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CC DNG BI TP HO THCS

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CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
PHN I. M U I. L do chn ti ><a h=c % khoa h=c nghin cu cCc chtG HI Ji@n "Ki v ng dLng cAa chMngN )h&ng khng chO h=c t3n %P thu*@t % th cQn 1hRi vSn dLng vo giRi th7ch cCc hin cQn giM1 cho h=c Hinh h=c khCG giZi u$n % t&'ng cAa "Ti H$ng hUng ng* v cQn 1hRi giRi Vu*@t cCc Ji toCn c< %in VuanN 8ic cCc Ji tS1 ><a h=c khng chO giM1 cAng c$ ki@n thc hng thM vWi n h=c h:nN Xc Jit "$i vWi cCc Y ;nh h:n n]aN n ><a h=c Jao g, cCc 1h2n v cht _ H: %&'c o% v t7nh toCn h<a h=ca obi _ khng kh7a %oia 1hi ki

nhiu Ji tS1 "6 n[ng cao k\ n4ng cAa

T3ong ch&:ng t3;nh ^ T>C? n-i dung _ ngu*n t+ ` 1h[n t+a 1hRn ng h<a h=ca

hi"3o _ n&Wca dung dch (%W1 c!N CCc %oi h'1 cht v c:a ki hi"3ocacJon _ 1o%i Y (%W1 e!N T3ong cCc n-i dung t3n ti

v JRng tu2n hon cCc ngu*n t$ h<a h=ca hi"3ocacJon _ nhin %iua ddn but cAa u$n "i H[u v 1h2n ki Lc "7ch t; hi6u v %oi ^ T>C?N cCc Ji tS1 ^ %oiG cL th6 % cCc dng Ji tS1 c< %in Vuan "@n 1h2n n* vWi CCc dng Ji tS1 v ki

b[* dIng thnh h th$ng cCc dng Ji tS1 n[ng cao chu*n " v ki %oi 3t ha* v 1hong 1hMG nh&ng n@u chO %

t3ong HCch giCo khoa v HCch Ji tS1 thi th; ta Hf khng khai thCc h@t "&'c cCc dng Ji tS1 v cCi ha* cAa n<G ch7nh v; vS* ti bi tp v c chuyn i! "o#i $ T%&'(N II. )*c +ch, nhi! v* nghin c-u II.1. Mc ch nghin cu )ghin cu "6 b[* dIng thnh h th$ng cCc Ji tS1 n[ng cao v ki %oi t3ong ch&:ng t3;nh ><a h=c cAa T>C? thYo h&Wng 1hCt hu* t7nh t7ch cIcG HCng to v 3gn %u*n nh]ng khR n4ng ti@1 cSn vWi cCc Ji tS1 n[ng cao th "< h;nh thnh ki n4ng t7nh toCn khi giRi cCc Ji tS1 khng chO ^ T>C? h=c Hau n* vWi c1 "- cao h:nN cQn 1hLc vL cho VuC t3;nh u$n ch=n " ti: Tuyn chn h thng

II.2. Nhim v nghin cu

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
` )ghin cu cCc n-i dung t7nh cht cAa ki Ji tS1 c< %in Vuan "@n nh]ng t7nh cht "<N ` &a 3a cCc dng Ji tS1 c: JRn v n[ng cao nh&ng t3=ng t[ n[ng cao v 1h2n ki ` ?&u t2 G t; caoN ` TKng h'1 v H&u t2 cCc 1h&:ng 1hC1 giRi chi ti@t v cL th6N III. .i t/0ng v ph/ng ph1p nghin c-u III.1. i tng nghin cu CCc dng Ji tS1 n[ng cao v ki III.2. Phng php nghin cu ` ?&u t2 giRi cL th6N cCc Ji tS1 n[ng cao v ki %oiN ` 9h[n %oi thnh cCc dng khCc nhauG Hau "< nu 3a cCc Ji tS1 c< h&Wng ddn %oi t3ong ch&:ng t3;nh ><a h=c T>C?N ki@ %oi nU % cCc dng Ji tS1 t3ong ch&:ng t3;nh ><a h=c ^ T>C?N %oi t3n c: H^ "< "6 t; hi6u cCc dng

