosols) Hapli Dystri
t ct in hnh (Hapic Arenosols) Futri Dystri
t ct gly (Gley Arenosols)
t ct mi bin i (Cambic Arenosols)
n v ph
Epihypo
Amthraqui
S 7.1. S cu trc phn v nhm t ct theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t mn (Salic Fluvisols): Phn b cc vng ven bin thng xuyn chu nh hng ca thu triu hay mch nc mn. Trong cnh quan vng mn c im thc vt ven sng lch v c trn rung cng c nhng nt c th ring (s, vt, c..). Trn mt t khi kh c nt n khc nhau, c th xut hin cc m trng ca mui v ma kh, hoc khi th nc vi AgNO3 thy c hin tng kt ta. Nhng n v t, n v ph thng gp di y Nhm t
II. t mn (Salic Fluvisols)
n v t
t mn s vt c (Gleyi Salic Fluvisols) Epi Abrupti Endoferri Areni
t mn nhiu (Hapli Salic Fluvisols) Endo Gleyi Abrupti Endogleyi Areni Endo Histi Areni Endo Gleyi
t mn trung bnh (Molli Salic Fluvisols) Areni Endo Histi Endo Ferri Endo Gleyi
n v ph
S 7.2. S cu trc phn v nhm t mn theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t phn (Thionic Fluvisols hay Thionic Gleysols): Loi hnh thy thnh c bit d xc nhn qua m t phu din c: + Tng sinh phn (thng c mu xm en hoc en) + Tng phn (thng c mu vng rm khi kh). t c hnh thnh nhng vng nht nh ln nht l ng bng sng Mkong (tham kho bn t t l 1/1 triu). Ngoi ra mt s gii hp dc min Trung v mt s vng gn t mn hoc vng trng Trung tm ng bng Bc B. Quang cnh vng phn cng c nhng c th ting v thm thc vt, v mt rung; gc r thng c mt on vng gch cua; nc thng trong. Nhng n v t, n v ph thng gp
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Nhm t
III. t phn Thionic Gleysols
n v t
t phn hot ng Orthi Thionic Gleysols Endo
t phn tim tng Proto Thionic Gleysols Endo
n v ph
S 7.3. S cu trc phn v nhm t phn theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t ph sa (Fluvisols): Nhm t ph sa ph bin cc tam gic chu v ng bng ven bin loi tr cc nhm t ct bin, t phn t mn ni trn. t ph sa c c tnh xp lp mng v dy do thi gian v tc bi p khc nhau v ngun gc mu cht khc nhau theo h thng sng t trn mt t xung n su 50 cm khng c gly trung bnh v mnh v cng khng c tng m g. Tnh cht ph sa mi (cn non tr) thng cha c biu hin phn ho gia cc tng trong phu din khc vi t xm c tui hnh thnh ln hn. Nhm t ph sa thng c cc n v, n v ph ch yu sau Nhm t
IV. t ph sa (Fluvisols)
n v t
t ph sa chua Dystric Fluvisols
t ph sa m r Cambic Fluvisols
n v ph
Hapli Areni Areni Endo Gleyi Silti Bathi Gleyi Endo Gleyi Hypo Gleyi Epi Gleyi Endo Ferri Gleyi Endo Ferri Bathi Plinthi Endo Hysti
Hypo Ferri Epi Gleyi Hypo Ferri Endo Ferri Epi Gleyi Areni Endo Gleyi Abrupti Gleyi Epi Ferri Epi Ferri Endo Gleyi Epi Hypo Ferri Endo Hypo Gleyi Endo Hypo Ferri Gleyi
Endo Endo Ferri Epi Gleyi
S 7.4. S cu trc phn v nhm t ph sa theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t gly (Gleysols): Nhm t gly khc vi t nhm t ph sa l c im c gly trung bnh n mnh chim u th t trn mt n su 50 cm ca phu din. Cc loi t ly c phn chia trc y cng xp vo nhm ny.
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Nhm t
V. t gly (Gleysols)
t gly chua Dystric gleysols
n v t
n v ph
Hapli Areni Endo Hypo Ferri Endo Hysti Silti Hypo Ferri Abrupti Stagni
S 7.5. S cu trc phn v nhm t gly theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t mi bin i (Cambisols): y l nhm t c FAO-UNESCO tch ra. Trc y chng c xp vo t ph sa c tng loang l. t mi bin i l nhm t tri qua thi k non tr, bt u c s phn ho trong phu din: c tng m g (Cambic), nhng cha c mt qu trnh chuyn ho no (nh Argic Ferric, Plinthite, gly... + Tng m g (Cambic) tan trong nc, khc vi tng loang l (Plinthite) khng tan trong nc m vn gi c trng thi ban u. t c tng loang l v mi bin i thng gp cc n v v n v ph sau
93
Nhm t
VII. t mi bin i (Cambisols)
n v t
t mi bin i bo ho Eutric CM
t mi bin i khng bo ho Dystric CM
t mi bin i c mn Humic CM
t mi bin i tch vi Calcari CM
t mi bin i ti ChromicCM
t mi bin i nt n
t mi bin i c tng tch t st nhm
t mi bin i gly
n v ph
Lepti Plinthi Gleyi Andi Calci Areni Stagni Geri Albi Humi Veti Abrupti Lamelli Ferri Rhodi Chromi Hapli
Di su c tng cng Loang l Gly C c tnh tro ni la Tch vi Ct ng nc Phong ho mnh C tng bc trng Tch mn C Phn d Phin Kt von Nu ti in hnh
S 7.5. S cu trc phn v nhm t gly theo FAO- UNESCO
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Nhm t
XII. t c tng loang l (Plinthosols)
n v t
t c tng st loang l chua
t c tng st loang l b ra tri mnh
t c tng st loang l giu mn
n v ph
Petri Umbri Albi Acri Stagni Eutri Abrupti Ferri Hapli
Hi Sm mu Bc trng Chua mnh ng nc Bo ho Phn d Kt von in hnh
Petri Acri Umbri Abrupti Terri Hapli Eutri
Hi Chua mnh Sm mu Phn d Kt von in hnh Bo ho
Umbri Ferri Abrupti Acri Eutri
Sm mu Kt von Phn d Chua mnh Bo ho
S 7.7. S cu trc phn v nhm t c tng loang l theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t than bn (Histosols): L nhm t hu c c th, tng hu c c t l >15% phn b khc nhau trong phu din. Vi cc h thng phn v Nhm t
VI. t than bn (Histosols)

