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LI CM N
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio PGS.TS Tng Tn Chin hng dn tn
tnh cho em trong sut thi gian lm n. Xin gi li cm n n cc thy c trong
khoa T-VT dy d, cung cp kin thc v gip ng vin em c th hon
thnh c n ny.
Xin cm n nhng ngi thn trong gia nh , cm n nhng ngi bn thn thit
gip ti hon thnh n ng thi hn.












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LI CAM OAN

Ti xin cam oan ni dung ca n ny khng phi l bn sao chp ca bt c
n hay cng trnh c t trc. Nu sai vi nhng g cam oan ti xin hon
ton chu trch nhim.

















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LI M U

Cng ngh OFDM hin nay tm c s ng dng rng ri trong cc tiu chun
vin thng nh h thng truyn hnh s, pht thanh s, hay mng truy nhp Internet
bng thng rng ADSL, Hin nay cng ngh ny ang c ng dng trong h
thng truy nhp Internet khng dy bng rng WIMAX theo cc tiu chun IEEE
802.16 v trong h thng di ng ton cu th h th 4 cng nh nhiu h thng vin
thng khc.
WIMAX l mt cng ngh khng dy bng thng rng mang li tc kt ni
nhiu Megabit v thng lng cao cho php truy cp mt khi lng ln cc d liu
nh phim v cc ni dung a phng tin, ng thi c phm vi ph sng rng gip
mang li kh nng truy cp ti cc d liu trong khong cch xa.
Hin nay nhiu hng sn xut cc thit b in t nh Laptop, in thoi v cc thit
b vn phng khc tch hp cc phn cng cng nh cc phn mm ng dng ca
cng ngh WIMAX vo cc sn phm ca mnh p ng c nhu cu ngy cng
cao v phong ph ca khch hng.
Cc thit b WIMAX ny c kim tra v kh nng tng thch vi nhau s
gip khch hng d dng hn khi chuyn vng t h thng mng ny sang h thng
mng khc vi cc thit b Internet ca mnh, mang li cho ngi s dng mt tri
nghim di ng lun c kt ni .
tip cn v tm hiu v cng ngh WIMAX chng ta hy i vo tm hiu c s
v cc ng dng ca k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM-
Othogonal Frequency Division Multiplex ) trong h thng WIMAX m in hnh l k
thut c lng knh truyn trong h thng OFDM ca WIMAX.
V cn nhiu hn ch v kh nng ln kin thc nn ti ch nghin cu cc
phng php c lng knh trong h thng OFDM ca WiMAX lm nn tng cho
cc vn chuyn su sau ny. Rt mong c s gp ca thy c v bn b trong
khoa in T Vin Thng-i Hc Bch Khoa Nng.









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MC LC

CHNG 1_TNG QUAN V H THNG WIMAX
1.1 Gii thiu h thng WiMAX..6
1.1.1 Cng ngh WiMAX l g ?.................................................................................6
1.1.2 S ra i ca cng ngh WiMAX ..7
1.1.3 Bng tn ca WIMAX.7
1.2 Cc chun ca WIMAX.8
1.2.1 Chun IEEE 802.16.8
1.2.2 Cc phin bn ca chun IEEE 802.16 v s m rng...9
1.3 Cc cng ngh s dng trong WIMAX10
1.3.1 iu ch th t cao hn.10
1.3.2 Cng ngh OFDM....10
1.3.3 Cng ngh OFDMA.12
1.3.4 Cc cng ngh anten s dng trong WIMAX...13
1.3.4.1 H thng anten thng minh13
1.3.4.2 Cng ngh a cng vo ra.14
1.3.5 M ha khng gian-thi gian...14
1.4 ng dng ca cng ngh WIMAX 15
1.4.1 Mng ng trc...15
1.4.2 Kt ni mng khng dy doanh nghip....15
1.4.3 Bng rng theo nhu cu.....15
1.4.4 M rng vng ph sng....16
1.4.5 Roaming dch v...16
1.5 So snh WiMAX vi Wifi v 3G16
1.6 WiMAX 2: 802.16m chun b l trnh pht trin ti 4G.....18

CHNG 2_ K THUT OFDM V OFDMA TRONG WIMAX
2.1 Gii thiu chng.19
2.2 Cng ngh iu ch OFDM.19
2.2.1 C s ca OFDM..19
2.2.1.1 C s trc giao...19
2.2.1.2 Tin t vng CP (Cyclic prefix)24
2.2.1.3 K hiu pilot...25
2.3 K thut OFDMA trong WIMAX....26
2.3.1 Cu trc biu tng OFDMA v knh con ho....26
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2.3.2Cu trc khung TDD .28
2.3.3 Cc c tnh lp vt l cao cp khc.31
2.4 Phn b rayleigh v Rice.33
2.4.1 Phn b Rayleigh..33
2.4.2 Phn b Rice ....34

CHNG 3_C LNG KNH TRONG OFDM
3.1 Gii thiu chng....36
3.1.1 M t h thng......36
3.1.2 Cc k thut c lng knh ....39
3.1.2.1 c lng MMSE (Minimum mean square error estimation)...39
3.1.2.2 c lng LS (Least square error estimation)...41
3.2 Gim kch thc FFT ca c lng MMSE v LS...41
3.2.1 Mc ch ca phng php..41
3.2.2 Gim kch thc FFT vi c lng MMSE...42
3.2.3 Gim FFT vi c lng LS42

CHNG 4_M PHNG C LNG
4.1 Gii thiu chng.44
4.2 M phng SER vi MMSE v LS ...44
4.3 M phng c lng MMSE so vi LS...45
4.4 M phng phng php gim kch thc FFT...46
4.4.1 u im.....46
4.4.2 Nhc im...46
4.5 Kt lun....47

Ph lc.48









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CHNG 1_ TNG QUAN V H THNG WIMAX

Trc tin chng ta s tm hiu mt cch tng quan v h thng Wimax, bit
c tnh nng v li ch ca h thng khi c a vo cuc sng.
1.1 Gii thiu h thng WiMAX
1.1.1 Cng ngh WiMAX l g ?


Hnh 1.1_M t h thng WIMAX

WiMAX l t vit tt ca Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Kh nng tng tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba.
WiMAX l k thut vin thng cung cp vic truyn dn khng dy khong cch
ln bng nhiu cch khc nhau, t kiu kt ni im - im cho ti kiu truy nhp t
bo. Da trn cc tiu chun IEEE 802.16, cn c gi l WirelessMAN. WiMAX
cho php ngi dng c th duyt Internet trn my laptop m khng cn kt ni vt l
bng cng Ethernet ti router hoc switch.
WiMAX l mt cng ngh da trn cc chun, cho php truy cp bng rng v
tuyn n u cui (last mile) nh mt phng thc thay th cho cp v DSL. WiMAX
cho php kt ni bng rng v tuyn c nh, nomadic (ngi s dng c th di chuyn
nhng c nh trong lc kt ni), mang xch c (ngi s dng c th di chuyn vi
tc i b) v cui cng l di ng m khng cn thit trong Tm nhn thng (Line-
of-Sight) trc tip ti mt trm gc. Wimax bng thng ng thi h tr hng
trm doanh nghip vi kt ni tc T-1 v hng ngn h dn vi kt ni tc DSL.
WiMAX c 2 phin bn chnh : WiMAX c nh (Fixed WIMAX)
WiMAX di ng(Mobile WIMAX)
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1.1.2 S ra i ca cng ngh WiMAX
Ngy nay , vi cc cng ngh ang tn ti nh DSL , cp v v tuyn c nh c rt
nhiu hn ch m mt trong s l chi ph lp t cao, tc ng ln cn nng cp
v tnh hng m km. T nhng hn ch ny m chng ta i n gii php truy cp
internet bng rng c nh/di ng, vi u im l c th truy cp bt c ni u, bt
c khi no vi tc cao, th chnh l s ra i ca cng ngh truy cp v tuyn
bng rng WiMAX
V cng ngh ny c t chc IEEE pht trin tp trung gii quyt cc vn
trong mng v tuyn ngoi tri bng rng im-im, im- a im.

1.1.3 Bng tn ca WIMAX
802.16 cho php nhiu lp vt l do n c th hot ng bng tn rng t
2GHz n 66GHz. V sng in t khng th lan truyn trong phm vi rng nh vy ,
nn chun 802.13 chia phm vi tn s ny thnh cc bng tn khc nhau, mi bng tn
dng mt lp vt l ring. C 3 dng bng tn chnh:
*10-66GHz(licensed band): Truyn dn trong bng tn ny yu cu ng truyn
LOS gia BS v SS. V thc t l trong phm vi tn s ny bc sng ngn do phi
m bo cn bng s nh hng ca suy hao do c im a hnh hay do giao thoa.
Tuy nhin u im ca bng tn ny l c th t c tc d liu cao.
*2-11GHz (licensed band): Truyn dn trong bng tn ny khng yu cu ng
truyn LOS, tuy nhin nu khng c ng truyn LOS th cng sut tn hiu c th rt
khc nhau gia BS v SS.
*2-11(unlicensed band): y c tnh ca bng tn 2-11GHz khng cn cp php
gn ging nh bng tn c cp php 2-11GHz. Tuy nhin v chng l bng tn
khng cn cp php nn khng c s m bo rng s khng xy ra s giao thoa bi
cc h thng khc hay ngi dng khc dng cng mt bng tn.

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1.2 Cc chun ca WIMAX
Chun c thit k h tr cho c phng thc song cng theo thi gian (Time
Division Duplex-TDD) v song cng theo tn s (Frequency Division Duplex-FDD).
TDD, ti ng ln v ng xung dng chung mt knh nhng khng truyn
cng mt lc. FDD, ti ng ln v ng xung hot ng trong nhng knh
ring bit.

1.2.1 Chun IEEE 802.16
Chun 802.16 c to ra vi mc ch l to ra nhng giao din (Interface) khng
dy da trn mt giao thc MAC (Media Access Control) chung. Kin trc mng c
bn ca 802.16 bao gm mt trm pht BS (Base Station) v ngi s dng ( SS-
Subcribe Station ).
Trong mt vng ph sng, trm BS s iu khin ton b s truyn d liu
(Traffic). iu c ngha l s khng c s trao i truyn thng gia 2 SS vi nhau.
Ni kt gia BS v SS s gm mt knh Downlink v Uplink. Knh Uplink s chia s
cho nhiu SS trong khi knh Downlink c c im Broadcast. Trong trng hp
khng c vt cn gia BS v SS ( Line of sight ), thng tin s c trao i trn bng
tn cao. Ngc li, thng tin s c trao i bng tn thp chng li nhiu.
Mt c tnh quan trng ca 802.16 l kh nng cung cp dch v (QoS) khc nhau
lp vt l.Mt m nhn dng lu lng dch v s thc hin kim tra QoS. Cc dng
lu lng dch v ny c m t bi thng s QoS nh thi gian tr ti a, hay lng
jiter cho php. Cc lu lng dch v ny c th c to ra bi trm pht sng BS hay
thu bao SS. Chun ny ch hot ng trong mi trng tm nhn thng v cc thit b
CPE ngoi tri.













