Trn Thnh Minh Phan Lu Bin - Trn Quang Ngha

I S 10
Chng 2.
Hm S Bc Nht v Bc Hai

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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

1. i cng v hm s
A. Tm tt gio khoa
1/ nh ngha hm s : Cho D l tp con khc rng ca tp R .
Hm s f xc nh trn D l mt quy tc cho ng vi mi s x thuc D mt s thc y duy nht
gi l gi tr ca hm s f ti x, k hiu l y = f(x)
D gi l tp xc nh (hay min xc nh) , x gi l bin s c lp hay i s ca hm s f
Ta vit f : D R
x y = f(x)
2/ Cch cho hm s :Hm s thng cho bng biu thc f(x) v ta quy c rng : nu khng c
gii thch g thm th tp xc nh ca hm s y = f(x) l tp hp tt c cc s thc
x sao cho biu thc f(x) c ngha.
3/ th ca hm s :
nh ngha : Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn D.
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, th ca hm s l tp
hp tt c cc im c ta (x;f(x)) vi x D
Ghi ch : Ngoi cch cho hm s bng biu thc f(x)
,ngi ta c th cho hm s bng bng gi tr, bng
biu hoc bng th

x
O

4/ Hm s ng bin, nghch bin :

nh ngha : Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn khong (a,b)
R
Hm s f gi l ng bin (hay tng) trn khong (a;b) nu
vi mi x1,x2 (a;b): x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2)
Hm s f gi l nghch bin (hay gim) trn khong (a;b) nu
vi mi x1,x2 (a;b): x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2)
Ghi ch : T nh ngha trn ta suy ra :

f ng bin trn (a;b) x1 , x2 (a; b), x1 x2 ,

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
>0
x2 x1

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
<0
x2 x1
Kho st s bin thin ca hm s l xt xem hm s ng bin trn khong no,nghch bin trn
khong no trong tp xc nh ca n

f nghch bin trn (a;b) x1 , x2 (a; b), x1 x2 ,

5/ Hm s chn,hm s l :
nh ngha : Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn D
f l hm s chn nu vi mi x thuc D , th :
x cng thuc D v f(- x) = f(x)
f l hm s l nu vi mi x thuc D, th :
x cng thuc D v
f(-x) = -f(x)
nh l :
Hm s chn th c th nhn trc tung lm trc i xng
Hm s l th c th nhn gc ta lm tm i xng

B. Gii ton
Dng ton 1:Tm min xc nh ca hm s f:
Ta cn nh:
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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

1
xc nh khi f(x) 0
f ( x)
T

f ( x) xc nh khi f(x) 0
f ( x)
xc nh khi g(x) > 0
g ( x)

V d 1 : Tm min xc nh ca hm s : f(x) = 2 x 1

3
x 2

Gii :
x 1 0
x 1
x 1
f(x) xc nh khi

x 1& x 2

x
2

x
2

x 2 0

V d 2 : Tm min xc nh ca hm s : f(x) =

2x 3 +

x+2
3 x

Gii
3

3
2 x 3 0
x
f(x) xc nh khi

2 x<3
2
3 x > 0
x < 3

V d 3 : Tm min xc nh ca hm s f(x) =

x2 2 x + 3 +

1
x +1

Gii
Ta c : x2 2x +3 = (x 1)2 +2 > 0 vi mi x
v x + 1 0 vi mi x
Vy hm s f xc nh vi mi x R
*V d 4: nh m hm s sau xc nh trn (0,2):
2x
f(x) =
x m +1
Gii
Hm s f(x) xc nh khi x m + 1 0 x m 1
Do hm s f(x) xc nh trn khong (0,2) th ta phi c m 1 (0,2)
Vy m 1 0 hay m 1 2 m 1 hay m 3
*V d 5: Tm m hm s y =

x m + 1 + 2 x m xc inh vi mi x > 0

Gii

x m 1
x m +1 0

Hm s xc nh khi

m
2x m 0
x 2

m 1 0

Do hm s xc nh vi mi x > 0 khi m
.
2 0

Vy m 0

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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

2 x 1 khi 2 x < 0

*V d 6: Cho hm s :y = f(x) = x khi 0 x < 1

2 x + 1 khi 1 x < 3

Tm tp xc nh ca hm s f v tnh f(0) ; f(-1) ; f(1) ; f(2)

Gii
Tp xc nh ca hm s l [-2; 3)

Ta c f(0) = 0 ; f(-1) = 2(-1) 1 = -3 ; f(1) = -2(1) + 1 = -1 v f(2) = -2(2)+ 1 = -3 .

Dng ton 2 : th ca hm s
im M (xo ; yo ) th (C) ca hm s y = f(x) yo = f(xo)
V d 1 : V th ca hm s sau (gi l hmdu) :
-1 khi x < 0

d(x) = 0 khi x = 0
1 khi x > 0

Gii Tp xc nh l R . th gm 2 tia At ,Bt ,v im gc O

y
A

t
A

t
x

B
t
t'

V d 2 : Trong cc im : A(0 ; 1) , B(2 ; 2) , C( -2 ; 4) ,im no thuc th ca hm s y = x2

Gii
Thay ta cc im vo phng trnh y = x2 ta thy :
1 = 02 (khng tha), nn im A khng thuc th
2 = 22 khng tha nn im B khng thuc th
4 = (-2)2 tha nn im C thuc th hm s
* V d 3 : Tm 2 s xo , yo sao cho im (xo; yo) thuc th ca hm s y = x2 mx + 2 +m vi
mi gi tr ca m.
Gii
im (xo ; yo) thuc th ca hm s y = x2 mx + 2 + m khi ta c :
yo = xo2 mxo + 2 +m hay yo = xo2 + 2 + m (1 xo)
x =1
1 x0 = 0
Phng trnh ny c tha vi mi m
0
2
y0 = x0 + 2
y0 = 3

