CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH LN MEN: Ni n "tin trnh ln men" l phi ni n tp hp cc ch s: Tc pht trin ca sinh khi.

i. Tc hp th c cht ( gim c cht hng ngy). Mc hp th c cht ( mc ln men). Nng cc sn phm chnh v cc sn phm ph c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men. Cc ch s trn y trong qu trnh ln men chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t. Quan trng nht l cc yu t sau: 2.6.1. Cht lng ca nm men sn xut: thu nhn c cc loi bia c cht lng cao th yu t u tin cn c tha mn l cht lng ca men ging. Khi nh gi cht lng ca chng nm men sn xut, cn xem xt cc ch s sau y: Tc v mc ln men. Hm lng v sn phm ph to thnh. Tc v kh nng kt lng. Mc suy gim cc c tnh k thut (tc l mc thoi ha). Kh nng chng chu khi b tn cng. Mt chng nm men ph hp v c cht lng tt, c th ti s dng n i th 7 th 8 (sau mi ln ln men l 1 i). 2.6.2 Lng nm men gieo cy ban u: Lng nm men gieo cy ban u lin quan mt thit n tin trnh ln men qua cc ch s sau: Thi gian thit lp c th cn bng ng gia cc qun th nm men vi mi trng ln men (c cht ). Lng t bo ny chi, t y dn n lng cht ha tan (cht dinh dng) b tiu ph cho xy dng t bo mi v cng trao i cht trong t bo non. Thi gian ln men. Hm lng cc sn phm ph to thnh v t s tng quan gia chng. Thi gian t c trng thi cn bng ng ph thuc vo lng nm men gieo cy ban u. Nu mt gieo cy cng nhiu th thi gian cng ngn v ngc li. Nu lng nm men gieo cy qu t, kh nng ny chi ca chng khng th t c mc ti a cn thit. Trong trng hp nh vy, qu trnh ln men b "", ngha l mc ln men

thp, thi gian ln men ko di. Mt ti a ca lng nm men gieo cy ban u nu vt qua ngng 70.10 t bo/cm th hiu qu mang li khng c r nt (ngha l khng nn gieo qu mt ). 2.6.3. Nng cht ha tan ca dch ng houblon ha : Nng cht ha tan trong dch ng houblon ha c nh hng rt ln n s pht trin ca nm men v tc ln men. T thc t sn xut, chng minh c rng. Dch ng houblon ha c nng cht ha tan 11 -12% ln men tt hn cc loi dch ng c nng cao hn hoc thp hn. Cng sinh sn v pht trin ca t bo nm men khi ln men dch ng houblon ha vi nng trung bnh t l tuyn tnh vi hm lng cht ha tan v hm lng nit cha trong . Nu hm lng cht ha tan trong dch ng houblon ha tng ln trn 14,5% th s sinh sn ca nm men cng khng v th m tng ln, n dng 1 tr s xc nh. Trong 1 khong xc nh no , khi m c ca dch ng gim xung th cng sinh sn v pht trin ca nm men khng nhng gim m ngc la s tng ln. 2.6.4 Nhit ca dch ln men: Nhit ca dch ln men v mi trng xung quanh c nh hng kh mnh n qu trnh ln men. nhit cao s thu nhn c cc kt qu: Thi gian ln men nhanh. Mt ti a t c cao hn so vi nhit thp. Ln men trit hn nhng hm lng cc sn phm ph (c bit l diaxetyl) to ra nhiu hn. Lng sinh khi to ra nhiu hn nhng lng t bo cht li nhiu hn v tc suy gim cc c tnh cng ngh cng nhanh hn. Kt qu cui cng nhn c l t s gia cc cu t trong bia khng cn i, cht lng bia gim. Mi loi nm men u c nhit thch hp cho s pht trin v ln men. Vt qua gii hn , xt v gc cht lng sn phm, s nhn c cc kt qu m tnh. 2.6.5 p sut b mt: p sut b mt ca dch ln men nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh cng ngh. N xc inh mc bo ha CO2 trong bia, m hp cht ny li l nhn t c ch qu trnh ln men, c bit l giai on u v giai on logarit. nhit thng, qu trnh ln men s b nh ch nu p sut trong thit b ln men tng ln n 3-4 kg/cm . Chnh v l m trong thc t sn xut t khi ngi ta cho p sut tng qu 1kg/cm .
2 2 3 6