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1.2.2 Cc phin bn ca chun IEEE 802.16 v s m rng


IEEE 802.16m, cn c gi l WirelessMAN-Advanced hoc WiMax-2, c
pht trin tip sau 802.16e - chun ton cu u tin cho WiMax di ng - chun cho
th h tip theo ca WiMax, c th cung cp tc ti xung ti hn
300Mbit/giy.Chun ny c thit k cung cp tc khong 100Mbit/giy cho
ngi dng cui. N c th s dng mt s k thut vt qua hiu sut ca cng
ngh WiMax hin hnh, bao gm cng ngh MIMO (multiple-in, multiple out) gi
nhiu hn mt lung d liu. N cng c th c s dng vi cc trm thu pht nh
(gi l femtocell) v vi cc mng t t chc, theo IEEE. Chun mi tng thch ngc
vi WiMax hin hnh. 802.16m cng vi LTE-Advanced c Lin minh Vin thng
Quc t (ITU) cng nhn l cng ngh 4G thc s. V 802.16m cng vi LTE-
Advanced c Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) cng nhn l cng ngh 4G thc
s.

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1.3 Cc cng ngh s dng trong WIMAX
1.3.1 iu ch th t cao hn

Ngc vi cng ngh tng t c trc y FM, AM v biu iu ch s ha
hiu sut thp th iu ch PSK, BPSK, v QPSK c s dng rng ri trong cc
mng ngy nay, cng ngh bng rng khng dy yu cu s dng cc biu iu ch
theo th t cao hn vi hiu qu tri ph tt hn.
Tuy nhin biu iu ch theo th t cao hn ny rt d b tc ng bi nhiu v
hin tng a ng dn. C hai yu t ny u ph bin trong cc trin khai mng
khng dy c mt khp ni vi s lng ngi dng ln.



Hnh 1.2_iu ch PSK, BPSK, QPSK, QAM

Cng ngh OFDM, OFDMA ra ilci tin h tr knh cn thit t c hiu
qu tri ph cao hn vi thng lng knh cao hn. Nhng cng ngh mi ny l nn
tng cho WIMAX di ng v cc h thng bng rng di ng th h tip theo khc.

1.3.2 Cng ngh OFDM

Nhu cu v cc dch v bng thng rng tin cy trong iu kin truyn khng dy
b che chn (tm nhn khutNLOS, c bit b nh hng bi hin tng a ng
dn v can thip t cc nh cung cp dch v khng dy khc) a cng ngh khng
dy vo trin khai rng khp s dng cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc
giao OFDM trong cc chun v sn phm .
OFDM l mt cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao, n chia nh
bng tn thnh nhng sng mang con tn s khc bit. Trong mt h thng OFDM,
chui d liu u vo c chia thnh nhng chui con song song c tc thp v
mi chui con ny c iu ch v pht i trn mt sng mang con trc giao ring.
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Cng ngh OFDM chia lung d liu ra thnh nhiu ng truyn bng hp
trong vng tn s s dng cc sng mang con trc giao vi mt sng mang con khc.
Nhng sng mang con ny sau ghp thnh cc knh tn s truyn v tuyn.


Hnh 1.3_Sng mang con trong OFDM.

Cc ng truyn bng hp ny s dng cc k t c khong thi gian di (Long-
Duration-Sysbol) trong min thi gian lm cho cc k t khng b mo do hin
tng a ng dn. Bng cch s dng cc khong thi gian ca k t xp x 100 ms
vi khong bo v khong 10 ms, cng ngh OFDM cho php khc phc c cc tc
ng ca hin tng a ng .

Hnh 1.4
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Khong dn cch gia cc sng mang con c la chn mi sng mang con
trc giao vi cc sng mang con khc. dn cch gia cc sng mang con phi cn
bng vi s o ngc cc khong thi gian ca k t . S lng cc sng mang con
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v mc nhiu. Con s ny tng ng
vi kch thc FFT ( Fast-Fourier-Transformer ).


Hnh 1.5

1.3.3 Cng ngh OFDMA

Truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA ) l cng ngh a sng mang
pht trin t cng ngh OFDM, ng dng nh mt cng ngh a truy cp.
OFDMA: (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access- a truy nhp phn tn
trc giao) l mt cng ngh a sng mang pht trin da trn nn k thut OFDM.
Trong OFDMA, mt s cc sng mang con, khng nht thit phi nm k nhau, c
gp li thnh mt knh con (sub-channel) v cc user khi truy cp vo ti nguyn s
c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con truyn nhn ty theo nhu cu lu lung c
th.

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Hnh 1.6
OFDMA c mt s u im nh kh nng linh hot tng, thng lng v tnh n
nh c ci tin. Bng vic n nh cc knh con cho cc thu bao c th, vic truyn
pht ca cc thu bao c th xy ra ng thi m khng cn s can thip no, do s
gim thiu tc ng nh nh hng a truy cp MAI (Multiplex Access interference).
Ngoi ra, hin tng cc knh con cho php tp trung cng sut pht qua mt s lng
cc sng mang con t hn, iu ny lm tng s ng truyn dn lm tng phm vi
ph sng.

1.3.4 Cc cng ngh anten s dng trong WIMAX
1.3.4.1 H thng anten thng minh
H thng cng ngh anten thng minh c lin quan n loi anten c thit k
tng cng tn hiu nhn c trong mng truy cp khng dy. Mc ch lm
tng CINR (Carrier-to-interference plus noise radio).
S dng cng ngh anten thng minh c th va lm tng cng tn hiu nhn
c v lm gim mc nhiu tng phn ln cng dng ca mt mng giao tip di
ng.
u tin l s dng nhiu anten cung cp phn tp thu receiver diversity .
H thng ny hoc la chn mt anten vi cng tn hiu mnh nht hoc ti u
phi hp cc tn hiu nhn c t tt c cc anten. Chun WIMAX h tr nhiu loi
cng ngh anten thng minh, bao gm a cng vo ra ( MIMO ) v h thng anten
thng minh ci tin (hoc thch nghi) (ASS) trn c hai loi thit b u cui v trm
gc. Trong khi MIMO cp n vic s dng nhiu anten v kt qu qu trnh yu
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cu cc tn hiu b sung, ASS ty thuc hoc vo cng ngh m ha khng gian-thi
gian (Space-time coding) hoc to chum tia beam-forming . Vi beam-forming, tn
hiu vi nng lng pht i, s nh hnh theo dng vt l v truyn pht trc tip n
mt thu bao c th dn n li cao hn, thng lng cao hn v kh nng chng
nhiu tt hn. Do cng ngh OFDMA chuyn mt knh di tn rng thnh nhiu sng
mang con phng v rng knh hp, ASS c th c h tr vi phc tp t hn
nhiu so vi yu cu ca cc h thng bng rng khng dy khc.

1.3.4.2 Cng ngh a cng vo ra
Cng ngh a cng vo ra (MIMO) miu t cc h thng s dng nhiu hn 1
radio v h thng anten ti mt im cui ca cc ng kt ni khng dy.
Cc ci tin gn y trong cng ngh tch hp v trin khai quy m nh cho h
thng v tuyn lm tng tnh kh thi v chi ph hiu qu. Phi hp nhiu tn hiu nhn
c s t c cc li ch tc thi khi tng cng tn hiu nhn c, tuy nhin
cng ngh MIMO cng cho php truyn pht cc lung d liu song song t c
thng lng ln hn.


Hnh 1.7_Cng ngh anten MIMO.

1.3.5 M ha khng gian-thi gian
M ha khng gian-thi gian (Space-time coding) l k thut thc hin phn tp
truyn pht (Transmission diversity). WIMAX s dng k thut phn tp truyn pht
trn ng Downlink phn tp tng phn nhm tng cng cht lng tn hiu
truyn n mt thu bao c th nm ti bt c im no trong di chm tia anten pht
ra.
Beam-forming mang n cc ci tin ng k trong ngn sch ng kt ni theo
c 2 hng uplink v downlink bng cch tng li ca anten, ngoi ra lm gim
s suy gim cng tn hiu do tc ng bi nhiu. Beam-forming yu cu thng tin
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v v tr ca thu bao c bit l i vi thu bao ang di chuyn vi tc ln. Tuy
nhin, theo s liu thng k mng Cellular, a s cc thu bao hoc khng di chuyn,
hoc di chuyn vi tc chm, v th beam-forming mang n cc li ch quan trng
cho hu ht cc m hnh s dng.


Hnh 1.8_Beam-forming


Vi s lng trm gc t hn t c mt dung lng c th trong mt h
thng, beam-forming l cng ngh anten thng minh th 3 c hp nht trong thng
s k thut ca WIMAX tng dung lng h thng v tnh nng trong cc mng di
ng bng thng rng.

1.4 ng dng ca cng ngh WIMAX

1.4.1 Mng ng trc
Chun 802.16a l cng ngh khng dy l tng lm mng trc ni cc im hotspot
thng mi v LAN khng dy vi internet, chun ny cho php trin khai nhng
mng trc tc cao, chi ph thp, cho php nng cp nng lc dch v nhanh chng
theo nhu cu thc t m khng phi lo ngi v vn o ng, thay i kin trc h
tng.

1.4.2 Kt ni mng khng dy doanh nghip
Chun 802.16a c dng lm c s lin thng cc mng LAN khng dy,
hospot Wifi hin c, doanh nghip c th t do m rng quy m vn phng m mi
trng mng cc b vn c lin lc nu c mng trung gian khng dy chun, tm
nhn xa hn l c th trin khai mng LAN khng dy thng nht cho tt c cc vn
phng trong phm vi mt quc gia.
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1.4.3 Bng rng theo nhu cu
H thng khng dy cho php trin khai hiu qu khi s dng ngn hn. Nh cung
cp dich v c th nng cp hoc gim bt nng lc phc v ca h thng theo nhu cu
thc t, gip nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh, tng tnh cnh tranh ca doanh nghip.

1.4.4 M rng vng ph sng
Cho php m rng n nhng vng him tr, thiu cp trc y. Do tuyn DSL ch
c th p ng trong bn knh 4.8km tnh t trm iu phi trung tm nn cn nhiu
vng a hnh him tr m nh cung cp khng th vi ti.