V d 4 : Hm s y = f(x) c cho bi th bn phi :

a) Tm tp xc nh ca hm s f
b) Tnh f(0) , f(-2)
c) Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

Gii
a) Theo th ta thy tp xc nh ca hm s l [-2;3]
b) Ta c f(0) = 2 v f( -2) = 1
c) Gi tr ln nht ca f(x) l 3 ; gi tr nh nht ca f(x) l -1
Dng ton 3 : Dng nh ngha xt tnh ng bin v nghch bin ca hm s
Ly x1 v x2 l hai gi tr ty thuc khong (a ; b) vi x1 x2 v xt nu :
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
> 0 th hm s f(x) ng bin trn (a;b)
x2 x1
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
< 0 th hm s nghch bin trn (a;b)
x2 x1
V d 1 : Dng nh ngha chng minh hm s f(x) = 2x 3 ng bin trn R
Gii
Gi x1 v x2 l hai gi tr ty thuc tp R vi x1 x2 ta c :
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) (2 x2 3) (2 x1 3)
=
= 2>0
x2 x1
x2 x1
Vy hm s f(x) = 2x 3 lun ng bin trn tp xc nh R
V d 2 : Dng nh ngha xt tnh ng bin v nghch bin ca hm s
y = f(x) = x2 2x + 2 trn mi khong (;1) v (1; + )
Gii
Gi x1 v x2 l hai gi tr ty thuc (;1) vi x1 x2 ta c :
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) ( x22 2 x2 + 2) ( x12 2 x1 + 2) x22 x12 2( x2 x1 )
=
=
=
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x1
( x2 x1 )( x2 + x1 ) 2( x2 x1 ) ( x2 x1 )( x2 + x1 2)
=
= x1 + x2 2
x2 x1
x2 x1
V x1 v x2 thuc (;1) nn x1 < 1 v x2 < 1 , do x1 + x2 < 2
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
Vy
< 0 Suy ra hm s nghch bin trn khong (;1)
x2 x1
Tng t vi x1 v x2 thuc (1; + ) vi x1 x2 ta cng c :
x1 > 1 v x2 > 1 nn x1 + x2 > 2 ,do x1 + x2 2 > 0
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
Vy
> 0 Suy ra hm s ng bin trn khong c
x2 x1
2
V d 3 : Kho st s bin thin ca hm s y =
trn mi khong xc nh (;1) v
x 1
=

(;1)

Gii
Gi x1 v x2 l hai gi tr ty thuc (;1) vi x1 x2 ta c :
2
2

2( x2 x1 )
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x2 1 x1 1
2
=
=
=
x2 x1
x2 x1
( x2 x1 )( x2 1)( x1 1) ( x2 1)( x1 1)
29
V x1 v x2 thuc (;1) nn x1 - 1< 0 v x2 - 1 < 0 , do

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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
<0
x2 x1
Suy ra hm s nghch bin trn khong (;1)
Tng t vi x1 v x2 thuc (1; + ) vi x1 x2 ta cng c :
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
x1 1> 0 v x2-1 > 0 , do
<0
x2 x1
Vy hm s vn nghch bin trn khong (1; + )

(x2 1)(x1 1) > 0 .Vy

*V d 4: Dng nh ngha chng minh hm s y = x3 + 3x ng bin trn tp R

Gii

Gi x1 v x2 l hai gi tr ty thuc R vi x1 x2 ta c :
f ( x2 ) f ( x1 ) x23 + 3x2 x13 3x1 ( x2 x1 )( x22 + x1 x2 + x12 ) + 3( x2 x1 )
=
=
x2 x1
x2 x
x2 x1
= x12 + x1 x2 + x22 + 3 = ( x1 +

1 2 3 x22
x2 ) +
+ 3 > 0 vi mi x1 v x2
2
4

Vy hm s lun ng bin trn R

Dng 4 : Xt tnh chn , l ca hm s
- Tp xc nh D ca hm s phi i xng qua 0
- Vi mi x D th -x D :
nu f(-x) = f(x) th hm s chn trn D
nu f(-x) = - f(x) th hm s l trn D
V d 1 : Xt tnh chn l ca hm s : y =

x +1

Gii
Hm s y = x + 1 xc nh khi x + 1 0 hay x -1
Ta nhn thy tp xc nh ca hm s l [ - 1 ; + ) khng i xng qua 0 ngha v vi x = 2 th
x = -2 [ - 1 ; + )
Vy hm s ny khng chn v cng khng l
V d 2 : Xt tnh chn l ca hm s y = f(x) = 2x3 4x
Gii
Tp xc nh ca hm s l R
Vi moi x ta c : x R x R v f(-x) = 2(-x)3 4(-x) = -2x3 + 4x = - f(x)
Vy f(x) l hm s l
V d 3 : Xt tnh chn l ca hm s y = f(x) =

2+ x + 2 x

Gii

2 + x 0
2 x 2 Tp xc nh l [ - 2; 2]
Hm s xc nh khi
2 x 0
Vi mi x [-2;2] th x [-2;2] v f(-x) = 2 x + 2 + x = f(x)
Vy f(x) l hm s chn
V d 4 : Xt tnh chn l ca hm s y = f(x) = 2x x

Gii
Tp xc nh l R

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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