t than bn phn tim tng Protothionic Histosols
n v t
n v ph
Areni
S 7.8. S cu trc phn v nhm t than bn theo FAO- UNESCO b. Vng trung du i, ni thp - Nhm t xm (Acrisols): c s phn ho rt khc bit v n v (xem bng phn loi c th km theo sau). t vng trn cc loi m khc nhau c th thuc nhm t xm v n v (tng ng vi loi trong phn loi theo pht sinh) l t xm Feralit (Ferralic Acrisols), t xm bc mu in hnh (Haplic Acrisols). Nhng ch tiu ca FAO-UNESCO i vi nhm t xm l t chua, khng bo ho baz c tng B Argic (c tp trung st cao hn) v mt s ch tiu khc bit hn c ni k trong tiu chun phn loi chng. Cc h thng phn v trong nhm t ny
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Nhm t
XIV. t xm (Acrisols)
n v t
t xm in hnh Haplic Acrisols
t xm gly Gleyi Acrisols
t xm Feralit Ferralic Acrisols
t xm kt von Ferric Acrisols Lixisols
t xm nhiu Lithic Acrisols
t xm loang l Plintic Acrisols
n v ph
Areni Areni Bathi Gleyi Areni Endo Gleyi Areni Epi Gleyi Endo Ferri Silti
Areni Epi Ferri Areni Endo Endo Plinthi Areni Endo Ferri Endo Endo Hypo Endo Ferri Areni Endo Lithi
Areni Epi Ferri Areni Endo Endo Plinthi Areni Endo Ferri Endo Endo Hypo Endo Ferri Areni Endo Lithi
Areni Endo Endo Endo Gleyi Epi Plinthi Areni Epi Epi Lithi Areni Hypo Bathi Epi Hyper Areni Hypo Ferri Areni Endo Gleyi Areni Epi Lithi
Epi Endo
Areni Endo
S 7.9. S cu trc phn v nhm t xm theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t (Ferrasols): Theo ch tiu phn loi ca FAO-UNESCO i chiu vi t i ni nc ta chng ch th hin loi t nu v nu vng pht trin trn cc loi m siu kim, kim v trung tnh c qui nh bi ch tiu ch yu l c tng B Ferralit (ngoi vic tp trung st cn c cc ch tiu khc nh bo ho baz thp v c CEC di 16 ldl/100g st). Nhm t
XV. t (Ferrasols)
Rhodic Ferrasols
n v t
n v ph
Endo Lithi
S 7.10. S cu trc phn v nhm t theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t en (Luvisols): Thng hnh thnh trong iu kin bo ho baz v trong iu kin tch t (do sn phm ca ni la hay vi) c mu xm en hay nu thm. Nhng phn v thng gp
96
Nhm t
IX. Nhm t en (Luvisols)
n v t
t en (Ferric)
Kt von (Luvisols
t en (Calcic)
t en, kt von mnh su t en kt von, su t en cacbonat in hnh t en cacbonat su
Cacbonat (Luvisols)
n v ph
Endo hyper ferric luvisols Endo lithi ferric luvisols Hapli calcic luvisols Endolithi calci luvisols
S 7.10. S cu trc phn v nhm t en theo FAO- UNESCO - Nhm t nu vng bn kh hn (Lixisols): Hnh thnh trong hon cnh bn kh hn ca ta nh Ninh Thun v Bnh Thun. C mc bo ho baz cao hn 50% v CEC trong st < 24 ldl/100g st. Nhm t
X. t mn vng bn kh hn (Lixisols)
n v t
t nu vng bn kh hn in hnh Haplic Lixisols
t nu vng bn kh hn kt von Ferric Lixisols Lepti Plinthi Gleyi Areni Stagni Geri Albi
t nu vng bn kh hn c tng loang l Plinthic Lixisols C tng cng C tng loang l Gly Ct ng nc Phong ho mnh Bc trng
t nu vng bn kh hn c tng bc trng Albic Lixisols Humi Veti Abrupti Ferri Rhodi Chroni Hapli Tch mn C Phn d Kt von Nu ti in hnh
t nu vng bn kh hn gly Gleyic Lixisols
n v ph
S 7.10. S cu trc phn v nhm t en theo FAO- UNESCO
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Nhm t
XIX. Nhm t nu thm (Phacozems)
n v t
t nu thm in hnh Haplic Phacozems
t nu thm tch vi Calcaric Phacozems
t nu thm ra tri Luvic Phacozems
Lepti
n v ph
Mng (tip cng) Gleyi Gly Luvi Ra tri Albi Bc trng Greyi Xm Skeleti Xng xu Calcari Tch vi
Lithi Lepti Gleyi Luvi Glossi
Ln Mng (tip cng) Gly Ra tri Hnh li
Lepti Lithi Verti Stagni
Mng Ln Nt n ng nc
- Nhm t mn kim (Solonetz): Hnh thnh trong iu kin bn kh hn (ch yu cha nhiu cacbonat v bicacbonat Na), pH thng >8, nhn dn vng Ninh Thun gi t C Giang hay t ct li. - Nhm t bt (Andosols): Hnh thnh trn sn phm tro tn v bt chung quanh v di chn ming ni la c. Nhm t
VIII. t tro ni la (Andosols)
n v t
t tro ni la in hnh (Haplic Andosols) Vitri Eutrisilti Silti Gleyi Histi Moili Lepti Thy tinh Limon, bo ho Limon Gly Hu c Ti mm Di c tng Veti
t tro ni la ti mm (Mollic Andosols) Cng, c
Calcari
Areni Skeleti Dystri Eutri Hapli
Tch vi
Ct Xng xu Ko bo ho Bo ho in hnh
n v ph