1.4.5 Roaming dch v
Ngi dng s c h tr dch v roaming tng t in thoi di ng, t chuyn
ng kt ni n nh cung cp dch v internet khng dy ti a phng ngay khi ra
ngoi vng ph sng ca mng gia nh hoc cng ty.


Hnh 1.9_M hnh trin khai mng WIMAX

1.5 So snh WiMAX vi Wifi v 3G
Vi cng ngh 3G, vic tn dng li tn s v phn ph sng ca mng di ng c
sn nn vng ph sng s ln nhng s hn ch v tc (384kbit/s), nh vy ta c th
cm nhn mt cch khch quan l cng ngh WiMAX s l cng ngh vt tri hn 2
cng ngh trn c v tc ln vng ph sng.
Cng ngh Wifi(wireless fidelity)
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Ch yu s dng li tn s 2.4 GHz vi vng ph sng nh khong 50m tr li, tc
ph bin l 2Mbit/s. y l cng ngh s dng sng radio thit lp h thng kt ni
mng khng dy. Mt mng Wifi gm 3 b phn c bn: AP(Access Point), NIC
(Network Interface Card) v cc b thu pht_kt ni thng tin ti cc node mng, trong
AP l thnh phn trung tm ca ton mng. V y cng l mng khng dy nn
Wifi khc phc c hn ch v ng cp vt l, gim chi ph trin khai h thng
mng. Tuy vy cng ngh ny vn c nhng hn ch nht nh, u tin phi k n
gi c dch v ca cng ngh ny, chi ph tn km hn nhiu so vi mng LAN thng
thng, v tr ngi na l cn thm phn thit b ng b i km ( card mng khng
dy hoc c tch hp sn), ngoi ra cn t thm vn v bo mt thng tin do
tnh cht ph sng rng v cung cp ngun nng lng cho thit b di ng s dng,
iu ny ng ngha phm vi ph sng Wifi s b hn ch.
Cng ngh 3G
Cng ngh ch yu tng cng truyn cho thoi v s liu t 9.5Kbit/s-2Mbit/s v c
mt s tnh nng u vit sau: h tr chuyn mch gi tc cao, kh nng lm vic kt
hp chuyn vng, 384Kbps cho ngi i b v 144Kbps cho i tng di ng
caoNgc li cng ngh WiMAX c bng rng hn, li c s dng chuyn truy
nhp Internet c dch v thoi, tnh nng thoi ( VoIP, IP Phone..)


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1.6 WiMAX 2: 802.16m chun b l trnh pht trin ti 4G
Hin ti th h mng WiMAX di ng 802.16e c trin khai mt s nc,
cng vic ang tip tc trn th h tip theo ca cng ngh c gi l 802.16m, c
k vng l s cung cp hiu sut, dung lng v s linh hot cao hn trn cc mng
hin c.
IEEE 802.16m, cn c gi l WirelessMAN-Advanced hoc WiMax-2, c pht
trin tip sau 802.16e - chun ton cu u tin cho WiMax di ng.
Chun ny c thit k cung cp tc khong 100Mbit/giy cho ngi dng
cui. N c th s dng mt s k thut vt qua hiu sut ca cng ngh WiMax
hin hnh, bao gm cng ngh MIMO (multiple-in, multiple out) gi nhiu hn mt
lung d liu. N cng c th c s dng vi cc trm thu pht nh (gi l
femtocell) v vi cc mng t t chc, theo IEEE. Chun mi tng thch ngc vi
WiMax hin hnh.
Vin K thut in v in t (IEEE) ph duyt 802.16m - chun cho th h tip
theo ca WiMax, c th cung cp tc ti xung ti hn 300Mbit/giy.

Mt s im nhn ca 802.16m:
Tiu chun 802.16m s c hiu sut v dung lng cao hn. 802.16m c kh nng
cung cp ln n 120 Mbps ng xung v 60 Mbps ng ln trong mt th, s
dng ng-ten MIMO 4x2 trn rng 1 knh 20MHz.
Ngoi ra, 802.16m s tng thch ngc vi cc mng WiMAX hin c, cung cp
d dng cho cc nh khai thc trin khai mng . Hu ht cc nh khai thc WiMAX c
th chuyn i t 802.16e ln 802.16m.

Hin th gii ang tn ti 2 chun cng ngh li ca mng 4G l WiMax v Long
Term Evolution (LTE). C hai LTE v WiMAX Release 2 t c hiu sut v nng
lc cao hn khi s dng knh tn s 20MHz. Nhng ch c hiu sut tt nu nh ph
tn c sn. WiMax l chun kt ni khng dy c pht trin bi IEEE (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers) cn LTE l chun do 3GPP, mt b phn ca lin
minh cc nh mng s dng cng ngh GSM. C WiMax v LTE u s dng cc cng
ngh thu pht tin tin nng cao kh nng bt sng v hot ng ca thit b, mng
li. Tuy nhin, mi cng ngh u s dng mt di bng tn khc nhau.
Tin vui l mi y c mt hng sn xut chip tuyn b h ang pht trin mt mu
chip c kh nng kt ni vi c 2 mng WiMax v LTE. Du vy, ngi dng s cn
phi i t nht vi nm na khi sn phm ny c thng mi ha ph bin.


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CHNG 2 _K THUT OFDM V OFDMA TRONG WIMAX

2.1 Gii thiu chng
WIMAX s dng k thut iu ch OFDM v OFDMA, ng dng trin khai
thng mi, cng ngh anten thng minh, qun l ti nguyn v tuyn v chuyn vng
(handoff).
C nhiu cng ngh v thut ton ci tin sn c nhm p ng cc thch thc
cung cp cc dch v bng rng di ng v m bo m hnh kinh doanh hp dn i
vi nh cung cp dch v.
T nhng gii thiu trn, chng ta c th thy rng OFDM c tm quan trng
nht nh trong h thng WIMAX. tm hiu iu ny, ta s tm hiu cu trc ca
mt h thng OFDM c bn, phng thc iu ch thu-pht tn hiu v cc ng dng
thc t ca n trong h thng WIMAX (h thng OFDMA).

2.2 Cng ngh iu ch OFDM
2.2.1 C s ca OFDM
C s ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM-Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex) n chia nh bng thng thnh cc tn s sng mang con. Trong
mt h thng OFDM, lung d liu u vo c chia thnh cc lung song song vi
tc gim (v nh vy tng khong thi gian ca k hiu sysbol) v mi lung con
c iu ch v truyn trn mt sng mang con (sub-carrier) trc giao tch bit.
Khong thi gian cho mi biu trng tng s ci thin kh nng chng li tr lan truyn
ca OFDM.

2.2.1.1 C s trc giao
Tnh hiu c gi l trc giao vi nhau nu chng c lp vi nhau.trc giao l mt
c tnh cho php nhiu tn hiu mang tin c truyn i trn knh truyn thng thng
m khng c nhiu gia chng. C rt nhiu k thut phn knh lin quan n vn
trc giao. K thut phn TDM truyn mt lc nhiu bn tin trn knh bng cch cp
cho mi tin bng mt khe thi gian, trong mt khe thi gian ch c duy nht mt tin
c truyn, v chng ta trnh c nhiu gia chng nh vic truyn khng ng
thi , cc bn tin c xem nh trc giao v mt thi gian. K thut FDM t ti
s trc giao gia cc tn hiu trong min tn s bng cch cp cho mi tn hiu mt tn
s khc nhau v c mt khong trng tn s gia 2 di thng ca 2 tn hiu.
OFDM t c s trc giao bng cch iu ch tn hiu vo mt tp cc sng mang
trc giao. Tn s gc ca tng sng mang con s bng mt s nguyn ln nghch o
vi thi gian tn ti ca symbol. Nh vy, trong thi gian tn ti symbol, mi sng
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mang s c mt s nguyn ln chu k khc nhau, theo mi sng mang con s c mt
tn s khc nhau, mc d ph chng chng ln ln nhau nhng chng vn khng h
gy nhiu cho nhau. Hnh sau s cho thy cu trc ca mt tn hiu OFDM vi 4 sng
mang con.


Hnh 2.1_Cu trc trong min thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM
Trong hnh (1a), (2a), (3a), (4a) l cc sng mang thnh phn, vi chu k tng ng
1,2,3,4. Pha ban u cc sng mang con ny u bng 0. Hnh (1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) tng
ng l FFT ca cc sng mang con trong min thi gian, v hnh (4a) (4b) cui cng l
tng ca 4 sng mang con v kt qu FFT ca n.
V mt ton hc, cc sng mang con trong mt nhm gi l trc giao vi nhau nu
chng tha mn:

Cng thc trn c hiu l tch phn ly trong chu k mt symbol ca 2 sng mang
con khc nhau th bng 0. iu ny c ngha l my thu cc sng mang con khng
gy nhiu ln nhau. Nu cc sng mang con ny c dng hnh sine th biu thc ton
hc ca n s c dng:

Trong :
0 f
chnh l khong cch tn s gia cc sng mang con.
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N s sng mang con trong mt symbol.
T thi gian tn ti ca symbol.
N
0 f
s l sng mang con c tn s ln nht trong mt symbol.
Dng ph ca cc sng mang con dng sine ny sau khi c iu ch s ging nh
hnh sau. Lu rng nu cc sng mang con trn cha c iu ch th dng ph ca
chng ch bao gm thnh phn ph ti tn s trung tm.

Hnh 2.2_Ph ca h sng mang trc giao
Ta c th nhn thy rng ph ca cc sng mang con ti tn s trung tm ca sng
mang con khc nhau th bng 0.
Tn hiu c truyn i bi sng mang, sng mang ny thng c dng hnh sin.
Sau khi c iu ch ta s c tn s trung tm ca sng mang v cc hi. Ph ny c
c nh php bin i Fourier dng sng mang trong min thi gian. V mt l thuyt
, t c gi tr ph chnh xc th phi quan st dng sng mang trn ton b min
thi gian (- ,+), ti v hn im, nhng thc t ch cn thc hin php bin i
Fourier ti mt s hu hn im l c th khi phc c dng sng mang m khng
lm mt i bn cht ca tin tc. Php bin i Fourier ti mt s hu hn im c
gi l php bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT). Qu trnh khi phc sng mang t ph ca
n c gi l php bin i Fourier ngc.
Tn hiu OFDM gm mt nhm cc sng mang con dng hnh sine trong min thi
gian. Trong min tn s cc sng mang con ny c dng sinc(sin cardinal ), hay
sin(x)/x. Dng sinc c mt bp chnh v cc bp ph c gi tr gim dn v 2 pha tn
s trung tm ca sng mang con. Mi sng mang con c mt gi tr nh ti tn s
trung tm v bng 0 c sau mi khong tn s bng khong cch tn s gia cc sng
mang con (
0 f
). Tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang th hin ch, ti nh ca mt
sng mang con bt k trong nhm th cc sng mang con khc bng 0. pha thu, khi
dng DFT tch sng tn hiu OFDM th ph ca n khng cn lin tc m l cc
mu ri rc. Cc mu c th hin bng cc khuyn trn trn hnh v. Nu DFT
c ng b thi gian th tn s mu ca DFT s tng ng vi nh ca cc sng
mang con. V nh vy th s chng ph ca cc sng mang con khng nh hng ti
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my thu. Gi tr nh ca mt sng mang con tng ng vi gi tr 0 ca cc sng
mang con khc, tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang c bo m.