Vi mi x R th x R v ta c f(-x) = 2(-x) x 3 = -2x x 3 = - f(x)

Vy f(x) l hm s l

B. Bi tp rn luyn :
2.1.Tm min xc nh cc hm s sau:
2x 1
x
a) y =
b) y =
x +1
x 2
c) y =

x +1
x 1

d) y =

2x 1 2 x

2 x 1 khi x < 1
2.2. Cho hm s f(x) =
2
1 x khi 1 x 1
a) Tm min xc nh ca hm s f
2
b) Tnh f(-2) , f(-1) , f(
) , f(1)
2
* 2.3. Tm m hm s y = x m + 2 x m +1 xc nh vi mi x > 0

2 4. Gi ( C ) l th ca hm s y = x x .im no sau y thuc ( C )

A(-1; 1) B(-1 ; -1) C(1; -1) D(1 ; 0)

mx 1
vi mi gi tr ca m
xm
2.6. V th ca hm s y = [x] gi l phn nguyn ca x vi x [-2 ; 3]
(vi mi s thc x c mt s nguyn y duy nht tha y x < y+1)

*2.5. Tm im (xo ; yo ) thuc th ca hm s y =

2.7. Xt s bin thin ca hm s trn mi khong

3
a) y =
trn mi khong (- ,0) v (0 ; + )
x
b) y = -x2 + 2x trn mi khong (- ;1) v (1 ; + )
c) y = x 1 trn khong [1 ; + )
*d) y = x3+ 2 trn khong (- ; + )
2.8. Xt tnh chn l ca cc hm s sau :
a) f(x) = -2x + 5
b) f(x) = -x3 + 2x
3
c) f(x) =
d) f(x) = x2 - 2 x
x2
* 2.9. Xt tnh chn l ca hm s Dirichlet :
1 khi x Q
D(x) =
0 khi x Q
2.10. Cho hm s y = 2 x + x + 2 Cu no sau y ng?
a) Min xc nh l x > -2
b) Hm s l
c) th hm s c trc i xng l trc 0y
d) im A ( 0 ; 2 ) thuc th hm s

D. Hng dn - p s :
2.1. a) Tp xc nh l R
b) Min xc nh l R\ {2; +2}
c) Min xc nh l x [-1 ; + ) v x 1

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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

2 x 1 0
1
d) Hm s xc nh khi
x2
2
2 x 0
2.2.a) Min xc nh ca hm s l (- ; 1]
2
2
b) f(-2) = -5 ; f(-1) = 0 ; f(
)=
; f(1) = 0
2
2

xm
xm0

* 2.3. Hm s xc nh khi

m 1
2 x m + 1 0
x 2

m0

Do hm s xc nh vi mi x > 0 th m 1
Vy m 0
2 0
2. 4.. im B thuc th ( C )
* 2.5. im (xo ; yo ) thuc th ca hm s y =

mx 1
khi ta c :
xm

mxo 1
hay xoyo myo= mxo 1 vi xo m
x0 m
xoyo + 1 = m(xo + yo)
Phng trnh ny c tha vi mi m xo khi :
xo + yo = 0
(xo = 1; yo= -1) v (xo = -1 ; yo=1) vi m 1 v m -1

xo yo + 1 = 0
2.6.
y
yo =

2.7. a) hm s nghch bin trn mi khong

b) hm s ng bin trn (- ;1) v nghch bin trn (1 ; + )
c) hm s ng bin trn [1 ; + )
d) hm s lun ng bin trn (- ; + )
2.8. a) f(x) = -2x + 5 khng chn v khng l
b) f(x) = -x3 + 2x l hm s l trn R
3
c) f(x) =
khng chn v khng l
x2
d) f(x) =x2 - 2 x l hm s chn trn R
* 2.9. Vi mi x Q th x Q v ta c D(-x) = 1 = D(x)
Vi mi x Q th x Q ( v d x = 2 th x = - 2 )
v ta c D(-x) = 0 = D(x)
Vy D(x) l hm s chn
2.10. Hm s ny chn nn th c trc i xng l Oy.

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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

2 . Hm s bc nht
A.Tm tt gio khoa :
1. nh ngha : Hm s bc nht l hm s c dng y =ax + b,trong a v b l
a 0
2. S bin thin
Tp xc nh l R
Khi a > 0 hm s ng bin trn R

x
y = ax + b
(a>0)

cc hng s vi

+
+

-
Khi a < 0 hm s nghch bin trn R
x
y = ax + b
( a < 0)

-
+

+
-

3. th :
th ca hm s y = ax + b ( a 0) l mt ng thng khng cng phng vi cc trc ta .
a gi l h s gc ca ng thng.
c bit :
b
b 0 th ct trc Ox ti A( ; 0) v trc 0y ti B(0;b)
a
b = 0 th hm s y = ax qua gc to 0 v qua im C(1 ; a)
y
y

B
A
0

x
0

Ghi ch : Cho hai ng thng (d) y = ax + b v (d) y = ax + b

(d) // (d) a = a v b b
(d) ct (d) a a
th ca hm s y = b (hng s) l ng thng song song vi trc honh
4. Hm s y = x
Hm s ny xc nh vi mi gi tr ca x v l hm s chn.
Theo nh ngha gi tr tuyt i ta c :

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10

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

x khi x 0
x =
x khi x < 0
Do khi x 0 th y = x l hm s ng bin
khi x< 0 th y = -x l hm s nghch bin
Ta c bng bin thin sau :
-
+

x
y= x

+
+

0
th ca hm s y = x khi x 0 l tia phn gic ca gc phn t I v y = - x khi x < 0 l tia
phn gic ca gc phn t II
5 .Hm s y = ax + b vi a 0

