Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Phn A: CC KHI NIM C BN V MATLAB

Chng 1

C S V MATLAB
1.1. Khi ng MATLAB
khi ng lm vic vi MATLAB, ta nhp p vo biu tng ca MATLAB. Mn hnh nn xut hin bao gm cc ca s: Ca s lnh Command Windows: y l ca s chnh ca MATLAB. Ti y ta thc hin ton b vic nhp d liu v xut kt qu tnh ton. Du nhc >> g cc lnh. C mt s lnh tng qut lin quan n ca s ny nh sau: clc: xa ca s lnh. home: di chuyn con chy ln gc trn tri ca ca s (khi chy chng trnh). help: tr gip thng tin v mt mc no echo, echo on/off: tt m hin th cc dng ca file m khi chy chng trnh. edit: gi chng trnh son file *.m. type tn_file: c ni dung file *.m. demo: gi chng trnh demo. quit, exit: thot chng trnh MATLAB. Ngoi ra cn c mt s phm h tr thao tc: Phm Ctrl Ctrl Home Chc nng Gi li hng trc Gi li hng k Lui li mt k t Ti mt k t Qua phi mt t Qua tri mt t V u hng Phm End Esc Delete Backspace Ctrl K Shift home Shift end Chc nng V cui hng Xa hng Xa k t con chy Xa k t trc con chy Xa n cui hng nh du n u hng nh du n cui hng

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Ca s lch s lnh Command History: lit k cc lnh s dng trc km thi gian bt u. C th lp li lnh c bng cch nhp chut kp vo lnh . Cng c th ct, sao hoc xa c nhm lnh hoc tng nhm lnh ring r. Ca s khng gian lm vic Workspace Browser: cho bit cc bin s dng trong chng trnh. Ca s Launch Pad: cho php ngi s dng truy cp nhanh cc cng c, ti liu ca MATLAB. Ca s th mc hin ti Current Directory Browser: cho bit th mc hin ti ang s dng. Ngi s dng c th nhanh chng nhn bit, chuyn i th mc hin ti ca mi trng cng tc, m File, to th mc mi. 1.2. S dng lnh trc tip vi MATLAB Nhng lnh ca MATLAB c th c s dng trc tip hoc chy t cc file lnh, nhng ni chung, chng ta thng s dng c hai phng php trn.
2 V d: Gii phng trnh bc hai ax + bx + c = 0

Cc nghim ca phng trnh c dng:

x=

b b 2 4ac 2a

V MATLAB l mt chng trnh tnh ton s nn chng ta phi xc nh cc gi tr ca a, b, c. Du = c s dng gn mt gi tr no cho mt bin. Ta nhp cc gi tr ca a, b v c nh sau (g phm Enter cui mi hng) >>a=2 a= 2 >>b=5 b= 5 >>c=-3 c= -3 Nu c s dng du ; cui dng th MATLAB s khng hin th li gi tr va nhp. Ta hng dn MATLAB tnh nghim th nht bng cch g tip:
x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a) x1= 0.5000

Tnh nghim th hai bng cch gi li lnh trc v thay du + bng du x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a) 3

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

x2= -3

Cc php ton c bn to nn biu thc trong MATLAB: Php tnh Php cng a+b Php tr ab Php nhn a.b Php chia ab Php ly tha ab K hiu + * / hoc \ ^ V d 5+3 7-4 18 * 24 56/8 = 8\56 5^2

1.3.

S dng lnh t cc file lnh

Nhng lnh ca MATLAB c th c a vo mt file. Sau hng dn MATLAB lm vic vi cc lnh . Tn ca file phi c bt u bng mt k t v c phn m rng l .m. Dng lnh edit hoc vo menu File - New - M_file mi trng son tho Editor/ Debugger s xut hin. Trn mn hnh son tho, ta g cc lnh MATLAB: a=2; b=5; c=-3; x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a) x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a) sau khi g xong lnh, ta lu tp tin vi tn vidu.m ri thot khi mi trng son tho tr v Command Window. chy cc lnh trong tp tin vidu.m ta ch cn g tn tp tin: >>vidu x1 = 0.5000 x2 = -3

1.4.

Dng nhc gn gi tr cc bin

thay i cc gi tr a, b, c ta phi son tho li file vidu.m ri chy li. Ta c th sa li chng trnh c dng nhc nhp a, b, c vi cc ln lt chy chng trnh khc nhau. a=input ('nhap vao gia tri a = '); b=inpu t ('nhap vao gia tri b = '); c=input ('nhap vao gia tri c = '); x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a) 4

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a) Khi chy chng trnh ta s c kt qu nh sau: >>vidu nhap vao gia tri a = 1 nhap vao gia tri b = 0 nhap vao gia tri c = -2 x1 = 1.4142 x2 = -1.4142

1.5.

