Chng1.

PH HNG NGOI Infrared (IR) spectroscopy

1. C s l thuyt:

Nng lng lng t (ca photon nh sng) c xc nh bi cng thc sau y:

h: hng s Planck, 6.6 x 10-34 (J/s) c: tc ca nh sng trong chn khng, 3 x 1010 (m/s) : bc sng (m) : tn s (s-1 hoc Hz) Thng thng th n v ca bc sng c s dng trong ph hng ngoi l m ( 1 m = 10- 4 cm) v thay cho tn s (Hz), ngi ta s dng n v l s sng:

1. Khi phn t hp cht hu c va chm vi chm sng in t s hp thu mt nng lng tng ng vi bc sng xc nh no ca tia ti v khng hp thu cc chm tia c bc sng khc. 2. Nu ta chiu mu cht hu c mt

sng in t vi cc bc sng
khc nhau v sau xc nh xem bc sng no b hp thu, bc sng no khng th chng ta s c c mt ph hp thu ca mu . 3. Kt qu c biu din bng th ca hm s nng lng sng in t i qua ph thuc vo bc sng.Trc honh biu din bc sng vi ng nm ngang trn n v l m; ng nm ngang di n v l s sng (cm-1), trc tung l h s hp th sng in t c n v l %.

Vng bc x hng ngoi (IR) l mt vng ph bc x in t rng nm gia vng trng thy v vng vi ba; vng ny c th chia thnh 3 vng nh: - Near-IR 400-10 cm-1 (1000- 25 m) - Mid-IR 4000 - 400 cm-1 (25- 2,5m) - Far-IR 14000- 4000 cm-1 (2,5 0,8m) Phng php phn tch ph hng ngoi ni y l vng ph nm

trong vng c s sng 4000 - 400 cm-1.

Vng ny cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin quan trng v cc dao ng ca cc phn t do l cc thng tin v cu trc ca cc

phn t

iu kin hp th bc x hng ngoi: c th hp th bc x hng ngoi, phn t phi p ng cc yu cu sau: - di sng chnh xc ca bc x: mt phn t hp th bc x hng ngoi ch khi no tn s dao ng t nhin ca mt phn phn t (tc l cc nguyn t hay cc nhm nguyn t to thnh phn t ) cng l tn s ca bc x ti. -Mt phn t ch hp th bc x hng ngoi khi no s hp th gy nn s bin thin momen lng cc ca chng.

Lng cc in:
Mt phn t ch hp th bc x hng ngoi khi no s hp th gy nn s bin thin momen lng cc ca chng. Khi phn t lng cc c gi trong mt in trng, trng s tc dng cc lc ln cc in tch trong phn t - Cc in tch ngc nhau s chu cc lc theo chiu ngc nhau, iu dn n s tch bit 2 cc tng hoc gim. V in trng ca bc x hng ngoi lm thay i phn cc ca chng mt cch tun hon, khong cch gia cc nguyn t tch in ca phn t cng thay i mt cch tun hon. Khi cc nguyn t tch in ny dao ng, chng hp th bc x hng ngoi. Nu vn tc dao ng ca cc nguyn t tch in trong phn t ln, s hp th bc x mnh v s c m ph hp th mnh, ngc li nu vn tc dao ng ca cc nguyn t tch in trong phn t nh, m ph hp th hng ngoi yu. Theo iu kin ny th cc phn t c 2 nguyn t ging nhau s khng xut hin ph dao ng. V d O2, N2 v.v khng xut hin ph hp th hng ngoi. cng l mt iu may mn, nu khng ngi ta phi ui ht khng kh ra khi my quang ph k hng ngoi.

Trng thi dao ng ca phn t 2 nguyn t:

Gi s 2 nguyn t A v B tc dng vi nhau to thnh phn t AB. Gi r l khong cch gia hai nhn ca nguyn t A v B, r l khng phi khng i m nhng iu kin xc nh s dao ng t gi tr nh nht rmin n gi tr ln nht rmax. T rmin sang rmax, r c i qua gi tr cn bng r(e), l gi tr c xc sut ln nht ca r. Ngi ta ni phn t AB thc hin chuyn ng dao ng ni ti . Khi ko dn AB hoc nn AB th s c s thay i r cn bng ca AB trng thi bnh thng. S chnh lch r gi l r. Lc s xut hin 1 lc F ko AB v v tr cn bng. F gi l lc hi phc v F t l vi dch chuyn r. F = - k. r (k: hng s lc, dyn/cm) Nu r rt b, chuyn ng dao ng l dao ng iu ho. V mt c hc, c th coi dao ng ca 2 vt th A, B nh 1 khi thu gn c khi lng m dao ng quanh v tr cn bng vi tn s dao ng ring l:

C th minh ho cc kiu dao ng co gin lin kt v dao ng bin dng ca phn t nc theo m hnh di y :

Hai nguyn t v lin kt ni chng vi nhau c coi l mt dao ng k n gin bao gm hai khi lng lin kt vi nhau bng mt l xo. T nh lut Hooke, ta c th nhn c phng trnh sau y :

f: hng s lc lin kt (Ni n f = 5.105 dyn/cm; Ni i f = 10.105 dyn/cm; Ni ba f = 15.105 dyn/cm) mH = 1 / 6.02.1023 mC = 12 / 6.02.1023

1.2. Tng quan gia ph dao ng v cu trc phn t

Cc nhm chc, nhm nguyn t v lin kt trong phn t c cc

m ph hp th hng ngoi c trng khc nhau .

Mc d phng php ph dao ng l mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu nht xc nh cc cht v nh tnh cng nh nh lng, c ng dng rng ri trong nghin cu khoa hc cng nh trong kim tra cng nghip, phng php ny cng c nhng hn ch nht nh: - Bng phng php ph hng ngoi khng cho bit phn t lng (tr trng hp c bit). -Ni chung ph hng ngoi khng cung cp thng tin v cc v tr tng i ca cc nhm chc khc nhau trn mt phn t. - Ch ring ph hng ngoi th i khi cha th bit l cht nguyn cht hay cht hn hp v c trng hp 2 cht c ph hng ngoi ging nhau.

1.3. ng dng :

1. Nhn bit cc cht - Trc khi ghi ph hng ngoi, ni chung ta

c th c nhiu thng tin v hp cht hoc hn hp cn nghin cu, nh: trng thi vt l, dng bn ngoi, tan, im nng chy, im chy. Nu c th th cn bit chc mu l cht nguyn cht hay hn hp. Sau khi ghi ph hng ngi, nu cht nghin cu l hp cht hu c th trc tin nghin cu vng dao ng co gin ca H xc nh xem mu thuc loi hp cht vng thm hay mch thng hoc c hai. Sau nghin cu cc vng tn s nhm xc nh c hay khng c cc nhm chc. Trong nhiu trng hp vic c ph (gii ph) v tm cc tn s

c trng khng nhn bit mt cch ton din v cht nghin

cu, nhng c l l c th suy on c kiu hoc loi hp cht. 2. Xc nh tinh khit. 3. Phn tch nh lng.