Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1, Ton cu ha :
+ Bn cht l s ph thuc, lin kt, hi nhp ln nhau gia ca cc khu vc, cc quc gia, dn tc trn th gii. + c trng : Th trng : 1 th trng thng nht cho ton th gii, 1 sp thng nht Sn phm : 1 sn phm c cc phn c sn xut nhiu quc gia khc nhau. Thnh lp cc cng ty xuyn quc gia, sp nhp v hp nht cc cng ty thnh cc tp on ln S ra i v pht trin ca cc t chc kinh t, thng mi, ti chnh quc t v khu vc nh : Qu Tin t Quc t (IMF), Ngn hng Th gii (WB), T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO), Lin minh chu u (EU), Hip c Thng mi t do Bc M (NAFTA), Hip c Thng mi t do ASEAN (AFTA), Din n hp tc kinh t chu - Thi Bnh Dng (APEC), Din n hp tc - u (ASEM),... + ng c ton cu ha : Xa b cc hng ro thng mi v hng ha, dch v, vn ( GATT, WTO) S thay i ca KH-CNKT, in hnh l cng ngh thng tin. C hi kinh doanh mi, ngnh KD mi Th trng, ngun cung nguyn liu mi Gim gi mt hng Thc y tng trng kinh t Tng thu nhp, vic lm S sp ca cc hng, cng ty, gy mt vic Ngho i, khong cch giu ngho Lao ng ph n, tr em Ph hoi mi trng S xm ln v vn ha ca cc tp on a QG Khng hong ti chnh tin t ( hiu ng Domino )
+ Xu th : -
+ Tch cc ( l do ng h) -
+ Tiu cc ( l do khng ng h ) -
Php lut: Common Law Civil Law H thng lut tn gio International Law: H thng lut, quy nh lut mang tnh QTe Ri c pht sinh ro th 1. S nh tr trong kinh doanh 2. S khng chc chn, khng r rng 3. nh hng ca cc ng phi, th lc chnh tr 4. nh hng n kd
5kiu QGia: nghip ha QG km pht trin QG ang pht trin QG cng nghip ha Nc pht trin 1. Lm pht cao 2. CN c quyn, bo h SX trong nc, khng trng 3. T gi hi oi, cn cn thanh ton khng n nh KT th
1. H KDQT thng b ch ngha v chng cn tr : CN ny coi vn ha mnh l siu ng hn, dn n khinh thng nhng con ng vn ha khc, nh gi sai lch .
vi m ( tc ng n vi hng , 1 nhm ngnh) hay nh hng tm v m ( e da n tt c cng ty trong mt QG) 5. Th tc hnh chnh phc tp
chng
Chnh Ph, ng lao ng, cng lun khi xung t vn ha 3. C shock vn ha ( c bit l shock vn ha ngc)
minh KT (EU ) 6. Vn nhim mi trng lm nng sut lao ng thp v lm hi sc khe ca ngi 7. Nn KT ton cu suy thoi 8. Khng kim sot c tnh trng n cng
Nguyn nhn gy ri ro
1. Ch ngha bi hoi 2. Ni b lc c. 3. Tnh trng x hi, chnh ph, h thng chnh tr khng n nh 4. S xung t chng tc, tn gio, dn tc, t tng ca cc ng phi, t chc, z 5. nh hng ca cc nhm, hip hi KD a phng 6. Cc QG quan h lng lo
4, Chin lc KDQT :
( H chnh) . . . Bn cht CL QT +Tp trung R&D ( nghin cu v pht trin) tr s chnh. +Hsx,marketing, bn hng c thc hin cc QG H. Tr s chnh vn kim sot cht ch. Thng l cho x.khu CL QG SP v DV c thit k ring cho tng th trng kd : +H R&D c lp gia cc TT. + CT marketing, chnh sch gi, bn hng khc nhau. Mi TT l 1 dng CL ton cu H sx v R&D s c tp trung mt a phng c li th nht 1 sp cho tt c. Tp trung vo chin lc chi ph thp, tn dng li ch ng cong kinh nghim, CL xuyn QG CL trn ln cc mc tiu thng qua h thng hc hi ton cu v chuyn giao nng lc ct li gia cc chi nhnh.
sp Li ch vi Cc DN mi gia nhp TT, p lc ct gim CP thp, thch nghi ha P thp. Hiu qu khi DN thm nhp vo TT c s a dng v nhu cu ng tiu dng; p lc ct gim CP thp, thch nghi ha P cao.
li th kinh t pht trin theo quy m p lc ct gim CP cao, thch nghi ha P thp.