Cch to mt hm
Mi mt file hm ca MATLAB (M_file) u c bt u vi khai bo nh sau:
Function [tn kt qu] = tn hm (danh sch cc bin) File.m thng ly tn l tn ca hm.

Phn thn ca chng trnh trong hm l cc lnh ca MATLAB thc hin vic tnh ton gi tr ca i lng c nu trong phn tn kt qu theo cc bin c nu trong phn danh sch cc bin. Cc bin ch c tc dng ni trong hm va c khai bo. Tn ca cc bin c ngn cch nhau bng du phy.
V d: to hm gii phng trnh bc hai, tn tp tin hm c t l bachai.m function [x1,x2]=bachai(a,b,c) delta=b^2-4*a*c; x1=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a); x2=(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a); Gii phng trnh bc hai vi a = 1, b = 0, c = -2, ta g: >> [x1,x2]=bachai(1,0,-2) x1 = 1.4142 x2 = -1.4142

1.6.

S dng hm c sn
MATLAB c th vin hm rt ln, mun bit cch s dng cc hm nh th no trong mn hnh Command Window ta g lnh: Help + tn hm

1.7. V cc hm
Khi mun v mt hm no , phi xc nh hm trong mt file.m, sau s dng lnh: fplot(tn file,[khong v]) 5

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

2

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

V d: V hm bc hai 4x + 6x - 7 trong on [-6,6]. + To file bachai.m: 180 function y=bachai(x) 160 a=4; 140 b=6; 120 c=-7; 100 y=a*x^2+b*x+c; 80 + V hm: 60 fplot('bachai',[-6,6])
40 20 0 -20 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

1.8.

Lu v ly d liu
Ta c th to mt file d liu, sau khi cn dng th ly ra. V d: To mt ma trn A, sau lu file ny vi tn l dulieu A=[1 2 3;4 5 6;7 8 9]; >>Save dulieu Khi cn s dng d liu ny, ta g lnh: >>load dulieu >> A A= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.9.

Cc ton t logic v quan h

i vi cc s th trong ton t v quan h quy nh cc s khc khng l True cn s khng l False. Kt qu ca php ton logic v quan h a ra l 1 cho True, 0 cho False.

1.9.1. Ton t quan h

Ton t quan h MATLAB bao gm cc php so snh: Ton t quan h ngha < nh hn <= nh hn hoc bng > ln hn >= ln hn hoc bng == bng ~= gn bng 6

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

V d: >>12.2>12 ans = 1 >> 1~=1 ans = 0

1.9.2. Ton t logic

Ton t logic cung cp mt cch din t mi quan h ph nh hay t hp: Ton t logic ngha & AND | OR ~ NOT Biu thc logic vi cc ton t t hp c xc nh theo qui lut sau: A False Flase True True B False True False True ~A True True False False A|B False True True True A&B False False False True

i khi gp nhng biu thc phc tp cha c ton t & ln ton t | , MATLAB s c qui lut v trnh t x l nh sau: u tin l x l cc tnh ton s hc. Sau , cc ton t logic c xem xt t tri sang phi. Nhng biu thc con c trong biu thc cn x l (c cc ton t & v | ) cng c xem xt t tri sang phi vi cc ton t & c x l trc cc ton t | V d: >>A=1:5; >>B=(A>2)&(A<5) B= 0 0 1 1 0

1.10. Cc cu lnh iu kin

Dng n gin nht ca lnh iu kin trong MATLAB l: if biu thc iu kin Khi cc lnh c thc hin end 7

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

Nu biu thc iu kin l true th thc hin cc lnh tip theo, nu khng th thc hin cc lnh tip sau end. Trong cu trc lnh iu kin, ta c th s dng cu trc if vi nhiu phn thn cu trc nh sau: if biu thc iu kn 1 Khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 1 l ng elseif biu thc iu kin 2 Khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 2 l ng else Khi cc lnh c thc hin nu khng c iu kin no ng end V d: Cn c vo s im xt kt qu hc tp ca mt hc sinh. diem=input('nhap vao so diem = '); if (diem>=0)&(diem<=10) if diem<=4 disp('loai yeu') elseif (diem>=5)&(diem<=6) disp('loai trung binh') elseif (diem>=7)&(diem<=8) disp('loai gioi') elseif (diem>=9)&(diem<=10) disp('loai xuat sac') end else ('so lieu khong hop le') end