Hm s ny xc nh vi mi x R
b
Nu x - th y = ax + b
a
b
Nu x < - th y = -ax b
a
b
th l hai na ng thng c gc A ( - ; 0)
a
V d : V th ca hm s y = x 1

Gii Nu x 1 th y = x 1 ; th l na ng thng gc A (
1 ; 0) v qua B(2;1)
Nu x < 1 th y = -x + 1; th l na ng thng gc A
v qua C( 0 ; 1)

B
O

B. Gii ton :
Dng 1 : Xt s bin thin v v th hm s y = ax + b

V d 1 : Xt s bin thin v v th hm s y = 2x 3
Gii
Tp xc nh l R
Hm s lun ng bin trn R v a = 2 > 0
Bng bin thin

B
O

+
+

y = 2x - 3
A

-
th l ng thng qua hai im A ( 0 ; - 3) v B( 2 ; 1)
V d 2 : Xt s bin thin v v th hm s y = -

x
+2
2

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11

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

Gii
Tp xc nh l R

Hm s lun nghch bin trn R v a = -

1
<0
2

Bng bin thin

x
x
y = - +2
2

A
-
+

+
-

x
O

th l ng thng qua 2 im A(0 ; 2) v B(4; 0)

Dng 2 : Tnh cc h s a v b ca hm s y = ax + b
V d 1 : Tnh a v b th ca hm s y = ax + b qua 2 im A(2 ; -2) v B(-1 ; 4)
Gii
th qua A (2 ; -2) a(2) + b = - 2
th qua B( -1 ; 4) a(-1) + b = 4
2a + b = 2
Gii h phng trnh
ta c a = -2 v b = 2
a + b = 4
Vy y = -2x + 2
V d 2 : Cho ng thng (d) y = 2x + 1.Tnh a v b th (d) ca hm s y = ax + b
song song vi (d) v qua im A(1 ; -3)
Gii
Ta c (d) // (d) a = 2 v b 1 ( h s gc bng nhau)
Do phng trnh ca (d) l y = 2x + b
im A(1 ; -3) (d) -3 = 2(1) + b b = - 5
Vy phng trnh ca (d) l y = 2x 5
V d 3 : nh m hai ng thng (d) y = 2x 3 v (d) y = -x + 2m -1 ct nhau ti mt im
trn trc 0y
Gii
(d) ct trc 0y ti im c ta x = 0 ; y = - 3
(d) ct (d) ti im trn trc 0y khi 2m 1 = -3 2m = - 2 m = -1
1
V d 4 : V th ca hai hm s y = x 1 v y = - x + 2 trn cng mt h trc ta . Dng
2

th v th li bng tnh to giao im ca hai th trn

Gii
th ca hm s y = x 1 l ng thng (d) qua hai im ( 0 ; -1) v (1 ; 0)
1
th ca hm s y = - x + 2 l ng thng (d) qua hai im ( 0 ; 2) v (4 ; 0)
2
Theo th ta thy hai ng (d) v (d) ct nhau ti im c ta (2 ; 1)
Th li bng tnh :
To giao im c (d) v (d) l nghim ca h phng trnh :

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12

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

y = x 1

1
y = 2 x + 2

1
x+2
2
2x 2 = -x +4 3x = 6
x=2
Thay x = 2 vo y = x 1 ta c y = 1 .
Vy ta giao im ca hai th l (2 ; 1)

So snh y ta c : x- 1 = -

x
-1

Dng 3 : V th hm s y = ax + b
V d 1 : V th ca hm s y = 2 x + 1 .
-1

Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s ny.

Gii
Nu x + 1 0 hay x -1 th y =
2(x+1) = 2x + 2 , th l na ng thng gc A( - 1 ; 0) v qua im B(0 ; 2)
Nu x + 1 < 0 hay x < -1 th y = -2(x + 1) = -2x 2 , th l na ng thng gc A v qua
im C( -2 ; 2)

Gi tr nh nht ca hm s l 0 khi x = -1

3
(-1,1)

(1,1)

-1

1
-1

-2

-1
A

V d 2 : V th ca hm s y = 2 x - 1 v tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s
Gii
Nu x 0 th y = 2x 1, th l na ng thng gc A( 0 ; -1) v qua B ( 1 ; 1)
Nu x < 0 th y = -2x -1 . th l na ng thng gc A v qua C( -1 ; 1)
V 2 x 0 vi mi x nn y -1

Vy gi tr nh nht ca y l 1 khi x = 0

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13

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

*V d 3 : V th hm s y =

x2 4 x + 4 2 x 1

Gii

Ta c y = x 2 4 x + 4 2 x 1 = ( x 2)2 2 x 1 = x 2 2 x 1
Ta c bng xt du :
x
1
2
x-2
0
+
x-1
0 +
+
y

Do :
khi x < 1 th :
y = 2 x + 2(x 1) = x
khi 1 x 2 th :
y = 2 x -2(x 1) = -3x + 4
khi x > 2 th :
y = x 2 2(x- 1) = -x
th ( xem hnh bn)

(1,1)

-1

-1
-2

*V d 4 :Cho hm s

x2
khi x 0
x +
y=
x

1 khi x = 0
Tm tp xc nh v v th ca hm s ny

(2,-2)

-3

Gii
Tp xc nh l R
x
= x + 1 v khi x = 0 th y = 1
x
Vy th ca hm s l ng thng y = x + 1

