Revised Feasibility Report of Phawa Khola Hydropower Project

PHAWA KHOLA SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECT (5MW)
TAPLEJUNG DISTRICT
REVISED FEASIBLITY STUDY

Volume 1 of 2 Shibani Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd.
Kathmandu MC-32, Anamnagar, Nepal Tel: +977 1 4466405
Prepared By:
Mahalaxmisthan, Lalitpur 5
977 1 5523784, email: cepadhydro@gmail.com

May 2011
PHAWA KHOLA SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

TAPLEJUNG DISTRICT
REVISED FEASIBILITY STUDY
MAIN REPORT
Volume 1 of 2
SHIBANI Quality Name Control Prepared by Checked by Approved by
Initial
Date
Volume 1 of 2: Main Report Volume 2 of 2: Drawings
May 2011
Shibani Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd.

Kathmandu MC-32, Anamnagar, Nepal Tel: +977 1 4466405
Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report
Table of content
Page no. 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1-1 GENERAL................................................................................................... 1-1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................... 1-2 SCOPE OF WORK ..................................................................................... 1-2 PROJECT AREA ........................................................................................ 1-3 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING ........................................... 2-1 FIELD SURVEY WORKS............................................................................ 2-1 MAP PRODUCTION ................................................................................... 2-2 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES...................................... 3-3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS .................................................................. 3-3 LABORATORY TEST ................................................................................. 3-3 Aggregate test ............................................................................................ 3-3 Soil test ....................................................................................................... 3-5 PROJECT SEISMICITY .............................................................................. 3-6 objectives of present study.......................................................................... 3-6 geological study and field investigations ..................................................... 3-7 Regional Geological Setting ........................................................................ 3-7 Seismicity ................................................................................................... 3-7 Geomorphology and Drainage Pattern ........................................................ 3-8 Landslide and Slope Stability ...................................................................... 3-9 Geology of the Project Area ........................................................................ 3-9 Conclusions and recommendations .......................................................... 3-14 HYDROLOGICAL REVIEW ........................................................................ 4-1 AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW ..................................................................... 4-1 FLOW DURATION CURVE ........................................................................ 4-4 FLOOD FLOWS.......................................................................................... 4-5 SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION ................................................................. 4-6 CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION, DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION ...................... 5-1 CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION ........................................................................ 5-1 DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION .................................................................... 5-1 Headworks .................................................................................................. 5-1 Headrace structures.................................................................................... 5-4 Forebay ...................................................................................................... 5-5 Penstock ..................................................................................................... 5-5 Powerhouse and tailrace............................................................................. 5-5 Electromechanical equipments ................................................................... 5-6 Transmission line and switching station .................................................... 5-13 Hydro-mechanical works ........................................................................... 5-14 INFRASTRUCTURES AND OTHERS....................................................... 5-18 POWER, ENERGY AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENT ................................... 6-1 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING.................................................................... 7-1 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 7-1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ............................................................. 7-1 DETAILED DESIGN.................................................................................... 7-3 CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS ........................................................... 7-3 COMMUNICATION ..................................................................................... 7-3 TRANSPORTATION ................................................................................... 7-4
7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.11.1 7.11.2 7.11.3 7.11.4 7.11.5 7.11.6 7.11.7 7.11.8 7.11.9 7.12 8 9 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.3.5 10.3.6 10.4 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 12.1 12.2
CONSTRUCTION POWER ......................................................................... 7-4 CAMPS AND OTHER FACILITIES ............................................................. 7-4 RIVER DIVERSION .................................................................................... 7-5 DEWATERING ........................................................................................... 7-5 MAIN CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................. 7-5 Headworks .................................................................................................. 7-5 Headrace .................................................................................................... 7-5 Forebay ...................................................................................................... 7-6 Penstock ..................................................................................................... 7-6 Powerhouse and tailrace............................................................................. 7-6 Electromechanical works ............................................................................ 7-6 Hydro-mechanical works ............................................................................. 7-6 Transmission line and switching station ...................................................... 7-6 Access road and construction road ............................................................. 7-6 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE ................................................................... 7-7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN ................................................ 8-1 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ........................................................... 9-1 COST ESTIMATE ..................................................................................... 10-1 CRITERIA AND ASSUMPTIONS .............................................................. 10-1 METHODOLOGY...................................................................................... 10-1 COMPONENTS OF PROJECT COST ...................................................... 10-3 Pre-construction cost ................................................................................ 10-3 Construction cost ...................................................................................... 10-3 Land purchase and lease cost .................................................................. 10-4 Environmental mitigation and monitoring cost ........................................... 10-4 Engineering, administration and management cost ................................... 10-4 Contingency cost ...................................................................................... 10-4 PROJECT COST ...................................................................................... 10-5 PROJECT EVALUATION ......................................................................... 11-1 COST ESTIMATION ................................................................................. 11-1 BENEFIT ESTIMATION ............................................................................ 11-1 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 11-1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................. 12-1 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................ 12-1 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 12-1
Appendices
Cost estimate
ii
List of Figure
Figure 1.1: Project location ..................................................................................... 1-3 Figure 3.1: Location of project area in seismic hazard map of Nepal (Department of mines and Geology, GoN - 2002) .................................................................... 3-8 Figure 4.1: Flow hydrograph of adopted flow .......................................................... 4-4 Figure 4.2: Flow duration curve .............................................................................. 4-5 Figure 4.3: Instantaneous flood flow curve ............................................................. 4-6 Figure 5.1: Weir and intake location ....................................................................... 5-2 Figure 7.1: Organizational Structure of Project Implementation Team .................... 7-2 Figure 7.2: Construction schedule .......................................................................... 7-7 Figure 8.1: Structure of operation crews ................................................................. 8-1 Figure 10.1: Construction cost distribution (%) ..................................................... 10-5 Figure 11.1: Project FIRR ..................................................................................... 11-2 Figure 11.2: Return on Equity of project ............................................................... 11-2 Figure 11.3: Project cash flow .............................................................................. 11-6 Figure 11.4: Equity cash flow ............................................................................... 11-6
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List of Table
Table 2.1: Considered control points from Department of Survey ........................... 2-1 Table 2.2: Traverse points ...................................................................................... 2-2 Table 3.1: Estimated quantity of construction materials .......................................... 3-3 Table 3.2: Laboratory test result of aggregate ........................................................ 3-4 Table 3.3: Mineralogical composition of fine aggregate sample .............................. 3-4 Table 3.4: Laboratory test result of soil ................................................................... 3-6 Table 4.1: Monthly average flow ............................................................................. 4-1 Table 4.2: Flow estimation by MIP method ............................................................. 4-2 Table 4.3: Rainfall data of Taplejung (Station no. 1405) ......................................... 4-3 Table 4.4: Flow duration curve data ....................................................................... 4-4 Table 4.5: Instantaneous flood flows ...................................................................... 4-5 Table 5.1: Turbine specifications ............................................................................ 5-7 Table 5.2: Governor specifications ......................................................................... 5-8 Table 5.3: Generator specifications ........................................................................ 5-9 Table 5.4: Step up transformer specifications ......................................................... 5-9 Table 5.5: Circuit breaker specifications ............................................................... 5-10 Table 5.6: Vacuum Circuit Breaker specifications ................................................. 5-10 Table 5.7: Isolator specifications .......................................................................... 5-11 Table 5.8: Station service transformer specifications ............................................ 5-12 Table 6.1: Power, energy and benefit calculation ................................................... 6-1 Table 7.1: Manpower required for project implementation ...................................... 7-3 Table 8.1: Manpower required for plant operation .................................................. 8-1 Table 10.1: Basic rates at site .............................................................................. 10-2 Table 10.2: Cost summary ................................................................................... 10-4 Table 11.1: Input parameters ............................................................................... 11-3 Table 11.2: Parameters calculation ...................................................................... 11-3 Table 11.3: Calculation table ................................................................................ 11-4 Table 11.4: Financial indicators ............................................................................ 11-7
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Acronyms
AC ACSR AVR BC Ratio BM BoQ cm d/s DC DDC DHM DoED FIRR GoN GWh HFL Hz IEE INPS km kN/m2 kV kVA kW kWh LT m amsl M US$ m m/s m3 m3/s mg/l mm MoWR MVA MW NEA NPV NRs O&M PCC PKSHP PPA PPM PVC RCC RoR rpm RRM T ToR Alternating current Aluminium conductor steel reinforced Automatic voltage regulator Benefit cost ratio Bench mark Bill of quantities Centimetre Downstream Direct current District Development Committee Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Department of Electricity Development Financial internal rate of return Government of Nepal Giga Watt hour High flood level Hertz Initial Environmental Examination Integrated National Power System Kilo meter Kilo Newton per square meter Kilo Volt Kilo Volt Ampere Kilo Watt Kilo Watt Hour Low tension Meters above mean sea level Million US$ Meter Meter per second Cubic meter Cubic meter per second Milligram per liter Milimeter Ministry of Water Resources Mega Volt Ampere Mega Watt Nepal Electricity Authority Net present value Nepalese Rupees Operation and maintenance Plain cement concrete Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Power purchase agreement Parts per million Polyvinyl chloride Reinforced cement concrete Run of the river Revolution per minute Rock mass rating Ton Terms of Reference v
u/s US$ V VAT VCB VDC WECS Yr
Upstream United States Dollars Volt Value aided tax Vacuum circuit breaker Village Development Committee Water and Energy Commission Secretariat Year
vi
Salient feature
General Development region Zone District District headquarter VDCs Project location (same as before) Longitude Latitude Type of scheme Source river Hydrology Catchment area Mean annual precipitation Design discharge Compensation flow 1 in 100 years return period design flood 1 in 5 years return period operation flood 1 in 2 years return period diversion flood Power and energy Gross head Net head (for 2.10 m /s) Installed capacity Dry season energy Wet season energy Annual energy Project components Weir Type Crest level Length of weir Spillway type Concrete broad crested 898.0m amsl 27.00 m Free overflow
3
Eastern Mechi Taplejung Phungling Dumrise and Thechambu 87 45 27 to 87 46 22 East 27 16 37 to 27 19 03 North Run of river (RoR) Phawa Khola 98 km2 at intake site 2029 mm 2.09 m3/s (Q 66% ) 0.080 m3/s 410.00 m3/s 167.00 m3/s 100.00 m3/s
310.00 m 298.70m 5000 kW 9.79 GWh 26.43 GWh 36.21 GWh
vii
Intake Type Nos. of opening Opening size (single orifice) Flood Spillway Type Flow capacity Overflow spillway length Overflow spillway capacity Gravel trap Type Overall length Width Effective depth Particle size to be trapped Design flow Flushing flow Settling basin Type Settling zone length Inlet transition length Single basin width Overall depth Particle size to be settled Design flow Headrace canal Type Length Width Overall depth L-slope Headrace pipe Type Length Low pressure, mild steel pipe 350.0 m Box type RCC 4793.0 m 1.35 m 1.40 m 1:1000 Double chamber, intermittent gravity flushing type 42.00 m 18.125 m 4.80 m 4.42 m 0.15 mm with 90% settling efficiency 2.09m3/s Continuous flushing hopper type 10.00 m 2.50 m 2.22 m 5 mm 2.60 m3/s 0.50 m3/s Ogee shaped spillway 6.10 m3/s 10.00 m 3.50 m3/s Gated side orifice intake with course trash rack 3 nos. 1.50X2.15 m
viii
Internal diameter Thickness Design flow No. of anchor blocks No. of support piers Forebay Type Storage period Effective length Width Effective depth Effective storage Max. operating level Min. operating level Penstock Type Length Internal diameter Thickness Design flow No. of anchor blocks No. of support piers Powerhouse Type Length Width Height Tailrace length Turbine Type Rated capacity Turbine axis level Design flow Rated speed Generator Type Rated capacity
1.20 m 6 mm 2.09 m3/s 7 44 RCC tank 60 s 21.75 m 5.00 m 1.30 m 126 m3 890.453 m amsl 889.153 m amsl Surface, mild steel circular shaped 742.715m 1.10 m 6-18 mm 2.09 m3/s 15 70 Surface type, RCC structure 25.50 m 11.75 m 12.00 m 100.00 m Pelton (2 units) 2700 kW one unit 588.00 m amsl 0.53 to 1.050 m3/s for one unit 750 rpm 3 Phase brushless synchronous (2 units) 3125 kVA each
ix
Rating Governor Overhead crane Step up transformer Type Rating Transmission line Connection with grid Access road Cost and finance Project cost (with IDC, at 80 NRs/US$) Cost per kW (with IDC) Debt equity ratio FIRR NPV BC ratio Return on equity
6.3 kV, 50 Hz, 750 rpm Servo motor actuated PID electronic flow governor Lifting capacity 15 T 3-Phase, ONAN cooled, Outdoor type 2 x 3150 kVA, 6.3/33kV, 50 Hz 33 kV single circuit, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 3 km long Switching station at Bhaluchok Earthen road, 25 km long 11.65 M US$ 2118 US$/kW 70/30 18.94% 259.50 Million NRs 1.40 25.52%
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL Shibani Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd. got survey license from Department of Electricity Development (DoED) for development of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project (PKSHP) located at Phawa Khola of Taplejung district. The company had conducted detailed feasibility study of the project and plant capacity proposed by the study was 2080 kW. After completion of detailed feasibility study and further river flow measurement by more accurate method of current meter, the company decided to explore possibility of capacity upgrading of the project by increasing head if possible and increasing the design flow which was seen possible as shown by actual measurement of the flow of Phawa Khola. Furthermore projects financial soundness could have increased by increasing the power output as marginal increase in energy revenue could be higher than marginal increase in project cost. This could make project more feasible in current situation of construction cost increase and stagnant energy price. In this connection, a site visit of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project was made with representatives of the company, a geologist, a detailed topographical survey team and a hydropower professional from Small Hydropower Promotion Project (SHPP), GTZ from 12 to 18 Shrawan 2065. The main objectives of the site visit were shifting weir and intake upstream location so that additional head could be gained for more power, project layout identification for new weir and intake location, geological observation of landslide area and general geological observation of the project area. An appropriate weir and intake location was identified at about 1500 m upstream from the previously proposed weir and intake location at an elevation of 898.0 m amsl. Turbine axis level proposed in detailed feasibility study was at an elevation of 590.0 m amsl. Thus gross head available is 308.0m against the gross head of 161.86 m considering the project layout proposed during detailed feasibility study. Furthermore, 65 percentile probability of exceedence flow concluded before was 1.63 m3/s but actual 65 percentile probability of exceedence flow from the monthly hydrograph concluded in the detailed feasibility study is 2.20 m3/s. Thus the project capacity was upgraded to 5000 kW considering Nepal Electricity Authoritys criteria of flow not exceeding 65 percentile probability of exceedence flow against the installed capacity of 2080 kW proposed earlier. In this connection, a team of experts again visited the site during detail engineering of the project since 28 Chaitra 2067 to 9 Baishak 2068. The team found geological instabilities in middle portion of the water conveyance along left bank of the river. So the geological and topographical features to make the water conveyance system along right bank is examined vigorously and found more stable geological conditions as well as stable and mild topographical features which are favourable conditions to construct headrace canal. A stable crossing place after some 608 m from left bank to right bank is found. Similarly a stable flat cultivated land just downstream of the confluence of Phawa Khola with Kabeli river. After considering all these aspects, it is decided to make the project with settling basin and 608 m headrace canal along left bank and one steel truss bridge over Phawa Khola to cross with steel pipe and then headrace canal along the right bank and powerhouse on right bank of Kabeli river. Hence this Revised Feasibility Study is carried out and Revised Feasibility Study Report is prepared to complement the works carried out during detailed feasibility study phase. This report addresses the issues attracted due to the change in weir and intake location, water conveyance system with plant capacity of the Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project to 5000 kW.
1-1
Project area and survey boundary is same as applied for survey license before. The survey boundary lies between 87 45 27 and 87 46 22 East in longitude and 27 16 37 and 27 19 03 North in latitude. Difference lies in weir and intake location, headrace alignment, design flow and installed capacity. Thus only relevant information that differs from the detailed feasibility study is included in this report and following chapters illustrate the issues regarding revised feasibility of the project. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study was to carry out design and analysis to complement the detailed feasibility study by addressing the issues of capacity upgrading from 2080 kW to 5000 kW of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project. Evaluation of technical as well as financial implication to the project was also an objective of this revised feasibility study. Revised Feasibility Study Report of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project is prepared after study and analysis of consequences. This report documents study methodology and findings related to the objectives of the study. This report will be submitted to Bank for financial closure and other concern authorities for getting clearances and approval as applicable. 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work of revised feasibility study is consistent with the requirements of capacity upgrading issues of a small run of river (RoR) hydropower project. The scope of work for the study are summarised in the list below: Study and review of available data, information and reports Hydrological analysis review Conduction of topographical survey of the project area which is not covered by previous survey works Field identification of landslide stability and recommendation on alternative headrace alignment and possible stabilization measures Power potential assessment and energy computation Project layout preparation and design and description of project components Power evacuation study Construction plan and schedule preparation Operation and maintenance plan preparation Bill of quantities (BoQ) and cost estimate preparation Financial analysis conduction Report writing and drawings preparation
This scope of work was accomplished in required depth with professional integrity and result of the study works is based on high professional standard and practice. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) was carried out and got approval from concerned authorities since other project parameters remain same. Similarly detailed geological investigation was not carried out and references were taken from the previous study. However field identification work was carried out identifying landslide vulnerability and remedial measures concerning its stabilization as it is a major concern of the project for selection of the best headrace alignment.
1-2
1.4
PROJECT AREA
Project area and survey boundary is same as applied for survey license before. The survey boundary lies between 87 45 27 and 87 46 22 East in longitude and 27 16 37 and 27 19 03 North in latitude. Proposed new weir and intake is about 1500 m upstream from the weir and intake site proposed in the detailed feasibility study report and is at an elevation of 898.0 m amsl. A contour headrace canal will convey design flow along left bank upto chinage 0+608m and pressure steel pipe will convey water from left bank to right bank after which headrace canal along right bank will convey up to forebay from headworks area. A mild steel penstock pipe will convey the flow from forebay to powerhouse which is located at just downstream of the confluence of Phawa Khola with kabeli river. It is at a flat paddy field at an elevation of 588.0 m amsl. The project area lies in Dumrise and Thechambu Village Development Committees of Taplejung district. The project location in map of Nepal is shown in Figure 1.1. The major construction area of the project is located in Thechambu VDC but weir and intake area is situated at Thechambu (right bank) and Dumrise (left bank) VDCs. Proposed 33 kV transmission line of the project will be connected to Integrated National Power System (INPS) of Nepal at Bhaluchok, Amarpur VDC of Panchthar District in a switching station to be built during project construction. However Nepal Electricity Authority shall extend 33 kV transmission line up to Bhaluchok by the time of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project completion date. Access road has already been constructed by the company from Kabeli bridge via Khalte of Thechambu VDC to headworks and powerhouse area.
Figure 1.1: Project location
Project location
Altitude of watershed area varies from 570 to 3800 m amsl. Phawa Khola flows North to South at project area. The average gradient of the river in project area is about 6% and river width varies from 10 to 40 m. The topography is generally favourable for implementation of the hydropower project. The slope of the banks along the river varies from 25 to 75. The project site is accessible from Birtamod to Charchali 7 km black topped EastWest National Highway, Charali to Ilam 78 km black topped Mechi Highway and Ilam to Phidim 65 km black topped Mechi Highway. Similarly from Phidim to Kabeli 61 km gravel road and from Kabeli about 15 km earthen road has been constructed to reach
1-3
to project site. The proposed project site is situated at about 26 km southeast from Phungling, the district headquarter of Taplejung.
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2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING

This chapter describes the methodology adopted for topographical survey and mapping works of PKHP area. Detailed topographical survey was conducted to produce the topographical maps of the project site for project layout and design of project components. The survey works covered weir and intake area, waterway alignment, forebay area, penstock alignment and powerhouse area. Separate survey works were conducted for access road and transmission line. Following activities were carried out during the topographical survey works: 2.1 New traverse stations were established from existing traverse stations which were tied with national grid provided by the Department of Survey. A close traverse survey was carried out to establish necessary ground control points at various locations in the project area. The entire major ground control points and benchmarks were established on concrete pillars or marked on permanent boulders. Topographical maps of headworks area, headrace area, penstock area and powerhouse area were produced with accuracy of 1 m contour interval. Alignment survey of road alignment and profile survey of transmission line was conducted separately. FIELD SURVEY WORKS
Topographical survey and mapping of the project site was conducted according to standard norms of the survey work required for hydropower project. The survey works was conducted with total station. The coordinates and elevation were transferred from the nearest permanent survey control points established by the Department of Survey. The control points considered in the survey work are presented in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Considered control points from Department of Survey Grid sheet alignment 167 167 BM 220 (Kabeli bridge) Control points 3298 3299 220 Elevation 548.175 Coordinates Easting Northing 576537.35 3019765.55 576227.20 3019429.02 -
Seventeen permanent traverse points (BM-3 to BM-19) were established in the project area during detailed topographical survey of revised feasibility study phase to control the survey works. Furthermore additional permanent traverse points were established during detailed topographical survey for revised feasibility. The details of the traverse points are shown in Table 2.2. Elevation was transformed from BM 220 of Department of Survey located near Kabeli Bridge.
2-1
Table 2.2: Traverse points SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Station BM-3 BM-4 BM-5 BM-6 BM-7 BM-8 BM-9 BM-10 BM-11 BM-12 BM-13 BM-14 BM-15 BM-16 BM-17 BM-18 BM-19 Northing 3018816.757 3019047.036 3019199.111 3019764.072 3019923.036 3020053.457 3020077.530 3020199.820 3020618.231 3020684.741 3020948.553 3021176.681 3021209.530 3021339.876 3021621.329 3021857.417 3021975.046 Easting 575122.270 574817.894 574712.453 574774.062 574763.637 575020.744 575167.748 575291.602 575464.017 575432.318 575482.726 575525.310 575499.045 575396.940 575383.649 575485.880 575559.154 Elevation 887.093 896.105 903.905 894.085 891.222 1024.236 1026.130 1040.793 991.992 1021.454 1053.869 1017.823 1031.066 1068.739 1060.034 999.382 988.763
Sufficient points were picked up to produce 1 m contour interval. For that every undulation greater or equal to 1 m was considered during the detailed survey. Boulders with average size greater or equal to 3 m were picked up and plotted in topographical map. Permanent and semi permanent built up areas, land use detail, remarkable big trees and all geological features of the survey area were picked up and plotted in topographical map. The survey work covered at least 200 m on both upstream and downstream side of proposed weir axis and 20 m from centre line of the river in vertical direction. The survey work covered at least 20 m in both uphill and down hill side from the centre line of headrace alignment. The longitudinal slope of headrace alignment considered during the survey work was 1 vertical to 700 horizontal. Sufficient survey area was covered at powerhouse and at least 200 m in both upstream and down stream stretches from powerhouse location of river and 20 m above from the river centre line on either sides of the river was considered in survey work. All survey works were carried out using the high accuracy total stations with least count of 1. Hence, closing error of traversing was within error limit. This closing error was distributed according to common correction practice. 2.2 MAP PRODUCTION
The data of the topographical surveys conducted in the field were processed to prepare topographical maps in required quality. Contour and topographical details are plotted in AutoCAD compatible format and extensively used for project layout and design. 2-2
3 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES

The Phawa Khola Hydropower Project (PKHP) is located on Thechambu and Dumrise VDCs of Taplejung District, Mechi Zone, Eastern Development Region of Nepal. The Phawa Khola is one of the major tributary of the Kabeli Khola which finally joins to the Tamor River of Koshi Basin. The major structures of the Project are located on the right bank of the Phawa Khola. The Head works area is located at about 400 m downstream from the confluence of Phawa Khola and Siwa Khola. The Powerhouse is located on right bank of Kabeli Khola at about 100 m downstream from the confluence of the Kabeli Khola and Phawa Khola. This report presents a description of the regional geology, Project area geology that were observed and investigated during the field visit to the Project area. 3.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Substantial amount of boulder and cobble for block stone and gravel and sand for concrete aggregate is available at Phawa Khola. In fact, the riverbed materials found distributed along the river course and flood plains of the Phawa Khola and are commonly a heterogeneous mixture of boulder, cobble, gravel and sand. Thus it should be sorted to obtain their proper sizes. Such construction materials can also be brought from nearby Kabeli River. Khibuna Bagar can be a good reserve of construction materials in addition to the sites mentioned above. However the material from such quarry site may require cleaning to remove silt and clay particles. Estimated quantity of the construction materials available in the project site or its vicinity calculated from the topographical maps and field measurement are tabulated in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Estimated quantity of construction materials SN 1 2 Location Measurement Area 3000 m2 3000 m2 Assumed Volume depth 2m 2m 6000 m3 6000 m3
Alluvial terrace at previous 50 m x 60 m intake site Khibuna Bagar 50 m x 60 m
The locations described above are within the project area but sand availability is not sufficient. Thus sand should be brought from Kabeli River. 3.2 LABORATORY TEST
Different geo technical laboratory tests were carried out during detailed feasibility study of the project to find the geo technical properties of construction materials and other geo technical parameters. The test details are presented in sections below. 3.2.1 Aggregate test
Grain size analysis, specific gravity test, water absorption test, soundness test and Los Angeles Abrasion tests were carried out to find suitability of aggregate for concrete production. The tests are described in following paragraphs and test result is presented in Table 3.2. Grain size analysis
Grain size analysis was conducted on soil sample collected from three pits namely from previous headworks, forebay and powerhouse sites in order to determine proportion of clay, silt and sand. The test pits were excavated up to 1.50 m depth and 1 m x 1 m in plan and the samples were collected representing whole section. The 3-3
fraction larger than 60 mm were weighed separately and only the finer fraction were supplied to laboratory for sieve analysis. The D 50 values obtained from smaller fraction were corrected in consideration of the original sample content. The uncorrected D50 value obtained for the collected soil sample is 28 mm. Water absorption test
A sample from the previous headworks site was tested to determine water absorption characteristics of coarse and fine aggregates. The test showed that the water absorption of the aggregate is 0.81% which is within a range of good quality aggregate and can be used for concrete production. Soundness test
A sample from the previous headworks site was tested to determine the soundness of the aggregate. The value of the test result is 1.53% which shows that the quality of the aggregate is very good for concrete production. Los Angeles abrasion test
Similarly a sample from the previous headworks site was tested to determine the Los Angeles Abrasion value. The result obtained is 43.20% which shows the aggregate is high abrasion resistant and appropriate for concrete production. Table 3.2: Laboratory test result of aggregate
SN Soil classification D 50 value (mm) Average apparent specific gravity Water absorption (%) Soundness Test (%) Los Angeles abrasion (%)
Boulder, cobble, gravel and sand mixture
28
2.73
0.81
1.53
43.20
Petrographic analysis
A soil sample from previous intake site was collected for petrographic analysis for determining the mineralogical composition of the soil sample. The analysis showed that more than 72 % of the minerals are quartz which reveals the strength of the rocks in the project area. This also shows that sediment carried by river flow is highly abrasive to turbine buckets. The mineralogical composition of the soil sample deducted from petroghraphic analysis is presented in Table 3.3. Table 3.3: Mineralogical composition of fine aggregate sample SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Minerals Quartz Fedlspar Muscovite Phlogopite Biotite Chlorite Garnet Tourmaline Kyanite Magnetite Calc fragment Beryl % Constituents 72.50 2.50 3.00 7.00 3.50 1.50 <1
3-4
13 14 15 3.2.2
Serictie schist, muscovite & biotite 10 schist Limonite Occasionally visible Organic material, grass root Occasionally visible Soil test
The soil samples from previous headworks site, forebay site and powerhouse site were collected and tested for grain size distribution, moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg limit, cohesion and angle of friction. The tests were performed in the laboratory of ESLA Consult (P.) Ltd. The conducted tests were briefly discussed below and test results are presented in Table 3.4. Grain size analysis
Soil samples from three test pits, each from previous headworks site, forebay site and powerhouse site were examined to determine the grain size distribution and soil type. The soil in the headworks area is predominantly composed of sandy soil and possesses good gradation. It is designated as SW in Unified Soil Classification. Similarly, the tested sample from forebay indicates that the soil type is SC and that of powerhouse is GM. Moisture content
Samples from the project area were investigated for the moisture content and moisture content value varies from 7.26% to 16.41%. Specific gravity
The specific gravity determined on the soil samples indicates that there is a very slight variation in the values ranging from 2.65 to 2.67. The values are similar to the ordinary soil. Atterberg limit
The test is applicable only for the soil sample collected from the forebay site. Samples from powerhouse and headworks constitute high proportion of noncohesive constituents; therefore the test did not give any plasticity result. Plastic limit, liquid limit and plasticity index for the soil sample from forebay area are 19%, 31% and 12% respectively. Angle of friction and cohesion
Direct shear test was conducted for the soil samples from previous headworks site, forebay site and powerhouse site in order to determine angle of internal friction and cohesion. Since the soil samples from the headworks site and powerhouse site possess very little or negligible clay content, cohesion determination is limited only to the soil sample from forebay site. The cohesion for soil sample of forebay site is 1.00 kN/m2 whereas angle of internal friction varies from 29 to 30 for all three sites. Field permeability test
Field permeability tests were also performed at seven places adopting changing head method. The tests were conducted two at previous settling basin site, one at the forebay site and four along headrace alignment. At every test site a bore hole of 10 cm diameter and about 50 cm deep was made using a hand auger having a capacity to penetrate up to 2.25 m depth. A polythene pipe with an internal diameter of 8 cm was inserted tightly up to the bottom of the hole. Then the pipe was filled with water up to its upper end. The fall of water level was recorded for a period of about an hour.
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The permeability test results obtained in this way for the settling basin site, headrace alignment and forebay site are 6.2x10-3 cm/sec to 1.86x10-3 cm/sec, 1.50x10-3 cm/sec to 3.98x10-3 cm/sec and 1.50x10-3 cm/sec respectively. Table 3.4: Laboratory test result of soil
SN Location Previous headworks area Forebay area Powerhouse area Soil classification Well graded sand Clayey sand, sand-clay mixtures Silty gravels, gravel-sandclay mixtures Moisture content (%) 7.26 Atterberg limits (%) Specific gravity Plastic limit Liquid limit Plasticity index Cohesion Angle of friction 30
2.65
16.41
2.67
19
31
12
1.00 2 kN/m
29
13.60
2.66
25
30
3.3
PROJECT SEISMICITY
The Great Himalayan Arc is evolved as a result of collision between the Indian and Eurasian Tectonic Plates over a distance of 2800 km from Pakistan in the west and Burma in the east. The Himalayas are located near to tectonic plate boundary. Therefore, the Himalayan region is considered to be seismically active zone. Thus, being a part of the Himalayas, Himalaya of Nepal also falls in active seismic zone. Nepal has already experienced a number of large earthquakes over the past few decades, which has caused considerable damage to life and property. Furthermore, the existence of tectonic joints such as Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Himalayan Frontal Fault (HFF) further increases the degree of seismic risk. Therefore, nearness of a project to such structural joints is vital while assessing seismicity of the project area. The records of seismic activities are limited in the Nepal Himalaya and hence correlation of seismic events of adjacent Himalayan region would be a useful source of information for designing the hydraulic structures. Several seismic studies have been carried out for various projects in Nepal during engineering design phases and seismic design coefficients are derived for those projects. In order to evaluate the seismic coefficient for the project structures, seismic map of Nepal prepared by Building Code Development Project (BCDP, 1994) has been referred. This map was prepared after the detailed analysis of the earthquake activity and tectonic structure of Nepal. The country is divided into three seismic risk zones based on allowable bearing capacity of three types of soil foundation. The Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project is located in the second seismic risk zone of Nepal and the soil foundation at weir site belongs to average soil type. Therefore, the basic horizontal seismic coefficient is considered to be 0.06. By using empirical method, the effective design coefficient according to seismic design code of Nepal is calculated as 0.13 and recommended this value to consider while conducting detailed structural analysis of project components. 3.4 OBJECTIVES OF PRESENT STUDY
The objective of the present geological and geotechnical investigation is to prepare a geological map of the project area, evaluate the slope stability condition along the proposed water conveyance system, assessment on suitability of structure locations with respect to the existing geotechnical condition of the proposed site, evaluation and recommendation of appropriate geotechnical properties of soil and rock mass for 3-6
slope stability and foundation analysis/ design purposes. Finally, the availability of construction material in the project area has also been investigated and the location of borrow areas for different types of construction material are shown in separate drawing. 3.5 3.5.1 GEOLOGICAL STUDY AND FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Regional Geological Setting
Broadly, Nepal has been divided into five lithologic units, from north to south they are Tibetan Tethys unit, Higher Himalayan unit, Lesser Himalayan units, Siwalik unit and the Terai plain. The Tibetan Tethys Unit exposes only occasionally within the territory of Nepal, while the other four units are extended from east to west throughout the country. Geologically the Phawa Khola HP is located in Taplejung Window. This is an important eastern most tectonic window in Nepal Himalaya exposing the low grade meta sediments broadly belonging to Nawakot Complex lying below the crystalline thrust sheets. Bashyal (1970) mapped the Taplejung area and divided the rock in to six units. The Phyllites, representing the lower most unit; the rocks above the Phyllites sequence represented by chlorite-schists, quartz, biotite-schists, feldspathic quartzbiotite-muscovite-schists, garnetiferrous schist, and kyanite schist. Tourmalines bearing granitic bodies have also intruded into the lowest observed sequence of the Taplejung Window; best exposed south east of Taplejung Bazar along the Phawa Khola section, and have been mapped under the Phawa Khola Granite. No remarkable geological hazards have been encountered in the project area. 3.5.2 Seismicity
The major causes to produce seismic hazard to any construction project are the existing tectonic contacts between the different geological units defined above in regional geology. Among them the major contacts are the MBT and MCT located more than 10km from the project site. Location of project area in seismic location map is shown in Figure 3.1: Location of project area in seismic hazard map of Nepal (Department of mines and Geology, GoN - 2002) below.
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Project area
Figure 3.1: Location of project area in seismic hazard map of Nepal (Department of mines and Geology, GoN - 2002) The seismic hazard map of Nepal prepared by Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Nepal has been studied to find the level of seismic hazard in the project. The project area falls around the contour indicating 250 300gal of seismicity as shown in figure 4.1. The design of the project structures should be done considering this level of seismicity. 3.5.3 Geomorphology and Drainage Pattern
The project area has rugged nature and sharp crest steep topography. Vertical cliffs are also observed. The valleys are deeply incised. The erosion at the hill slopes is at initial stage. The project area aligns almost through moderately steep slope. The slopes are covered with thin colluvial soil and bedrock is also exposed at places as well as along the bank of the river. The vertical cliffs are rocky cliff. The moderately steep topography is covered with vegetation whereas cultivation and settlement is low which is concentrated to flat and gentle slopes. The main river, the Phawa Khola flows almost from North to South direction. The tributaries are more or less perpendicular to the major river. The Phawa Khola is a major tributary of the Kabeli Khola which mixes with the Tamor River of Koshi Basin in eastern Nepal. The Phawa Khola, itself is a third order river with almost straight river channel and moderate gradient. The Phawa Khola and its tributaries are emanating from Himalayan mountain range; this ensures the fact that the discharge of the Phawa Khola will vary during the year from a maximum during summer to a minimum during winter season.
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Phawa Khola
Kabeli
Photo 3.1: Drainage Pattern at confluence of Phawa Khola and Kabeli River
3.5.4
Landslide and Slope Stability
The mountainous slopes along the Project alignment are moderately sloped due east. Although, the Project area aligns through moderately steep slopes, no any sign of instability was visualized during the field visit. Mostly, the steeper slopes were either covered by thin Colluvial soil layer or exposed with rock. The Colluvial soil layer is thicker in more gentle slopes, and no any sign of slope instability is visualized on those areas at the time of field visit. The major foliation joint of the rock masses observed in the vicinity of the project area, dips obliquely inward to the right bank mountainous slope of the Phawa Khola which also ensures the right bank mountainous slope is more stable. Instead, the left bank mountainous slope shows more instability as compared to the right bank mountainous slope; but the preventive measures for the stability should be taken during the cutting of slope although the slopes are considered to be safe during the field study. 3.5.5 Geology of the Project Area
Geologically the Phawa Khola HP is located on the lower sequence of Taplejung Window, on the Phyllites sequences. The exposed Phyllites are green to lead-gray colored, and are hard and massive. At few places the Phyllites are interbeded with green Quartzites. Within these Phyllites sequences the granitic bodies have intruded. Actually, the Project boundary lies at the region transition between the lower sequence of Phyllites and Phawa Khola Grinite. At some places, at very near vicinity of the Phawa Khola Granite and Phyllites sequences, the granitic bodies show gneissic structure, resembling with the banded Gneiss. Besides the exposed rocks, the Project area also contains the colluvial soil and alluvial soil as well. The colluvial soil is one of the major surface deposits found in the headrace canal alignment; whereas the alluvial soil is found in the Head works area and Powerhouse area. Headworks site The Headworks area of Phawa Khola HPP is located at about 400 m downstream from the confluence of Phawa Khola and Siwa Khola. The right bank of Phawa Khola around the Head works site constitutes the rock exposure. The exposed rock is Phawa Khola Granite and the green-gray Phyllites. The exposed granite is massive in nature and moderately to sparsely jointed and has high strength, whereas the exposed Phyllites sequence is moderately to closely jointed with moderate
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strength. Close spacing of joints within the Phyllites sequence seems localized at places. In general, the Phyllites sequence is moderately jointed.
Photo 3.2: Headworks Area Viewing Downstream
The left bank of the Phawa Khola constitutes the alluvial soil. The alluvial soil is composed of rounded to sub-rounded gravels to boulders of granite, phyllites within the matrix of medium to fine sand. Within the alluvial soil there are mainly the large sized boulders of granite. The proposed settling basin area and headrace canal alignment along left bank is covered with thin to thick colluvial deposits having natural slope less than 40 degree in general. The colluvial deposits are loose debris deposit slope of eroded mass and landslide materials as well as accumulated weathered rock fragments. These consists silty soil, angular to sub angular gravel, pebble, cobble and boulder of various types of rock. These slope materials are covered with vegetation and the slopes seems to be stable.. Headrace Canal alignment The headrace canal alignment runs through the left bank hill of the Phawa Khola. The hill slope is mainly covered with the colluvial soil and bed rock exposures at places as well. The colluvial soil is composed of angular to sub-angular fragments of moderately to completely weathered gravels to cobbles of granite, Phyllite etc. with fine to medium sandy, silty matrix. The deposit is loose to moderately compacted and moderately permeable. A good exposure of rock with high strength is seen around the proposed river crossing of headrace pipe, and is more stable and safe. The moderately steep right bank hill slope of Phawa Khola seems stable and shows no sign of instability at the time of field visit.
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Photo 3.3: Canal alignment of Phawa Khola Hydropower Project
Besides, the colluvial soil the hill slope of tunnel alignment also possesses the rock exposures at places. The exposed rocks are Phawa Khola Granite and the greengray Phyllites. The exposed granite is massive in nature and moderately to sparsely jointed and has high strength, whereas the exposed Phyllites sequence is moderately to closely jointed with moderate strength. Close spacing of joints within the Phyllites sequence seems localized at places. Locally, these closely jointed Phyllites sequence may cause the stability problem on tunnel opening. At some places bands of green-gray Quartzite are interbed with the Phyllites sequence, increasing the strength of the sequence. A good exposure of rock with high strength is seen around the proposed outlet portal of the tunnel, and is more stable and safe as compared to the proposed inlet portal. The moderately steep right bank hill slope of Phawa Khola seems stable and shows no sign of instability at the time of field visit. The proposed canal alignment along the right bank of the river runs through the moderately sloped cultivated land of the Damphe Danda and Khalte village. The area is covered with the colluvial soil. The colluvial soil consists of angular to sub-angular fragments of moderately to completely weathered gravels to cobbles of granite, Phyllite etc. with fine to medium sandy, silty matrix. The deposit is loose to moderately compacted and moderately permeable. The area seems stable, no sign of instability is visualized at the time of field visit, but consideration should be taken in making the cut slopes.
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Proposed canal
Photo 3.4: A view of canal alignment
Fore bay site