98
c. Vng ni cao - t xm mn (Humic Acrisols): n v ny cng thuc nhm t xm (Acrisols) nhng c tch lu mn do iu kin cao khong 900 m tr ln c nhit thp, m cao hn trong hon cnh cn thm thc vt. Tng mt l tng hu c phn gii yu. - t mn vng trn ni (Humic Ferrasols): n v ny cng thuc nhm t (Ferrasols) nhng hon cnh hnh thnh cng ging nh t xm mn cao khong 900m tr ln trn sn phm phong ho ca cc loi m kim, siu kim trung tnh v vi. Trn mt cng c tng hu c phn gii yu. - t mn Alit ni cao (Alisols): t thng phn b cao trn 1700 m, y m ch yu l Granit. Do nhit thp, m cao (vng my m), t pht trin yu, ra tri st, tch lu nhm, tich lu mn th phn gii yu. Nhm t
XVI. t mn Alit ni cao (Alisols)
n v t
t mn alit trn ni cao Haplic Alisols Umbri Areni Albi Humi Abrupti Hapli Sm mu Ct Bc trng Mn Phn d in hnh
t mn than bn trn ni cao Histic Alisols
n v ph
Dystri Eutri Lepti Lithi
Chua, no baz < 50% Khng chua, no baz > 50% Mng (tip xc cng) Ln
S 7.10. S cu trc phn v nhm t en theo FAO- UNESCO - Cc nhm t c bit: + Nhm t xi mn mnh tr si (Leptosols): Ngoi cc khi ni , cn c nhng gii i ni thp b tn ph nhiu nm xi mn gn ht tng t, i b phn t c tng rt mng <30 - 40 cm Nhm t n v t
XVII. t tng mng (Leptosols)

Dystric Leptosols
n v ph
Hapli Endo Hypo Umbri
S 7.10. S cu trc phn v nhm t en theo FAO- UNESCO + Nhm t nhn tc (Anthrosols) t vng hay b o bi vt t lm lp hay vng hm m, cng trng khai thc , rung bc thang... t b xo trn v khng cn gi c hnh thi t nhin ca chng na.
99
Nhm t
XVIII. Nhm t nhn tc (Anthrosols)
n v t
t do ngi canh tc Aric Anthrosols

