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MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC

HA I CNG
I. TNH H
!. Dung dch "#$% &'( HA: H ) * +,-. K" / ,-.C"0 hoc H ) *,-.+ C"0 +!0
(Ca > 0,01M ; : in li ca axit
1. Dung dch ! (h"n h#$ g%! "#$% &'( HA 23 4(5$ N"A0: H ) *+,-. K" / ,-.
a
!
C
C
0 +10
6. Dung dch 7"8 &'( &'H: H ) !9 / +,-. K7 / ,-.C70 +60
II. TNH HI: S:;T <HN NG T=NG H>< NH6 :
H? ) 1 * 1
(
)
M
M
+90 ((: hh *an +u; ): hh ,au
6
@
NH %A-B. C
C
M
?D ) + E !0.!FF
M
+G0
- K: t. l !ol /0 12 H0 l2 !H6
HA D C
I. BI TON DI CO1
!. 34nh l5#ng 67t ta 6hi h8$ th9 h7t l5#ng CO1 12o dung dch C"+OH01 hoc B"+OH01
:i;u 6in:


1
CO
B B
C<ng th=c:

E
1
CO
OH
B ) B E B
+J0
1. 34nh l5#ng 67t ta 6hi h8$ th9 h7t l5#ng CO1 12o dung dch ch=a h"n h#$ g%! N"OH 12 C"+OH01 hoc B"+OH01
:i;u 6in:

1E
1
6
CO
CO
B B
C<ng th=c:
1E E
1
6
CO
CO OH
B ) B E B
+K0
(C+n ,o ,>nh
1E
6
CO
B
1?i BC" 12 BB" @ t4nh l5#ng 67t ta
6. 34nh th@ t4ch CO1 c+n h8$ th9 h7t 12o dung dch C"+OH01 hoc B"+OH01 @ thu 5#c l5#ng 67t ta thAo BCu c+u
(Dng ny c 2 kt qu C<ng th=c:
1
CO
B ) B
+L0 hoc 1 E
OH
CO
B ) B E B
+M0
II. BI TON DI NHM * KNM
!. 34nh l5#ng N"OH c+n cho 12o dung dch A,
6/
@ thu 5#c l5#ng 67t ta thAo BCu c+u (Dng ny c 2 kt qu
C<ng th=c:
OH
B ) 6B
+!F0 hoc
D+
E
OH
A,
B ) 9B E B
+!!0
1. 34nh l5#ng N"OH c+n cho 12o h"n h#$ dung dch A,
6/
23 H
/
@ thu 5#c l5#ng 67t ta thAo BCu c+u (Dng ny c 2 kt qu

E /
4$B
OH H
B ) 6B /B
+!10
D+

E /
4"#
OH H A,
B ) 9B / B E B
+!60
6. 34nh l5#ng HC, c+n cho 12o dung dch N"OA,+OH09P (hoc N"A,O1 @ thu 5#c l5#ng 67t ta thAo BCu c+u
+Dng ny c 2 kt qu0 C<ng th=c: +
H
B ) B
+!90 hoc
0

/
H
A,O
B ) 9B E 6B
+!G0
9. 34nh l5#ng HC, c+n cho 12o h"n h#$ dung dch N"OH 23 N"OA,+OH09P (hoc N"A,O1 thu 5#c l5#ng 67t ta thAo BCu c+u
+Dng ny c 2 kt qu0 C<ng th=c: +

+
E
H OH
B ) B B
+!J0 hoc
0

+
/
H
A,O OH
B ) 9B E 6B B
+!K0
G. 34nh l5#ng N"OH c+n cho 12o dung dch QB
1/
@ thu 5#c l5#ng 67t ta thAo BCu c+u (Dng ny c 2 kt qu:

E
OH
B ) 1B
+!L0 hoc

E
1/
OH
QB
B ) 9B E 1B
+!M0
III. BI TON DI HNO6
!. K$4 ,-R$ t>c d9ng 1?i HNO6 d5
". 34nh l5#ng S$4 ,-R$ t>c d9ng 1?i HNO6 d5:
E E
KT KT US US
B $ B $
+1F0
- $KT)VW" %AX 6i! loFi tGong !uHi nitGat - $U SVYH ,H A !2 /
IJ
nhKn 12o (Ld: iNO=5-2=3)
- /7u cM Z[ \] t>c d9ng 1?i HNO6 thN ,O tFo !uHi Z[
1/
, 6h<ng tFo !uHi Z[
6/
7. 34nh 6hHi l5#ng 4(5$ B$%A"% thu 5#c 6hi cho V^B V_ S$4 ,-R$ t>c d9ng 1?i HNO6 d5 +S`B Va4 SVbB. cW NH9NO60
C<ng th=c: 4M(5$ ) 4K$4 ,-R$ / J1BU SVY . $U SVY ) 4K$4 ,-R$ / J1( )
1 1 1
NO NO N O N
6B /B /LB /!FB
+1!0
-
-
D
/'
M P Q0
c. 34nh l5#ng 4(5$ B$%A"% thu 5#c 6hi cho h"n h#$ Ud% 23 -#$% Ud% t>c d9ng 1?i HNOD d5 (Sn phm khng c NHNO3)
4M(5$ ) ( )
VV US US
191
4 /L B .$
LF
)
0 0 0
1 + +
]
VV NO NO N O N
191
4 /L+6B /B LB !FB
LF
+110
\. 34nh U5 4-, HNO6 tha! gia:

3 2 2 2 4 3
HNO NO NO N N O NH NO
= n .(i +s N ) =
spk sp kh trongsp kh
n 4n +2n +12n +10n +10n
+160
1. 34nh 6hHi l5#ng S$4 ,-R$ *an +u tGong *2i to>n -#V 1 ,eB
R I '0 h"n h#$ A (R d5 12 oxit ca R
+

3
HNO
R(/'Dn I ST UhV I H0'
!RP ( )
E
VV US US
M
4 /L. B $
LF
R
P 1 + +
] 1 1 9 6 1
VV NO NO N O NH NO N
M
4 /L+B 6B LB /LB /!FB
LF
R
+190
ID. BI TON DI H1SO9
!. K$4 ,-R$ t>c d9ng 1?i H1SO9 fgch BWB. \]
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 1
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
". 34nh 6hHi l5#ng !uHi ,unWat 4M(5$ )
MJ
4 / B .$
KT US US
1
)
4 / MJ+6.B /B /9B 0
KT S SO H S
1 1
+1G0
". 34nh l5#ng S$4 ,-R$ t>c d9ng 1?i H1SO9 fgch BWB. d5:
E E
KT KT US US
B $ B $
+1J0
7. 34nh ,H !ol axit tha! gia $hXn =ng:
0

2 4 2 2
H SO S SO H S
i
sp kh
= n .( +s S ) =
spk trong sp kh
n 4n +2n +5n +1K0
1. H"n h#$ Ud% 23 -#$% Ud% t>c d9ng 1?i H1SO9 fgch BWB. \]
4M(5$ )
Y00
1Q0
_

,
1
1
H S
4 / L.JB /L.1B /L.LB
VV S SO
+1L0
6. 34nh 6hHi l5#ng S$4 ,-R$ *an +u tGong *2i to>n -#V 1 ,eB
R I '0 h"n h#$ A (R d5 12 oxit ca R
0 Y
+

dac
H SO
R(S'Yn I ST UhV I H0'
4i) ( )
E
VV US US
M
4 /L. B $
LF
R
) Q 10 1 + +
] 1 1
VV SO S H S
M
4 /L+1B B B
LF
R
+1M0
- :@ Zn giXn: n7u l2 [A: 4
Z[
) FhK4
VV
/ GhJB
[ %A"- fj$
; n7u l2 Cu: 4
C(
) FhL.4
VV
/ Jh9.B
[ %A"- fj$
+6F0
D. KIM TOI +i0 TC DkNG DlI HC,h H1SO9 TO M:I D GII <HNG H1
: t\ng (giX! 6hHi l5#ng dung dch $hXn =ng ( ! ,O l2:
1
KT H
m4) 4 E 4
+6!0
Ui! loFi R (HMa tG x t>c d9ng 1?i axit th5]ng: Bi.#)1BH1 +610
!. K$4 ,-R$ / HC, M(5$ c,-A(" / H1
2
cloru !"p# H $uo%i
$ = $ +&1.n
+660
1. K$4 ,-R$ / H1SO9 ,-nB. M(5$ U(Bo"% / H1
2
sun't !"p# H $uo%i
$ = $ +().n
+690
DI. M:I TC DkNG DlI A@ITH +CM th@ ch=ng !inh c>c C3 *^ng $h5Zng $h>$ t\ng giX! 6hHi l5#ng
!. M(5$ c"c7-B"% / \\HC, M(5$ c,-A(" / CO1 / H1O
2
*O $uo%i cloru $uo%i cc+ont
$ = $ +(&1, )0).n
+6G0
1. M(5$ c"c7-B"% / H1SO9 ,-nB. M(5$ U(Bo"% / CO1 / H1O
2
*O $uo%i sun't $uo%i cc+ont
$ = $ +((), )0)n
+6J0
6. M(5$ U(Bo$% / \\HC, M(5$ c,-A(" / SO1 / H1O
2
SO $uo%i cloru $uo%i sun'it
$ = $ , (-0, &1)n
+6K0
9. M(5$ U(Bo$% / \\H1SO9 ,-nB. M(5$ U(Bo"% / SO1 / H1O
2
SO $uo%i sun't $uo%i sun'it
$ = $ +((), -0)n
+6L0
DII. O@IT TC DkNG DlI A@IT TO M:I / H1OH
cM th@ xA! $hXn =ng l2: _'`I 0_H` H0'