DN to dng pt nng lc ct li, sau chuyn sang cc TT nc ngoi. i th cnh tranh ko c hoc ko th bt chc nng lc ct li. S v v d :
k p dung
+ Chin lc quc t : Thnh cng ca McDonald Khi m rng th trng, McDonald xut khu m hnh qun l kinh doanh c pht trin v thnh cng ti th trng M. Cng ty thm nhp th trng nc khc bng hnh thc nhng quyn thng mi, n v nhng quyn phi tun th cht ch theo cng thc ch bin ca McDonald. Hot ng marketing, bn hng c
McDonald thc hin ring tng th trng. Ti Malaysia, Singapore v Thi lan, McDonald's cung cp thm sn phm ung vi hng v su ring, c nh hng Brazil bn km thm cc loi nc gii kht lm t tri gura hay du rng Amazon. n , tht b v tht ln c thay bng tht cu phc v cc gio dn ni y vi tp qun n king. + Chin lc a quc gia : Coca Cola Mi th trng khc nhau, Coca Cola li c cc sn phm khc nhau. Cc cng ty con ca Coca Cola s nghin cu tng th trng v s a ra nhng sn phm ring bit . th trng Vit Nam, Coca Cola a ra 2 sn phm ring bit l nc tng lc Samurai vi hng v tri cay ngt ngo ph hp vi ng VN v nc ung ng chai Dasani. Brazil, Coca Cola cho ra sp nc ung Kuat c lm t mt loi qu a phng. + Chin lc ton cu : Apple s dng chin lc ton cu Hot ng R&D, marketing u c thc hin M, cng ty t nh my sn xut ca mnh Trung Quc l ni c ngun cung lao ng gi r, b phn ca sn phm dc a t khp ni v. Sn phm ng nht cho tt c cc th trng trn th gii. + Chin lc xuyn quc gia . Cng ty Caterpillar Cui thp nin 70, do nhu cu ct gim chi ph, Caterpillar thit k li sn phm ca h s dng nhiu b ph n v u t vo nh my s n xu t linh ki n qui m l n, t a i m t h c h h p , p n g n h u c u t o n c u v n h n r a k i n h t q u i m ( s c a l e economics). Cng lc cng ty tng sn xut linh kin tp trung vi nh my lp rp m i th tr ng l n. Nh ng nh my ny, Caterpillar bi n i s n ph mcho ph hp vi nhu cu tiu dng a phng. Bng vic p dng chin lcny, Caterpillar nhn ra nhiu li ch ca sn xut ton cu khi p ng p lcyu c u c a a phng b ng s khc bi t s n ph m gi a th tr ng cc qu cgia.
5, 2 m hnh ra quyt nh :
Bn cht Ra quyt nh tp trung Trao quyn ra quyt nh Mi quyt nh c tp trung vo Q c TH mi cp qun l ca 1 ngi hay 1 nhm ngi tr s DN.
Li ch
chnh. Nhng ngi qun l cp di ko c quyn iu chnh hay thay i Q ca cc cp qun l cao hn. DN c thc hin vic kim sot cht ch qu trnh thc thi cc quyt nh ban hnh. Quyt nh c duy tr 1 cch n nh v xuyn sut mi v ca DN. Q thng r rng & ko b trng lp cc cp qun l ca DN
Hn ch
Gim thiu, hn ch s sng to c lp v KN t chu trch nhim ca nvin. Qu trnh tp trung ra Q thng tn thi gian & gp kh khn v thi gian v khng gian.
Tho g nhng gnh nng & p lc trong vic ra Q cho cc c nhn & tp th tr s chnh. To ng lc, tng cng sc sng to. Mm do & linh hot hn Cc Q c a ra thng ph hp hn vi cc yu cu c bit ca TT. Do tt c cc cp ra Q -> c th trng lp hoc xung t v Q -> d dn n mt kim sot v quyn ra Q -> mt kim sot DN.