The proposed forebay site is located on the more or less north facing moderate slope of Khalte village. Currently, the area is practiced as cultivated land. The area is covered with colluvial soil which constitutes the angular to sub-angular fragments of moderately to completely weathered gravels to cobbles of granite, Phyllite in fine to medium sandy, silty matrix and the colluvial soil is in loose to moderately compacted state and is moderately permeable. At present condition, there is no sign of instability but adequate retaining structures should be given to support the new added load of structure and load of water as well. At about 150 m south east of the proposed fore bay site, there exist a flatter region covered with sparsely populated trees, which is more safe and stable location for the fore bay site. To pour the water to new location from the proposed fore bay site; the water way will run through hard rock exposure of about 30 m length, which should be chipped out. After the rock exposure the water way runs through moderate slope of colluvial soil and endmost length of about 60 m of water way would be continued through the aqueduct (bridging). This new location of fore bay will reduce the length of penstock and spillway as well. If rock chipping and bridging of the water way is economically viable, this new location is recommended for the fore bay site.
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Site for Fore bay
Photo 4.5: Photo showing forebay location
Powerhouse site
The Power house site is located on right bank of Kabeli Khola at about 100 m downstream from the confluence of the Kabeli Khola and Phawa Khola. The area is gently sloped older river terraces of the Kabeli Khola. The area possesses the alluvial soil. The alluvial soil is moderately compacted, moderately permeable and constitutes the rounded to sub-rounded gravels to boulders of Granite, and Phyllite with fine sandy silt matrix. The power house site seems stable. No any signs of instability are visualized during the field visit.
Proposed Powerhouse site
Photo: Closer view to Power house site
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3.5.6
Conclusions and recommendations
Conclusions
1. The whole project area lies in the lesser Himalayan rocks. The area consists of high quality and sound rocks. Cliff areas have high quality and massive rock exposure. 2. The foliation of the rocks exposed in the project area has oblique relationship with the hill slope and it is favourable for structures siting. 3. The most of headrace alignment passes through the colluvial deposits and few areas in rock outcrop. 4. The exposed rocks around the project area are slightly weathered to moderately weathered and consist of several sets of cracks. 5. The project is attractive on regards of favourable geological and engineering geological condition. The engineering geological and geotechnical condition of the project site is expected as fair to good. Recommendations
1. The project is feasible from geological point of view. However, appropriate protection measures at headworks area from debris flow from upstream and at other critical locations on the headrace alignment is required. 2. Detailed geological and engineering geological study is required in some critical locations. Detailed measurement of the rock joint orientation (joint analysis at the rock exposure and geotechnical investigation of soil) is necessary in order to suggest the specific slope stability condition at the project area. 3. Study should be carried for west flowing gullies and Kholsis for proper understanding of the stability condition of the project area which could help in minimizing damage from anticipated debris flow. Gully protection works need to be constructed to protect headrace structures from debris flow. 4. Headrace structure should pass through rock outcrop at this slide location to have stable foundation and the structure should be covered from top to protect it from probable debris flow. 5. All engineering structures should be designed based on the extreme rainfall condition to minimize damage from such events.
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4 HYDROLOGICAL REVIEW
Rigorous hydrological analysis was carried out during detailed feasibility study to work out different hydrological parameters and average monthly flow. However the hydrological analysis was not complete as spot measurement were not conducted sufficiently and the design flow reported 65 percentile of probability of exceedence was actually 76 percentile. Thus power plant was under sized. Hence this hydrological review has been carried out to review the hydrological issues related to average monthly flow and design flow. Furthermore hydrological parameters relevant to detailed design of the project are also incorporated in this report. 4.1 AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW
The concluded average monthly flow of Phawa Khola at intake site during detailed feasibility study is shown as river flow ADOPTED in Table 4.1. This flow was concluded from different river flow estimation methods and a spot measurement by current meter on 23 September 2004. Later on an additional flow measurement by current meter method was carried out on 07 May 2005 to verify the flow estimated during detailed feasibility study. Then the both actual measured flow data were used to estimate monthly average flow using Medium Irrigation Project (MIP) Method although September is not an appropriate month of flow measurement to use MIP analysis. The flow estimation by the MIP method is shown in Table 4.2. The average monthly flow computed by this method is summarised in Table 4.1 as MIP flow VERIFICATION. The flows measured on 23 September 2004 and 07 May 2005 were corrected to their wetness or dryness from 25 years long rainfall data of nearby meteorological station Taplejung (Station no. 1405) as shown in Table 4.3 before using the measured flows in MIP analysis. Although wetness and dryness from the average of rainfall data has not direct correlation with river flow, this technique could help on accounting dryness and wetness of the river flow little bit. Hence this technique adopted in this hydrological review. Table 4.1: Monthly average flow Month Baishakh Jestha Ashadh Shrawan Bhadra Aswin Kartik Mansir Paush Magh Falgun Chaitra MIP flow (m3/s) VERIFICATION 1.38 3.30 7.87 15.17 15.94 9.41 4.65 2.76 2.11 1.61 1.19 0.88 River flow (m3/s) ADOPTED 1.37 3.34 8.09 16.3 17.20 9.85 4.91 2.92 2.14 1.72 1.35 0.97
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From the Table 4.1, one can see that the flow difference between adopted by detailed feasibility study and estimated later on during flow verification is minimal and not more than 7% even in wet season. This shows a very good match between flows adopted and flow verification. Hence the flow adopted in the detailed feasibility study is reasonable as hydrology is not an exact science and certain level of uncertainty is obvious in average monthly flow estimation. Thus average monthly flow recommended by the detailed feasibility study is correct at this stage and again recommended to use for power and energy computation. Flow hydrograph of the adopted flow is shown in Figure 4.1. Table 4.2: Flow estimation by MIP method Flow measured date Measured flow (m3/s) Wetness correction factor Corrected flow (m3/s) Non-dim. hydrograph ordinate April flow (m3/s)
Non dimensional hydrograph for region 1
23 Sep '04 9.29 1.14 10.59 14.31 0.74
07 May '05 1.55 1.12 1.74 2.19 0.80

Average flow from MIP method 3 (m /s) 1.84 1.61 1.38 1.19 1.00 0.88 0.77 1.38 2.00 3.30 4.61 7.87 11.14 15.17 19.20 15.94 12.67 9.41 6.14 4.65 3.15 2.76 2.38 2.11 MIP flow in Nepali calendar 3 (m /s)
Month
Flow from 23 Sep '04 measurement 3 (m /s) 1.78 1.33 0.96 0.74 1.92 4.44 10.73 18.51 12.21 5.92 3.04 2.29
Flow from 07 May '05 measurement 3 (m /s) 1.91 1.43 1.03 0.80 2.07 4.77 11.54 19.89 13.13 6.37 3.26 2.47
Jan Magh Feb Falgun Mar Chaitra Apr Baishakh May Jestha Jun Ashadh Jul Shrawan Aug Bhadra Sep Aswin Oct Kartik Nov Mansir Dec Paush
2.4 1.8 1.3 1.0 2.6 6.0 14.5 25.0 16.5 8.0 4.1 3.1
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Table 4.3: Rainfall data of Taplejung (Station no. 1405)

Year 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Average Annual rainfall (mm) 1768 2130 2473 1765 2253 1897 2132 2436 2082 1497 1752 1835 2159 2161 2094 2101 1981 1874 1912 2173 2505 1746 1795 2147 2055 2029 % wetness from average -13% 5% 22% -13% 11% -7% 5% 20% 3% -26% -14% -10% 6% 7% 3% 4% -2% -8% -6% 7% 23% -14% -12% 6% 1%
It is to be noted that MIP method is superior to other indirect methods of river flow estimation in Nepalese context as at least one measurement is an actual measurement and other monthly flows are calculated on the basis of that measurement. However for further assurance of flow data, additional flow measurements in January, February, March and April need to be carried out and use of MIP method for average monthly flow estimation from the measured flow is recommended for coming dry season. Furthermore the measured flows should be corrected to their dryness or wetness as explained earlier. Compensation flow recommended earlier in detailed feasibility study was 0.08 m3/s which is valid at this stage of study as well.
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18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Jestha Baishakh Ashadh Aswin Kartik Shrawan Bhadra
River flow Design flow 2.10 m3/s
Flow (m 3/s)
Mangsir
Paush
Magh
Figure 4.1: Flow hydrograph of adopted flow 4.2 FLOW DURATION CURVE
Flow duration curve data is worked out from the adopted average monthly flow adopted in detailed feasibility study considering the number of days of months as shown in Table 4.4. Flow duration curve of the same data is also presented in Figure 4.2. 65 percentile probability of exceedence flow from the flow duration curve is computed to be 2.200 m3/s. Thus the design flow for the plant could be as high as 2.200 m3/s according to the provision of Nepal Electricity Authority. However 2.09 m3/s is taken as design flow for the project so that the project capacity could be upgraded to 5000 kW although optimum installed capacity could be higher if provision of limiting design flow to 65 percentile probability of exceedence is exempted. Table 4.4: Flow duration curve data
Month Bhadra Shrawan Aswin Ashadh Kartik Jestha Mansir Paush Magh Baishakh Falgun Chaitra Days 31 32 30 31 30 31 30 29 29 31 30 31 Cum. day 31 63 93 124 154 185 215 244 273 304 334 365 % time 8% 17% 25% 34% 42% 51% 59% 67% 75% 83% 92% 100% River flow (m /s) 16.17 15.32 9.27 7.60 4.62 3.14 2.74 2.01 1.61 1.29 1.27 0.91
3
4-4
Chaitra
Falgun
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
River low (m /s)
River flow Design flow 2.10 m3/s
50% 60%
70% 80%
90% 100% 110%
Probability of exceedence
Figure 4.2: Flow duration curve 4.3 FLOOD FLOWS
Different methods were used to estimate flood flows for different return period during detailed feasibility study. After those all analysis flood flows estimated using DHM method was recommended as reasonable flood prediction. Hence the flood flows for Phawa Khola at intake site for different return period worked out by DHM method is recommended to consider in designing different hydraulic and other structures in this report too. The flood flows are presented in Table 4.5 and other flood flow not given in table should be worked out from Figure 4.3, instantaneous flood flow curve. Table 4.5: Instantaneous flood flows Return period (years) 2 5 10 20 3 Flood flows (m /s) 100 167 218 271 50 347 100 410 200 475 500 570 1000 647
Design flood flow for hydraulic structures of the project is taken as 410 m3/s which is 1 in 100 years return period. All structures including headworks and powerhouse should be safe in this amount of river flow with repairable damage. However damage from the flood flow in Himalayan River could not be estimated properly. Hence risk of wash away of hydraulic structures by floods always remains even if the structures are designed considering the design flood. That is due to steep, high scouring and high sediment carrying nature of a typical Himalayan River. As weir and intake construction will be completed within a dry season of a year, river diversion flow will be taken as 1 in 2 years return period flow, the value of which is 100 m3/s. Similarly operation flow is also recommended to be 1 in 5 years return period i.e. plant will be closed if the flow at river is greater than 167 m3/s.
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700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 10 Return period (years) 100 1000
Figure 4.3: Instantaneous flood flow curve 4.4 SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION
The annual sediment load estimated by different methods during detailed feasibility study varies from 3668 to 9,096 T/km2/year. Since all these values are based on limited data, it cannot be said with certainty, which of the methods is more reliable. Again other more reliable sediment estimation techniques are also not available. Hence mean of these two values 6400 T/km2/year is taken as total sediment load in Phawa Khola at project location. Now, sediment concentration by mass is given by C=T m /Q tm =3670 ppm Where C=sediment concentration (tons/m3) T m =mass of sediment carried in three months (tons) Q tm =water volume during three months (m3) For catchment area 96 km2 The sediment concentration is worked out as 3670 mg/litre assuming mean monsoon discharge 13.59 m3/s and 60% of sediment is transported within three months period of monsoon. This is an average sediment concentration in river during monsoon season. Peak sediment concentration can be more than three times of the above value but all the sediment at the river cannot enter into the intake. Some of the sediment could be excluded from gravel trap, some from settling basin and remaining goes to the turbine. For the purpose of settling basin design about 1.5 times of the average sediment concentration is assumed for sediment storage volume calculation and flushing frequency computation. Thus the sediment concentration to be considered in settling basin design is 5000 ppm.
Flood flows (m 3/s)
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5 CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION, DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION

Detailed walk over survey was carried out during site visit of 28 Chitra 2067 to 9 Baishak 2068 to identify appropriate weir and intake location upstream of the previously proposed location and to finalize the best project layout considering that new weir and intake location. An appropriate weir and intake location for the new project layout was found some 1500 m upstream of the previous weir and intake location. Project layout according the new weir and intake location is presented in Drawing no. PK-10-F01 in Volume 2 of 2 of this report. Capacity optimization of the project was not carried out due to the limitation of study scope to below 65% flow. Hence only plant calculation is done to have it 5000 kW. However individual components of the project were optimized to have optimum size. Trade off between cost and benefit was the basis for component optimization. Following sections describes project component design criteria and result. 5.1 CAPACITY OPTIMIZATION
The main objective of plant capacity optimization is to determine the plant capacity with maximum net benefit in the given head and flow condition. But plant capacity optimization scope is not available at this project as design flow is already fixed to 65 percentile probability of exceedence. Hence rigorous optimization study was not carried out and only plant capacity of 5000 kW was worked out considering following project parameters. Capacity (kW) Design discharge (m3/s) Minimum release (m3/s) Available head (m), forebay Net head at full flow (m) 5.2 5000 2.09 0.080 302.453 298.7 Generator efficiency Turbine efficiency Transformer efficiency Combined efficiency 96.00% 90.00% 99.00% 85.54%
DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION
Weir crest level is fixed at an elevation of 898 m amsl and turbine axis level is fixed at an elevation of 588 m amsl. Thus gross head for this new project layout is computed as 310 m. The project components lie in left bank and also in right bank of Phawa Khola except weir. The Headworks is at left bank and the headrace canal of length 608 m is also kept in left bank of Phawa Khola. There is a river crossing in Phawa Khola then the headrace runs along the right bank of Phawa khola. However access road runs at right side of Phawa Khola in Thechambu VDC. Transmission line crosses Kabeli river from powerhouse to Bhaluchok. Detailed description of project components design, design criteria and assumptions are presented in following sections. 5.2.1 Headworks
Headworks consist of weir and intake, intake canal, gravel trap and settling basin. All components of headworks are presented in Drawing no. PK-20-F01 and its components are described below. Weir A 27 m long Concrete broad crested weir with free flow spillway is proposed for this project. The weir inside core is made of C15 40% plum concrete and is encased with the 50 cm thick Rcc slab at bottom and 65 cm thick Rcc slab at top. The concrete slab is made of C25 concrete. The crest level of weir is fixed at 898 m amsl. The top
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surface of weir is lined with 40 cm thick hard stone lining to prevent from the deterioration of the weir surface. The slope of weir surface in u/s of axis is 1:2(V: H) and at d/s the slope is 1:4(V: H). The crest length of weir is 27 m and 2 m width. The invert level of stilling basin is 890.928 m amsl. The stilling basin is lined with 1.5 m size boulder. A 0.750 m thick graded filter should be placed beneath the boulder lining so that boulder laying could be easier and piping due to seepage and bed material wash away could be controlled. Weir crest level is set to 898 m amsl and weir length is designed as 27.00 m. A random reinforced boulder armoured plum concrete end toe wall will be constructed at the end of the boulder lining to group the boulders upstream. Two lines of maximum big boulders that could be laid by excavator available at site will be laid to support the end toe wall at the downstream most part of the weir structure. Details of weir are shown in Drawing no. PK-20-F01 to PK-20-F07 in Volume 2 of 2 and weir axis location is shown in Figure 5.1. During detailed design, care should be taken whether a clay blanket is required to control seepage through weir. Furthermore an additional upstream cut off wall may require protecting weir proper from scouring. This arrangement also needs to be worked out during detailed design stage.
Intake location
Weir location
Figure 5.1: Weir and intake location RCC flood walls (normally C25 but C35 at contact of sediment movement) will be constructed at both ends of the weir. Top level of flood wall is 903.00 m amsl (at weir crest location) which correspond to 1 in 100 years return period flood of 410 m3/s magnitude. Although flood walls are designed for 1 in 100 years return period flood sustainability of weir and intake at this flood could not be guaranteed as Small Himalayan Rivers have peculiar characteristics of wilderness. Power associated with such a high flood in such steep large sediment carrying river estimation is beyond the capacity of engineering practice in current context. Scouring action due to high flood could be disastrous at this location at Phawa Khola. So it does not fall under the scope of current study. Furthermore, current weir and intake location is not in favourable location as it is at steep stretch of river and sufficient safe and flatter land
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is not available to optimize the location of headworks structures. Thus headworks area always remains in threat of flood impact. This site is selected because other better site is not available to achieve this much of head at this area. Intake A side intake with gated orifice will be constructed at the left bank of the river immediately upstream of the weir axis (See Drawing no. PK-20-F08 and PK-20-F09 of Volume 2 of 2). A course trash rack of 20 mm thick flat mild steel bars with 100 mm clear spacing flushed with river side face of the intake orifices will be placed to control entry of large trashes and boulders inside intake. The trash rack should be removable so that it could be replaced in case of damage. Conventional divide wall and under sluice system of intake layout is not selected as the river is fast flowing and carries large boulders during flood at intake location. Conventional intake arrangement can not operate smoothly in such condition as flood will damage under sluice structures, gates and divide wall itself. However intake clogging could be a challenge and large sediment particle will enter into the intake during high flow season in intake arrangement without under sluice. Thus intake design is done keeping in mind that plant could be operated uninterruptedly throughout year with sufficient flow entry even in clogging of intake orifices. With such consideration 3 nos. of each 1.50 m long and 2.15 m deep intake orifices are designed to abstract design flow of 2.09 m3/s flow in lean season. Sill level of the lower intake orifices is 897.30 m amsl. Allowances of 0.25 m is made to address the head due to weir crest erosion. The intake orifices are to be lined with 12 mm thick mild steel plate to protect it from erosion. Furthermore base slab and side wall up to 50 cm from invert level should be lined with hard stone so that erosion by gravel and boulder movement could be minimal. Intake chamber will house gates and acts as transition from intake orifices to intake canal. A slab will be constructed on top of intake chamber from where gates will be operated. Manholes and gratings will be placed at the slab and rungs are fixed to intake chamber wall to descend to intake floor for large sediment removal and repair and maintenance. Intake gate will be closed and plant operation is stopped if the flood at river exceeds 167 m3/s a 1 in 5 years return period operation flood. Spillway and spillway canal A 10.00 m long spillway will be constructed in after the intake . This spillway will be capable of spilling 3.50 m3/s additional water entered through the intake. Hence only desired flow of 2.60 m3/s will be available along water conveyance structure making them more efficient. The adopted head over the spillway crest is 40 cm. The spillway is safe from possible flood back flow through the spillway. Base slab and side wall up to 50 cm from the invert of intake canal will be lined with 30 cm thick hard stone to protect the canal from erosion due to gravel movement. The canal is capable of transporting maximum possible sediment particle of 150 mm that could enter in to the canal hence sediment deposition is avoided. The spilled water will convey through spillway canal located just d/s of spillway. The spillway canal is 1.5 m wide and 1.5 m deep. The spillway canal is 41.632 m long. The bottom surface of spillway canal is also lined with the 30 cm thick hard stone lining. A detail of the intake canal is shown in Drawing no. PK-20-F10 of Volume 2 of 2. Gravel trap A gravel trap will be constructed at the end of intake canal for trapping gravel entered though intake. The design flow for the gravel trap is 2.60 m3/s and the flow velocity is reduced below 0.60 m/s to settle gravels. The gravel trap should be capable of trapping 5 mm size particle and flushing the largest sediment particle of 150 mm that could enter through the intake. Hopper type gravel trap without sediment storage 5-3
provision and continuous flushing system is proposed as a gravel trap. The gravels entered through the intake will directly be excluded through the gravel trap with gravity action without retaining them. For that 0.50 m3/s additional flow will be supplied to the gravel trap for flushing gravel settled in the gravel trap. Overall length of gravel trap is 10.00 m, width 2.50 m and overall effective depth is 2.22 m. Longitudinal and side slope of the gravel trap is designed in such a way that gravels will roll down to the gravel flushing orifice. A detail of the gravel trap is shown in Drawing no. PK-20-F11 of Volume 2 of 2. Settling basin Settling basin has double chamber. It will settle 0.15 mm size sediment particle with 90% trap efficiency and it will be capable of flushing 5 mm particle size efficiently. Flushing system will be gravity flushing system and flushing of each chamber will be carried out one at a time emptying one for flushing while another is in operation for power generation. Design flow for the settling basin is 2.09 m3/s. Inlet and outlet gates will be provided for both the chambers for flushing operation. Settling zone length is 42.00 m and inlet transition length is 18.125 m. basin with of a chamber is 4.80 m and the overall depth is 4.42 m. The bottom longitudinal slope of the basin is 1:50 (V: H). A detail the settling basin is shown in Drawing no. PK-20F12 to PK-20-F15 of Volume 2 of 2. Storage volume of the settling basin is worked out considering sediment concentration of 5000 ppm and flushing interval 12 hours. Flushing operation for a single chamber is required 60 minutes. A fine trash rack will be installed at the inlet of headrace canal to check the entry of trashes. 5.2.2 Headrace structures
Headrace structures consist of headrace canal, headrace pipe and its appurtances. The headrace canal is divided in two stages i.e stage-1 and Stage-2. These structures are described below and details are presented in Drawing no. PK-30-F01 through PK-30-F16 of Volume 2 of 2. Total length of headrace canal is 4793 m. Headrace canal Headrace canal in stage-1 will be constructed from chainage 0+000.00 to 0+608.016. The length of the headrace canal in stage-1 is 608.016 m. The headrace canal will be constructed with reinforced C25 concrete in base slab and wall and also C25 concrete in top slab. It will be of closed rectangular duct type with longitudinal slope 1:1000, width 1.35 m and overall depth 1.40 m including 0.20 m free board. RCC wall and slab thickness will be 0.25 m. Design flow for the canal is 2.09 m3/s. The headrace canal traverses cultivated land, steeper soil slope covered by vegetation and steep rock slopes and cliffs. From the outlet of pipe, again a Stage-2 headrace canal will convey the design discharge to forebay along the right bank of river. Some part of headrace alignment in right bank seems steeper but not so difficult to construct the headrace canal. The length of headrace canal in this stage is 4184.5 m. Details of the headrace canal and its appurtances are presented in Drawing no. PK-30-F01 to PK-30-F16. Headrace pipe Headrace alignment is brought down to avoid the land slide and kholsa crossing making it a river crossing in Phawa Khola and making further alignment in right bank. The total length of pipe is 350 m and the pipe is 1.2 m internal diameter and 6 mm thick. Design flow for headrace pipe is 2.09 m3/s. The details of the headrace pipe are presented in Drawing no. PK-30-F02 and PK-30-F09 of Volume 2 of 2.
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Anchor blocks of nominally reinforced C15 (with 40% plum) will be provided to each bends and an expansion joint will be installed immediately downstream of an anchor block. The number of anchor block required for headrace pipe is 7 and that of support pier is 44. Stone masonry support piers founded on 10 cm C15 PCC and caped with C15 PCC on top will be provided at spacing of 8 m centre to centre. Anchor bars will be embedded on cap concrete and saddle plates will be mounted on it. A HDPE sheet will be inserted in between saddle plate and headrace pipe to act as wear plate. RCC column will require in some critical locations as support pier. A 25 cm diameter wash out valve will be installed at the lowest part of the siphon alignment. Manholes will be fixed at spacing of 150 m for inspection, repair and maintenance. There will be pipe inlet and outlet with well profiled bell mouth. The inlet and the outlet maintain submergence required for smooth hydraulic and act as transision between canal and pipe. A major crossing of the pipe line will be at Phawa Khola at where pipe will be crossed through the metal truss bridge. 5.2.3 Forebay
A reinforced concrete forebay will be constructed at the end of headrace alignment to dissipate the surge pressure created in to penstock pipe due to load fluctuation or rejection. This structure will also serve as water storage for additional flow for short period and provide sufficient submergence to penstock inlet to avoid vortex. The plant could be operated in isolated mode as forebay is constructed as surge intercepting structure. The maximum and minimum operating levels are 890.453m and 889.153m amsl respectively. The location of forebay and its detail is shown in Drawing no. PK-40-F01 and PK-40-F02 of Volume 2 of 2. The forebay is capable of supplying full design flow for 60 s from its effective storage which is 126 m3. Its effective length is 21.75m and width is 5.00 m. Effective depth is taken as 1.30 m. A fine trash rack will be installed at forebay. Further a 6 diameter washout valve will be installed at the forebay. 5.2.4 Penstock
Mild steel penstock will convey design flow of 2.09 m3/s from forebay to turbine. Its layout is shown in Drawing no. PK-50-F01 and PK-50-F02 of Volume 2 of 2. The length of penstock is 742.715 m and its internal diameter is 1.10 m. Thickness of the penstock pipe varies from 6 mm to 18 mm. Anchor blocks will be provided at bends to restrain against movement. Anchor blocks and support piers will be similar to headrace canal for the penstock pipe too. Number of anchor block required is 15 and support piers 70. Expansion joint will be provided at each section of penstock between two anchor blocks to allow sliding of pipe during expansion and contraction. A bifurcation will be installed at the end portion of the penstock to distribute water to both turbines equally. 5.2.5 Powerhouse and tailrace
Surface powerhouse will be located at right bank of Phawa Khola some downstream of the confluence of Phawa Khola and Kabeli River as shown in Drawing no. PK-60F01 and PK-60-F02 of Volume 2 of 2. The powerhouse will house electromechanical equipments such as turbo-generator set, governor and control systems etc. The turbine axis level is fixed at elevation 588.0m amsl. There will be store room, control room, office room and machine hall. The powerhouse structure will be an RCC framed structure and its roof will be of CGI sheet in truss structure. The overall dimension of powerhouse is 25.50 m, 11.75 m and 12.00 m in length, width and height respectively. 5-5
Outdoor switchyard will be constructed nearby the powerhouse. Cut and cover type of rectangular concrete canal will be constructed as tailrace. The length of which is 100.00 m. 5.2.6 Electromechanical equipments
The electro-mechanical system shall be capable of operating plants in off grid mode as well as grid connected modes (on-grid and off-grid modes). Two units each of 2700 kW, 750 rpm Pelton turbine with horizontal shaft is proposed for the given gross head of 308.0 m and rated flow of 1.05 m3/s. The turbine set shall be provided with a complete set of inlet valve, runner, deflectors, spear nozzles, auxiliary equipment and other accessories. The shaft of the turbine will be connected to the shaft of the generator with a flexible direct coupling. The proposed generator is each of 3125 kVA, three-phase brushless synchronous type. The generation voltage of 6.3 kV will be stepped up to 33 kV with the help of 2 x 3150 kVA transformers. The power generated from the project shall be evacuated to INPS through switching station proposed by the projectat Bhaluchowk, Amarapur VDC of Panchtar district which is 3 km from proposed powerhouse. The project will construct 3 km m 33 kV single circuit transmission line from the proposed powerhouse to switching station switchyard where there will be 33 kV transmission line connections from Phidim and Taplejung. The same transmission line will pass through proposed 30 MW Kabeli project. The energy meter shall be placed at the proposed switching station for power trading purpose. There will be static bi-directional energy meter, one way for measuring the energy sold to NEA, while the other for energy consumed from the National grid at the time of maintenance and break down of the system. With the help of integrated control and protection system, the complete control and supervision of the power equipment will be possible from the control room inside the powerhouse. The control room shall consist of control panel and control desk. The control panel shall have indications and alarms for any type of mechanical and electrical failures and trips. It also consists of automatic recorders for generator kW, kWh, voltage, operation hours, temperature measurements, etc. The control desk shall consists of indicating lamps & alarm for sequence control operation and displaying single line diagram up to 33 kV feeder line with push buttons/handles for "emergency stop". Since the generation voltage of 6.3 kV can also be used for lighting powerhouse, switchyard, charging DC batteries for start up and emergency lighting, and in addition one station transformer is also proposed for station use i.e use at quarters and vicinity. A single line diagram showing all the electromechanical equipment and control system is presented in Drawing no. PK-70-F01 and PK-70-F02 in Volume 2 of 2. Mechanical equipment Turbine
Two sets of horizontal shaft Pelton turbine are proposed for the rated net head of 296.966 m with a rated shaft output of 2700 kW. The turbine shall have an additional 10% overload capacity for continuous operation during the availability of water. A spare runner will be available as spare parts for the purpose of maintenance. The specifications of the turbine recommended are presented in Table 5.1. 5-6
Table 5.1: Turbine specifications Particular Type Layout No of units Rated head Design discharge Rated speed Rated output Rated efficiency at 100%load Control system Specifications Pelton Horizontal shaft Two 298.7 to 302.1 m 1.05 m3/sec per unit 750 rpm 2700 kW 90 %
The control system shall perform the following main functions: Automatic start-up, synchronizing and shutdown Automatic governing of the unit Automatic or semi automatic black start Manual step-by-step operation Mechanical and thermal protection Electrical protection Alarm handling Emergency shutdown, etc.
The control system shall allow the programming of automatic daily or weekly production schedules, based on the power output (but limited by the minimum allowable water level) and on the water level set point. When running on a schedule, dispatching among the units shall be automatic but it shall be possible to set the preferred unit. The control system shall record relevant production data of the plant. Governor
Under different load conditions, water flow is regulated and controlled with the help of a governor. The system shall allow speed and/or frequency control with a droop setting, water level control and external power control, and it shall also be possible to set the opening manually. The turbine shall be provided with an electronic controller acting on the hydraulic actuator. The performance characteristics should be confirmed regarding operation of the governor. The rated specifications of the prescribed governor are presented in Table 5.2.
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Table 5.2: Governor specifications Particular Type Actuator system Specifications Electronic, PID Oil-hydraulic, self closing without electric power Mechanical adjustment: self-closing speed and limit switches. Electronic adjustment: All governor parameters shall be adjustable from the unit's control panel but critical parameters shall be locked (password, seal or similar).
Adjustment and calibration
Adjustment for speed or frequency drop Between 0 and 5% Monitoring Digital output of speed, temperature and vibration
Remote alarm system
The station control system shall provide an interface for connecting a remote alarm system. The interface shall include eight binary outputs for signalling the current operating status and alarms (by group). Inlet valve
Inlet valve shall be installed at the incoming mains of the turbine. It is provided for the opening and safe closure of the flow under maximum static as well as dynamic heads including operations on some critical stages like sudden rejection of load and speed overrun beyond certain limit. Mechanical operation of the Inlet valve should be carried out hydraulically with pressurized oil system through servomotor, which should ultimately be controlled by the governor. The material of the valve and casing should be strong enough to withstand the internal pressures. The inlet valve operation (opening and closing) will be done by hydraulic, electrical motor operated and manual. Electrical equipment Generator
Two sets of 3-phase, 50 Hz AC, each of 3125 kVA horizontal shaft synchronous generator is proposed for the power generation. The generator shall be possible to operate in black start during the absence of grid. The generator shall have an additional 10% overload capacity for the continuous operation. The system shall be capable to run and generate electrical power in an isolated and grid modes (off-grid and grid modes). The brushless excitation system is required for the exciter unit, which has to be directly coupled to the main turbine shaft. Regarding operation in low flow, generator shall ensure a good range of efficiency throughout a wide variation of load. All the structural details, material, cooling system and insulation shall confirm IEC 60034 standards. The specifications related to the selected generator for the project are presented in Table 5.3.
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Table 5.3: Generator specifications Particular No of units Generator type Layout Rated capacity Rated efficiency Power factor Voltage regulation Rated speed Frequency Generation voltage Insulation grade Phase connection Excitation Specifications Two Synchronous brushless, 3, AC Horizontal; directly coupled to the turbine 3125 kVA 96% 0.85 10% 750 rpm 50 Hz 6.3 kV Class F Star connected
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), all the protection schemes, control logic, etc., should be integrated in the excitation system. Step-up Transformer
The power generated at 6.3 kV level shall be delivered to 33 kV National grid with the help of step up power transformer. The two transformers each of 3150 kVA capacity manufactured according to IEC 76 shall be an outdoor type. The step up transformer specifications is presented in Table 5.4. Table 5.4: Step up transformer specifications Particular No of units Type Rated capacity Rated efficiency Type of cooling Vector group Voltage levels Connection (HV/LV) Phase Frequency Tap changing facility Specifications Two Step up power transformer 3150 kVA 99% ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural) Ynd11 6.3/33 kV Star/Delta 3 50 Hz 2*2.5% with 5 steps (off circuit in HV side)
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The core lamination of the transformer should be perfectly thin and insulated to ensure minimum no load losses. Windings should be of high conductivity copper and firmly clamped to withstand all of the stresses during faults in the line. All provision shall be made for the following protection/schemes (i) Buchholz relay protection (ii) Pressure relief device and (iii) Winding temperature alarm. The series of standard tests shall be conducted to ensure the efficiency, quality of material and workmanship as well. All bushings should be made of homogenous, non-porous and uniformly glazed porcelain. The 33 kV line bushings are directly connected to outdoor bus bar through disconnecting switch. LV side bushings shall be mounted on the side wall of transformer enclosed in cable box. Circuit breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) shall be used in low voltage side. The VCB shall be placed inside the powerhouse. Draw out type VCB shall be used in powerhouse, which operates both as breaker as well as disconnecting switch (Isolator). VCB shall be three phase with single throw in operation. The details of the recommended circuit breaker are presented in Table 5.5. Table 5.5: Circuit breaker specifications Particular No of units Type Location System voltage Rated current Specifications Two 3, Single throw withdrawal type. On each generator side 6.3 kV 2000 A
Regarding operation and function of circuit breaker, they will be capable of breaking maximum fault current in system at minimum response time. Vacuum circuit breaker shall be used in 33 kV side and shall be outdoor type located outside the powerhouse. The VCB shall be three phases with single throw in operation. General details of the VCB are presented in Table 5.6. Table 5.6: Vacuum Circuit Breaker specifications Particular No of units Type Location System voltage Rated voltage Rated current Rated interrupting current Specifications Two 3, Single throw After power transformer 33 kV 36 kV 800 A 25 kA
Regarding operation and function of circuit breaker, they will be capable of breaking maximum fault current in system at minimum response time. Manual, automatic and remote control system of the CB shall be provided as well.
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Isolator
The disconnecting switch is used as an isolator for disconnecting the system from grid during maintenance periods. The switch shall be installed in an outdoor pole mounted type near 33 kV line operated on no load condition only. Each part of the isolators shall be provided with subtropical finish to prevent fungus growth. Table 5.7 presents the details of the recommended isolator. Table 5.7: Isolator specifications Particular No of units Type Specifications Five Outdoor type, single throw, hand operated with grounding facility
Current capacity 800 A Rated voltage Phases 33 kV 3
Lightning arrester
The lightning arresters (LA) shall be provided in the first pole for protection of substation equipment including transformer from the possible lightning strike. They shall also be installed at the transmission line to prevent the entry of possible harmful surges towards the substation from the grid. The LA shall be provided with surge monitor. The rating of LA shall be 10 kA, 30 kV. Switchyard and its components
The switchyard of the power plant shall be outdoor type covering approximate area of 30 x 24 m. The switchyard shall mainly comprise of two sets of power transformers each of capacity 3150 kVA, 33 kV VCB, isolators, CT, PT and LA. The connection between generator and the primary side of the transformer shall be made by the power cable of sufficient capacity laid inside the cable ducts. The power transformer shall be connected to the 33 kV transmission line outside the powerhouse constructed by the company. The powerhouse shall have two station service transformers each of capacity 100 kVA that shall be tapped from 33 kV and 6.6 kV line through necessary protection schemes on both sides. The outgoing feeder line from the 33 kV bus bar shall have disconnecting switch, vacuum circuit breaker, current transformer, potential transformer, lightning arrestor and all protection system as required. The single line diagram is shown in drawing in Volume 2 of this report. The suitable clearances and fencing around the switchyard shall be provided for safety consideration to make it inaccessible to unauthorized persons. Station power supply system
Two 100 kVA, each of rating 33/0.4 (0.23) kV and 6.3/0.4 (0.23) kV shall be used for feeding power house lighting, battery charger, governor oil pumps and lighting in camp side and intake area etc. The power tapped from 33 kV line will be used for quarter power supply whereas the line tapped from 6.6 kV line will be used for station
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power supply. For the protection of the station service transformer power fuse shall be used in 33 kV side and MCCB shall be used in 400 V side with all the necessary arrangements. The rating of station service transformers is shwon in Table 5.8. Table 5.8: Station service transformer specifications Particulars Service transformer #1 No Type Rated power Primary voltage Secondary voltage Cooling Vector group Frequency Tap changing Service transformer # 2 No Type Rated power Primary voltage Secondary voltage Cooling Vector group Frequency Tap changing Specifications 1 Indoor type 100 kVA 6.3 kV 0.4 (0.23) kV ONAN Dyn11 50 Hz 2.5% on HV side 1 Indoor type 100 kVA 33 kV 0.4 (0.23) kV ONAN Dyn11 50 Hz 2.5% on HV side
Protection system
The protection schemes for the turbine and generator include over and under voltage, over speed, over current, earth fault, over and under frequency, islanding and reverse power protection. In addition, suitable alarm/trip circuits are provided for abnormal conditions such as increase in bearing temperature, low pressure etc. A protection scheme with an automatic control circuit will be provided to stop the turbine in event of power supply failure or any other faults. The generator should also be isolated from main line in event of any fault or abnormal operation. For the power transformer, Buchholz protection and temperature trip circuits are provided. To protect the 33 kV transmission line and transformer from high voltage surges, lightning arrestor shall be provided. In order to protect the personnel from the electric shock and equipment from damage due to short circuit, all the electrical equipment in the powerhouse and switchyard area will be properly grounded. Control system Battery and battery charger
A bank of battery capable of supplying 200 V DC, 200 Ampere-hour (Ah) floating charge static battery charger shall be provided to supply DC power for control and protection system. The battery shall be located inside the powerhouse and connected to the distribution board and battery charger. 5-12
Automatic synchronizing equipment
Automatic synchronization shall be performed by the control equipment. The equipment shall permit either manual or automatic control of turbine speed and generator voltage; and automatic control of breaker closing for connecting the generator to running system with minimum disturbance. The equipment shall include an automatic synchronizer, a voltage balancing relay and a speed matcher. Lighting system
The electrical equipment shall also cover lighting, cabling and earthing system design. The powerhouse shall be provided with emergency lamps automatically switched 'on' in case of the failure of the AC supply and switched 'off' when the AC supply is resumed. Suitable low voltage AC and DC power cables shall be used from the low voltage switchboards to various equipments, power socket outlets, pull box, distribution boards, fixtures and switches accordingly. All the necessary power cables shall be laid for feeder lines between low-tension panels and low voltage terminals of step up transformer located outside at the switchyard. An effective earthing station and network shall be provided in the vicinity of the powerhouse by forming an underground mesh to facilitate equipment grounding for electrical safety and establishment of a reference zero potential point. Grounding rods shall be used to reduce the grounding resistance of the mesh. The earth grounding resistance shall not exceed one ohm. 5.2.7 Transmission line and switching station
Transmission line and interconnection point
NEA has 33 kV transmission line originating from 132/33 kV Anarmani, Jhapa substation. 33 kV from Anarmani passes through under construction 33/11 kV Fikkal substation and reaches Tinkili, Ilam substation. At present Fikkal substation will be having 3000 kVA transformer and Ilam has 3000 kVA transformer. NEA owned Puwa powerhouse is connected to Tinkili substation. Further from Ilam the 33 kV line reaches Phidim substation which has 33/11 kV, 1500 kVA transformer. 995 kW Pheme, privately owned project is connected to INPS in Phidim substation. NEA is under constructing 33 kV transmission line from Phidim to Taplegunj in order to electrify Taplegunj areas. This proposed line passes through Bhaluchowk, Amarpur in Panchtar district and also near the proposed Kabeli project. The Phawa Khola SHP shall connect its 33 kV transmission line with INPS at Bhaluchowk, Amarpur by constructing 33 kV switching station. The power generated from Kabeli project shall be evacuated in 132 kV voltage level. After the construction of 33 kV transmission line by NEA between Bhaluchowk and Kabeli project, the power generated from Phawa Khola SHP shall be evacuated through Kabeli switchyard. Hence, the reliability of the line improves. Around 3000 m single circuit 33 kV transmission line shall be constructed by the project to evacuate the power generated from the powerhouse. The transmission line shall be constructed in steel tubular poles of 11 m high and placed at an average span of 60 m. The minimum clearance of 6.1 m to ground shall be maintained. ACSR -100 mm2 (Dog) conductor shall be used to minimize the line losses. Other necessary materials and accessories like insulators, cross arms, stays, jointing sleeves shall be in accordance with the IEC standard for use on 33 kV transmission line. 5-13
Metering equipment
The metering equipment shall be placed for each generator to measure the power generated. Similarly an energy meter shall also be installed after the power transformer in 33 kV side to monitor the transmitted power and energy. The static bi-directional energy meter shall be installed by the project in 33 kV side in interconnection switching substation at the incoming 33 kV line from Phawa powerhouse. The energy meter shall be used for the purpose of power trading i.e. to measure an energy export by the power house and also to measure an energy import by the powerhouse during breakdown and maintenance periods. The energy meter and metering equipment shall be indoor and outdoor type respectively. A provision of a separate set of check meter shall also be provided by the company. The company shall install 33 kV VCB, 33 kV DS, DS with ES, LA, CT and PT in the two line bays emitting out towards Phidim and Taplejung. Each metering units shall consist of an energy meter, current transformer, potential transformer and other accessories required as per the specification provided by the NEA. Communication system
Three telephone lines are proposed in the project namely one at powerhouse, one for remote control and the other at staff quarter at the project. The area is already facilitated by CDMA phone facilities. Similarly the reliable communication shall be provided between powerhouse and proposed switching station. 5.2.8 Hydro-mechanical works
Metals works are generally considered as hydro-mechanical works except that for electromechanical equipments, infrastructures and power evacuation works. It includes headrace pipe, penstock pipe, gates and other metal accessories. The detailed description of hydro-mechanical works at headworks, headrace, forebay and penstock are presented in sections below and detailed drawings are presented in respective drawings of Volume 2 of 2. Headworks Intake course trash rack
A course trash rack of clear spacing 100 mm will be provided to all 3 intake orifices. 20 mm thick and 50 mm wide flat bars will be used for making the trash rack. The trash rack should be flushed with outer face of intake flood wall and should be of removable type so that repair and maintenance could be possible. Trash clearance will be quite difficult during flood season however a racking tools should be kept at site for removing trashes trapped in the course trash rack. The size of 3 nos. of trash rack will be 1.50X2.15 m each Intake gates
Three intake gates will be provided at intake to control flow during high flow and in case of repair and maintenance. There are 3 intake openings of size 1.50X 2.15 m each. The intake gate depth is designed to be 2.15 m. The gate will be operated from the platform constructed on top of the intake chamber. Intake railing
1.00 m high railing of medium class tubular black pipe will be constructed around the intake gate operation plat form to safeguard operation crew from falling.
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Intake grating
Steel grating will be placed at top slab of the intake chamber so the inspection or maintenance crew can see the condition of intake slab inside and also can go down through its opening in case of repairs or removal of deposited sediments. Intake rungs
Steel rod rungs will be fixed at walls of the intake chamber so the inspection or repairing crew can go down to the intake base slab. However a separate aluminium ladder should be standby for emergency case. Intake steel lining
12 mm thick steel lining will be done at intake orifices to protect them from wearing by gravels. Intake piers are also will be lined with the steel lining at flow entry area. Gravel flushing orifice steel lining
Gravel flushing orifice also will be lined with 12 thick steel lining to protect it from wearing. Gravel flushing gates
Opening size of gravel flushing gate is 0.4X0.4 m. A gate will be constructed outer side of the gravel trap wall to regulate gravel flushing operation. An additional gate will be installed immediately upstream of the gate to act as stop log in case of maintenance of main gravel flushing gate. Hence a well need to be constructed to house gravel flushing gates. Furthermore the gates will be operated from a platform at top level of the gravel trap. Gravel trap railing
1.00 m high railing of medium class tubular black pipe will be constructed around the gravel flushing gate operation platform to safeguard operation crew from falling. Gravel trap grating
Gratings will be installed at gravel flushing gate operation platform similar to intake chamber so that inspection could be possible from outside or an inspection or maintenance crew could go down from removable gratings. Gravel trap rungs
Steel rod rungs will be fixed at walls of the gravel trap and gravel flushing gate well so that inspection or repairing crew can go down to the bottom of gravel trap and to the bottom of the well. Settling basin inlet gates
Two settling basin inlet gates of size 1.00X0.95 m each will be installed at the beginning of inlet transition. These gates will be operated while flushing sediment deposited inside settling basin chambers. Settling basin outlet gates
Two settling basin outlet gates of size 1.00X1.50 m each will be installed at the end of outlet transition. These gates will be operated while flushing sediment deposited inside settling basin chambers. Settling basin railing
1.00 m high railing of medium class tubular black pipe will be constructed around the inlet gates, outlet gates and sediment flushing gate operation platform to safeguard operation crew from falling. 5-15
Sediment flushing orifice steel lining
Two sediment flushing orifices also will be lined with 12 thick steel lining to protect it from wearing. Sediment flushing gates
Two sediment flushing gates of opening size 0.60X0.40 m each will be installed at the end of sediment flushing conduit. Provision of stop log is not made as a settling basin chamber will be emptied to repair gate while another is in operation. Thus the gates will be operated from low level operating platform. Settling basin rungs
Steel rod rungs will be fixed at walls of both settling basin chambers so that inspection or repairing crew can go down to the bottom of settling basin. Headrace Headrace canal inlet course trash rack
A 2.60X1.75 m size course trash rack will be installed at the inlet of headrace canal to avoid entry of large trashes. Clear spacing of 10 mm thick and 50 mm wide flat MS bar will be 50 mm. The trash rack will be inclined 70 to the horizontal to ease removal of trashes. The trashes will be removed manually with some scraping tools. Headrace canal inlet railing
1.00 m high railing of medium class tubular black pipe will be constructed around the trash removal plat from to protect operation crew from falling. Headrace pipe
Total length of headrace pipe is 350 m with thickness 8 mm internal diameter 1.20 m. Headrace canal manholes and rungs
A 0.60X0.60 m manhole with rungs will be installed at each headrace canal inlet and outlet and at every 200.00 m for inspection and repair and maintenance of headrace canal. Thus altogether 20 manholes are required at headrace canal. Headrace pipe manholes
A 0.60 m diameter manhole will be installed at five strategic locations of headrace pipe for inspection and repair. Headrace pipe inlet and outlet bell mouths
Every inlet and out let of the headrace pipe will have a smoothly profiled bell mouths. The number of bell mouths required is 2 for both sections of the pipe. Headrace pipe wash out valve
A 25 cm diameter wash out gate valve will be installed at the lowest portion of the headrace pipe to wash the possible sediment deposition and for emptying the pipe for inspection and repair. Headrace pipe bends
The number of bends required for headrace pipe is 7. The radius of mitred bend will be 3.60 m. Headrace pipe expansion joints
Expansion joints will be installed immediately downstream of anchor blocks. Number of such expansion joints required is 7. 5-16
Saddle and wear plates
A 6 mm thick saddle plates of size 1.30 m long and 0.6 m wide curved to fit with headrace pipe will be used for holding pipe. A 5 mm thick white HDPE sheet will be used on top of it to act as wearing plate. The number of set of saddle and wear plates required is 50. Forebay Forebay fine trash rack
5.00 m wide and 3.45 m deep fine trash rack will be installed at forebay before the inlet of penstock to control the entry of trashes inside penstock. Clear spacing will be 25 mm and flat MS bar size will be 10 mm thick and 75 mm wide. Manual cleaning will be done here too. Forebay railing
1.00 m high railing of medium class tubular black pipe will be constructed around the trash cleaning platform to safeguard operation crew from falling. Forebay manhole
A 0.60X0.60 m size forebay will be installed at top slab of forebay in front of penstock inlet to have access for inspection and repair. Forebay rungs
MS rod rungs will be installed at wall of forebay body and inside penstock inlet chamber for access to inspection and repair. Forebay wash out valve
A 6 diameter gate valve will be fixed at the penstock inlet chamber at forebay for washing sediment deposition. Penstock Penstock inlet bell mouth
A well profiled bell mouth will be installed at the inlet of penstock pipe. Penstock pipe
The length of penstock pipe required is 742.72 m. Internal diameter of the pipe is 1.10 m whereas thickness varies from 6 mm to 18 mm. Penstock bends
Number of bends required is 15 and the mitred bend radius will be 3.30 m. Penstock expansion joints
An expansion joint will be installed at immediately downstream of each anchor block to allow sliding of pipe in case of expansion and contraction. The number of expansion joints required is 15. Penstock bifurcation
Asymmetrical bifurcation will be constructed upstream of power house to divide incoming flow to both turbines. The pipe diameter reduces from 1.10 m to 0.55 m and thickness from 18 mm to 10 mm. Pipe after bifurcation
The length of one branch pipe will be 14.00 m whereas the length of another pipe is 16.50 m. Internal diameter of the pipe will be 0.55 m and thickness 10 mm. 5-17
Bends after bifurcation
Two mitred bends of radius 1.65 m, internal diameter 0.55 m and wall thickness 10 mm will be installed after bifurcation. Penstock flanges
Two 0.55 m diameter flanges will be provided at the end of pipe after bifurcation to join with adaptor of electromechanical equipments. Saddle and wear plates
A 6 mm thick saddle plates of size 1.0 m long and 0.6 m wide curved to fit with penstock pipe will be used for holding pipe. A 6 mm thick white HDPE sheet will be used on top of it to act as wearing plate. The number of set of saddle and wear plates required is 68. Penstock manholes
5 nos. of 0.60 m diameter manholes will be installed at strategic locations of the penstock for inspection and repair. 5.2.9 INFRASTRUCTURES AND OTHERS
Access road
The proposed access road will be mainly a earthen road with gravelling and stone soling at strategic locations. The road starts from Kabeli Bridge to powerhouse site via Phulabari of Khalte village and to headworks area from Khalte. Hence the total length of the access road will be 18 km. Ruling gradient considered is 10% for downward alignment whereas 7% for upward alignment. Exceptional gradient is considered to be 15%. However exceptional gradient will be provided only up to 100 m stretch of road. Afterward at least 200 m of road will be in ruling gradient. Minimum radius of bend is set as 12.50 m and maximum gradient at bend will not be greater than 7%. Proposed road width is 4.00 where side drain is not provided and 5.00 m with side drain. Cross slope of the road is recommended to be 5% for instant flow of rain water from road. As the proposed road is a single lane two way traffic road passing zone at an interval of 300 m is recommended. However such passing zone construction opportunity available at outer bend of the road should be utilised at road stretches in ruling gradient and less. General criteria for slope cutting and filling are as below: Cutting slope for cohesive soil less than 1:2 (H:V) Cutting slope for non-cohesive soil less than 1:1.5 (H:V) Cutting slope for hard rock less than 1:10 (H:V) Cutting slope for soft rock less than 1:6 (H:V) Filling slope for cohesive soil less than 1:1 (H:V) Filling slope for non-cohesive soil less than 1.5:1 (H:V)
Generally gabion wall will be used for earth retaining works. The gabion box should be hexagonal mesh size of size 100 mmX120 mm weaved with 10 SWG MS wire. The wire will be 8 SWG MS wire and binding wire 12 SWG MS wire. All the gabion wire should heavy zinc coated. Each gabion box compartment should be of 1X1X1 m size.
5-18
The gabion wall should be founded on original ground not in fill in all the time. Outer face of the gabion wall should be 1:6 (H:V) for better stability. Each layers of the gabion need to be stepped by 0.50 m. At least 0.50 m of earth will be filled on top of the gabion wall so that that part also could be used as road in emergency case. However road width should be counted after deducting 1.00 m top with of a gabion wall. Side drain of size 0.50X0.50 m is desired at locations where runoff is high. It could be of either stone masonry (in 1: 6 cement sand mortar), dry stone masonry or simply and earthen channel as appropriate to site condition. Dry stone soling will be used maximally for cross drainage works of kholsis and gullies. Construction road
Construction road will be constructed at project area from powerhouse to headworks via forebay. However this road will be only for construction purpose and will not be operational after completion of the project. A headrace alignment will be followed for construction road at headrace alignment and afterward headrace structures will be constructed over it. Total length of construction road is 10 km. Same principles and standards will apply for construction road as that of access road. Construction power
Utmost 180 kW of construction power will be required during peak construction time. Thus generators of 125 kW, 50 kW and 5 kW will be arranged at site as construction power. However upcoming grid connected electricity will be used if the grid line is available during the construction of the project. The length of construction power line will be 3 km from Bhaluchok in 33 kV Voltage rating. This construction power line will be utilised to evacuate power generated at the plant. Quarters A 3 roomed 50 m2 floor area quarter for plant manager, 4 roomed 60 m2 quarter for office cum guest house, and two 6 roomed 75 m2 floor area quarter for other staffs, operators, and guest rooms will be constructed at power house area. A 2 roomed 20 m2 floor area quarter at headworks and same size of quarter at forebay area will be constructed for other operators at forebay area to look after hearace alignment. The quarter will be constructed of locally available timber and stone masonry. The roofing will be CGI sheet with falls ceiling. The quarters will be used as camps for personnel of Shibani Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd. during construction period. Water supply and sewerage
Drinking water supply system will be constructed at headworks area and powerhouse as well as forebay area. Nearby potable water sources will be tapped for the drinking water. The water will also be used during construction for constructional purpose. River diversion
A diversion channel will be dug from immediately upstream of weir and intake area in the left terrace of the river. The dug material will be duped across the river to make it a diversion dam. The dam and channel should be capable of handle 1 in 2 years return period diversion flood of magnitude 100 m3/s. The length of the dam is 60.00 m and the length of the channel is 150.00 m. Weir and intake construction will be completed within a dry period and river flow will diverted to weir after completion of the construction. Landslide stabilization works
5-19
Landslide stabilization works will be required at Dumrise, Tumankhe and old landslide. Catch drain, French drain and other water control measures will be used extensively at landslide area. Retaining structures and toe protection works also will be applied appropriately to control further sliding. Bio engineering is also planned to stabilized the landslide. Fencing
Barbed wire fencing on iron poles will require at powerhouse area, forebay area and heaworks area. The fence should cover all hydraulic structures with open surface water to avoid possible accident of local people and cattle. Furthermore quarters also are to be fenced to control interference from outsiders. Strong iron gates with padlock will be constructed to limit the unwanted entry.
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Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Capacity Upgrading Study Report
6 POWER, ENERGY AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENT

Power and energy is calculated based on the flow availability and head available in the new project layout. Detailed of power and energy calculation is shown in Error! Reference source not found. from which installed capacity for the project is 5000 kW and total net annual energy is 36.21 GWh. Installed capacity of the project is fixed on the basis of flow lower than 65 percentile of flow as NEA, a sole hydropower purchaser has provision of purchasing energy according to this criteria. Thus the design flow was taken as 2.09 m3/s 66 percentile flow although optimum capacity could be higher. Standard energy purchasing rate for small hydropower project below 5000 kW fixed by NEA is NRs 4 per kWh in wet season and NRs 7 per kWh at present context. Paush, Magh, falgun and Chaitra of Nepali calendar fall in dry season whereas remaining months of a year fall in wet season. From monthly energy generation and energy rate gross annual revenue from the energy sales will be NRs 166,733,723.00. The turbine considered in power and energy computation is Pelton with efficiency 90%. Technical parameters adopted Capacity (kW) Design discharge (m3/s) Minimum release (m3/s) Net head (m) 5000 2.09 0.080 298.70 Generator efficiency Turbine efficiency Transformer efficiency Combined efficiency Outage, losses and self consumption Dry season Wet season 96.00% 90.00% 99.00% 85.54%
5% 5%
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Table 6.1: Power, energy and benefit calculation