Hnh 2.3_Ph ca mt tn hiu OFDM c 5 sng mang con
Trong (a) l ph ca tng sng mang con v im ly mu ti my thu, (b) l
p ng tng hp ca 5 sng mang con.
im chnh y l tng nhn 2 hm s vi nhau, tng hp cc tch v nhn
c kt qu bng 0.

Hnh 2.4_Tch ca 2 vector trc giao bng 0.
Nu chng ta cng bn k m v dng ca dng ong sin ta s c c kt qu
bng 0. Din tch ca 1 sng sin c th c vit:
0 ) sin(
2
0
=
}
k
dt t



Hnh 2.5_Gi tr trung bnh ca sng sin bng 0.
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Nu chng ta nhn hay cng (tch phn) hai dng sng sin c tn s khc nhau ta
nhn c kt qu bng 0, nu cng tn s th kt qu khc 0.



Hnh 2.6_Tch phn ca 2 sng sin khc tn s.
iu ny gi l tnh trc giao ca dng sng sin. N cho thy rng min l 2 sng
sin khc tn s th tch phn ca chng s bng 0. y chnh l c s then cht ca qu
trnh iu ch OFDM.
Nu 2 sng sin cng tn s :

Hnh 2.7_Tch phn 2 sng sin cng tn s.

Nu 2 sng sin c cng tn s nh nhau th dng sng hp thnh lun lun
dng, gi tr trung bnh ca n lun lun khc 0. y chnh l c s ca qu trnh gii
iu ch tn hiu OFDM. Cc my thu bin i tn hiu thu c t min tn s nh s
dng k thut bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT).
Vic gii iu ch chc ch c thc hin k tip trong min tn s bng cch
nhn mt sng mang c to ra trong my thu n vi mt sng mang c to ra
trong my thu c cng tn s v pha. Sau php tch phn s lm tt c cc sng
mang bng 0 ngoi tr sng mang cn iu ch.
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2.2.1.2 Tin t vng CP (Cyclic prefix):
i vi mt bng thng h thng cho tc k hiu ca tn hiu OFDM thp
hn nhiu tc k hiu ca s truyn n sng mang. V d i vi iu ch n
sng mang BPSK tc k hiu tng ng vi tc bit. Tuy nhin vi OFDM bng
thng h thng c chia cho Nc ti ph do tc k hiu c gim Nc ln so vi
truyn n sng mang. Tc k hiu thp lm cho OFDM chu ng tt vi nhiu
giao thoa k hiu (ISI) gy ra bi hiu ng a ng. C th gim ti thiu nh hng
ca ISI ti tn hiu OFDM bng cch thm khong bo v pha trc mi k hiu.
Khong bo v l bn copy tun hon theo chu k, lm m rng chiu di ca dng
sng k hiu. Mi k hiu OFDM khi cha b sung khong bo v, c chiu di bng
kch thc IFFT (c s dng to tn hiu) bng mt s nguyn ln chu k ca
sng mang ph . Do vy vic a vo cc bn copy ca k hiu ni ui nhau to
thnh mt tn hiu lin tc, khng c s gin on ch ni. Nh vy vic sao chp
u cui ca k hiu v t n vo im bt u ca mi k hiu to nn mt
khong thi gian k hiu di hn.


Hnh 2.8_M t tin t vng (Cyclic prefix)
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Gi
FFT T
l c ca IFFT dng to tn hiu OFDM,
G T
di ca khong bo
v th lc s dng phng php chn khong bo v di ca k hiu l:
S T
=
FFT T
+
G T

iu ny gip tng di k hiu do chng c nhiu giao thoa k hiu,
ngoi ra khong bo v cng gip chng li li lch thi gian ti u thu.
Tuy vy mt hn ch ca CP l n c thm vo trc ti tin lm gim hiu sut
s dng bng thng. Do OFDM c mt ph tng gch an xen rt nhn, mt t l
ln cc bng thng knh cp pht c th c s dng cho truyn s liu, gip lm
gim suy hao hiu sut do tin t vng CP.

2.2.1.3 K hiu pilot
Cch thng hay s dng nht c lng knh truyn v dch tn s l dng
k hiu pilot. K hiu pilot l k hiu c bn thu v bn nhn bit trc. Tng
quan gia fading k hiu pilot v fading ca k hiu thng d liu c gi i gn vi k
hiu pilot trong min thi gian v trong min tn s l rt mnh m. Di y l mt v
d v s phn b pilot.



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2.3 K thut OFDMA trong WIMAX
So snh OFDM v OFDMA



im khc vi chun OFDM l cc sng mang OFDMA cho cc user khc nhau l
rt gn vi nhau v cho php cc sng mang vt l c th thay i t symbol ny n
symbol khc. Vi s thay i ca khong cch sng mang th s gy kh khn v thit
k my thu, do vy s kt ni bng thng ca h thng v kch thc FFT a ra
khong cch sng mang c nh.

2.3.1 Cu trc biu tng OFDMA v knh con ho
Cu trc biu tng OFDMA gm 3 loi sng mang con:
- Sng mang con d liu (Data) cho truyn d liu.
- Sng mang con dn ng (Pilot) cho mc ch c lng v ng b.
- Sng mang con v dng (Null) khng truyn dn, c s dng cho cc bng
bo v v cc sng mang DC.

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Hnh 2.9_Cu trc sng mang con OFDMA.

Cc knh con tch cc (d liu v dn ng) c nhm li thnh cc tp con cc
sng mang con gi l cc knh. OFDMA PHY h tr knh con ho c hng xung
DL v hng ln UL. n v ti nguyn tn s thi gian ti thiu l mt khe bng vi
48 m iu d liu (cc sng mang con).
C 2 kiu hon v cc kiu sng mang con cho knh con ho: phn tp (Diversity)
v ln cn (Contiguous). Hon v phn tp ko theo cc sng mang con ngu nhin to
thnh cc knh con. N cung cp phn tp tn s v ly trung bnh nhiu lin t bo.
Cc hon v phn tp gm DL FUSC (Fully used sub-carrier: sng mang con s
dng hon ton), DL PUSC (Patially used sub-carrier: sng mang con s dng mt
phn) v UL PUSC v cc hon v tu chn thm vo.
Vi DL PUSC, mi cp biu tng OFDM, cc sng mang con kh dng c
nhm li thnh cc cluster cha 14 sng mang con ln cn trn mi khong thi gian
ca biu tng, vi cp pht d liu v dn ng trong mi Cluster trong cc biu
tng chn v l nh m t hnh sau.


Hnh 2.10_Knh con phn tp tn s DL

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Mt nguyn l sp xp li c s dng to thnh cc nhm cluster chng hn
mi nhm c to thnh bi cc cluster c phn b qua khng gian cc sng mang
con.
Mi knh con trong mt nhm cha 2 cluster v c to bi 48 sng mang con v
8 sng mang dn ng (Pilot). Cc sng mang d liu trong mi nhm c tip tc
hon v to thnh cc knh con trong phm vi nhm.
Cc sng mang con d liu trong cc cluster c phn b cho nhiu knh con.
Cu trc cluster cho DL, mt cu trc lt (tile) c nh ngha cho UL PUSC c
nh dng nh hnh sau.

Hnh 2.11_Cu trc Tile cho ng ln UL PUSC.

Khng gian sng mang con kh dng s c chia thnh cc lt (Tile) v 6 lt
c chn t ton b ph theo nguyn l hon v \ sp xp li. V c nhm li vi
nhau to thnh khe (slot). Mt slot gm 48 sng mang con d liu v 24 sng mang
con dn ng trong 3 biu tng OFDM.
Hon v ln cn nhm mt khi cc sng mang ln cn to thnh mt knh con.
Cc hon v ln cn gm AMC hng DL v AMC hng UL c cng cu trc. Trong
mt biu tng c 9 sng mang con ln cn gi l BIN, vi 8 trong s c n nh
cho d liu v mt c n nh cho dn ng ( Pilot ).
Mt slot trong AMC c nh ngha nh mt tp cc Bin ca kiu (NxM=6),
trong N l s cc Bin ln cn v M l s cc biu tng ln cn. Do vy cc t hp
cho php l ( 6 Bin, 1 sysbol ).

2.3.2 Cu trc khung TDD
C hai phng php song cng: song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD(Time
Division Duplexing), song cng phn chia theo tn s FDD(Frequency Division
Duplexing). Trong FDD, qu trnh truyn trao i 2 hng hai tn s khc nhau trong
khi TDD th ch s dng mt tn s duy nht nhng li nhng thi gian khc nhau.
-Khung TDD gm hai phn: Downlink subframe v uplink subframe
-FDD cn c 2 knh, mt ng ln(uplink), mt ng xung(dowlink)
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Vi TDD ch cn 1 knh tn s, lu lng ng ln v ng xung c phn
chia theo cc khe thi gian.

Hnh 2.12_M t v TDD v FDD
Chun 802.16e h tr TDD v FDD bn song cng, tuy nhin ph chun WIMAX
di ng a ra ln u tin ch c TDD.
i vi cc vn nhiu, TDD khng yu cu s ng b din rng, tri li
TDD s u tin ch song cng bi cc l do:
- TDD cho php iu chnh t l UL/DL h tr hiu qu lu lng khng i
xng gia ng xung v ng ln (vi FDD th t l ng xung v ng
ln l khng i v thng l bng bng thng ca ng xung v ng ln).
- TDD m bo s trao i knh : h tr kh nng iu chnh ng truyn,
MIMO v cc cng ngh anten vng kn cao cp khc.
- Khng nh FDD yu cu mt cp knh, TDD ch yu cu mt knh n cho c
ng ln v ng xung em li kh nng iu chnh linh ng s cp pht
tn s ton cc.
- Cc thit k b thu pht trin khai TDD cng t phc tp v t tn km hn.


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Hnh 2.13_Cu trc khung WIMAX OFDMA.