p sut ln men cn nh hng n lng sinh khi to thnh. Trong 1 gii hn xc nh, nu p sut ln men cng cao th lng sinh khi to thnh cng t, tt nhin tng quan khng phi l t l thun. p sut ln men cng nh hng n trng thi sinh l ca nm men. Nu nm men chu p lc cao trong giai on ln men th mc suy gim cc c tnh cng ngh ca n cng nhanh hn, s th h nm men c ti s dng cng t hn. Khi qu trnh ln men bc sang thi k gn kt thc th vic tng p sut s khng gy nh hng n s hot ng ca nm men v tin trnh ln men. Ngc li n hn ch c qu trnh oxi ha, v lm tng bn ca bia. Trn c s kt lun ny, cc h thng thit b ln men theo phng php gia tc, trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, ngi ta khng ch p sut 0,2-0,5kg/cm , cn sang giai on sau, p sut c th duy tr mc cao hn l 1,2-1,3kg/cm2. 2.6.6 Hm lng oxi v th oxi ha - kh: Hm lng oxi ha tan trong dch ng nh hng trc tip n tc sinh sn ca nm men v lng sinh cng 1 iu kin, dch ng c sc kh, mt ti a ca nm men t ti 74.106 t khi to thnh. Trong bo/cm3, trong khi th dch ng khng sc kh, mt ti a ch t 45.106 t bo/cm3. S gia tng mt t bo cc i l du hiu cho ta bit rng, trong lng t bo ny chi nhiu hn, hot ng sng nui t bo non din ra mnh hn v do cc sn phm ph to ra cng nhiu hn. Hm lng oxi ha tan trong dch ng cng l yu t tc ng mnh n tc suy gim c tnh cng ngh ca nm men. Nu trong dch ln men c lng oxi qu t th tc sinh sn b hn ch, tc ln men b chm li, hng v v ca bia khng t c mc cn c. Lng oxi ha tan trong dch ng houblon ha ch nn khng ch nng 6,7-7 mg/l. Trong qu trnh ln men, th oxi ha - kh b thay i. Trong dch ng houblon ha GH dao ng trong khong 20-24. Sang giai on ln men, n gim xung 10-11. GH thp hn15, kh nng sinh sn ca nm men b hn ch rt mnh. 2.6.7 Cng khuy o dch ln men: Cng xo trn dch ln men l 1 trong nhng yu t mnh nht thc y nhanh qu trnh ln men. Kha cnh u im ca n l rt ngn c thi gian ln men nhng mt tri ca n l bia cha qu nhiu cc sn phm ph, c bit l ru bc cao v diaxetyl. Hng v ca sn phm sai lch nhiu so vi bia tiu chun. u im ca yu t ny s
2

c pht huy nu ta chn c 1 phng n v ch khuy o dch ln men thch hp. ng thi khuyt im ca n s c b tr bng nhng u im ca cc yu t khc. 2.6.8 Nng ca sn phm ln men: Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men l ru C2H5OH v kh CO2. Khi nhng hp cht ny c tch t n nng nht nh trong dch ln men th cc hot ng sng ca t bo nm men bt u b c ch. nng ru thp, di 2%, cc hot ng ca nm men vn xy ra bnh thng, nhng khi vt qu 2% th kh nng ny chi ca nm men bt u gim. Khi nng ru etylic tng ln n 5% th kh nng ny chi ca nm men hon ton b chm dt, tuy rng qu trnh ln men vn tip din. Nu nng cn ln dn 12%, qu trnh ln men b nh ch hon ton. Kh nng chu ng cn ca cc chng nm men khc nhau l khc nhau. N ph thuc vo kh nng thch ng v trng thi sinh l ca nm men.