1
Op -#$% Op H O H
!
B ) B ) B
1
+6M0
!. O#$% / \\H1SO9 ,-nB. M(5$ U(Bo"% / H1O
2 4
o.it H SO $uo%i sun't
$ = $ +-0n
+9F0
1. O#$% / \\HC, M(5$ c,-A(" / H1O
2
o.it H O o.it H*l $uo%i cloru
$ = $ +55n = $ +2&/ 5n
+9!0
DIII. CC <HN NG NHIT T:CN
!. 'xit t>c d9ng 1?i ch8t 6hV
TH !. O#$% / CO H Rx'B I BC'

xR I BC'0 (1 R l2 nhang 6i! loFi ,au AlE


ThXn =ng (1 cM th@ 1i7t gbn nh5 ,au: _'`oxit I C'

C'0
TH 1. O#$% / H1 H Rx'B I BH0

xR I BH0' (0 R l2 nhang 6i! loFi ,au AlE


ThXn =ng (0 cM th@ 1i7t gbn nh5 ,au: _'`oxit I H0

H0'
TH 6. O#$% / A, ($hXn =ng nhit nh<! : DRx'B I 0BAl

DxR I BAl0'D (D
ThXn =ng (D cM th@ 1i7t gbn nh5 ,au: D_'`oxit I 0Al

Al0'D
C` 6 %A]qB. V_ cW CT cV(B.:
B ) B ) B ) B )B
OOPp-#$% CO H CO H O
1 1 1
4 ) 4 E 4
i -#$% OOPp-#$%
+910
1. 3h@ t4ch SVr thu 5#c 6hi cho h"n h#$ ,Xn $hc! ,au $hXn =ng BV$s% BVb4 +A, / Z[#O&0 t>c d9ng 1?i H/'D:
( )
# &
US
SVr A, Z[ O
$
B ) O6B / 6# E 1& B P
6
+960
6. 34nh l5#ng A. ,inh Ga 6hi cho "+4-,0 Z[ 12o 7+4-,0 A.NO6; ta ,o ,>nh:
6"t7 BA. )7 6"u7 BA. )6" +990
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 2
MT S CNG THC KINH NGHIM DNG GII NHANH BI TON HO HC
HA Hv: C
!. 34nh ,H liCn 67t ca C#H&O8N%C,4H

$ $
1 / B .+# E 10 1 / 1# / % E & E 4
S ) )
1 1
(n: ,H nguBCn tV; x: hMa tG +9G0
6P0: ch. cM l6 Zn 6P1: 1 l6 <i P 1 1dng 6P0: 1 l6 *aP0 l6 <i P 0 1dng
1. Dea 12o $hXn =ng ch>B:
SH C P
1
CO
A
B
B
S5 H)
1
H O
A
1B
B
1 1
ABS"B+ABc-,0 H O CO
B ) B E B
1 1
ABS$B CO H O
B ) B E B
+9J0
f g5u h: A l2 CxHB hoc CxHB'i !Fch hj, 6hi ch>B cho:
1 1
CO H O A
B E B ) S.B
thN A cM U5 ) +S/!0
6. 34nh ,H %ng $hkn ca:
- Ancol no, Zn ch=c (CBH1B/!OH: 1
BE1
+!uBuJ0 +9K0
- AnAhit Zn ch=c, no (CBH1BO : 1
BE6
+1uBuK0 +9L0
- Axit no Zn ch=c, !Fch hj CBH1BO1 1
B * 6
+1uBuK0 +9M0
- l,tA no, Zn ch=c (CBH1BO1: 1
BE1
+!uBuG0 +GF0
- A!in Zn ch=c, no (CBH1B/6N: 1
BE!
+!uBuG0 +G!0
- ltA Zn ch=c, no (CBH1B/1O: w +BE!0+BE10 +1uBuG0 +G10
- (Aton Zn ch=c, no (CBH1BO: +BE10+BE60 +6uBuK0 +G60
9. SH 3GiA,tA tFo *ji glixAGol 12 n axit *mo w B
1
+B/!0 +G90
G. 34nh ,H B [%$% tHi a tFo *ji # "4$B- "#$% 6h>c nhau #
B
+GG0
J. 34nh U5 [%[ tFo *ji B "Bc-, fxB cVycH w B+B/!0 +GJ0
K. S5 BVW4 [U%[ )
/a'H
A,tA
n
n
+GK0
L. A4$B- "#$% A cW CT<T +NH10#EiE+COOH0&
HC,
A
B
# )
B
N"OH
A
B
& )
B
+GL0
GV Nguyn Trung Kin (st) 3

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