Cu trc khung OFDM ch TDD. Mi khung c chia thnh cc khung con
hng xung (DL) v hng ln (UL) bi b pht/thu v thu/pht (TTG v RTG )
trnh xung t gia hng ln v hng xung. Trong mt khung, thng tin iu khin
sng m bo hot ng h thng c ti u:

- Phn u khung (Preamble): l biu tng OFDM u tin ca khung ng
b.
- Tiu iu khin khung (FCH): FCH nm sau phn m u khung. N cho
bit thng tin cu hnh khung nh di bn tin MAP, nguyn l m ho v cc
knh con kh dng.
- DL-MAP v UL-MAP: DL-MAP v UL-MAP cho bit cp pht knh con v
cc thng tin iu khin khc ln lt cho cc khung con DL v UL.
- Sp xp UL: knh con sp xp cho UL c cp pht cho trm di ng MS
thc hin iu chnh: thi gian vng kn, tn s v cng sut cung cp cng nh
yu cu bng thng.
- UL CQICH: knh UL CQICH cp pht cho MS phn hi trng thi knh.
- UL ACK: knh UL ACK cp cho MS xc nhn phn hi DL HARQ.



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2.3.3 Cc c tnh lp vt l cao cp khc

WIMAX di ng a ra cc k thut: AMC-iu ch thch nghi v m ho,
HARQ-yu cu t ng lp li t ng li kiu kt hp, CQICH-phn hi knh nhanh
nng cao kh nng ph sng, dung lng cho WIMAX trong cc ng dng di ng.
Trong WIMAX di ng ng xung, bt buc phi c cc h tr iu ch
QPSK, 16 QAM v 64 QAM, cn ng ln, 64 QAM l tu chn. C m ho vng
v m ho Turbo vng vi tc m thay i v m lp cng c h tr.
Ngoi ra, m khi Turbo v m kim tra chn l mc thp (LDPC) cng c
h tr tu chn. Bng tng kt cc nguyn l m ho v iu ch h tr trong WIMAX
di ng (iu ch v m ho hng ln tu chn c in nghing).



S t hp cc k thut iu ch v cc tc m em li s tinh phn gii tc
d liu nh minh ho trong bng 3 (vi rng cc knh l 5 Mhz v 10 Mhz vi cc
knh con PUSC), di khung l 5ms.
Mi khung c 48 biu trng OFDM gm 44 biu trng OFDM sn sng truyn
d liu. Cc gi tr c nh du mu l ch cc tc cho k thut 64 QAM tu
chn ng ln.

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B lp lch trm gc xc nh tc d liu ph hp cho mi cp pht cm (burst)
da trn kch thc b m v iu khin truyn sng pha thu,Mt knh ch th
cht lng knh (CQI-channel quality indicator) c s dng cung cp thng tin
trng thi knh t thit b u cui ngi sng n b lp lch trm gc.
Thng tin trng thi knh tng ng t knh CQICH gm: CINR vt l, CINR
hiu qu, la chn ch MIMO v la chn knh con la chn tn s. Vi k thut
TDD, kh nng iu chnh knh li dng u im kh nng trao i knh cung cp
thng tin chnh xc hn v tnh trng knh.
WIMAX di ng cng h tr HARQ. HARQ c php s dng giao thc dng
v i N knh cung cp kh nng p ng nhanh ng gi li v ci tin kh
nng ph sng ng bin cell.
Ngoi ra ci thin hn na s n nh ca ng truyn. Mt knh dnh ring
ACK cng c cung cp ng ln bo hiu ACK /NACK ca HARQ. Hot
ng a knh HARQ cng c h tr.
ARQ a knh dng v i (stop and wait) vi mt s lng nh knh l mt giao
thc n gin m hiu qu cho php ti thiu b nh yu cu cho HARQ. WIMAX
cng cung cp bo hiu cho php hot ng ch khng ng b.
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 33

Ch khng ng b cho php cc tr khc nhau gia nhng ln truyn li
v chnh iu ny em li s linh hot cho b lp lch do s hiu qu ca mo u thm
vo khi cp pht phin truyn li. HARQ kt hp vi CQICH v AMC s cung cp kh
nng thay i ng truyn trong mi trng di ng vi tc xe ti khng vt qu
120 Km/h.

2.4 Phn b rayleigh v Rice
Khi nghin cu cc knh v tuyn di ng, thng cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice
c s dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn hiu phading
phng. Trong phn ny, ta s xt cc phn b ny v a ra cc tnh cht ca chng.

2.4.1 Phn b Rayleigh
Trong cc ng truyn v tuyn, tn hiu RF t ni truyn s b phn x bi nh
ca v cc vt chn trn ng truyn iu ny s lm tng bi s ng truyn ti
my thu.
Nu gia anten pht v anten thu khng c ng truyn tm nhn thng (LOS) th
tia pht c thu bng nhiu ng sng khc nhau do phn x, nhiu x, tn x. Do
vy in trng tng hp thu c ln hn nhiu so vi tia tng t truyn trong khng
gian t do.
Ngoi ra, cc thng ging tc thi ca in trng thu c phc tp hn so vi
tng tc 2 tia do nhiu t nhiu ng truyn sng. Hin tng ny gi l phading
Rayleigh.
Ta c th xem phn b phading Rayleigh l phn b ng bao ca tng 2 tn hiu
phn b GAUSS vung gc. Hm mt xc sut (PDF) ca phn b phading
Rayleigh c biu din nh sau:

s
s s
=

0 r , 0
r 0 ,
) (
2
2
2
2


r
e
r
r f


Trong , l bin ngu nhin ca in p ng bao tn hiu thu v r l gi tr
ca bin ny, l gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn
Gauss,
2
l cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn
Gauss.
Gi tr trung bnh,
tb
ca phn b Rayleigh tr thnh:

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 34

253 , 1
2
) ( ] 0 [
0
= = = =
}

dr r rp E
tb


Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh,
2
r
(th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu
trong ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:

2 2
2
0
2 2 2 2
4292 , 0
2
2
2
) ( ] [ ] [


= |
.
|

\
|
= =
}

dr r p r E E
r


2.4.2 Phn b Rice
Khi tn hiu thu c thnh phn n nh (khng b phading) vt tri, ng truyn
trc tip (Line of sight), phn b phading ng bao phm vi hp c dng phn b
Rice.
Trong phn b Rice, cc thnh phn a ng n my thu theo cc gc khc nhau
v xp chng ln tn hiu vt tri ny.
Phn b Rice c biu din nh sau:

s
> > |
.
|

\
|
=
+

0 , 0
0 , 0 ,
) ( 2
0
2
) (
2
2
2 2
r
r A
A
I e
r
r f
A r



Trong A l bin nh ca tn hiu vt tri v (.)
0
I l hm Bessel ci tin loi
mt bc 0 c xc nh nh sau:

dt e y I
t y
}
+

cos
0
2
1
) (

Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K nh sau:
K=(Cng sut trong cc ng vt tri/cng sut trong cc ng tn x)=
2
2
A

Khi K tin n 0 th knh suy thoi thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn th
knh ch c ng trc tip.
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 35


Pdf Ricean vi K=0(rayleigh), v K=2,4,8,16,32


Kh nng ) (
2
< A P khi nng lng chc chn thp hn gi tr cho knh Rice
vi K=0 ( Rayleigh ) v K= 1,2,4,8,16,32


N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 36

CHNG 3_C LNG KNH TRONG OFDM

3.1 Gii thiu chng
Chng ta bit rng OFDM c rt nhiu u im, tuy nhin mun s dng c
hiu qu cc c tnh ca h thng ny mt cch tt nht th vic thc hin cc yu cu
sau y l cn thit:
+ c lng tham s knh.
+ ng b Gaus mang.
+ Gim t s cng sut tng i cc i.
Nh vy c lng knh l mt trong nhng yu cu u tin v cn thit ca h
thng OFDM. c lng tham s knh, bao gm hm truyn t ca cc knh nhnh
v thi gian thc hin gii iu ch bn thu. c lng tham s knh c th s
dng phng php Gaus tn hiu dn ng Pilot hoc khng s dng tn hiu dn
ng.
c lng knh nhm mc ch gim s sai khc ca hm truyn ca knh pht so
vi knh thu do nhiu nguyn nhn trong qu trnh truyn dn. y ta thc hin c
lng knh khng da vo biu tng Pilot m da vo p ng xung ca knh.
S dng iu ch DPSK trong h thng OFDM bm ui knh thi gian bin i.

3.1.1 M t h thng
Cho mt h thng OFDM biu din nh hnh sau:


Hnh 3.1_H thng OFDM c s

IDFT: Chuyn i Fourier ngc. MUX: B ghp knh.
D/A: Chuyn i digital sang analog. A/D: Chuyn i analog sang digital.
DEMUX: B tch knh. DFT:Chuyn i fourier.
k
x : L biu tng truyn. g(t) : L p ng xung ca knh.
) (
~
t n l nhiu Gauss trng. y l biu tng nhn.

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 37

Biu tng truyn
k
x l c ly t chm sao ca tn hiu.
Chuyn i A/D v D/A bao gm nhng tiu chun ca b lc thng thp vi
bng thng
s
T
1
, vi
s
T l khong thi gian ly mu. Mt chu k thi gian m rng c
di l
G
T c s dng loi tr nhiu lin khi v bo ton tnh trc giao ca
tones.
Chng ta xem p ng xung ca knh g(t) nh l chui xung thi gian gii hn
c dng:

) ( ) (
s m
m
m
T t t g =



Khi bin
m
c gi tr phc tp v
G s m
T T s s 0 , th ton b p ng xung
nm trong khong bo v.