Hydragri Irragri Terri Horti Gleyi Stagni Spodi Ferrali Luvi Areni
t do ngi cht ng Cumulic Anthrosols
t do ngi lm mu m Fimic Anthrosols
t to nn th Ubric Anthrosols
n v ph
C tng ng nc nhn tc (0-100cm) C tng ngp nc ti (0-50cm) C tng giu hu c phn gii mnh (nhuyn) Tng t vn (dy > 50cm) Tng gly Tng ng nc Tng mu tro Tng feralit Tng ra tri Tng ct
Nhm t
XX. Nhm t st (Nitisols)
n v t
t st bc in hnh Haplic Nitisols
t st bc nu Rhodic Nitisols
t st bc c mn Humic Nitisols
n v ph
Andi Molli Umbri Humi Veti Alumi Rhodi Ferrali Dystri Eutri Hapli
Tro ni la Ti mm Sm mu Mn C Nhm Feralit Khng bo ho Bo ho in hnh

100
Nhm t
XXI. Nhm t nt n (Vertisols)
n v t
t nt n bo ho (Eutric Vertisols)
Calcari Calci Orthi
t nt n khng bo ho (Dystric Vertisols)

nh hng cacbonat Tch vi in hnh
n v ph
S 7.10. S cu trc phn v nhm t en theo FAO- UNESCO 2.4. Th hin ranh gii cc khoanh t v k hiu tn t, k hiu ph ln bn - Trn bn i gi ngoi v bn gc ranh gii khoanh t c v bng bt ch en hoc bng bt kim mc en lin nt. - V tr phu din v s phu din trn bn d ngoi c ghi bng bt ch en hoc bng kim mc en. - K hiu tn t trn bn d ngoi v bn gc cng phi ghi bng bt ch en hay bng bt mc en. Cc k hiu c ghi tp trung theo hng ngang theo trnh t s phu din, a hnh, m, thnh phn c gii, mc kt von, glay 3. Cng tc ni nghip 3.1. Cp nht, sao chp v chnh l thng xuyn a. Sao chp bn - Sau mi ngy i gi ngoi v phi sao chp t bn gi ngoi vo bn gc. - V tr v s phu din nn ghi r bng bt mc. - Ranh gii v k hiu t ghi bng bt ch. b. Thng k cc loi t Mi nhm iu tra phi thng k cc loi t Bng 7.5. Biu thng k cc phu din cc loi t iu tra TT S phu din K hiu tn t m, mu cht
TT
Bng 7.6. Phn loi t Tn loi t
K hiu
101
c. So snh cc tiu bn t Phi thng xuyn i chiu cc tiu bn t chnh l cc sai st, m bo phn loi t chnh xc. d. Phn loi chnh thc i n phn loi chnh thc cn tun th cc bc sau: - Tin hnh phn loi s b sau khi kho st s b. - Tin hnh phn loi chnh thc sau khi hon thnh ni nghip. - Lp bng phn loi chi tit thng nht cho ton vng iu tra. . Khp bn d ngoi Khi c bng phn loi thng nht ton vng iu tra tin hnh khp cc bn d ngoi ca cc nhm iu tra. Trng hp cc loi t v ranh gii t cha khp th phi tin hnh iu tra b sung ngoi thc a. e. Chnh l ti liu tp trung - Bng phn loi t thng nht, chi tit v cc ti liu iu tra b sung sau khi khp ranh gii l cn c chnh l cc ti liu ln cui cng. Ni dung chnh l gm: + Tu chnh bn d ngoi, bn gc v ghi chp y theo quy nh. + Tt c cc k hiu khoanh t trn bn gc phi v bng bt mc. + Kim tra tng phu din, tng bn t, tng khoanh t v chnh cho khp. f. Kim tra mu t Cc ti t, tiu bn t ly v phi hong kh trong khng kh v bo qun ni thong mt. Nhn ghi cc mu t chn phn tch theo yu cu cn phi r rng. Nhn ghi mu t Tnh:............ Huyn:............. X (hoc c s iu tra).......... Phu din s:............. su ly mu:........... Ngy ly mu...............Ngi ly mu:.............. Bng 7.7. Biu ghi cc mu t c chn phn tch K hiu dy tng su ly Tn t tng t (cm) mu (cm)
S PD
Ghi ch
g. V bn gc mu v trnh by bn t T bn gc trng d ngoi xy dng mt bn gc mu. Ni dung ca bn gc mu gm: - Khoanh t c t mu v v ranh gii. - Ghi tt c v tr, k hiu tn t, k hiu v s cc phu din chnh, ph bng mc en. - nh s cckhoanh t v ghi din tch cc khoanh t bng mc . - Trnh by bn t Tn bn t a im lm bn t (huyn, x hay c s sn xut)
102