Khi x 0 ta c y = x +

C.Bi tp rn luyn
2.11. V th cc hm s sau :
a) y = 2x 4 b) y =

2
1
x c) y = - x 4
3
3

x khi x 0
2 x khi x < 0

d) y =

2.12. Tnh a v b th hm s y = ax + b qua hai im A(0 ; 2) v B( 1 ; 3)

2.13. Tnh a v b ng thng (d) y = ax + b song song vi ng thng (d)
y = -2x + 5 v qua M( -1 ; 3)
2.14. Cho 4 ng thng :
(d1) y = x 2 + 1 ; (d2) y = -x 2 +2 ; (d3) y =

2
x 1 ; (d4) y = 2x + 1
2

Cp ng thng no song song ?

a) (d1) v (d2)
b) (d1) v (d3) c) (d2) v (d3)
*2.15. Cho hai ng thng (d) y = - x + 4 v (d) y =

d) (d3) v (d4)

2
x -1
3

a) V (d) v (d) trn cng mt h trc ta Oxy

b) Tnh ta giao im ca (d) v (d)
c) Tnh m 3 ng thng (d) ; (d) v (d) y = mx + m 3 ng quy

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14

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

2.16. nh m hai ng thng y = 2x + 4 v y = - x + m + 2 ct nhau ti mt im trn trc

honh
2.17. V th cc hm s :
a) y = x 2

b) y = x + 1

*2.18. V th ca hm s : y =

c) y =

x2 2 x + 1 x

4 4 x + x2 4 x2 + 4 x + 1

*2.19 Tm tp xc nh v v th hm s sau :

x2
x +
khi x 0
y=
x
1 khi x = 0

D.Hng dn gii - p s
2.11. a) th ca hm s y = 2x 4 l ng thng qua 2 im ( 0; - 4) v
( 2 ; 0)

2
x l ng thng qua gc O v im ( 3 ; 2)
3
1
c) th ca hm s y = - x 4 l ng thng qua 2 im (0;-4) v (-3;-3)
3
x khi x 0
d) th ca hm s y =
l hai na ng thng qua gc O
2 x khi x < 0
b) th ca hm s y =

2.12. y = x + 2

2.13. y = -2x + 1
2.14. Cu b)
*2.15. b) Ta giao im ca
(d) v (d) l nghim ca h
phng trnh :

y = x + 4

y = 3 x 1

So snh y ta c

1
x

-2

-1

2x 3 = -3x + 12
Hay 5x = 15 Vy x = 3 v y = 1
c) d) ; (d); (d) ng quy khi (d) qua giao im (3;1) ca cu b)
Thay x = 3 v y = 1 vo phng trnh ca (d) ta c
1 = 3m + m 3 = 0 hay m = 1
Vy phng trnh ca (d) l y = x 2
2.16 ng thng y = 2x + 4 ct trc Ox ti x = -2 . y = 0
Do ng thng y = -x + m +2 qua im (-2 ; 0) khi ta c :
0 = 2 + m + 2 Vy m = - 4

x 2 khi x 2
2 x khi x < 2

2.17. a) y = x 2 =

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15

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

x + 1 khi x 0
x + 1 khi x < 0

b) y = x + 1 =

x 1 x khi x 1 1 khi x 1
=
1 x x khi x < 1 1 2 x khi x < 1

c) y = x 1 x =

*2.18. y = x 2 2 x + 1
Khi x < Khi -

1
th y = 2 x + 2x + 1 = x + 3
2

1
x 2 th y = 2 x - 2x - 1 = - 3x + 1
2

Khi x > 2 th y = x 2 2x 1 = - x 3
*2.19. Tp xc nh l R
Khi x 0 th y = x +

x
x + 1 khi x > 0
=
x
x 1 khi x < 0

Khi x = 0 th y = 1

3. Hm s bc hai
A.Tm tt gio khoa
1. nh ngha : Hm s bc hai l hm s c dng y = ax2 + bx + c trong a,b,c l cc hng s
v a 0
2. Hm s y = ax2
Hm s ny xc nh trn R
nu a > 0 th hm s gim trn (- ; 0) ; tng trn (0;+ ),t cc tiu khi x = 0
nu a < 0 th hm s tng trn (- 0) ;gim trn (0;+ ).t cc i khi x = 0
Bng bin thin :
a>0
a<0
x -
+
x -
+
y

y -

th ca hm s l parabol.nh l gc O v trc i xng l Oy

a>0
a< 0
y
y

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16

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

3.Hm s y ax2 + bx + c vi a 0
Tp xc nh l R

Nu a > 0 th hm s gim trn khong (- ; (-

b
;+ )
2a

Nu a < 0 th hm s tng trn khong (- ; (

b
) v tng trn khong
2a

b
) v gim trn khong
2a

b
;+ )
2a

Bng bn thin
a> 0
x
y

b
2a

+
+

CT
Hm s t gi tr cc tiu bng -

b
khi x =
4a
2a

a<0
x

Hm s t gi tr cc i bng -

b
2a
C

+
x

b
khi x =
4a
2a

th hm s y = ax2 + bx + c l mt parabol ,nh I ( -

b
; - ) v nhn ng thng x = 2a 4a
2a

lm trc i xng
Cch v: Mun v parabol (P) : y = ax2 + bx + c ta lm nh sau:
b

b
V nh I ( - ; - ) v trc i xng x = 2a 4a
2a
V thm vi im c honh gn gi tr honh nh v im i xng ca chng qua
trc i xng .Lu giao im ca (P) vi trc Oy l ( x = 0 y = c )