Khong h gia nhng im cho nhng knh lin tc
) 5 . 3 ( ) 5 . 0 ( ) (
s s
T t T t t g + =

H thng khi l m hnh s dng N im chuyn i Fourier thi gian ri rc
(
N
DFT ) nh sau:

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ - = n
N
g
x IDFT DFT y
N N
~
) ( (3.1)

Vi
T
x ] x ... x x [
1 - N 1 0
= ,
T
y ] y ... y y [
1 - N 1 0
= ,
T
n ] n
~
... n
~
n
~
[
~
1 - N 1 0
= l vector tp hp ca
nhiu Gauss trng thay i, v
T
g ] ...g g g [
1 - N 1 0
= c xc nh vi chu k tng ng
ca hm Sinc.
Vector
N
g
l i tng quan st ca p ng xung ca knh sau khi ly mu
p ng tn s ca g(t), v:
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 38


)) ( sin(
) sin( 1
) ) 1 ( (
k
N
e
N
g
m
m
N k
N
j
m
m k
m

=
+

(3.2)
Tnh hiu qu ca mu tun hon c m t bi (3.1) v (3.2) ph thuc vo
nhng mc tiu ph hp ca khong bo v, lm th no n c th loi c nhiu
lin khi.
Nu tr
m
l mt s nguyn, khi mi nng lng t
m
c sp xp n im
m
g

. Tuy nhin, vi xung non-T-spaced, nu


m
khng phi l s nguyn, nng lng
ca n s chy qua mi im
k
g .
Ch rng hu ht mi nng lng l c gi trong nhng vng ln cn ca v tr
xung u tin.
H thng m t bi 3.1 c th vit li nh l mt tp hp ca N knh Gauss c
lp:


Hnh 3.2_Cc knh Gauss song song.


k k k k
n x h y + = , vi k=0,1,,N-1 (3.3)

Khi
k
h l hm truyn ca knh vi ) ( ] h h [
1 - N 1 0
g DFT h h
N
T
= = v
)
~
( ] ...n n [
1 - N 1 0
n DFT n n
N
T
= = l tp hp vector nhiu Gauss ti thiu khng.
thun li, ta vit (3.3) trong ma trn k hiu nh sau:

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 39

Y=XFg + n (3.4)


Khi X l ma trn vi phn t ca x trn ng cho ca n v

(
(
(

) 1 )( 1 ( 0 ) 1 (
) 1 ( 0 00
N N
N
N
N
N
N N
W W
W W
F

(3.5)

l ma trn Fourier vi
N
nk
j
nk
N
e
N
W
2
1

=
(3.6)

3.1.2 Cc k thut c lng knh
Chng ta s tm thy vi c s c lng trn m hnh ca h thng, mi k thut
c lng knh u c cu trc m t nh hnh sau :


Hnh 3.3_Cu trc ca c lng.

Biu tng truyn
k
x xut hin trong biu thc c lng, l biu tng hun
luyn hoc bin lng t ha thay i trong c lng trc tip.

3.1.2.1 c lng MMSE (Minimum mean square error estimation)
Nu knh vector g l Gaussian v khng tng quan vi knh nhiu n, c lng
MMSE ca g tr thnh:

(3.7)


MMSE
g : l p ng xung ca c lng MMSE.
Khi :
y R R g
yy gy MMSE
1


=
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 40


N
2
n
H H
gg
H
yy
H H
gg
H
gy
I X F XFR } E{yy R
X F R } E{gy R
+ = =
= =


gy
R : l ma trn tng quan gia g v y.
gg
R : l ma trn t tng quan ca g.
H
F l ma trn chuyn v ca F.
H
X l ma trn chuyn v ca X .
n
l phng sai.

Hn na,
gg
R l ma trn t tng quan ca g v
2
n
biu hin nhiu tng quan } n {
2
k
E .
Hai lng ny c gi thit l bit. Khi s ct trong F l a thc trc chun
(orthonormal) ,
MMSE
g sinh ra min tn s c lng MMSE
MMSE
h

bi:

y
H H
MMSE MMSE MMSE
X F FQ g F h

= = (3.8)

MMSE
h

: l hm c lng MMSE .
MMSE
g : l p ng xung ca c lng MMSE .
H
F : l ma trn chuyn v ca F.
H
X : l ma trn chuyn v ca X .

Khi
MMSE
Q c th biu din nh sau :

1 1 2 1
gg MMSE
) ( ] ) [( R Q

+ = XF X F R XF X F
H H
gg n
H H
(3.9)

c lng knh MMSE (3.8) c dng biu din trong hnh 3.4.

Nu g l khng Gaussian ,
MMSE
h

khng nht thit l c lng MMSE(minimum


mean square error)_(MMSE-bnh phng sai s trung bnh nh nht).
Tuy nhin n l c lng tuyn tnh tt nht trong c lng MSE. Trong trng
hp (g l Gaussian hoc khng) chng ta cng s biu din c lng knh l
MMSE
h

.



N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 41

3.1.2.2 c lng LS (Least square error estimation)
c lng LS cho p ng xung tun hon g nh nht ) XF - y ( ) XF - y (
g
H
g
v sinh ra:

y X F FQ h

H H
LS LS
= (3.10)

LS
h

l hm c lng LS (c lng bnh phng b nht least square).


Khi :

-1 H H
LS
XF) X (F Q = (3.11)

Ch rng
LS
h

cng tng ng vi cu trc c lng trong hnh 3.4.



Hnh 3.4_S cu trc ca c lng


Rt gn biu thc (3.10) y X h

-1
LS
= (3.12)
c lng LS l tng ng vi ci g c quy cho l thp nht.
C hai c lng (3.8) v (3.12) u c nhng nhc im ca n. c lng
MMSE yu cu vic tnh ton c phc tp cao, nhng ngc li c lng LS c
bnh phng sai s trung bnh ln.

3.2 Gim kch thc FFT ca c lng MMSE v LS
3.2.1 Mc ch ca phng php
c lng MMSE yu cu vic tnh ton ma trn
MMSE
Q NxN. N bao hm phc
tp cao khi N cng ln. Con ng ngn nht gim s phc tp l gim kch thc
ca
MMSE
Q . Nh trong hnh 3.2, hu ht nng lng trong g l cha trong , hoc gn
hn, im u tin l
g
G
T
T
L = .

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 42

Bi vy phi ci tin c lng MSE, khi ch nhng im vi nng lng c
ngha l c chn. Nhng phn t
gg
R p ng n nhng im nng lng thp nht
trong g l gn bng 0.
Nu chng ta a vo tnh ton im L u tin ca g v t 0 ) , ( = s r R
gg
vi
r,s ] 1 , 0 [ e L , khi
MMSE
Q gim i mt cch hiu qu vi ma trn LxL. Nu ma trn T
biu th ct L u tin ca ma trn_DFT F v
'
gg
R biu th gc tri pha trn LxL ca
gg
R .

3.2.2 Gim kch thc FFT vi c lng MMSE
T nhng c im trn, phng trnh ca c lng MMSE s tr thnh:

y X T TQ h

H H '
MMSE MMSE
= (3.13)

Khi :

-1 H H -1 H H '
gg
'
MMSE
XT) X (T XT) X (T [ R Q = (3.14)

Nhng bin i ny c minh ho hnh 3.5.


Hnh 3.5_Cu trc s ci tin c lng.

H thng OFDM thng c thit k sao cho L l nh so vi N. Nh vy, s
phc tp ca c lng MMSE s gim ng k.

3.2.3 Gim FFT vi c lng LS
Mc du s phc tp ca c lng LS khng yu cu phi thay i, n biu din
trong iu kin ca MSE c th c ci tin cho ln ca SNR bi nhng khi nim
tng qut trn. c lng LS khng s dng thng k ca knh.

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 43

Mt cch trc quan, n loi tr nhng im nng lng thp ca g, s b sung mt
s v tr thiu st ca nng lng g, gim nhanh chng nhng im nm ngoi im
u tin (L), khi nng lng ca nhiu c cho l khng thay i trn ton b dy.

Ch xt n im u tin L ca g vo php tnh, nh vy hon ton s dng thng
k knh, ci tin c lng LS tr thnh :

y X T TQ h

H H '
LS LS
= (3.15)

Khi :

-1 H H '
LS
XT) X (T Q = (3.16)

Gim kch thc FFT vi c lng LS s c cu trc nh hnh 3.5.






















N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 44

CHNG 4_M PHNG C LNG

4.1 Gii thiu chng
Chng ta bit rng cc phng php c lng MMSE v c lng LS u c
nhng u v nhc im ca n. Ty theo nhng trng hp v cc i hi ca cc ng
dng c th m phng php ny hay phng php kia c la chn. nh gi
c cc c im ca cc phng php ny, ta phi da vo cc thng s c th
a ra nhng so snh v kt lun thc t.

4.2 M phng SER vi MMSE v LS
SER ( symbol error rate) l m phng tc li biu tng li trn s biu tng
truyn i. V c bn, nu mi biu tng l mt bit th tc li biu tng l tc
bit, tuy nhin nu biu tng l mt s bit th tc biu tng khc tc bit.
Nhn vo kt qu hnh 4.1( ng mu en-l SER ca MMSE, ng mu xanh-
l SER ca LS ), ta thy t l li biu tng ca MMSE nh hn so vi LS tng SNR
(6 mc SNR). Nu nhn vo ca s Command th ta thy kt qu SER ca MMSE c
gi tr nh hn nhiu so vi SER ca LS tng mc SNR khc nhau.

Hnh 4.1_M phng SER ca MMSE v LS.

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 45

4.3 M phng c lng MMSE so vi LS


Hnh 4.2_So snh MMSE v LS.

Nhn xt:
T biu ta thy, ng mu xanh m t c lng MMSE, ng mu m t
c lng LS.
C th ni c lng MMSE c cht lng tt hn c lng LS (ti cng mt
SNR trn biu th im c lng MMSE lun nm di im c lng LS).
Ta cng c th chng minh iu bi nhng thng s ca
mmse
H v
ls
H trong ca s
Command ca Matlab.
Tuy MMSE cho kt qu chnh xc hn LS nhng qu trnh tnh ton cng nh cng
thc ca c lng MMSE phc tp hn c lng LS nhiu.
Hn na c lng MMSE l kiu c lng c lin quan n cc thng s thng
k ca knh v kch thc ca ma trn Fourier nn qu trnh tnh ton thc hin chm
hn, nhng c lng LS hon ton khng tun theo quy lut thng k.

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 46

4.4 M phng phng php gim kch thc FFT
4.4.1 u im
Vi c lng MMSE th phc tp cng tng dn khi ta tng s lng cc sng
mang con, iu ny s lm tng khong thi gian tnh ton, cng nh gy ra vic chm
tr s nh hng n cc cht lng dch v i hi vic x l nhanh chng. gim
thi gian tnh ton th ta phi gim bt kch thc FFT bng cch da vo p ng
xung.
Nh vy ch nhng p ng xung c mc nng lng cn thit mi c gi li
cn nhng p ng xung c mc nng lng gn bng 0 th ta b i, khi s lm
gim i ng k kch thc ca ma trn Fourier.
4.4.2 Nhc im
Tuy phng php ny cho kt qa tnh ton nhanh hn nhng thiu tnh chnh xc,
vic gim bt kch thc FFT s t l nghch vi mc chnh xc. biu sau dy
ta c th thy mc chnh xc s tng dn khi ta tng kch thc ca FFT th cc
ng c kch thc ca s ln hn (nh MMSE5, MMSE10) tin gn hn vi ng
MMSE mc nh.