Pha di khung bn (bn ch dn) phi ghi r: Ngy iu tra t... n... thng... nm... n v iu tra........ Ngi iu tra:.......... n v kim tra xt duyt............... Ngi kim tra xt duyt................ Du c quan ch o iu tra t h. o v tng hp din tch, c im cc loi t - Dng bn t gc c chnh l, ghi y cc s khoanh t (c th c, th canh, ao h, ni ...) bng mc tng hp din tch hoc o bng my nu cha xc nh c din tch trong mi khonh. - Mi khoanh t ti thiu phi o 3 ln, s my o khng chnh lch qu 2 n v. kt qu o din tch phi ghi vo s Bng 7.3.4. S o din tch bng my S my o S K. hiu Hin Din Ghi ch khonh tn t trng tch Ln 1 Ln 2 Ln 3 TB - Dng s o trung bnh ca 3 ln tnh din tch. - Din tch c o ghi vo khoanh t trn bn gc trng v bn gc mu. - Tng hp cc tnh cht vt l v ho hc t, du hiu hnh thi phu din v din tch theo tnh hnh s dng Bng 7.8. Kt qu phn tch tnh cht vt l TT PD t Tng su T l cp ht (%) t ly mu Ct Limon St (cm) TPCG t xp (%) T Dung trng trng (g/cm3) (g/cm3)
TT PD t
Bng 7.9. Kt qu phn tch tnh cht ho hc Kt qu phn tch (cc ch tiu yu cu) su Cht tng s Cht d tiu OC Tng ly mu (%) t (mg/100g t) pH (%) (cm) N% .. P2O5 . Bng 7.10. Tng hp din tch theo loi t Tnh hnh s dng Canh tc B hoang Cy lu nm ng c Rng Cy bi t chuyn dng
TT
Tn t
Din tch (ha)
- Kim tra ngoi ng cn tin hnh thng xuyn trong cc n v ang iu tra t. Ti thiu phi kim tra dc 1/10 tng s phu din chnh o.
103
- Kim tra trong phng tin hnh vi ton b ti liu, ni dung iu tra (tiu bn, bn t, mu t, bn ...) i. Lm v in bn Sau khi c bn gc phn loi cng vic tip theo l phi th hin bn . Ngy nay cng vic ny c thc hin d dng nh vo h thng my tnh v cc phn mm xy dng bn tuy nhin, vn cn quan tm l s th hin v mu sc, s v k hiu phu din (c ly mu phn tch), k hiu tn t cn phi c tun theo nhng tiu chun c quy nh trong ghi ch v th hin bn . 3.2. Vit bo co thuyt minh cng vit bo co t. PHN I - TNH HNH CHUNG 1. V tr a l 2.T chc iu tra - n v iu tra. - Thi gian iu tra. 3.Ti liu k thut dng iu tra v cc ti liu tham kho. 4.Thun li, kh khn. 5.Kt qu iu tra: Tng din tch iu tra: Tng s phu din do: S phu din chnh: s phu din ph: Bnh qun mt phu din. PHN II - IU KIN HNH THNH T 1 - Kh hu: nhn xt nhng yu t kh hu (lng ma, nhit ) trc tip nh hng n qu trnh hnh thnh t v sn xut. 2 - a hnh: Nu nhng nt c bn v a hnh vng iu tra, tnh cht cc dng a hnh, mc chia ct...lin quan gia a hnh, kh hu v t. nh hng ca a hnh n sn xut. 3 - a cht: Nu s lc v cc qu trnh a cht, v cc mu, m: lin quan gia mu cht, m v t. 4 - Thc vt: - Thc vt t nhin: - Cy trng: - Lin quan gia thc vt vi qu trnh hnh thnh c im t. 5 - Thu vn, hi vn: - Phn b sng sui v cc hot ng ca chng: - Hot ng ca thu chiu: - Tnh hnh p: 6 - Tnh hnh sn xut: Nhng c im c lin quan trc tip n qu trnh hnh thnh chiu hng pht trin ca t v tnh hnh s dng t trong vng. Tm hiu k thut canh tc, din bin nng sut cy trng. PHN III - CC LOI T V M T 1. Cc loi t c trong vng iu tra
104