6, H thng hc hi ton cu
+K nng v kin thc c gi tr (v d R&D) c th pht trin bt k hot ng ca cng ty trn ton th gii ( khng ch R&D a phng c thun li hay tr s chnh) +Chuyn t chi nhnh nc ngoi v nc v trao i gia cc chi nhnh nc ngoi. +Ngi qun l phi to lp c mi trng khuyn khch nhn vin chp nhn ri ro v thng cng cho h. +Cn mt qu trnh nhn din k nng pht trin mi. +Cn to iu kin chuyn giao k nng mi trong cng ty.
Quc t
a QG
Xuyn QG
DN to dng pt nng lc ct li, Kh nng thch nghi ha a sau chuyn sang cc TT nc phng thp. ngoi. Khng tn dng c ng cong kinh nghim v hiu qu kinh t nh quy m. iu chnh sn phm v dch v Chi ph cao ph hp vi nhu cu thc t ca tng th trng Khai thc c ng cong kinh Yu cu cu trc t chc tt. nghim v hiu qu kinh t nh quy m. Tit kim chi ph iu chnh sn phm v dch v ph hp vi nhu cu thc t ca tng th trng Pht trin c h thng hc hi ton cu
Headquarter
Product Line A
Product Line B
Product Line C
International Division
Product line A
Product line B
Product line C
MH t chc theo dng sn phm ton cu : + Dn s dng MH t chc theo dng sn phm quc ni. + Do H sx c tp trung 1 s a im nn tn dng c hiu qu kinh t theo quy m v li ch ng cong kinh nghim. + Hiu qu cc khu vc c yu cu thch nghi ha a phng thp
Headquarter
Area 1 (USA)
Area 2 (Asia)
Area 3 (EU)
MH t chc theo khu vc a l ton cu + Thi trng ton cu s c chia ra thnh cc TT nh hn theo KV a l. + Q c trao quyn cho cc nh qun l tng KV. + MH ny rt d dn ti s phn mnh H KDQT + Ph hp vi DN c khc bit v thch nghi ha a phng.
Headquarter
Area 1 (America)
Area 2 (Europe)
Area 3 (Asia)
Area 4 (Africa)
Product line A
Product line B
Product line C
MH t chc theo ma trn : + 1 c nhn ( 1 nh qun l ) c th phi chu s qun l ca c gim c khu vc v gim c dng sp ton cu. + Rt d dn ti s xung t v quyn lc, quyn li gia cc chi nhnh trong ma trn. + MH l n lc b p cc m hnh c lit k trn. + MH ch c hiu qu khi chc nng nv v m t cng vic cc c nhn thc s r rng, phm vi trch nhim v mc ra quyt nh ca cc nh qun l c r rng. + MH ch nn p dng cc QG rt pht trin hoc cc tp on ln c trnh pht trin cao.
Trnh chi ph v cc ngun lc khi DN thit lp h sx nc ngoi. Tn dng ng cong kinh nghim v hiu qu KT nh quy m. + Kh khn : Thu v cc ro cn thng mi cn rt nhiu s lm tng gi thnh sp. Cp vn chuyn lu kho bi cao. i l xk khi H ko tt gy nh hng trc tip n H KD ca DN.
B, Cp php : + Li ch : DN cp php s trnh ri ro pht sinh TT nc ngoi Trnh c ro cn u t trc tip DN vn c th m rng H sx kinh doanh m ko phi t chc b phn mi. + Kh khn : DN mt quyn kim sot vi pht minh, sng ch ca mnh . Ko tn dng ng cong KN v hiu qu KT nh quy m. Trong thi gian di, DN c th mt i TS hu hnh, v hnh.
C, Nhng quyn : DN thu mua Franchise phi tun th tuyt i CS ca DN. + Li ch : Dn trnh chi ph pht trin v ri ro lin quan n m rng th trng nc ngoi. Cty c th nhanh chng xy dng 1 s hin din ton cu. + Kh khn : Ngn cn kh nng thu li nhun ngoi quc gia cng nh kh nng h tr kh nng cnh tranh. Khong cch a l t DN cho thu n DN thu nhng quyn c th gy kh khn trong vic pht hin ra sn phm cht lng km.