Hnh 4.3_M phng gim kch thc FFT
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 47

ng mu m t c lng MMSE0.
ng mu en m t c lng MMSE5.
ng mu xanh bin m t c lng MMSE10.
ng mu xanh lc m t c lng MMSE vi FFT l 64 phn t.
Ta thy rng khi kch thc FFT tng ln th mc chnh xc ca c lng
MMSE cng tng dn n ng mc nh.
Tuy nhin vi vic gim kch thc FFT ta vn thy rng vi mt s im nht nh,
n vn c tnh chnh xc hn c lng LS, l nhng im nm di ng LS.

4.5 Kt lun
Nh vy, vi vic so snh c lng knh gia MMSE v LS, cng vi phng
php gim kch thc FFT, cho ta thy nhng u nhc im ca tng phng php.
N gip ta xc nh cng nh la chn trong cc ng dng c th la chn tng
phng php cho ph hp nhm t c hm truyn ca knh gn vi yu cu ra.

















N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 48

Ph lc

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%CHUONG TRI NH CHI NH%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%So Sanh Uoc Luong Kenh LS Va MMSE Cho 64 Song Mang Con Cua
He Thong OFDM%%%
%%%%%%Co So Tr en Phep Do SER ( symbol er r or r at e )
%%%%%%Cho dap ung xung cua kenh l a g( t ) =del t a( t - 0. 5
Ts) +del t a( t - 3. 5 Ts)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
cl c;
cl ear al l ;
%Cho di eu che BPSK . . . symbol s: +1/ - 1
X=zer os( 64, 64) ;
d=r and( 64, 1) ;
f or i =1: 64
i f ( d( i ) >=0. 5)
d( i ) =+1;
el se
d( i ) =- 1;
end
end
f or i =1: 64
X( i , i ) =d( i ) ;
end
%Ti nh ma t r an G
t au=[ 0. 5 3. 5] ;
f or k=1: 64
s=0;

f or m=1: 2
s=s+( exp( - j *pi *( 1/ 64) *( k+63*t au( m) ) ) * ( (
si n( pi *t au( m) ) / si n( pi *( 1/ 64) *( t au( m) - k) ) ) ) ) ;
end

g( k) =s/ sqr t ( 64) ;
end
G=g' ;
H=f f t ( G) ;
XFG=X*H;
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
n1=n1*0. 000000000000000001i ; %cong nhi eu gauss vao t i n hi eu
noi se=awgn( n1, 8) ; %cho kenh suy hao 8db
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
N=f f t ( noi se) ;
Y=XFG+N;
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 49


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%gi a t r i cua ma t r an t uong quan Rgg%%%%%%%%%%%
gg=zer os( 64, 64) ;
f or i =1: 64
gg( i , i ) =G( i ) ;
end
gg_myu = sum( gg, 1) / 64;
gg_mi d = gg - gg_myu( ones( 64, 1) , : ) ;
sum_gg_mi d= sum( gg_mi d, 1) ;
Rgg = ( gg_mi d' * gg_mi d- ( sum_gg_mi d' * sum_gg_mi d) / 64) /
( 64 - 1) ;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Su dung t huat t oan LS va MMSE
%Gi a t r i cua Hl s
%Hmmse=i nv( X) *Y;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
H_l s=( i nv( X) ) * Y;
Hl s=zer os( 64, 64) ;
f or i =1: 64
Hl s( i , i ) =H_l s( i ) ;
end

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Gi a t r i cua Hmmse
%Hmmse=F*Rgg*i nv( Rgy) *Y;
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
u=r and( 64, 64) ;
F=f f t ( u) *i nv( u) ; %t ao ma t r an F 64x64
I =eye( 64, 64) ;
Rgy=Rgg * F' * X' ;
Ryy=X * F * Rgg * F' *X' + var i ance * I ;
f or i =1: 64
yy( i , i ) =Y( i ) ;
end
Gmmse=Rgy * i nv( Ryy) * Y;
H_mmse=f f t ( Gmmse) ;
f or i =1: 64
Hmmse( i , i ) =H_mmse( i ) ;
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Mo phong t hoi gi an t huc
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
f or n=1: 6

SNR_send=5*n;
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 50

er r or _count _l s=0; %cho er r or - count ban ??u b?ng 0
er r or _count _mmse=0; %cho er r or - count ban ??u b?ng 0

%gui 1000 vect or du l i eu qua kenh
f or c=1: 1000
%phat du l i eu ngau nhi en[ i / p mat r i x. . ]
X=zer os( 64, 64) ;
d=r and( 64, 1) ;
f or i =1: 64
i f ( d( i ) >=0. 5)
d( i ) =+1;
el se
d( i ) =- 1;
end
end
f or i =1: 64
X( i , i ) =d( i ) ;
end
XFG=X*H; %dan no qua kenh t huc
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
n1=n1*0. 000000000000000001i ; %cong nhi eu gauss t r ang
noi se=awgn( n1, SNR_send) ;
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
N=f f t ( noi se) ;
Y=XFG+N;
%bat dau nhan
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%I : LS ESTI MATOR BASED RECEI VER:
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

I =i nv( Hl s) * Y;
f or k=1: 64

i f ( r eal ( I ( k) ) >0)
I ( k) =1;
el se
I ( k) =- 1;
end
end
f or k=1: 64
i f ( I ( k) ~=d( k) )
er r or _count _l s=er r or _count _l s+1;
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%I : MMSE ESTI MATOR BASED RECEI VER:
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 51

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

I =i nv( Hmmse) * Y;
f or k=1: 64

i f ( r eal ( I ( k) ) >0)
I ( k) =1;
el se
I ( k) =- 1;
end
end
f or k=1: 64
i f ( I ( k) ~=d( k) )
er r or _count _mmse=er r or _count _mmse+1;
end
end
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
end

ser _l s( n) =er r or _count _l s/ 64000;
ser _mmse( n) =er r or _count _mmse/ 64000;
ser _l s
ser _mmse
SNR( n) =SNR_send;

end;

%hi ent hi
semi l ogy( SNR, ser _mmse, ' k- ' ) ;
gr i d on;
xl abel ( ' SNR i n DB' ) ;
yl abel ( ' Symbol Er r or Rat e' ) ;
t i t l e( ' PLOT OF SNR V/ S SER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM WI TH MMSE/ LS
ESTI MATOR BASED RECEI VERS' ) ;

hol d on;
semi l ogy( SNR, ser _l s, ' b*' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, ser _l s, ' b- ' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, ser _mmse, ' kv' ) ;
gr i d on;
xl abel ( ' SNR i n DB' ) ;
yl abel ( ' Symbol Er r or Rat e' ) ;
t i t l e( ' PLOT OF SNR V/ S SER FOR AN OFDM SYSTEM WI TH MMSE/ LS
ESTI MATOR BASED RECEI VERS' )


N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 52

4.3 M phng so snh c lng MMSE v LS:

f unct i on ms_er r or =MMSE_MSE_cal c( X, H, Y, Rgg, F, var i ance)
%gi a t r i cua Hmmse
%Hmmse=F*Rgg*i nv( Rgy) *Y;
I =eye( 64, 64) ;
Rgy=Rgg * F' * X' ;
Ryy=X * F * Rgg * F' *X' + var i ance * I ;

Gmmse=Rgy * i nv( Ryy) * Y;
Hmmse=f f t ( Gmmse) ;

ms_er r or _mat =mean( ( ( abs( H) - abs( Hmmse) ) / abs( H) ) . ^2) ;
f or i =1: 64
i f ( ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ~=0)
ms_er r or =ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ;
end
end

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f unct i on ms_er r or =LS_MSE_cal c( X, H, Y)
%gi a t r i cua Hl s
Hl s=i nv( X) *Y;
ms_er r or _mat _LS=mean( ( abs( H- Hl s) / abs( H) ) . ^2) ;
f or i =1: 64
i f ( ms_er r or _mat _LS( i ) ~=0)
ms_er r or =ms_er r or _mat _LS( i ) ;
end
end
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%SO SANH UOC LUONG MMSE VA LS TRONG HE THONG OFDM VOI 64 SONG
MANG CON
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%gi a t hi et di eu che BPSK . . . symbol s: +1/ - 1
cl c
cl ear
X=zer os( 64, 64) ;
d=r and( 64, 1) ;
f or i =1: 64
i f ( d( i ) >=0. 5)
d( i ) =+1;
el se
d( i ) =- 1;
end
end
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 53

f or i =1: 64
X( i , i ) =d( i ) ;
end

%TI NH MA TRAN G
t au=[ 0. 5 3. 5] ; %t r e l an t r uyen dan
f or k=1: 64
s=0;
f or m=1: 2
s=s+( exp( - j *pi *( 1/ 64) *( k+63*t au( m) ) ) * ( (
si n( pi *t au( m) ) / si n( pi *( 1/ 64) *( t au( m) - k) ) ) ) ) ;

end

g( k) =s/ sqr t ( 64) ; %bi eu t huc t oan hoc cua dap ung xung g( k)
end


G=g' ;
H=f f t ( G) ;
u=r and( 64, 64) ;
F=f f t ( u) *i nv( u) ;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%GI A TRI CUA MA TRAN TUONG QUAN G- Rgg
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
gg=zer os( 64, 64) ;
f or i =1: 64
gg( i , i ) =G( i ) ;
end
gg_myu = sum( gg, 1) / 64;
gg_mi d = gg - gg_myu( ones( 64, 1) , : ) ;
sum_gg_mi d= sum( gg_mi d, 1) ;
Rgg = ( gg_mi d' * gg_mi d- ( sum_gg_mi d' * sum_gg_mi d) / 63) / 64;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
f or m=1: 15

f or n=1: 7
SNR_send=5*n;
XFG=X*H;
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
n1=n1*0. 0000000000001i ; %cong nhi eu gau vao t i n hi eu
noi se=awgn( n1, SNR_send) ;
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 54

N=f f t ( noi se) ;
Y=XFG+N;

%gi a t r i cua uoc l uong LS cho uoc l uong MSE
mean_squar ed_er r or _l s=LS_MSE_cal c( X, H, Y) ;

%gi a t r i cua uoc l uong MMSE cho uoc l uong MSE
mean_squar ed_er r or _mmse=MMSE_MSE_cal c( X, H, Y, Rgg, F, var i ance) ;

SNR( n) =SNR_send;
mmse_mse( m, n) =mean_squar ed_er r or _mmse;
l s_mse( m, n) =mean_squar ed_er r or _l s;

end

end

l s_mse
mmse_mse

mmse_mse_ave=mean( mmse_mse) ;
l s_mse_ave=mean( l s_mse) ;
%hi en t hi t r en do t hi
semi l ogy( SNR, mmse_mse_ave, ' g- ' ) ;
gr i d on;
xl abel ( ' SNR i n DB' ) ;
yl abel ( ' mean squar ed er r or ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' So sanh uoc l uong LS va MMSE cho he t hong OFDM' ) ;

hol d on;
semi l ogy( SNR, l s_mse_ave, ' b*' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, l s_mse_ave, ' b- ' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, mmse_mse_ave, ' gv' ) ;
gr i d on;
xl abel ( ' SNR i n DB' ) ;
yl abel ( ' mean squar ed er r or ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' So sanh uoc l uong LS va MMSE cho he t hong OFDM' ) ;