B. Gii ton :
Dng 1 : Xt s bin thin v v th
V d 1 : Xt s bin thin v v th hm s y = x2 2x -3

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17

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

Gii
Tp xc nh l R

= 1 v y = = - 4 .Do hm s gim trn khong ( - ; 1) v tng

2a
4a
trn khong (1;+ ),gi tr nh nht l -4
y
Bng bin thin

a = 1 > 0 , ta c x = -

-
+

y
-4
th l parabol ,nh I ( 1 ; -4) v trc i xng l ng
thng x = 1
Giao im ca parabol vi trc Ox : y = 0 suy ra x2 2x 3
=0
x = -1 ; x = 3 ; giao im ca parabol vi trc Oy l x = 0
y=-3

(-1,0)

(3,0)

(0,-3)

(2,-3)
(1,-4)

V d 2 : Xt s bin thin v v th hm s y = - x2 + 2x 2
Gii
Tp xc nh l R
b

= - 1.Do hm s tng trn khong

a = -1 < 0 , x = - = 1 ; y = 2a
4a
( - ; 1) v gim trn khong ( 1 ; + ) ,gi tr ln nht l 1

Bng bin thin

-

x
y

x
+

1
-1

(1,-1)

th l parabol nh I (1; -1) .trc i xng x = 1,ct trc Oy

ti x = 0 ; y = -2

(0,-2)

(2,-2)

*Dng 2 : V th ca hm s c cha gi tr tuyt i

V d : V th ca hm s y = x 2 2 x
Gii
Tp xc nh l R
Ta c x2 2x = x( x 2) .Do :
khi x < 0 hay x > 2 th y = x2 2x
khi 0 x 2 th y = - x2 + 2x
Vy th ca hm s y = x 2 2 x l hp ca hai parabol :

y = x2 2x b phn trong on 0 x 2
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y
18

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

v y = - x2 + 2x ly phn trong on 0 x 2

Dng 3 : Tnh cc h s a,b,c ca hm s y = ax2 + bx

+c
V d 1 : Tnh a v b bit parabol y = ax2 + bx + 2 c
nh I( 2 ; - 2)
Gii
b
= 2 (1)
2a
im I ( 2 ; -2) thuc parabol nn ta c - 2 = a(2)2 + 2b
+2 (2)
T (1) ta c b = - 4a . Thay vo (2): - 2 = 4a 8a + 2
Vy a = 1 v b = - 4

Honh nh parabol l x = -

(1,1)

(0,0)

(2,0)

V d 2 : Tnh a,b,c bit parabol y = ax2 + bx + c c nh trn trc honh v qua hai im A( 0; 1)

v B( 3 ; 4)
Gii

= 0 hay 4ac b 2 = 0 (1)

4a
2
A (0 ; 1) thuc parabol nn a(0) + b(0) +c = 1 (2)
B( 2 ; 1) thuc parabol nn a(2)2 + b(2) + c = 1 (3)
(2) cho c = 1 .Thay vo (3) ta c :
4a + 2b + 1 = 1 hay 2a + b = 0 hay b = - 2a
Thay b v c vo (1) :
4a(1) (- 2a)2 = 0 hay 4a 4a2 = 0 hay a( 1 a) = 0
V a 0 nn ta suy ra 1 a = 0 Vy a = 1 , b = -2 , c = 1

nh ca parabol thuc trc Ox nn tung nh y = -

*V d 3 : Cho hm s y = x2 2mx + m + 2 ( m > 0)

a) nh m th l parabol c nh nm trn ng thng y = x + 1
b) V th vi m va tm
Gii

4ac b 2
b
tha phng trnh y = x
To nh x = v y =
4a
2a
+1
4ac b 2
b
Nn ta c :
=+ 1 4ac b2 = - 2b + 4a ( v a
4a
2a
0)
Thay a = 1 , b = - 2m , c= m +2 vo phng trnh ta c :
4(m + 2) 4m2 = 4m + 4 m2 = 1 m = 1 v
m>0
Vy y = x2 2x + 3
th l parabol c nh I(1 ; 2) ,trc i xng x = 1

(0,3)

(2,3)
(1,2)
x

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19

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

C.Bi tp rn luyn
2.19. Xt s bin thin v v th cc hm s sau :
a) y = x2 + 2x +1
b) y = - x2 + 1
c) y = x2 2x 2

d) y = -

*2.20. V th cc hm s sau :
a) y = x2 + 2 x

1 2
x + 2x
2

b) y = x x 2

2.21. Tnh a v b bit parabol y = ax2 + bx 3 c nh I (1 ; -2)

2.22. Tnh a , b ,c bit parabol y = ax2 + bx + c c nh trn trc honh v qua hai im A( 0;4)
v B( - 1 ; 1)
2.23. Tnh a , b, c hm s y = ax2 + bx + c t gi tr ln nht bng 2 khi x = 1 v th qua
im A( -1 ; -8)
2.24. Tnh m th ca hm s y = mx2 2mx m 2 c nh thuc ng thng y = 2x 1 (
m khc 0)
2.25. V th ca hai hm s y = x + 1 v y = x2 2x + 1 trn cng mt h thng trc ta ri
xc nh ta giao im ca chng

x 2 + 4 khi x 1
*2.26. V th ca hm s : y =
x + 4 khi x < 1
2.27. V th ca hm s y = - x2 + 2x .Dng th tm x y > 0
2.28. V th ca hm s y = x2 + 2x 3 .Dng th tm x y 0