Month No of days River discharge (m3/s) Discharge for power generation (m3/s) Head loss (m) Net head (m) Monthly power (kW) Monthly energy generation before outage and losses (kWh) 2411724 3663176 3663176 3781976 3663176 3544376 3544376 3544376 3445200 2871124 2309048 1681373 38123101 Outage includin g losses (kWh) Contract energy for 2079kW (kWh) Additional Contract Energy (kWh) Total contract energy (kWh) Energy rate for 2079 kW energy (NRs/kWh) Revenue (NRs) for 2079 kW Energy rate for additional energy (NRs/kWh) Revenue (NRs) for 2079 kW
Baishakh Jestha Asad Srawan Bhadra Ashoj Kartik Mangsir Paush Magh Fagun Chaitra Total
31 31 31 32 31 30 30 30 29 29 30 31 365
1.37 3.34 8.09 16.3 17.2 9.85 4.91 2.92 2.14 1.72 1.35 0.97
1.29 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.09 2.06 1.64 1.27 0.89
1.15 3.48 3.48 3.48 3.48 3.48 3.48 3.48 2.94 1.85 1.12 0.54
301.20 298.70 298.70 298.70 298.70 298.70 298.70 298.70 298.80 300.30 301.30 302.10
3268 4950 4950 4950 4950 4950 4950 4950 4950 4125 3207 2260
120586 183159 183159 189099 183159 177219 177219 177219 172260 143556 115452 84069 1906155
1044893 1399528 1399528 1445436 1399528 1353620 1353620 1353620 1331325 1261785 1017075 736644 15096603
1246245 2080489 2080489 2147441 2080489 2013537 2013537 2013537 1941615 1465783 1176521 860660
2291138 3480017 3480017 3592877 3480017 3367157 3367157 3367157 3272940 2727568 2193596 1597304 36216946
3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 5.52 5.52 5.52 5.52
4075082 5458160 5458160 5637201 5458160 5279119 5279119 5279119 7348914 6965052 5614252 4066277 65918614
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7
4984980 8321956 8321956 8589764 8321956 8054148 8054148 8054148 13591305 10260481 8235647 6024620 100815109
6-1
7 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
Definite construction plan will be prepared during detailed design stage however a conceptual construction plan is prepared in this stage to have guideline for further design of concrete construction plan. The scale and standard of the project construction will be as accordance of prevailing practice within the country. The project capacity is fixed to 5000 kW and its completion period is conceived to be 2 years from the start date of 01 Kartik 2068 excluding forced meijure. However project period could be extended up to 2 and half years with 6 months grace period. Thus this construction plan is prepared keeping this fact in mind. 7.1 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
Shibani Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd. will establish a Project Implementation Team as shown in Figure 7.1 for implementation of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project. The team will be headed by Managing Director of the company as a project director who will be responsible for total project implementation works. A Project Manager will be under supervision of Managing Director and responsible for project site works, detailed design works and also assists Managing Director for contract agreement and other technical issues. The detailed design, tender document preparation and construction management and supervision works will be carried out by employing appropriate personnel whereas construction and installation of civil works, hydro-mechanical works, electromechanical works and other infrastructures will be carried out by employing national and international contractors and suppliers as appropriate. However, small works of project activities could be carried out by employing small local contractors or direct execution of the works internally. The completion date is fixed as 30 Aswin 2070 excluding force majeure. The contractors of the project will prepare elaborate construction plan of his works. Furthermore they will prepare quality assurance and safety and health program for quality and smooth accomplishment of construction work of the project. Some of design works like hydro-mechanical design, electromechanical design etc. will be awarded to respective contractors. 7.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
A team will be formed for implementation of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project under the leadership of Managing Director of Shibani Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd. as a Project Director. Proposed organizational structure of Project Implementation Team (PIT) is shown in Figure 7.1. The Managing Director could employ different short term, part time or full time advisors or assistants as he requires for smooth operation of the project work. Such advisors could be in the field of legal, account, finance etc. A project Manager will be employed under direct supervision of Managing Director. All technical personnel of the project will be under supervision of the Project Manager. Social Director will have a role of social and environmental manager whereas a Project Officer for public relation at site will be under supervision of Social Director. Thus the Social Director will be fully responsible for all socio environmental works of the project. However Social Director and Project Officer will work on close coordination with Project manager. Account and administration of head office also will be responsible for logistics, account and administration of site office. Project Manager is key personnel for construction of the project in time with required quality within projected budget. Thus technical team, account and administration of site and contractors and suppliers will directly under his surveillance. He may also 7-1
hire short term consultants like expert geologist, electrical expert, surveyor, hydromechanical engineer etc. on his requirement. Managing director
Advisors
A/C, admin (HO)
Project manager
Social director
Consultants
Project officer
Technical team
A/C, admin (Site)
Contractors and suppliers
Figure 7.1: Organizational Structure of Project Implementation Team Technical team will be responsible for detailed design, tender document preparation and construction supervision. A Resident Engineer will lead the technical team. Design engineers, Project Engineers and Project Overseers will be in the Technical Team. Separate site account and administration will be there at site and responsible for their works at site. Different contractors and suppliers will be employed for the execution of the project work. The contractors and suppliers could be civil contractor, hydro-mechanical contractor, electromechanical contractor, electrical contractor etc. Different type of manpower is required for efficient implementation of the hydropower project. The type of manpower required and their duration is tabulated in Table 7.1 considering the project period of 2 and half years.
7-2
Table 7.1: Manpower required for project implementation SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 7.3 Manpower Managing Director Legal advisor Internal Auditor A/C and admin head Admin Assistant Support staffs Social Director Public relation officer Project Manager Electrical Engineer Mechanical Engineer Project Engineers (Civil) Project Overseer (Civil) Technical assistants Support staffs DETAILED DESIGN Category Director Officer Officer Officer Jr. officer Helper Director Officer Manager Officer Officer Officer Jr. officer Office assistant Helper Nos. 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 5 10 Duration (Months) 30 2 6 30 30 30 15 30 30 5 2 30 30 24 24 Remarks
Detailed design work of the project will be carried out by consultant hired from outside the company. Detailed design work includes detailed topographical survey, project layout preparation, hydraulic calculation, structural sizing, structural analysis and design, drawing preparation, bill of quantity preparation and cost estimate preparation. Detailed design work could be parallel to the construction with sufficient ahead of construction of a particular structure. Similarly it includes contract agreement and specification preparation for tendering process. 7.4 CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS
A civil contractor will be a main contractor of the project. The civil contractor will facilitate the works of other electromechanical, electrical, hydro-mechanical and suppliers. However civil contractor can not sublet the construction work to other sub contractors in sub contract. This will only make management complex and quality control will be difficult. The contractor will prepare construction plan regarding, machine, manpower, material, infrastructures and work schedule. Furthermore the contractor will prepare quality assurance plan, safety and health plan and design of his responsibility. 7.5 COMMUNICATION
The existing telephone lines in project area will be utilized at the initial stage of the construction as means of communication. CDMA phone (land line as well as mobile) will be set up at site if technically possible for communicating outside project site. Furthermore email and internet connection will be arranged to ease communication if possible technically and financially. A radio communication system will be set up for communication within project site. Post office mail delivery will also be utilized if found appropriate. Mail running system will be developed for travel of project personnel. Separate mail runner could be deployed in case of urgency and emergency.
7-3
7.6
TRANSPORTATION
An earthen access road will be constructed from Kabeli Bridge along PhidimTaplejung gravel road to headworks and powerhouse area. A separate construction road will be constructed along headrace alignment and penstock area. However these construction roads will be only for construction work and of temporary type. Black topped road is up to Phidim from where all weather gravel road is up to the Kabeli Bridge. Kolkatta is the nearest seaport for importing equipments and materials from abroad. Biratnagar will be the entry point to Nepal for the import of machinery and other imported construction materials. Other materials will be purchased at Birtamod of Jhapa and Biratnagar of Morang. Truck, tractor, trailer and other four wheeler vehicles could be used to transport construction material from city area and within project area. Manual transportation of construction materials will be required at difficult section of the project such as headrace alignment. Personnel travel will be on office vehicle, bus or air from head office. A stand by vehicle will be there for travel of company personnel from airport to project site at to Phungling, the district head quarter. A pick up vehicle will be a means of transportation at project area and motorcycle will be an additional means of transportation for project personnel. Contractors and suppliers will arrange their transport and travel themselves at there comfort. However travel and transport to electromechanical equipment installation team need to be arranged by the Company. 7.7 CONSTRUCTION POWER
Utmost 150 kW of construction power will be required during peak construction time. Thus generators of 100 kW, 50 kW and 5 kW will be arranged at site as construction power. However upcoming grid connected electricity will be used if the grid line is available during the construction of the project. Combination of about 9000 m long 11 kV and 0.4 kV line is required for distributing the construction powers to load points. It is planned that civil and hydro-mechanical contractor will arrange power for their camps themselves. Major demand of power is for MS pipe fabrication, erection and welding as well as during concreting work. Other demands are at workshop, power to camps and quarters, offices, dewatering etc. 7.8 CAMPS AND OTHER FACILITIES
Construction of temporary camps, offices, stores and other facilities during the construction period is required at project area. Permanent house required for operation of the plants will be constructed and used temporarily during construction period as camps and offices for project personnel. Residence of local people also could be used as camps and offices as far as possible. Camps and offices are to be equipped with furniture and furnishing as well as with other equipments. Potable water supply need to be arranged for drinking purpose and use for construction use. Hygienic mess will be run for project personnel and workers at project site. Solid waste disposal, effluent management and toxic and hazardous material storage and management need to be done for health and safety of people and property. Standard safety rule and practice should be implemented at site to safeguard life and property. Use of personnel protective equipments and other safety aids as appropriate is recommended during construction site to minimize losses due to injuries and fatal accidents hence reducing the cost of construction by saving peoples life. Basic medical facilities should be available at site. Major health hazards are to be dealt by local health post and nearby hospital. The main contractor will prepare standard safety and health program and implement it at site. 7-4
Well maintained stores for construction material and tools and equipments with sufficient capacity will be managed at site. The construction material and tools and equipments are stored and handled in such a way that their quality will not get deteriorated and quantity will not lose. Toxic and hazardous materials storage and handling will be done by following standard norms and procedure. Mechanical, carpentry and other workshops and testing lab will be arranged at site. Those workshop and lab should have sufficient tools and equipments and manpower to serve their purpose. Sufficient construction and fabrication yards will be arranged either purchasing land or on lease agreement. 7.9 RIVER DIVERSION
River diversion is required in only construction of weir and intake. Weir and intake construction will be completed in a single dry season. Thus design flow for river diversion is taken as 1 in 2 year return period. Simple a channel will be excavated at left side of weir and intake location and excavated material will be placed upstream of the weir location as diversion dam. The excavated material will be compacted sufficiently to stop seepage of water. However certain amount of water will percolate though granular bed material. The water percolated in this way will be dewatered during construction. Certain impervious material like clay or straw could be used in diversion dam body in case of seepage through dam body. The diversion dam will be dismantled and river flow will be diverted to its original direction after completion of the construction of weir and intake. 7.10 DEWATERING Dewatering will be done by excavating dewatering trenches as far as possible so that uninterrupted construction is possible. Otherwise water pumps are used for pumping water from worksite. 7.11 MAIN CONSTRUCTION Main construction includes civil structures, hydro-mechanical structures, electromechanical equipments, transmission line and sub station and access road and construction road. Brief discussions on those components are presented in sections below. 7.11.1 Headworks Headworks structure consists of river training works, floodwalls, a diversion weir, intake, gravel trap and settling basin. Construction materials such as sand and aggregates shall be collected from nearest quarry site in the Phawa Khola. Deficient quantities of local construction materials shall be transported from Kabeli River as per requirement. The construction of weir, floodwall and intake has to be commenced preferably in December of 2008 and finished before the start of monsoon. Gravel trap and settling basin could be constructed even in wet season. A total of 18 months is proposed for the construction of headworks. However weir and intake construction should be finished before start of monsoon. 7.11.2 Headrace The canal and pipe alignment has been proposed in consideration of topography and geology of the headrace alignment. The geology is comparatively stable but the topography is steeper. Hence a track of construction road will be opened along headrace alignment to have bench for movement and laying headrace structure. The track will be opened from both headworks and forebay site. Then canal or pipe will be constructed over that track of construction road. Sequence of construction of headrace works should be arranged in such a way that interruption to machine 7-5
movement and material transportation will be minimal. Its construction will be started from December and expected to be completed within a half and year. 7.11.3 Forebay Forebay tank is in relatively flat area. It is a simple rectangular RCC structure. Hence its construction is very simple. A construction road will be constructed from powerhouse to forebay for transporting construction material required for it. Its construction will not take longer time and could be completed within 4 months. 7.11.4 Penstock A construction road going to forebay rolls along penstock alignment. This road makes construction of penstock easier. Penstock alignment is fairly good topographically and geologically and easier to construct. It will take 12 months to complete the construction of penstock. 7.11.5 Powerhouse and tailrace Construction of the powerhouse building, machine foundation and tailrace structures needs about 12 months. The foundation for machinery will be done after the completion of building. 7.11.6 Electromechanical works Electromechanical equipment should be available at site before completion of machine foundation construction. Installation period will be 3 months whereas testing and commission will take another 2 months. The supplier will supply and install electromechanical equipments from water to wire i.e. from penstock pipe to transmission line. 7.11.7 Hydro-mechanical works Hydro-mechanical works like gates, trash rack, bend, expansion joints etc. are fabricated at workshop while pipe will be rolled and fabricated at site workshop by importing plain mild steel plates. Steel transportation will be easier in this case but a mechanical workshop need to be established at site for rolling and fabrication of the pipes. 7.11.8 Transmission line and switching station A 33 kV transmission line will be constructed from switchyard to substation and Bhaluchok. Land along transmission line will be dealt with local people in lease agreement. Similarly a substation for power evacuation will be constructed at Bhaluchok. A separate contractor will be employed for construction of the transmission line and substation. It will take 6 months for construction of transmission line and substation. 7.11.9 Access road and construction road Access road will be constructed from Kabeli Bridge to Powerhouse site via Khalte village and to headworks site from Khalte. The access road construction will be completed before full mobilization of contractors. The construction time required for construction of the access road is 36 months. Construction roads will be constructed along headrace alignment and penstock alignment. This road will be constructed before start of headrace works and penstock works. However this road will not be operational after construction of headrace works and penstock as the headrace and penstock structures will be constructed on it.
7-6
7.12 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE The construction schedule of the project is presented in Figure 7.2. The total construction period of the project is estimated as 24 months. Headworks construction and headrace construction fallen in critical path. Thus great care should be taken to keep in time with these civilities. The construction in water should be carried out during dry period. In fact hydro-mechanical works should be constructed parallel to the other works.
Figure 7.2: Construction schedule
7-7
8 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN

An organizational structure of operation crew of the plant is shown in Figure 8.1 and manpower required for operation is presented in Table 8.1. A plant manager will lead operation of the plant. He should be from electrical back ground. External support may be required during maintenance of the plant in case of emergency maintenance and scheduled maintenance. Operation team consist combination of electrical and mechanical technicians. At least a technician level operator will be standby at powerhouse during power plant operation. Other operation assistants could be deployed as their requirement. Detailed operation and maintenance plan and manual will be prepared during construction of the project for smooth and uninterrupted operation of the plant. An account and administration team at plant look after account, administration, public relation and other logistics at plant.
Plant manager
External support
Operation team
A/C, admin, PRO
Figure 8.1: Structure of operation crews Table 8.1: Manpower required for plant operation SN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Manpower Plant manager Operators Operation assistants A/C and admin officer Office assistant Support staffs Category Officer Jr. officer Helper Jr. officer Jr. officer Helper Nos. 1 3 9 1 1 3 Duration (Months) 12 12 12 12 12 12 Remarks
Maintenance of power plant will be done in regular basis and as emergency maintenance. Regular inspection of civil works, hydro-mechanical works, electromechanical works and transmission line will be carried out for assurance of their service level. Standard operation and maintenance manual containing inspection plan and schedule and regular maintenance works will be prepared before completion of the power plant. Emergency maintenance may require in case of unexpected cause like floods, structural break down of project components etc. Out side support may be required in some cases of emergency maintenance. Replacement of turbine runner may require in between plant operation period. To address such events well ahead plan and schedule will be put in the operation and maintenance manual.
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9 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
Elaborate Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study was conducted during detailed feasibility study of the project. But as project is being upgraded to 5000 kW a separate Supplementary Report on IEE is prepared separately to address the environmental consequences due to the increase in installed capacity of the project. However increase in adverse environmental impact will be negligible due to increase in the project capacity.
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10 COST ESTIMATE
This chapter of the report deals with methodology used and presents the project cost estimate. Detailed bill of quantities of each items of works of all project structures were carried out and unit rate of the items of works were worked out from rate analysis and similar projects under construction and already constructed. The cost estimates of items which has to be imported from abroad and cost does not depends upon item rates were worked out from quotations, previous quotations and contract agreement made in earlier projects. Details of assumptions made, criteria set, methodology and cost estimate are described in sections below. 10.1 CRITERIA AND ASSUMPTIONS The following criteria and assumptions were made in cost estimate preparation. All costs were of 2012 AD price level. Exchange rate of 1 US Dollar (US $) was equivalent to 80 NRs. All taxes and duties applicable according to the rules and regulation of Government of Nepal were considered in the cost estimate. Royalties and cost associated with rights of ways and quarry sites and disposal areas were not included in the cost estimate. Assumption was made that government policy on cost of materials and services remains same and standard procurement and contracting practice will be applied during project construction.
10.2 METHODOLOGY Some of the parts of the project especially civil and electrical structures were designed internally. But electromechanical equipments and hydro-mechanical designs were left to contractors and suppliers. Hence actual bill of quantity could not be prepared for those components which were not designed internally. However size and required standard and specifications were specified during design works. In this way cost of some of the items of works were worked out on item rate basis whereas others were on lump sum basis. Furthermore items like engineering and management, camps and facilities, diversion works, operation and maintenance etc. were also worked out on lump sum basis. As mentioned earlier unit rate and lump sum values were taken from references of previous projects. The basic rates considered for rate analysis is shown in Table 10.1. These rates correspond to the rate at project site.
10-1
Table 10.1: Basic rates at site S. N. A 1 2 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Type Labour Rate Skilled Labour Unskilled Labour Material Rate Cement Sand Graded filter material Aggregates Stone Saal Wood Low Quality Wood Plywood 12mm Purlin & Strut Bag m3 m3 m3 m m m
3 3 3
Unit
Rate(Rs/Unit)
Remarks
manday manday
400.00 8 Hrs/Day 300.00 8 Hrs/Day
700.00 Free from all kinds of 2000.00 impurities mentioned in Specification 2000.00 2000.00 1000.00 50361.75 24851.17 398.12 24851.17 475.23 494.96 429.52 300.15 75.00 10-25 mm ToR Steel 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 140.00 15.71 13.00 61.00 45.00 6.00 250.00
m2 m3 m m
2 2
10 C.G.I. Sheet (24 gauge) 11 Glass for Window (4mm) 12 Ready made paints 13 Lime for Paintings(primer) 14 Reinforcement bars 15 Reinforcement-Binding Wire 16 Gabion wire(10SWG) 17 Salvage Wire(7SWG) 18 Gabion wire(12SWG) Binding
Lit. Lit. kg kg kg kg kg kg No. No. No. No. No. m
19 Nail 20 Holdfast 7 nos/kg (different sizes)
21 75 mm hinge 22 100 mmTowerbolt 23 Handle (special) 24 Screw 25 Black Pipe 2.5" Diameter
10-2
26 Black Pipe 4" Diameter 27 Ready made Enamel 28 Wood Primer 29 Red oxide
m ltr ltr ltr
350.00 302.50 260.00 210.00
The rate analysis of item of work based on these basic is presented in the Appendix of this report. 10.3 COMPONENTS OF PROJECT COST Cost implication is obvious with different project activities. Project cost is a main project parameter which also determines projects suitability for implementation. Project cost also shows potential area of cost minimization during construction. The components of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project costs were divided into following heads and described in sections below. Pre-construction cost Construction cost Land and environmental mitigation cost Engineering and management cost, and Contingency cost.
Interest during construction is also a cost but it is not directly used for construction of any structure. Hence it is not included in cost estimate. However it will be incorporated in financial analysis as it will be capitalised at the time of project completion. Similarly operation and maintenance cost is also cost but will be expended during operation phase. Thus this will also be incorporated in financial analysis not in cost estimate. Brief descriptions of cost components are as below and detailed cost break down is presented in Table 10.2. 10.3.1 Pre-construction cost Pre-construction cost is development cost of project before start of its construction. It generally includes all detailed feasibility study cost, overhead cost during project development phase, expenses on tax, duties and royalties and other logistics costs. The project development phase could be considered up to detailed feasibility study phase. Project cost beyond that event could be considered at construction phase cost. The total pre-construction cost expended before start of construction activities is NRs 45,711,931.00 as pre-construction cost. 10.3.2 Construction cost The cost of the project that is directly expended in project construction is called construction cost. The cost expended after detailed feasibility study and actual completion of project construction could be regarded as construction cost. The construction cost includes infrastructures, facilities and other cost, civil works cost and electromechanical cost. Similarly the construction cost also includes hydromechanical cost and transmission line and substation cost. Total construction cost is estimated as NRs 598,413,723.00. Access road, construction road, river diversion, construction power and camps costs are infrastructure costs. Similarly water supply, quarters and communication are also infrastructure cost. But transportation, offices and workshops are facilities costs whereas landslide stabilization, fencing and safety and health are other costs.
10-3
Civil works cost includes cost of headworks, headrace, forebay, penstock and powerhouse. Metal works will fall under hydro-mechanical works. Hence only costs of civil works are considered. Similarly construction cost includes electro-mechanical costs from water to wire and hydro-mechanical costs. Cost of metal works at headworks, headrace, forebay and penstock are considered as cost of hydro-mechanical works. Power evacuation transmission line cost and interconnection substation cost also fall under the head of construction cost. Cost estimate on individual head are presented in Table 10.2 and their distributions are shown in Figure 10.1. 10.3.3 Land purchase and lease cost A sum of NRs 7,000,000.00 is estimated as cost required for land purchase and lease. 10.3.4 Environmental mitigation and monitoring cost A sum of NRs 10,000,000.00 is estimated as cost required for environmental mitigation and monitoring cost. 10.3.5 Engineering, administration and management cost Lump sum cost of detail engineering, administration expenses and construction management cost is estimated as NRs 47,940,314.0 which includes cost of project management, salaries, office overhead fees and other expenditures of project execution. 10.3.6 Contingency cost Contingency is also a project cost which is allocated to the project cost that may rise in future due to increase in market price and quantities. Hence sum of 15% for civil works and 8% for electromechanical, 10% for hydromechanical and 5% for transmission line works cost is provided as contingency cost to cover unexpected increase in project cost. The amount of contingency cost is estimated as NRs. 76,447,906. Table 10.2: Cost summary SN 1 2 Description PRE-CONSTRUCTION COST CONSTRUCTION COST Infrastructures and other cost Civil works Electromechanical works Hydro-mechanical works Transmission line and switching station Total of 2 3 4 LAND PURCHASE AND LEASE ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING 10-4 Cost (NRs) 45,711,931 % 2.51%
66,042,071 332,195,492 120,000,000 53,176,160 27,000,000 598,413,723 7,000,000 10,000,000
10.12% 41.53% 14.07% 6.44% 3.38% 75.54% 1.33% 0.81%
CONTINGENCIES 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ENGINEERING, ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT INSURANCE CUSTOMS LOCAL TAXES VAT TOTAL PROJECT COST W/O IDC INTEREST DURING CONSTRUCTION TOTAL PROJECT COST WITH IDC
76,447,906
6.36% 4.14% 0.76% 0.25% 0.93% 7.39% 100%
47,940,314 5,984,137 2,101,850 6,848,624 46,822,497 847,270,982 85,498,000 932,768,982
Figure 10.1: Construction cost distribution (%) 10.4 PROJECT COST In this way total project cost without IDC came out to be NRs. 847,270,982 in summary which is 10.59 M US$ in exchange rate of 80 NRs/US$. In this way per kW Watt cost came out to be US$ 2118.
10-5
11 PROJECT EVALUATION
The ultimate aim of a power project is to produce power and energy at financially viable cost. Financial analysis takes the view of the individual project participants. The financial costs associated with project are based on normal accounting conventions. Thus, assets are valued in terms of their engineering costs and are depreciated over their normal lives which may be determined by law rather than technical or financial criteria. Financial analysis is connected with the estimation of the financial implications of a proposed development. It is based on the use of market prices and therefore includes any taxes or royalties which will be levied on the factors of production and any subsidies, capital or operating, which may be received as part of development. All costs are charged and all revenues credited to the analysis in the actual amounts expended or received at the time of expenditure. For this analysis the financial rate of return and cash flow is assessed from the perspective of a utility owner/operator. 11.1 COST ESTIMATION Cost components include headwork and powerhouse construction costs, water conveyance costs, diversions and other civil works, electromechanical, hydromechanical, transmission costs etc. Annual operating and maintenance expenditures and replacement cost for electromechanical equipment are also included. Engineering and management cost are also considered in financial analysis. The costs are allocated to the year of expenditure and expressed at constant prices. The financial analysis extends the costing to include royalties, taxes and duties, insurance, depreciation, interest during construction, capital repayment and interest on debt. Detailed cost analysis is presented in cost estimate chapter. 11.2 BENEFIT ESTIMATION For the financial analysis, the principal project benefits are revenues, which can be derived from the operation of the project. Seasonal energy value is considered for financial analysis as according to PPA rate. Outage and internal consumptions are also considered while calculating energy benefit. 11.3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Financial analysis of the Project is carried out to assess the financial viability of the Project. There are different modes of financing. In this study, the project is analyzed assuming that the project will be developed through local private developer using local currency. The developer will arrange the required finance through commercial bank and equity. The project will be developed according to the prevailing hydropower policy of Nepal. The entire energy will be sold to NEA through mutually agreed Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). Financial parameters like FIRR, NPV, BC ratio and RoE are computed from the net cash flow of project as shown in Figure 11.1 and Figure 11.2.
11-1
Gross revenue 0 1
Gross revenue 2 Tax Royalty O & M cost
Gross revenue 15 Tax Royalty O & M cost EM equipment replacement cost
Gross revenue 25 Tax Royalty O & M cost
Tax Royalty O & M cost Project cost Capitalized IDC of loan
Figure 11.1: Project FIRR
Gross revenue 0 1
Gross revenue 2
Gross revenue 15 Tax Royalty O & M cost EM equipment replacement cost Loan repayment Interest on loan
Gross revenue 25 Tax Royalty O & M cost Loan repayment Interest on loan
Equity
Tax Royalty O & M cost Loan repayment Interest on loan
Tax Royalty O & M cost Loan repayment Interest on loan
Figure 11.2: Return on Equity of project The criteria and assumptions made in financial analysis are: Tax payment is 20% of taxable amount applicable for a private company for Taplejung district. Electromechanical equipment will be replaced on fifteenth years of operation. O&M and insurance cost is considered as 1.0% and 0.5% of construction cost respectively. Depreciation value is worked out by linear depreciation of construction cost for 25 years with zero scrap value. Hence yearly depreciation is 4% of construction cost. Inflation rate 2.5% is applied for O&M. Taxable amount is equal to gross revenue less O&M cost, royalty, interest on loan and depreciation value. Debt cover ratio is equal to gross revenue less tax, royalty, O&M cost and EM replacement cost over interest on loan and loan repayment. Royalty applicable for small hydropower project (>1 to 10 MW) is NRs 100/kW plus 1.75% of gross revenue for the first 15 years of operation and NRs 1000/kW plus 10% of gross revenue after 15 years according to policy of GoN. Interest during construction is taken as 1 year interest as project construction period is considered as 2 years and assumed that interest rate will be equivalent to 1 year value in average.
Input parameters for financial analysis are presented in Table 11.1. One should note that all monetary figures are in million where not stated. Calculations of different
11-2
financial parameters are presented in Table 11.2 where as tabular presentation of financial analysis is presented in Table 11.3. Table 11.1: Input parameters Description Construction cost Project cost w/o IDC Loan % Annual O&M costs Value 598.413 847.270 70% 1.0% Remarks Million NRs Million NRs of const. cost Tax holiday for first 10 years and 10% for next five years Million NRs kW NRs/US$ Per year
Income tax Discount rate Gross annual revenue Interest rate on loan Installed capacity Exchange rate Inflation rate on O&M cost
20% 14% 166.73 14% 5000 80 2.5%
Table 11.2: Parameters calculation Description Loan Interest during construction Equity Depreciation @ 4% of const. cost Annual royalty for first 15 years Annual royalty after 15 years Value 652.938 85.498 279.83 23.94 Remarks Million NRs Million NRs Million NRs Million NRs Per year 1.75% in gross revenue +NRs 100/kW 10% in gross revenue +NRs 1000/kW
11-3
Table 11.3: Calculation table