1/ Xp cc loi t(cc n v phn loi dng cho ch dn bn ). Mi n v phn loi t hoc nhm cc n v phn loi c c im pht sinh v nng hc tng t u trnh by theo ni dung: - Tn t: - Din tch: - Phn b v iu kin hnh thnh: - Hnh thi phu din v c im: - Tnh hnh s dng, ci to v bo v t (thc vt t nhin cy trng): - Nu cc cy trng, tnh hnh sinh trng v nng sut trn tng loi (n v phn loi t). 2. Nhn xt nh gi chung v xut kin s dng t hp l PHN IV - KT LUN CHUNG: 1. Nhn xt, nh gi chung a. Nhn xt v t l din tch, phn b v c im ni bt ca loi t. b. So snh tnh cht ca cc loi t (hnh thc,l, ho tnh...)v xp loi chng theo bng di y: Bng 7.11. So snh tnh cht cc loi t. Yu t tng hp K hiu tn t Ghi ch Din tch(ha) T l (%) dc Tng dy(cm) Quy m khoanh t Mu sc ch o Thnh phn c gii Cu tng cht m(mc thot nc) pH chua thu phn (me/100g t) no % Mn % m % Ln % Kali trao i (mg/100g t) Ln d tiu(mg/100g t) Tng s mui tan % Cl- % SO4-- % Cy trng chnh(tn) Nng sut(t/ha) 2. Hng s dng, ci to, bo v v nng cao ph ca t a. S dng: Nhng cy trng thch hp trn cc loi t, din tch cc loi cy trng v kh nng m rng din tch (i vi vng c din tch t cn ang b b hoang ho cha s dng). b. Cc bin php ci to v bo v. 3.3. Kim tra, cng nhn v giao np lu tr ti liu - Ngi ph trch d n hay cng trnh xy dng bn th nhng ( trung
105
ng v cc tnh) phi chu trch nhim kim tra nghim thu phn cng trnh do cc nhm ph trch t bc iu tra ngoi ng n lm ni nghip v hon tt bn . - Cn b ph trch iu tra t cc c quan trung ng v cc tnh t chc kim tra nghim thu cng trnh ca n v thuc cp mnh ph trch v chu trch nhim v cng trnh vi cp trn. - Sau khi kim tra phi lp bin bn kim tra nghim thu. - Giao np cho cc c quan ph trch trc tip qun l lu tr nhng ti liu, bn iu tra. 4 Chnh l bn t Vic chnh l cc bn th nhng trc y cn phi tin hnh trn c s bn nn m bo v cht lng. T l nh my bay dng chnh l cn ln hn hay bng t l bn cn xy dng. Khi chnh l phi c bn t gc bn d ngoi, bn t c lin quan kt qu iu tra xy dng bn t trc y. - Cng tc kim tra + Cn nghin cu c th chi tit cc ti liu iu tra t trc (bn v bo co t). Phn tch quy lut phn b lin quan n cnh quan pht hin nhng sai st v khoanh t v tn t trn c s nghin cu ti liu c v kim chng ngoi thc a. + Cc khoanh t khng gy nghi ng cn t mu ghi k hiu tn t c th. B tr li phu din cho cc vng hay khoanh t cn phi kim chng v chnh l. Trc tin cn b tr phu din cho nhng khoanh t trc y cha c phu din v b sung phu din nhng ni nhi ng c vn . Cc phu din cn xc nh ch yu l cc phu din t chnh v ph. B tr cc phu din chnh nhm pht hin ra nhng bin i v t v v cc khoanh t mi cn th hin trn bn . + Vic chnh l bn t cho vng t c ci to (ti, tiu..) cn ch trc tin ti cc tnh cht ng thi ca t ( su, tng tch ly mui, phn, mc nc ngm, dy tng mn...) Cc c tnh bn vng ca t nh thnh phn c gii cng cn kim tra theo cc mu in hnh. Trong giai on iu tra gi ngoi cc dn liu cn thit v nng sut cy trng, lch s cc cnh ng v tnh hnh s dng, ci to, bo v t cng cn c thu thp. - Cc cng tc sau khi d ngoi Mu t sau khi ly v phn tch xc nh cc c tnh, tnh cht nhm gii p cc yu cu: + Tm hiu c trng t ca cc vng t c nhng bin i v tnh cht do hot ng sn xut. + Tm hiu c trng cc khoanh t mi pht hin sau ln iu tra trc + Tm hiu c th hn v c im t, kim tra li vic xc nh tn t trc y. Cc cng vic tip theo trong khoanh v, vit bo co v th hin bn tng t nh phn trn ca quy trnh. Cu hi n tp chng VII Cu 1. Hy trnh by cc bc trong giai on chun b iu tra bn ? Mt phu din cho xy dng cc bn t c t l khc nhau? Cu 2. Phu din t, quy nh o phu din v chn im o phu din ? Cu 3. Cc loi phu din trong xy dng bn v cch ly mu vo hp tiu bn v mu phn tch? Cu 4. Nhng vn cn ch khi m t v c im phn tng, mu sc, m r, thnh phn c gii? Cu 5. Nhng lp lun cn thit trong qu trnh iu tra lm bn t Cu 6. Hy trnh by nhng ni dung chnh khi vit mt bo co bn t?
106
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH

1. Nguyn Thanh Tr: Gio trnh bn a chnh, NXBNN - H Ni 1999. 2. Nguyn Mi v nhng ngi khc: Th nhng hc, NXBNN - H Ni 2000. 3. Soil map of the World. Revised- FAO - Rome 1988- 1990. 4. Vin Quy hoch v Thit k nng nghip: D tho Nghin cu hon thin h thng phn loi t xy dng bn t t l trung bnh v ln 2001 5. Vin Quy hoch v Thit k Nng nghip 1984: Quy phm iu tra lp bn t t l ln 6. Vin Quy hoh Thit k Nng nghip 1984. Quy phm iu tra lp bn t t l ln. 7. Tn Tht Chiu v nhng ngi khc. Nhng l lun c bn v h thng Phn loi t ca FAO- UNESCO -H Ni 1990. 8. Tn Tht Chiu - L Thi t. Bo co d n. Chng trnh phn loi t Vit Nam theo phng php Quc t FAO- UNESCO- H Ni 1998. 9. Hi khoa hc t Vit Nam: S tay iu tra, Phn loi, nh ga t, NXBNN - H Ni 2000. 10. Vin Quy hoch v Thit k nng nghip. D tho Nghin cu hon thin h thng phn loi t xy dng bn t t l trung bnh v ln- 2001. 11. Littlenton Lion and Hary The Nature and Properties of Soils. USA 1990. (Chapter- Soil classification and Soil map). 12. National Institute of Agro- Environmental Science (Tsukuba- Japan) 1996. Clasification of cultivation of cultivated soils in Japan Third approximation. Classification Committee of Cultivated Soil.
107
MC LC
LI GII THIU................................................................................................................ 1 M u ................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Khi nim chung v phn loi t v bn t ............................................................ 3 2. Ni dung mn hc ......................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Cc phng php phn loi t chnh.................................................................... 3 2.2. Phng php xy dng bn t......................................................................... 4 3. Phng php hc tp v nghin cu ca mn hc.......................................................... 4 PHN A: PHN LOI T .............................................................................................. 5 Chng I. Phn loi t v lch s pht trin ca cc h thng phn loi t.................. 5 1. Khi nim, mc ch v yu cu ca phn loi t......................................................... 5 1.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Mc ch ca phn loi t. ................................................................................... 5 1.3. Yu cu ca phn loi t ...................................................................................... 5 2. Tm tt v lch s pht trin ca phn loi t trn th gii v Vit Nam.................... 5 2.1. Lch s pht trin ca phn loi t th gii. ......................................................... 5 a. Giai on trc V.V. Docuchaev ............................................................................ 6 b. Giai on t V.V. Docuchaev n gia th k XX.................................................. 6 c. Giai on t gia th k XX n hin nay .............................................................. 7 2.2. Phn loi t Vit Nam .......................................................................................... 7 Chng II. Phn loi t theo pht sinh........................................................................... 10 1. C s khoa hc ca phng php ................................................................................ 10 2. Ni dung ca phng php.......................................................................................... 10 2.1. Nghin cu cc yu t hnh thnh t................................................................... 10 2.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh t...................................................................................... 12 2.3. Phu din t v phn loi t............................................................................. 16 2.4. Bng phn loi t Vit Nam theo pht sinh......................................................... 17 Chng III. Phn loi t theo Soil Taxonomy................................................................ 19 1. C s ca phng php ............................................................................................... 19 2. Ni dung ca phng php.......................................................................................... 20 2.1. Nghin cu s hnh thnh v tnh cht t ........................................................... 20 2.2 Tng chn on .................................................................................................... 20 2.3. H thng phn v ca Soil Taxonomy ................................................................... 22 Chng IV. Phn loi t theo FAO - UNESCO ............................................................. 27 1. C s khoa hc ca phng php ................................................................................ 27 2. Ni dung ca phng php.......................................................................................... 27 2.1. Nghin cu cc yu t hnh thnh t................................................................... 27 2.2. Nghin cu phu din t .................................................................................... 28 2.3 Phn tch tnh cht t .......................................................................................... 30 2.4. nh lng tng chn on, c tnh chn on v vt liu chn on ................ 31 2.5. H thng phn v .................................................................................................. 31 2.6. C s tham chiu phn loi t quc t (IRB) v ti nguyn t th gii (WRB) .. 40 PHN B. XY DNG BN T.............................................................................. 47 Chng V. Nhng kin thc chung v bn ................................................................. 47 1. nh ngha, tnh cht v phn loi bn .................................................................... 47 1.1. nh ngha ........................................................................................................... 47 1.2 Tnh cht ca bn ............................................................................................. 47 1.3. Phn loi bn .................................................................................................. 47 2. Cc php chiu bn thng dng Vit Nam ........................................................... 48 2.1. Khi nim v php chiu bn ........................................................................... 48
108
2.2. Mt s php chiu bn v ang s dng Vit Nam................................... 49 2.3. H ta bn .................................................................................................. 50 2.4. Phn mnh v nh s hiu bn ...................................................................... 50 3. Bn a hnh ........................................................................................................... 52 3.1 Khi nim ............................................................................................................. 52 3.2 C s ton hc ca bn a hnh ...................................................................... 52 3.3. Ni dung ca bn a hnh .............................................................................. 52 3.4. Phng php biu th a vt v dng t trn bn a hnh............................ 53 3.5. Xc nh gc ng v dc trn bn a hnh ............................................... 53 3.6. Hng ca bn ................................................................................................ 54 3.7. Vai tr ca bn a hnh.................................................................................. 54 4. Nhng k thut p dng trong xy dng bn ........................................................... 54 4.1. ng dng cng ngh nh v tinh v nh hng khng trong xy dng bn ........ 54 4.2. ng dng GIS trong xy dng bn .................................................................. 60 Chng VI. Bn t v nhng ng dng ca chng................................................... 67 1. Bn t v cc t l bn t................................................................................ 67 1.1. iu tra khi qut ................................................................................................ 67 1.2. iu tra thm d .................................................................................................. 67 1.3. iu tra bn chi tit ............................................................................................. 68 1.4. iu tra chi tit.................................................................................................... 68 2. Nhng ng dng ca bn t .................................................................................. 71 2.1. S dng t v quy hoch t ai cho sn xut nng nghip ................................ 71 2.2. M rng din tch t canh tc............................................................................. 71 2.3. Kho st xy dng cc h thng thy li .............................................................. 71 2.4. Phc v cho sn xut lm nghip ......................................................................... 72 2.5. Bn t s dng vo cc mc ch ngoi sn xut nng, lm nghip ............... 72 2.6. Nghin cu khoa hc............................................................................................ 72 2.7. nh gi, phn hng kh nng s dng t ai.................................................... 72 Chng VII. Quy trnh k thut xy dng bn t .................................................... 74 1. Giai on chun b....................................................................................................... 74 1.1. Chun b ti liu .................................................................................................. 75 1.2. Chun b dng c, vt t ...................................................................................... 75 1.3. Chun b k hoch cng tc ................................................................................. 75 2. Giai on iu tra ngoi thc a ................................................................................. 75 2.1. Cc bc iu tra v nhng vn cn xc nh trong iu tra ngoi thc a.... 75 2.2. M t phu din t ............................................................................................. 80 2.3. Nhng lp lun cn thit khi iu tra ................................................................... 90 2.4. Th hin ranh gii cc khoanh t v k hiu tn t, k hiu ph ln bn .... 101 3. Cng tc ni nghip................................................................................................... 101 3.1. Cp nht, sao chp v chnh l thng xuyn ..................................................... 101 3.2. Vit bo co thuyt minh.................................................................................... 104 3.3. Kim tra, cng nhn v giao np lu tr ti liu ................................................ 105 4 Chnh l bn t .................................................................................................... 106 Ti liu tham kho chnh................................................................................................. 107
109