4.4 M phng gim kch thc FFT vi c lng MMSE :

%%%%%%%%%t ao hamHmmse MMSE- 0%%%%%%
f unct i on ms_er r or =Mo_MMSE_cal c( X, Y, F, Rgg, H)
%Mo_Hmmse=T*Qmmse*T' *X' *Y;
%t i nh var i ance
f or n=1: 15
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 55

SNR_send=5*n;
noi se=awgn( n1, SNR_send) ;
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
end
%Ti nh T0
T0=F( 1: 5, 1: 5) ;
%t i nh R0
R0=Rgg( 1: 5, 1: 5) ;
%t i nh X0
X0=X( 1: 5, 1: 5) ;
%t i nh Y0
Y0=Y( 1: 5, 1) ;
%t i nh H0
H0=H( 1: 5, 1) ;

I 0=eye( 5, 5) ;
Rgy=R0 * T0' * X0' ;
Ryy=X0 * T0 * R0 * T0' *X0' + var i ance * I 0;

Gmmse=Rgy * i nv( Ryy) * Y0;
Hmmse=T0*Gmmse;

ms_er r or _mat =mean( ( ( abs( H0) - abs( Hmmse) ) / abs( H0) ) . ^2) ;
f or i =1: 5
i f ( ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ~=0)
ms_er r or =ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ;
end
end
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%%%%%%%%%t ao hamcai t i en Hmmse MMSE- 5%%%%%%
f unct i on ms_er r or =M5_MMSE_cal c( X, Y, F, Rgg, H)
%Mo_Hmmse=T*Qmmse*T' *X' *Y;
%Ti nh var i ance
f or n=1: 15
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
SNR_send=5*n;
noi se=awgn( n1, SNR_send) ;
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
end
%t i nh ma t r an T
T3=F( 1: 15, 1: 10) ;
T4=F( 1: 15, 60: 64) ;
T5=[ T3, T4] ;
%Ti nh ma t r an R
R1=Rgg( 1: 10, 1: 10) ;
R2=[ R1; zer os( 5, 10) ] ;
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 56

R3=Rgg( 60: 64, 60: 64) ;
R4=[ zer os( 10, 5) ; R3] ;
R5=[ R2, R4] ;

%Ti nh X1
X3=X( 1: 15, 1: 10) ;
X4=X( 50: 64, 60: 64) ;
X5=[ X3, X4] ;

%Ti nh Y1
Y2=Y( 1: 10, 1) ;
Y3=Y( 60: 64, 1) ;
Y5=[ Y2; Y3] ;

%Ti nh H1
H2=H( 1: 10, 1) ;
H3=H( 60: 64, 1) ;
H5=[ H2; H3] ;


I 5=eye( 15, 15) ;
Rgy=R5 * T5' * X5' ;
Ryy=X5 * T5 * R5 * T5' *X5' + var i ance * I 5;

Gmmse=Rgy * i nv( Ryy) * Y5;
Hmmse5=T5*Gmmse;

ms_er r or _mat =mean( ( ( abs( H5) - abs( Hmmse5) ) / abs( H5) ) . ^2) ;
f or i =1: 15
i f ( ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ~=0)
ms_er r or =ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ;
end
end
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%%%%%%%%%t ao hamcai t i en Hmmse MMSE- 10%%%%%%
f unct i on ms_er r or =M10_MMSE_cal c( X, Y, Rgg, H, F)
%Mo_Hmmse=T*Qmmse*T' *X' *Y;
%t i nh ma t r an T
f or n=1: 15
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
SNR_send=5*n;
noi se=awgn( n1, SNR_send) ;
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
end

N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 57

%t i nh ma t r an T
T8=F( 1: 25, 1: 15) ;
T9=F( 1: 25, 55: 64) ;
T10=[ T8, T9] ;
%Ti nh ma t r an R
R6=Rgg( 1: 15, 1: 15) ;
R7=[ R6; zer os( 10, 15) ] ;
R8=Rgg( 55: 64, 55: 64) ;
R9=[ zer os( 15, 10) ; R8] ;
R10=[ R7, R9] ;

%Ti nh X1
X8=X( 1: 25, 1: 15) ;
X9=X( 40: 64, 55: 64) ;
X10=[ X8, X9] ;

%Ti nh Y1
Y8=Y( 1: 15, 1) ;
Y9=Y( 55: 64, 1) ;
Y10=[ Y8; Y9] ;

%Ti nh H1
H8=H( 1: 15, 1) ;
H9=H( 55: 64, 1) ;
H10=[ H8; H9] ;

I 10=eye( 25, 25) ;
Rgy=R10 * T10' * X10' ;
Ryy=X10 * T10 * R10 * T10' *X10' + var i ance * I 10;

Gmmse=Rgy * i nv( Ryy) * Y10;
Hmmse10=T10*Gmmse;

ms_er r or _mat =mean( ( ( abs( H10) - abs( Hmmse10) ) / abs( H10) ) . ^2) ;

f or i =1: 25
i f ( ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ~=0)
ms_er r or =ms_er r or _mat ( i ) ;
end
end

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Chuong t r i nh chi nh%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 58

%SO SANH UOC LUONG MMSE VA LS TRONG HE THONG OFDM VOI 64 SONG
MANG CON
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%gi a t hi et di eu che BPSK . . . symbol s: +1/ - 1
cl c
cl ear

X=zer os( 64, 64) ;
d=r and( 64, 1) ;
f or i =1: 64
i f ( d( i ) >=0. 5)
d( i ) =+1;
el se
d( i ) =- 1;
end
end


f or i =1: 64
X( i , i ) =d( i ) ;
end

%TI NH MA TRAN G
t au=[ 0. 5 3. 5] ; %t r e l an t r uyen dan
f or k=1: 64
s=0;
f or m=1: 2
s=s+( exp( - j *pi *( 1/ 64) *( k+63*t au( m) ) ) * ( (
si n( pi *t au( m) ) / si n( pi *( 1/ 64) *( t au( m) - k) ) ) ) ) ;

end
g( k) =s/ sqr t ( 64) ; %bi eu t huc t oan hoc cua dap ung xung g( k)
end

G=g' ;
H=f f t ( G) ;
u=r and( 64, 64) ;
F=f f t ( u) *i nv( u) ;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%GI A TRI CUA MA TRAN TUONG QUAN G- Rgg
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
gg=zer os( 64, 64) ;
f or i =1: 64
gg( i , i ) =G( i ) ;
end
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 59

gg_myu = sum( gg, 1) / 64;
gg_mi d = gg - gg_myu( ones( 64, 1) , : ) ;
sum_gg_mi d= sum( gg_mi d, 1) ;
Rgg = ( gg_mi d' * gg_mi d- ( sum_gg_mi d' * sum_gg_mi d) / 63) / 64;

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
f or m=1: 15

f or n=1: 7
SNR_send=5*n;
XFG=X*H;
n1=ones( 64, 1) ;
n1=n1*0. 0000000000001i ; %cong nhi eu gau vao t i n hi eu
noi se=awgn( n1, SNR_send) ;
var i ance=var ( noi se) ;
N=f f t ( noi se) ;
Y=XFG+N;

%gi a t r i cua uoc l uong LS cho uoc l uong MSE
mean_squar ed_er r or _l s=LS_MSE_cal c( X, H, Y) ;

%gi a t r i cua uoc l uong MMSE cho uoc l uong MSE
mean_squar ed_er r or _mmse=MMSE_MSE_cal c( X, H, Y, Rgg, F, var i ance)

%gi a t r i cua cai t i en uoc l uong MMSE- 0
mean_Mo_squar ed_er r or _mmse=Mo_MMSE_cal c( X, Y, F, Rgg, H) ;

%gi a t r i cua cai t i en uoc l uong MMSE- 5
mean_M5_squar ed_er r or _mmse=M5_MMSE_cal c( X, Y, F, Rgg, H) ;

%gi a t r i cua cai t i en uoc l uong MMSE- 10
mean_M10_squar ed_er r or _mmse=M10_MMSE_cal c( X, Y, Rgg, H, F) ;

SNR( n) =SNR_send;
mmse_mse( m, n) =mean_squar ed_er r or _mmse;
l s_mse( m, n) =mean_squar ed_er r or _l s;
Mo_mmse_mse( m, n) =mean_Mo_squar ed_er r or _mmse;
M5_mmse_mse( m, n) =mean_M5_squar ed_er r or _mmse;
M10_mmse_mse( m, n) =mean_M10_squar ed_er r or _mmse;
end

end

l s_mse
mmse_mse
N CHUYN NGNH VIN THNG GVHD: PGS.TS TNG TN CHIN

SVTH: L QUANG BCH_09DT1 Page 60

Mo_mmse_mse
M5_mmse_mse
M10_mmse_mse

mmse_mse_ave=mean( mmse_mse) ;
l s_mse_ave=mean( l s_mse) ;
Mo_mmse_mse_ave=mean( Mo_mmse_mse) ;
M5_mmse_mse_ave=mean( M5_mmse_mse) ;
M10_mmse_mse_ave=mean( M10_mmse_mse) ;


%hi en t hi t r en do t hi
semi l ogy( SNR, mmse_mse_ave, ' g- ' ) ;
gr i d on;
xl abel ( ' SNR i n DB' ) ;
yl abel ( ' mean squar ed er r or ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' So sanh uoc l uong LS va MMSE, MMSE- 0, MMSE- 5, MMSE- 10 cho
he t hong OFDM' ) ;

hol d on;
semi l ogy( SNR, l s_mse_ave, ' b*' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, l s_mse_ave, ' b- ' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, mmse_mse_ave, ' gv' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, Mo_mmse_mse_ave, ' r - ' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, Mo_mmse_mse_ave, ' r o' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, M5_mmse_mse_ave, ' k- ' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, M5_mmse_mse_ave, ' kp' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, M10_mmse_mse_ave, ' m- ' ) ;
semi l ogy( SNR, M10_mmse_mse_ave, ' mp' ) ;

gr i d on;
xl abel ( ' SNR i n DB' ) ;
yl abel ( ' mean squar ed er r or ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' So sanh uoc l uong LS va MMSE, MMSE- 0, MMSE- 5, MMSE- 10 cho
he t hong OFDM' ) ;

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