Cost Project Constn Cost (Mill. NRs.) Project cost w/o IDC (Mill NRs) Project Cost with IDC (Mill. NRs.) Loan Amount (Mill. NRs.) Equity Amount(Mill. NRs.) Installed Capacity 598.41 847.27 932.77 652.94 279.83 Annual Energy Financial Parameter Loan Repayment Interest Rate Debt Equity 5000 36.21 kW GWh Royalty 10 Years from COD 14.0% 70% 30% Yrs Tax Corporate Tax 0% upto 7 years 10% for next 3 years 20% after 10 years
Gross Operatin g Profit Depreci ation Profit before Interest and Tax (Mill. NRs.) (16) Interest on Debt Corp orate Tax
Capacity Royalty Energy Royalty
NRs 100 per kW for 15 Years and 1000 after 15 years 1.75% for 15 years and 10% after 15 years Results NPV EIRR B/C ratio FIRR
Profit After Interes t and Tax (Mill. NRs.) (19)
259.50 25.52 1.40 18.94

Loan Repaym ent
Mill. NRs. %
Financial Analysis Period 25 Annual Cost Operation & Maintenance Insurance cost
S.N Year Annual Dry Energy
1% of Project Constn. cost and 2.5% annual increment 0.5 % of Project Constn cost
Annual Wet Energy Energy Rate Dry Energy Rate Wet Total Energy Benefit Equity Investment O&M Cost Insuran ce Capacity Royaltie s Energy Royalties Total Operating Cost
%
Equity Cash Flow Project Cash Flow
(GWh) (1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (2) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 (3)
(GWh) (4)
(NRs) (5)
(NRs) (6)
(Mill. NRs.) (7)
(Mill. NRs.) (8) 111.93 167.90
(Mill. NRs.) (9)
(Mill. NRs.) (10)
(Mill. NRs.) (11)
(Mill. NRs.) (12)
(Mill. NRs.) (13)
(Mill. NRs.) (14)
(Mill. NRs.) (15)
(Mill. NRs.) (17)
(Mill. NRs.) (18)
(Mill. NRs.) (20)
(Mill. NRs.) (21) -111.93 -167.90
(Mill. NRs.) (24) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43
8.40 8.65 8.90 9.43 9.41 9.66 9.66 5.52 & 7 5.52 & 8
4.80 4.94 5.09 5.23 5.38 5.52 5.52 3.9&4 3.9&5
209.09 215.36 221.64 227.91 234.18 240.45 240.45 187.90 190.93
5.98 6.13 6.29 6.44 6.61 6.77 6.94 7.11 7.29
2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
3.66 3.77 3.88 3.99 4.10 4.21 4.21 3.29 3.34
13.14 13.39 13.66 13.92 14.20 14.47 14.64 13.89 14.12
195.96 201.97 207.98 213.98 219.99 225.98 225.81 174.01 176.80
23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94
172.02 178.03 184.04 190.05 196.05 202.05 201.88 150.07 152.87
91.41 82.27 73.13 63.99 54.85 45.71 36.56 27.42 18.28 12.27 13.46
80.61 95.76 110.91 126.06 141.20 156.34 165.31 110.39 121.13
65.29 65.29 65.29 65.29 65.29 65.29 65.29 65.29 65.29
39.25 54.40 69.56 84.70 99.85 114.98 123.96 69.03 79.77
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038
9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79 9.79
26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43 26.43
5.52 & 9 5.52 10 5.52 11 5.52 12 5.52 13 5.52 14 5.52 15 5.52 16 5.52 17 5.52 18 5.52 19 5.52 20 5.52 21 5.52 22 5.52 23 5.52 24 &
3.9&6 3.9&7
193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95 193.95
7.47 7.66 7.85 8.05 8.25 8.46 8.67 8.88 9.11 9.33 9.57 9.81 10.05 10.30 10.56 10.82
2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99 2.99
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
3.39 3.39 3.39 3.39 3.39 3.39 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40 19.40
14.36 14.55 14.74 14.93 15.14 15.34 36.05 36.27 36.49 36.72 36.95 37.19 37.44 37.69 37.95 38.21
179.59 179.41 179.22 179.02 178.82 178.61 157.90 157.68 157.46 157.23 157.00 156.76 156.52 156.26 156.01 155.74
23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94 23.94
155.66 155.47 155.28 155.08 154.88 154.68 133.96 133.75 133.52 133.30 133.06 132.82 132.58 132.33 132.07 131.81
9.14
14.65 31.09 31.06 31.02 30.98 30.94 26.79 26.75 26.70 26.66 26.61 26.56 26.52 26.47 26.41 26.36
131.86 124.38 124.22 124.07 123.91 123.74 107.17 107.00 106.82 106.64 106.45 106.26 106.06 105.86 105.66 105.44
65.29
90.51 148.31 148.16 148.00 147.84 147.68 131.11 130.93 130.76 130.57 130.39 130.20 130.00 129.80 129.59 129.38
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
& 3.9&8 & 3.9&9 & 3.9&10 & 3.9&11 & 3.9&12 & 3.9&13 & 3.9&14 & 3.9&15 & 3.9&16 & 3.9&17 & 3.9&18 & 3.9&19 & 3.9&20 & 3.9&21
11-5
Project cash flow and equity cash flow used for financial indicators and return on equity (RoE) computation are shown in Figure 11.3 and Figure 11.4 respectively.
4 2 0
Cashflow (M US$)
0 -2
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Operation years
-4 -6 -8 -10 -12
Figure 11.3: Project cash flow

2 1
Cashflow (M US$)
0 0 -1 Operation years -2 -3 -4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Figure 11.4: Equity cash flow Table 11.4 presents the financial indicators computed for the project. Minimal criteria of financial feasibility are net present value (NPV) must be positive, benefit cost ratio (BC ratio) must be greater or equal to 1 and financial internal rate of return (FIRR) must be greater of equal to opportunity cost of capital. In this case opportunity cost of capital could be considered as prevailing interest rate of bank. From the above criteria this project is financially feasible as well. However sensitivity analysis requires having idea on resilience of the project with different varying parameters so that decision could be made with certain safety margin. Utility or operator may want to know the rate of return on his investment after bank financing. Hence return on equity (RoE) also presented in this financial analysis so that operator can have idea about how much return he will get on his investment. From the value of output parameters of the financial analysis of the project, it is concluded that the project is financially feasible for implementation as all the financial criteria of the project is met by the project.
Table 11.4: Financial indicators

Description NPV (Million NRs) BC ratio FIRR RoE Value Remarks
259.50 1.40 18.94 25.52
11-7
12 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

From the above discussion in revised feasibility of Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project 5000 kW is justified. An appropriate site for locating weir and intake was found at some 1500 m upstream from previous intake location. In this revised feasibility study marginal cost increment will be superseded by marginal increase in benefit from the energy added. Furthermore this study will make the project sounder in financial aspect. From the review of previous studies, site visit and analysis of the project following conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made after this capacity upgrading study. 12.1 CONCLUSIONS From the hydrological review of the project monthly average flow worked out during detailed feasibility study is correct and recommended to use for power and energy calculation but 65 percentile probability of exceedence flow is 2.20 m3/s against 1.63 m3/s concluded earlier. Thus design flow could be as high as 2.20 m3/s according to the provision of NEA. Thus design flow is considered as 2.09 m3/s to upgrade plant capacity to 5000 kW. Weir and intake location selected during site visit of 12 to 18 Shrawan 2065 is in appropriate location and gives additional head. Thus weir and intake location is shifted to this location and other project components are to be laid as described in this report. However one should note that the weir and intake site is not the best one as the best area is not available for siting headworks structures. Furthermore it will always be in risk from flood as other Small Himalayan Rivers are facing. Headrace alignment lies in comparatively steep terrain and it intercept landslides. But the area is in constructible range and landslide could be stabilized with landslide stabilization measures. However care should be taken while constructing it so that headrace structures are laid in proper alignment and slope stability of the area is not degraded. Installed capacity of the project can be increased to 5000 kW against 2080 kW planned previously. It is technically feasible and also financially viable. Thus upgrading of the plant capacity to 5000 kW is justified. Upgrading the plant to 5000 kW capacity does not bring any additional impact on physical, chemical, biological and socioeconomic environment. Furthermore project layout also does not change much except the change of weir and intake location and increase in about 1500 m length of headrace structure. Thus this project does not deviate much from previous one and recommended to conduct detailed design directly and go for construction after computation of cost of the construction. However some supplementary documentation regarding the changes due to upgrading need to be submitted to government authorities for license upgrading and other approval and clearance.
12.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Following recommendations were made after drawing conclusion of the capacity upgrading study. Additional spot flow measurement with either current meter or conductivity meter need to be carried out from coming January to April on monthly interval for verifying the average monthly flow adopted.
Cost reduction strategy should be applied during construction of project which could be possible by optimizing the project components and efficient management of the construction activities. This will make the project more feasible and reduce the risk from project cost increment. Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project is recommended for implementation as it is found feasible from the technical, financial and environmental aspects. Further geotechnical investigations need to be carried out to access geotechnical design parameters, slope stability study and landslide stabilization measures recommendations. It is recommended for the further detailed design of the project and construction of the project.
12-2

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PHAWA KHOLA SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECT (5MW)

REVISED FEASIBLITY STUDY

977 1 5523784, email: cepadhydro@gmail.com

PHAWA KHOLA SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

REVISED FEASIBILITY STUDY

SHIBANI Quality Name Control Prepared by Checked by Approved by

Volume 1 of 2: Main Report Volume 2 of 2: Drawings

Shibani Hydropower Company (P.) Ltd.

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

u/s US$ V VAT VCB VDC WECS Yr

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

310.00 m 298.70m 5000 kW 9.79 GWh 26.43 GWh 36.21 GWh

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Figure 1.1: Project location

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

3 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES

Alluvial terrace at previous 50 m x 60 m intake site Khibuna Bagar 50 m x 60 m

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Boulder, cobble, gravel and sand mixture

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Landslide and Slope Stability

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Photo 3.2: Headworks Area Viewing Downstream

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Photo 3.3: Canal alignment of Phawa Khola Hydropower Project

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Photo 3.4: A view of canal alignment

Fore bay site

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Site for Fore bay

Photo 4.5: Photo showing forebay location

Proposed Powerhouse site

Photo: Closer view to Power house site

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Conclusions and recommendations

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

23 Sep '04 9.29 1.14 10.59 14.31 0.74

07 May '05 1.55 1.12 1.74 2.19 0.80

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

Table 4.3: Rainfall data of Taplejung (Station no. 1405)

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

River flow Design flow 2.10 m3/s

Phawa Khola Small Hydropower Project Revised Feasibility Study Report

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

River low (m /s)