D.Hng dn gii - p s :
b
= - 1 v a = 1 > 0
2a
Vy hm s nghch bin trn khong khong ( - ; -1) v ng bin trn khong (1;+ ), gi tr nh nht l 0
2.19. a) Hm s y = x2 + 2x + 1 c x = -

th l parabol c nh I ( -1 ; 0)

b
= 0 v a = - 1 <0
2a
Vy hm s ng bin trn khong ( - ; 0) v nghch bin trn khong
(0 ;+ ), gi tr ln nht l 1
b).Hm s y = - x2 + 1 c x = -

th l parabol c nh I ( 0 ; 1)

c). Hm s y = x2 2x 2 nghch bin trn khong khong ( - ; 1) v ng bin

trn khong (1;+ ), gi tr nh nht l -2
d) Hc sinh t v.
*2.20. a) th ca hm s a) y = x2 + 2 x gm hai phn
y = x2 2x khi x < 0 v y = x2 + 2x khi x 0
b) th ca hm s b) y = x x 2 gm hai phn
y = 2x x2 khi x < 2 v y = x2 2x khi x 2

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20

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

4
2
x

-1

-2
-4
x

2.21.

Ta c h phng trnh :

=1

2a

a + b 3 = 2
2.22

Ta c h phng trnh :

4ac b 2 = 0

c=4
a b + c =1

2.23.

Vy a = - 1 v b = 2

Vy a = 1 ; b = 4 ; c = 4 hay a = 9 ; b = 12 ; c = 4

Ta c h phng trnh :

2a = 1

a+b+c = 2
a b + c = 8

Vy a = -

5
1
;b=5;c=2
2

2.24. Ta nh l x = 1 , y = -2m 2 . Thay gi tr ca x v y ny vo phng

trnh y = 2x 1 ta c : -2m 2 = 2 -1 Vy m = - 3/2
2.25. Hc sinh t v.

y = x +1
2
y = x 2x +1

Ta giao im ca 2 th l nghim ca h phng trnh :

So snh y ta c x2 2x + 1 = x + 1 hay x (x - 3) = 0
Vy x = 0 ; y = 1 v x = 3 ; y = 4
*2.26 .Ta v parabol y = - x2 + 4 v gch b phn x < - 1

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21

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

v v ng thng y = x + 4 ri gch b phn

x>-1

27. Phn th ng vi y > 0 l phn th

pha trn trc honh (mu hng) .
Cn c vo hnh v ta suy ra:hi 0 x < 2.

-2

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-6

2.28. Theo th ta thy: y 0 (ng vi phn

th ph di trc honh, mu hng) -3 x 1

2
x

-4

-3

-2

-1

-2
-4

4. Trc nghim cui chng

A.Cu hi
1.Cho hm s f(x) = 2x - x .Cu no sau y ng ?

a) f(x) l hm s chn
b) f(x) l hm s l
c) f(x) l hm s khng chn v khng l
d) Min xc nh ca l hm s l x > 0
2. Tp xc nh ca hm s y = x 2 l :
a) x 2

b) vi mi x R c) vi mi x 2

d) (- ;2]

3. Cho hai hm s y = f(x) v y = g(x) l hai hm s chn trn cng tp xc nh

sau y ng ?
a) Hm s y = f(x) + g(x) l hm s chn trn D

D . Cu no

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22

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

b) Hm s y= f(x) g(x) l hm s chn trn D

c) Hm s y = f(x).g(x) l hm s chn trn D
d) C ba cu u ng
4. Cho y = f(x) v y = g(x) l hai hm s ng bin trn khong (a,b).Cu no sau y ng?
a) Hm s y = f(x) + g(x) ng bin trn khong (a,b)
b) Hm s y = f(x) g(x) ng bin trn khong (a,b)
c) Hm s y= f(x).g(x) ng bin trn khong (a,b)
d) Cu a v b u ng
5. Cho hm s y = x 1 xc nh trn R .Cu no sau y ng?

a) Hm s nghch bin trn khong (- ; 1)

b) Hm s ng bin trn khong (1; + )
c) Cu a v b u ng
b) Hm s ny chn trn R
6. Bit th ca hm s y = ax + b qua hai im A(0,-3) v B( -1;-5).Th a v b bng bao nhiu?
a) a = 2 ; b = -3 b) a = -2 ; b = 3 c) a = 2 ; b= 3 d) a = 1 ; b = -4
7.Cho hm s y = -2x + 3 Cu no sau y ng ?
a) Hm s ng bin trn R
b) Hm s nghch bin trn ( -2 ; 2)
c) Hm s nghch bin trn R
d) Cu b v c u ng
1
8. Parabol y = - x2 + 1 c to nh l :
4
a) ( -1 ; 0)
b) ( 0 ; 1)
c) ( 0; -1)

d) (1 ; 0)

9. Vi gi tr no ca x th y = x 5x + 4 < 0
3
)
2
3
d) x ( ; + )
c) x ( 1 ;4)
2
2
10. To giao im ca parabol y = x + 2x 1 v ng thng y = x 1 l:
a) (0;-1) v (-1;2)
b) (-1;0) v (-1;2)
c) (0;-1) v (-1;-2)
d) (2;1) v (-1;2)

a) x ( 1 ; + )

b) x ( 1 ;