D, Cha kha trao tay : + Li ch : y l cch kim li nhun kinh t t cc b quyt cn thit lp rp v chy mt qu trnh cng ngh phc tp . t ri ro hn FDI. + Kh khn : Khng c li ch lu di . C th to ra mt i th cnh tranh mi v trc tip. Nu qu trnh cng ngh ca cng ty l mt li th so snh, sau vic bn n qua d n cha kha trao tay ging nh bn li th so snh cho cc i th cnh tranh thc t hoc tim nng.
E, Lin doanh : + Li ch : ch li t kin thc ca i tc a phng v vn ha, h thng chnh tr, h thng kinh doanh. Chi ph v ri ro ca vic m rng th trng nc ngoi c[j chia s. p ng cc cn nhc chnh tr v vic gia nhp th trng. + Kh khn : Ri ro kim sot cng ngh ca mnh . Khng c s kim sot cht ch nhn thc c ng cong kinh nghim v v tr kinh t, Chia s quyn s hu c th dn n xung t trong vic kim sot, iu hnh doanh nghip nu mc tiu ca cc bn khc nhau hay thay i.
F, S hu ton b cng ty con. Green field (ci ny a chu ko bit dch th no =)) Cng ty t xy dng cng ty con. Hnh thc ny c th tt hn khi cng ty m mun mun chuyn giao nng lc t chc, k nng, thi quen, vn ha. Merger & Acquisition : Mua li v sp nhp Mua li mt cng ty tn ti . Hnh thc ny c th tt hn khi cc i th ton cu quan tm n vic m rng chi nhnh. + Li ch : Gim nguy c mt kim sot nng lc ct li. Kim sot cht ch hot ng quc gia khc nhau l cn thit t c chin lc ton cu. C th t c ng cong kinh nghim v v tr kinh t. + Kh khn : Chu ton b chi ph ri ro thit lp hot ng nc ngoi.
TI LIU B SUNG :
International
Global
Nng lc ct Cc
Ngang
Khu vc a l
Dng SP ton M hnh dng Ma trn lin h cu SP ton cu Nhiu , hp tc vi nhau Rt nhiu
Hp tc
Ko
It
Kinh nghim lm bi CK ca thy Ninh rt ra l : + Vi phng thc thm nhp, v hnh ( nh xu cng c ), khi gii thch c thm 1-2 tn cty ang lm ci ! V d : chn nhng quyn TM th sau khi blah blah blah . Kt li l ging nh KFC hay ThaiExpress :D Gii thch ngn gn im cng cao. + Vi chn Th Trng K GII THCH THEO KIU : chn th trng n i v da l thuc nhit i nn xut sang n i- ni thiu da ! ( ci ny bn ca Si lm th v im kh cao ). Khi GII THCH TH TRNG bn chn, hy bm vo li thuyt : 3
V d : Chn Brazil ( quan trng l gii thik cho thuyt phc cn BRAZIL ch coi l TN GI THI NH ) Ti sao la chn : V nhn ra d c c hi kinh doanh : ni c nhu cu da cao, s sn c ca ngun lc lao ng gi r, nh nc khng c cm k v nhp khu da v mi trng kinh doanh kh ph hp. Ngi tiu dng ti thch cc SP ng hp t da ti, ngun vn cty hin nay l ln nn c kh nng xut sang th trng Brazil. Th trng em li c hi nhiu , ri ro t. Bn cnh , CTY c gi tr ct li v b quyt lm da ring bit v kh bt chic, nht l nhng DN da bn Brazil th cng khng lm c v n s dng nhng nguyn liu ca ring VIt Nam =>> Chn Brazil ! + Vi chn M Hnh t chc , k phi l my ci m hnh t chc quyt nh dc ngang ( cin y l ni b t chc thi ) m phi l nhng m hnh :
M hnh t chc theo n v KDQT MH t chc theo dng sn phm ton cu : MH t chc theo khu vc a l ton cu MH t chc theo ma trn CHC CC BN THI TT !