Cu 1. C ch tng hp mARN v ngha tng hp ARN?

? - Din ra trong nhn t bo, ti cc on NST vo k trung gian, lc NST ang dng tho xon cc i.a s cc ARN u c tng hp trn khun ADN, tr ARN l b gen ca mt s virut. - Di tc dng ca enzim ARN plimeraza, cc lin kt hir trn mt on phn t ADN ng vi 1 hay mt s gen ln lt b ct t, qu trnh lp rp cc ribnucltit t do ca mi trng ni bo vi cc nucltit trn mch m gc ca gen (mch 3 5) theo NTBS A-U, G-X xy ra. Kt qu to ra cc mARN c chiu 5 3. Sau 2 mch gen li lin kt vi nhau theo NTBS. S tng hp tARN v rARN cng theo c ch trn. - sinh vt trc nhn, s phin m cng mt lc nhiu phn t mARN, cc mARN c s dng ny tr thnh bn phin m chnh thc. Cn sinh vt nhn chun, s phin m tng mARN ring bit, cc mARN ny sau phi c ch bin li bng cch loi b cc on v ngha, gi li cc on c ngha to ra mARN trng thnh. S tng hp ARN m bo cho gen cu trc thc hin chnh xc qu trnh dch m t bo cht. Cung cp cc prtin cn thit cho t bo.

Cu 2. Vai tr ca cc ARN polimeraza ? - ARN - polimeraza l enzym c vai tr phin m, ngha l xc tc s tng hp cc ARN (mARN, tARN v rARN) trn khun ca mt mch ADN. S tng hp ARN din ra theo chiu 3- 5 v c xc nh bi promoter. Bacteria ngi ta ch tm thy mt dng ARN -polimeraza vi trng lng phn t 500.000D cha nhiu mch polypeptit (v dE.coli c n 5 mch). - Eucaryota c n 3 dng ARN - polimeraza, mi dng c vai tr ring, l cc dng ARN - polimeraza I, II v III. + ARN - polimeraza I c vai tr tng hp cc rARN (tr rARN 5S). + ARN - polimeraza II c vai tr phin m cc mARN. + ARN - polimeraza III c vai tr tng hp cc tARN v rARN 5S. - Trong t bo ng vt c v, ngi ta tnh c khong 40.000 phn t ARN - polimeraza I, 40.000 phn t ARN - polimeraza II v khong 20.000 phn t ARN polimeraza III. Cu 3. Chc nng ca cc loi ARN?

- mARN: bn phin thng tin di truyn t gen cu trc trc tip tham gia tng hp prtin da trn cu trc v trnh t cc b ba trn mARN. - tARN: vn chuyn lp rp chnh xc cc axit amin vo chui plipeptit da trn nguyn tc i m di truyn gia b ba i m trn tARN vi b ba m phin trn mARN. - rARN: lin kt vi cc phn t prtin to nn cc ribxm tip xc vi mARN v chuyn dch tng bc trn mARN, mi bc l mt b ba nh m lp rp chnh xc cc axit amin vo chui polipeptit theo ng thng tin di truyn c qui nh t gen cu trc. Cu 4: Mt phn t mARN di 2040 c tch ra t vi khun E. coli c t l cc loi nucltit A, G, U v X ln lt l 20%, 15%, 40% v 25%. Ngi ta s dng phn t mARN ny lm khun tng hp nhn to mt on ADN c chiu di bng chiu di phn t mARN. Tnh theo l thuyt, s lng nucltit mi loi cn phi cung cp cho qu trnh tng hp mt on ADN trn? Hng dn gii:

S nu ca mARN: 2040 : 3.4 = 600 mA = 120; mG = 90; mU = 240, mX = 150 vy s dng phn t ARN ny tng hp ADN th mch ADN c tng hp trc l: T1 = 120, X1 = 90, A1 = 240, G1 = 150 vy mch ADN b sung vi mch c tng hp c cc loi nu: A2 = 120, G2 = 90, T2 = 240, X2 = 150 Vy s nu mi loi ca ADN c tng hp t ARN trn l: A = T = 360 G = X = 240 G = X = 240, A = T = 360. Cu 5: Mt gen c cha 2050 lin kt hydro. ARN do gen tng hp c c G A = 125 ribonucleotit , X U = 175 ribonucleotit. Bit rng cc nucleotit loi T u tp trung trn mch gc. Tnh s ribonucleotit trn gen ny Hng dn gii: Theo bi ra ta c: 2A + 3G = 2050 ARN do gen tng hp c c:

G A = 125 ribonucleotit, X U = 175 ribonucleotit. Nh vy, ta c ( rG +rU) = 300. Theo nguyn tc b sung ta suy ra c hiu ca cc loi nucleotit trn gen l: G A = 300 (2): T (1) v (2) ta c s lng tng loi nucleotit trn gen l: G = X = 525; A = T = 225 Bit rng cc nucleotit loi T u tp trung trn mch gc. Nn theo nguyn tc b sung th ribonucleotit loi A = 225. T kt hp vi gi thit bi ra ta c s ribonucleotit tng loi l: rG = 225 + 125 = 350 (rNu) rU = A rA = 225 225 = 0(rNu) rX = 175(rNu) Cu 6. Mt gen c 120 chu k xon. Hiu s % ca nucleotit loi A vi nucleotit khng b sung vi b bng 20%. Trn phn t ARNm tng hp t gen c X m = 120 ribonucleotit, A
m

= 240 ribonucleotit. Xc nh t l % tng loi nucleotit

trn mi mch n gen. Hng dn gii: S ribonucleotit ca phn t mARN l:

rN =

= 1200 (rNu)

Theo d kin bi ra ta tnh c t l % tng loi nucleotit ca gen l: A = T = 35% v G = X= 15% T l % tng loi ribonucleotit ca phn t mARN l: %rA = (240 : 1200) . 100 = 20% % rX = (120 : 1200) . 100 = 10% T nguyn tc b sung ta suy ra c: % rU = 2 . %rA - %rA = 2. 35 20 = 50% % rG = 2 . %rG - %rX = 2. 15 10 = 20% Theo nguyn tc b sung ta c t l tng loi nucleotit trn mi mch n gen l: GG = XBS = 10% XG = GBS = 20% TG = ABS = 20%; AG = TBS = 50%; Cu 7: Mt gen cha 3900 lin kt H. Hiu ca G vi loi ko b sung l 10%. Trn ARN c U=15% v G=32 gen sao m 3

ln. ARN mi ARN c 8 ribxm trt qua. Khong cch gia 2 Ribxm k tip l 81,6 A^o, vn tc gii m l 10 aa/s a, Tm A, T, G, X ca gen? b, Tm A, U, G, Xmi trng cung cp cho 3 ln sao m c, Tm s ribxm tham gia tng hp prtin v s aa mi trng cung cp Hng dn gii bi tp a.Ta c: 3G + 2A = 3900 G - A = 1/5(A + G) Gii h pt ta c : G=X= 2340 ; A=T= 1560 b. Ta c rU = 15% = 585 rNu ; rG= 32 rNu rA = 1560- 585 = 975 rNu v rX = 2340 - 32 = 2308 rNu Gen sao m 3 ln nn : A = 975 . 3 = 2925 U = 585 .3 =1755 G = 32 . 3 =96 X = 2308 .3 =6924 c. S b ba m ha: 3900/3=1300 b - Tng s riboxom tham gia gii m: 8.3=24

- Mt riboxom gii m cn mi trng cung cp:1300 - 1 = 1299 a.a vy 24 riboxom cn : 24 . 1299=31176 a.a