1.11. Vng lp
1.11.1. Vng lp for
Vng lp for cho php mt nhm lnh thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh. C php ca vng lp for nh sau: for i=i1:i:i2 Khi cc lnh end Trong vng lp trn i1 v i2 ln lt l cc gi tr bt u v kt thc ca i, i l bc nhy (nu khng t bc nhy th gi tr mc nh ca bc nhy bng 1). Mi ln lp s kt thc khi gp t kha end. u tin MATLAB s xc nh c bao nhiu ln lp v sau mi tin hnh thc thi cc lnh trong vng lp vi cc gi tr ca i. V vy, nu nh i2 < i1 vi i>0 th MATLAB s khng thc thi vng lp.
V d:

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

for i=1:10 x(i)=sin(i*pi/10); end >> x x= Columns 1 through 8 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.5878 Columns 9 through 10 0.3090 0.0000

0.9511

1.0000

0.9511

0.8090

1.11.2. Vng lp While

Vng lp While thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh, nhng khng bit trc c s ln lp li. C php ca vng lp While nh sau: while biu thc iu kin Khi cc lnh end V d: Tnh gi tr c bit ca eps trong MATLAB num=0; >> EPS=1; >> while (EPS+1)>1 EPS=EPS/2; num=num+1; end >> num num = 53 >> EPS=EPS*2 EPS = 2.2204e-016

1.12. Cc hm ton hc thng thng

Tng t nh hu ht cc my tnh k thut, MATLAB c th a ra rt nhiu cc hm ton hc, k thut thng dng, ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp hng trm cc hm c bit v thut ton, n rt hu ch gii quyt cc vn khoa hc. Tt c cc hm c lit k trong menu help. y ch cp n cc hm thng dng nht.

1.12.1. Hm ton hc c bn
abs(x) sqrt(x) round(x)

Hm tnh gi tr tuyt i ca x Hm tnh cn bc hai ca x Lm trn x v s nguyn gn nht 9

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

fix(x) floor(x) ceil(x) sign(x) 0, c rem (x,y) exp(x) log(x) log10(x)

Lm trn s x v 0 Lm trn v pha - lm trn v pha Hm cho gi tr l -1 nu x nh hn 0, gi tr bng 0 nu x bng gi tr l 1 nu x ln hn 0 Hm tr li s d ca php chia x cho y Hm tnh gi tr ca ex Hm tnh gi tr ln(x) Hm tnh gi tr log10(x)

1.12.2. Hm lng gic c bn

n v ca cc tham s phi l radian sin(x) Tnh sin ca gc x cos(x) Tnh cos ca gc x tan(x) Tnh tan ca gc x asin(x) Tnh arcsin ca x, khi x nm trong khong [-1,1], hm tr li gc c gi tr radian trong khong -/2 n /2 acos(x) Tnh arccos ca x, khi x nm trong khong [-1,1], hm tr li gc c gi tr radian trong khong 0 n atan(x) Tnh arctang ca x trong khong -/2 n /2 atan2 (x,y) Tnh arctang ca y/x trong khong - n , ty thuc vo du ca x v y

1.12.3. Cc hm hyperbolic
sinh(x) cosh(x) asinh(x) acosh(x) atanh(x)

Hm tnh hyperbolic sin ca x Hm tnh hyperbolic cos ca x Hm tnh nghch o ca hyperbolic sin ca x Hm tnh nghch o ca hyperbolic cos ca x Hm tnh nghch o ca hyperbolic tang ca x

1.13. nh dng s
Cc php tnh trong MATLAB c thc hin vi chnh xc cao, ta c th nh dng cho cc s xut ra mn hnh ty tng yu cu c th. Ta ly v d vi s a = -2/3 Lnh ca MATLAB format short format long format short e format long e format short g a -0.6667 -0.66666666666667 -6.6667e-001 -6.666666666666666e-001 -0.66667 10 Ch thch 5 s 15 s 5 s vi s m 15 s vi s m Chnh xc hn format short hoc

Chng 1:C s v MATLAB

Bin son: Nguyn Th Hng Thy

format long g format hex format bank format + format rat

-0.666666666666667 bfe5555555555555 -0.67 -2/3

format short e Chnh xc hn format long hoc format long e H c s 16 Hai s h 10 Dng, m hoc bng khng Dng phn s

Mt ch quan trng l MATLAB khng thay i s khi nh li khun dng hin th c chn, m ch thay i mn hnh thay i.

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