Chapter 18

Miner who found a rich and deep deposit of gold and silver in Nevada in 1859

Unsafe equipment, poor conditions inside the mine, dusty air, cave-ins, fire

Needed jobs; thought they could get rich by mining; to escape poor conditions in their old countries

Ranching, mining & farming

A community created by the mining industry to support the workers

Washing, cooking, making clothes, chopping wood, raising families, teaching, and newspaper writing

The whole economy centered around the mine, so when the mine left, the economy faltered.

Injury or death from unsafe machinery, explosions, fires, cave-ins, lung disease from poor air quality

Public land, once occupied by Plains Indians and buffalo herds, used by ranchers for their cattle

Could withstand harsh weather, needed little water

Expanded economy and population created demand for beef, the longhorns suitability to a harsh environment, railroad, and removal of Plains Indians, buffalo

A system of messengers on horseback that carried mail between relay stations on a 2,000-mile route

To encourage westward expansion of economy and population

Crossing mountain ranges, snowstorms, harsh weather, and getting food and supplies to workers in remote regions

Sacramento

Wood, metals, meat and grain

About 164,000

Food, shelter, clothing, utensils and tools

Settlers were farming and ranching Miners were looking for gold Native Americans were hunting

Southwest, Great Plains

Area of federal land set aside for Native Americans

To avoid land disputes

Needed access to hunt buffalo, culture depended on buffalo hunting to survive

U.S. George Armstrong Custer Sioux Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull

To access gold discovered in the black hills.

Lost their two most important leaders, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

300-mile march in which the US army led Navajo captives across desert to New Mexico reservation

Because the US troops raided their homes and animals, the Navajo ran out of food and shelter

A religious movement that predicted the return of the buffalo herds and the disappearance of white settlers.

HA: Land grants to small farmers MA: land for states to sell to build colleges

Extreme weather, tough sod

Not enough water on Plains

Community founder who supported a variety of moral and social causes

Helped one another in times of need, formed churches and schools.

Overproduction led to falling crop prices

A social and educational organization for farmers

As supply of wheat increased, prices decreased

Political organizations formed by farmers to elect candidates that would help them

Government ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone systems; free silver coinage; eight-hour work day; limits on immigration

Creek and Seminole Indians

It was one of the last remaining places in the US open for settlement