Hm s bc 3 v cc vn lin quan

y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d vi a 0 c th l (C).

I/ Cc kin thc lin quan n n iu - Cc tr
1) a > 0 v y = 0 v nghim hm s tng trn R (lun lun tng)
2) a < 0 v y = 0 v nghim hm s gim (nghch bin) trn R (lun lun gim)
3) Hm s khng c cc tr y ' = 0 v nghim.
4) a > 0 v y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x1, x2 vi x1< x2
hm s t cc i ti x1 v t cc tiu ti x2.
Ngoi ra ta cn c:
+ x1 + x2 = 2x0 vi x0 l honh im un.
+ hm s tng trn (, x1) v trn (x2, +)
+ hm s gim trn (x1, x2)
a< 0 v y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x1, x2 vi x1< x2
hm t cc tiu ti x1 v t cc i ti x2 tha iu kin
x1 + x2 = 2x0 (x0 l honh im un). Ta cng c:
+ hm s gim trn (, x1) v trn (x2, +)
+ hm s tng trn (x1, x2)
II/ Cch vit phng trnh ng thng i qua cc im cc tr
- Tnh y.Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr. Thc hin php tnh y : y '
- Vit y = k(Ax + B)y + r x + q
- Gi ( x0 ; y0 ) l ta im cc tr y '( x0 ) = 0 t suy ra y0 = rx0 + q
- Kt lun y = rx + q l ng thng i qua cc tr (nh kt hp vi k hm s c
cc tr)
III/ Giao im ca th vi trc honh :
1) C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit

phbiet
x1, x2
y' = 0 co2 nghieman

y(x1).y(x2) < 0
2)
Gi s a > 0 ta c:
a) (C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit >

2 nghieman
phbiet
thoa
< x1 < x2
y' = 0 co

y( ) < 0

y(x1).y(x2) < 0
b) (C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit <

2 nghieman
phbiet
thoa
x1 < x2 <
y' = 0 co

y( ) > 0

y(x1).y(x2) < 0
Tng t khi a < 0
3) (C) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit cch u nhau y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit v y
(x0) = 0 Vi x0 l honh im un
IV/ Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh : ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (1) (a 0) khi x =
l 1 nghim ca (1).
Nu x = l 1 nghim ca (1), ta c
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = (x - )(ax2 + b1x + c1)m
nghim ca (1) l x = vi nghim ca phng trnh ax2 + b1x + c1 = 0 (2).
Ta c cc trng hp sau:
1) nu (2) v nghim th (1) c duy nht nghim x =
2) nu (2) c nghim kp x = th (1) c duy nht nghim x =
3) nu (2) c 2 nghim phn bit th (1) c 3 nghim phn bit
4) nu (2) c 1 nghim x = v 1 nghim khc th (1) c 2 nghim.
5) nu (2) c nghim kp th (1) c 2 nghim
V/ Tip tuyn ca th : Gi I l im un. Cho M (C).
Nu M I th ta c ng 1 tip tuyn qua M.
Nu M khc I th ta c ng 2 tip tuyn qua M.
Bin lun s tip tuyn qua 1 im N khng nm trn (C) ta c nhiu trng hp hn
Ghi ch : i vi hm bc 3 : y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, ta c:
i) Nu a > 0 th tip tuyn ti im un c h s gc nh nht.
ii) Nu a < 0 th tip tuyn ti im un c h s gc ln nht.
VI/ Phn tch mt k thut dng hm s trong lm bi xt tnh n iu ca
hm bc 3 :
V d 1 :
Tm m hm s y= mx3(m-1)x2 + 3(m-2)x +

ng bin trn khong [2 ;

+)
Bi lm :Theo nguyn tc hm s ng bin th y0. Vy hm s cho ng
bin trn khong [2 ;+) th y= mx2-2(m-1)x + 3(m-2)0 vi mi x2.
Phng php y chng ta dng chnh l vic th c lp cc bin cha m sang
mt v v cc bin khng cha m cn li sang mt v nh sau :

m(x2 2x + 3) -2x + 6 vi mi x2
Lc ny ta cn phi xt du ca biu thc cha n m.
Vi v d ny ta nhn thy vi x2 th x2 -2x + 3 3 >0 . Do chia c 2 v cho (x2
-2x + 3) ta c g(x)=

T trn ta thy ch cn max g(x) trn na on [2 ;+) m l mi im

trn th g(x) thuc na khong [2 ;+) u thp hn m.
Do xt g(x) =

Bng bin thin :

x

, x2 = 3+

g(x)
g(x)

3+

-0+

0
CT

Nhn bng bin thin suy ra

=g(x) =

y l phng php hm s i vi dng bi c lp c m ni chung cho tt c

cc loi hm s khng ch ring cho hm bc 3 ny,cc dng phng php ny th
hy lu n du ca biu thc khi chng ta chia. Cn vi nhng dng khng c
lp c chng ta vn phi dng cch gii bt phng trnh y
thng thng,.
Bi tp p dng :

hoc y

nh

Bi 1 : Cho h ng cong bc ba (Cm) v h ng thng (Dk) ln lt c

phng trnh l
y = -x3 + mx2 - m v y = kx + k + 1.
PHN I. Trong phn ny cho m = 3. Kho st v v th (C) ca hm s.
1) Gi A v B l 2 im cc i v cc tiu ca (C) v M l im bt k trn cung
AB vi M khc A, B . Chng minh rng trn (C) ta tm c hai im ti c
tip tuyn vung gc vi tip tuyn ti M vi (C).
2) Gi D l ng thng c phng trnh y = 1. Bin lun s tip tuyn vi (C) v
t E

D vi (C).

3) Tm E

D qua E c ba tip tuyn vi (C) v c hai tip tuyn vung gc vi

nhau.
4) nh p trn (C) c 2 tip tuyn c h s gc bng p, trong trng hp ny
chng t trung im ca hai tip im l im c nh.
5) Tm M

(C) qua M ch c mt tip tuyn vi (C).

PHN I I.Trong phn ny cho tham s m thay i.

6) Tm im c nh ca (Cm). nh m hai tip tuyn ti hai im c nh ny
vung gc nhau.
7) nh m (Cm) c 2 im cc tr. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua 2 im
cc tr.
8) nh m (Cm) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit.
9) nh m : a) hm s ng bin trong (1, 2). b) hm s nghch bin trong (0,
+).
10) Tm m (Cm) ct Ox ti 3 im c honh to thnh cp s cng.
11) Tm iu kin gia k v m (Dk) ct (Cm) ti 3 im phn bit. Tm k
(Dk) ct (Cm) thnh hai on bng nhau
12)Vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (Cm) v i qua im (-1, 1).
13)Chng minh rng trong cc tip tuyn vi (Cm) th tip tuyn ti im un c
h s gc ln nht.
CLB Gia s th khoa