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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

TS. Nguyn Hi (Ch bin)

PHN LOI T & XY DNG BN T

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..1

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..2

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..4

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..8

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..9

Chng II PHN LOI T THEO PHT SINH

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..11

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..14

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..15

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..18

Chng III PHN LOI T THEO SOIL TAXONOMY

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..25

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..26

Chng IV PHN LOI T THEO FAO - UNESCO

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..27

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..30

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..32

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..33

GY GYh GYk GYl GYp

GYPSISOLS Haplic Gypsisols Calcic Gypsisols Luvic Gypsisols Petric Gypsisols

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..35

LVg Gleyic Luvisols

GRh Haplic Greyzemz GRg Gleyic Greyzemz

PZh PZb PZf PZc PZg Pzi

NTh Haplic Nitisols NTr Rhodic Nitisols NTu Humic Nitisols

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..37

Mollhumi Umbrihumi Hydragri Hydri

Hyperskeleti Irragi Lamelli Lepti Endolepti Epilepti Lithi Paralithi Lixi

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..38

Epipetri Petrocalci Petroplinthi Petrosali Plani Plinthi Epiplinthi Hyperplinthi Orthiplinthi

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..39

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..42

36 XK 37 XK 38 XKh XIII V 39 V 40 Vu XIV L 41 Lc 42 La 43 XV O 44 45 XVI X 46 47 48 49 50 XVII B 51 52 XVIII F 53 54 Lu

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..44

K hiu FRp FRu AL ALh ALg ALu LP LPq AT AT

4. C s t tn nhm t chnh ? Cho v d minh ha? 5. C s t tn n v t? n v t ph? Cho v d minh ha?

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..46

PHN B XY DNG BN T Chng V NHNG KIN THC CHUNG V BN

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..47

R: bn knh trc ln (m) r: bn knh trc nh (m)

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..48

1/334,0 1/299,2 1/293,5 1/299,6 1/297,0 1/298,3

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..50

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..51

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..52

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..53

h 1 o = = 0,0414 tra bng s c v = 2 22 d 24

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..60

C S S C TRI THC dliu

Vi X Th n l thm gi nh i thc CC QUY T NH GIS

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..61

PHN TCH KHNG GIAN

PHN TCH CHUYN

3333322111 3333332211 3113333221 3111333222 3111113322 2111113331 2222212333 3322222222

Khu cng nghip

Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Gio trnh Phn loi t v xy dng bn t ..64

1,4 4,3 4,2

Hnh 5.8: Cu trc ton a gic

C s d liu khng gian

C s d liu thuc tnh