11. Gi tr no ca a v c th ca hm s y = ax2 + c l parabol c nh

(0; - 2) v mt giao im ca th vi trc honh l ( -1;0)
a) a = 1v c = -1
b) a = 2 v c = -1
c) a = 2 v c= -2
d) a = -2 v c = -2
12. Cho hm s y = -2x2 + 4x 1.Cu no sau y ng?
a) Hm s ng bin trn khong ( 1 ; + )
b) Hm s nghch bin trn khong (1 ; + )
c) th ct trc tung ti im ( 0 ; -1)
d) Cu b v c u ng
13. Cho hm s y = -x2 + bx 3.Gi tr ca b l bao nhiu bit th l parabol c honh nh l
x=2
a) b = 2
b) b = -2
c) b = 4
d) b= -4
14. Vi gi tr no ca b th th ca hm s y = x2 + bx ct trc honh ti 2 im 0 (0;0) v A(2 ;
0)
a) b = 4
b) b = - 2
c) b = 2
d) C 3 cu trn u sai
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Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

15. th ca hm s y = (x 2)2 c trc i xng l :

a) trc 0y
b) ng thng x = 2
c) ng thng x = 1
d) khng c
16. Cho hm s y = x2 + bx +c bit th l parabol c nh I( 1; 2) th b + c =
a) 1
b) 2
c) -1
d) 2
17. Cc im no sau y thuc th hm s y = x2 -2 x

a) ( -1 ; 3)

b) (1; -1)

c) (2; 4)

d) (-2; 4)

18. Ta giao im ca th hai hm s y = x 1 +1 v y = 2 l :

a) (0 ; 2) v (1; 2)
b) (2 ;2) v (-1; 2)
c) (0; 2) v (2;2)
d) s khc
19 th ca hm s y = ax + b qua nh ca parabol y = x2 2x + 3 th
a + b bng :
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) -2
20. Trong cc hm s sau hm s no l hm l
2
(III) y = x 2x x
(I) y = x3 2x (II) y =
x
a) (I) v II)
b) (I) v (III)
c) (II) v (III)

d) C ba hm s

B.BNG TR LI .
1c 2b 3d 4a 5c 6a 7d 8b 9c 10c
11c 12d 13c 14b 15b 16a 17b 18c 19c 20d
C.HNGDN GII
1c.Hm s ny xc nh trn R
Vi mi x thuc R th x thuc R v ta c
f(-x) = 2(-x) - x = -2x - x Vy hm s f(x) khng chn v khng l
2b. Hm s xcnh vi mi x R .
3d. V f(x) v g(x) chn trn R nn vi mi x thuc R th x thuc R v ta c :
f(-x) = f(x) v g(-x) = g(x) nn
f(-x) + g(-x) = f(x) + g(x) v f(-x) g(-x) =f(x) g(-x)
f(-x).g(-x) = f(x).g(x)
4a. Vi mi x1 , x2 (a,b) v x1 x2 ta c

f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
g ( x2 ) g ( x1 )
>0 ;
>0
x2 x1
x2 x1

5c. Hm s y = x 1 xc nh trn R
Khi x < 1 th y =x + 1 nn hm s nghch bin trn (- ; 1)
Khi x > 1 th y = x 1 nn hm s ng bin trn (1; + )
6a. th ca hm s y = ax + b :
qua A(0;-3) cho b = -3
qua B(-1;-5) cho -5 = -a 3 nn a = 2
7d. Hm s y = -2x + 3 c a = -2 < 0 nn lun nghch bin trn R
8b. To nh ca parabol l x = 0 ; y = 1
9c. V th ca hm s y = x2 5x + 4 .Theo th ta thy y < 0 khi
1<x<4

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24

Chng2.Hm S Bc Nht V Bc Hai

10c. Ta giao im ca parabol v ng thng l nghim ca h phng trnh

y = x2 + 2x 1
So snh ta c x2 + 2x 1 = x 1 hay x2 + x = 0

y = x 1
Hay x(x + 1) = 0 Vy x = 0 ; y = -1 v x = -1 ; y = - 2
11c.

a = 2 v c = -2

12d. Hm s y = -2x2 + 4x 1 c honh nh x = -

b
= 1 v a = -2 < 0
2a

Nn hm s nghch bin trn khong (1 ; + ) v ct trc tung ti x = 0 , y=-1

13c. th ca hm s y = -x2 + bx 3 l parabol c honh nh x = -

b
=2
2a

Do b = -4a = -4(-1) = 4
14b. th ca hm s y = ax2 + bx ct trc honh ti im c honh l nghim
ca phng trnh ax2 + bx = 0 hay x(ax + b) = 0
Vy x = 0 v x = -

b
= 2 .Suy ra b = -2a = -2
a

15b. th ca hm s y = (x 2)2 c trc i xng l ng thng x = 2

16a. th ca hm s y = x2 + bx +c c nh I(1; 2) cho ta :
1 + b + c = 2 Vy b + c = 1
17b. Xt hm s hm s y = x2 -2 x
Thay x = -1, y = 3 ta c 3 = 1 2 khng th
Thay x = 1, y = -1 ta c 1 = 1 2 tha
18c. Honh giao im ca th hai hm s y = x 1 +1 v y = 2 l
nghim ca phng trnh :

x 1 + 1 = 2 x 1 = 1

52
Vy c hai giao im (x = 0 , y = 1) v (x = 2 = y =1)
19c. nh ca parabol y = x2 2x + 3 l I ( 1 ; 2)
Do th ca hm s y = ax + b qua I (1; 2) cho ta a + b = 2
20d.
y = x3 2x c tp xc nh R v y(-x) = (-x)3 2(-x) = -x3 + 2x = - y(x)
Vy (I) l hm s l

y=

2
2 2
c tp xc nh l R \ {0} v y(-x) =
= = -y(x)
x
x x

Vy (II) l hm s l
y = x 2x x c tp xc nh l R v y(-x) = (-x) -2(-x) x = - x +2x x =-y(x)
Vy (III) l hm s l

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