cCc dng Ji tS1 kh< "6 b[* dIng thnh h th$ng Ji tS1 n[ng

PHN II. N I DUNG &h/ng 2. & 3$ v t4ng 5u6n

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
I. V t! cc "#i t$p %im &'(i t!'ng chng t!)nh *+, -./ h0c c1/ 2-3*. 1N ` ` ` jN ` ` 1N jN kN mN ><a h=c %W1 c nh %uSt JRo ton kh$i %&'ng 9h&:ng t3;nh h<a h=c T7nh thYo cng thc h<a h=c v 1h&:ng t3;nh h<a h=c ><a h=c %W1 e Ch&:ng 1: CCc %oi h'1 cht v c: Ch&:ng j: #i %oi

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Tinh ch@ v tCch hEn h'1 thnh cht ngu*n cht

A. BI TP ! THU"T I. :i;i th+ch hin t/0ng v vi<t =T%%

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
Dng Ji n* *u c2u ng&Ti h=c Hinh 1hRi no th7ch v vi@t 9T>>N V# $% & >Qa tan qY JUng >C% v HLc kh7 C% j "i Vua hoXc cho #r> vo dung dch v "6 %[u ngoi khng kh7N niRi th7ch hin t&'ng v vi@t 9T>>N H'()* $+) *,-, #hi cho qY tCc dLng vWi >C% th* c< kh7 thoCt 3a : qY s j>C% t qYC%j s >jD jqYC%j s C%j t jqYC%k dung dch chu*6n u vngN u n[u "ZN qYC%j s j#r> t qY(r>!jB s j#C% c< k@t tAa t3ong banhN mqY(r>!j s rj s j>jr t mqY(r>!k k@t tAa chu*6n B., /01 20) $%)* B., 3. Dung dch 0 c< cha Cu?rm v qY?rm aN Cho u% vo dung dch 0G Hau 1hRn ng c< dung dch ) cha k JN Cho u% vo dung dch 0G Hau 1hRn ng c< dung dch ) cha j cN Cho u% vo dung dch 0G Hau 1hRn ng c< dung dch ) cha 1 niRi th7ch Ei t3&Tng h'1 JUng 1h&:ng t3;nh 1hRn ngN II. .iu ch< i! "o#i v h0p ch>t c?6 ch@ng ThIc cht "[* % ki6u Ji tS1 thIc hin VuC t3;nh Ji@n h<a nh&ng chO cho Ji@t cht "2u v cht cu$iN >=c Hinh 1hRi Hu* nghi v %Ia ch=n con "&Tng "Mng nht v ngon nht "6 thIc hin (v; cht "&'c "iu ch@ "&'c 1hRi tinh khi@t v v ngu*n toc n@u "i JUng con "&Tng di h:n nh&ng khng Hai th; vdn giRi Vu*@t "&'c *u c2u cAa " Ji nh&ng Hf c2n thi@t!N t nhiu thTi gian "6 vi@t 1h&:ng t3;nh "v dwng "@n -t cCch khng u$i tanN u$i tanN u$i tanN 3p t7nh cht cAa cCc ki %oi v c< ki n4ng thnh tho t3ong vic nhSn Ji@t hin t&'ng cAa 1hRn ng h<a h=c th "< giRi

1. * : ph5n ng; Dng Ji n* th&Tng Jao g, thnh chuEi 1hRn ng "< V# $%& 8i@t 1h&:ng t3;nh 1hRn ng hon thnh H: ", Hau: -t chuEi 1hRn ng h<a h=c *u c2u 1hRi no "&'c t7nh cht h<a h=c cAa thng cht t3ong chuEi 1hRn ng v vi@t 9T>> "6 hon

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
qYC%j t qY?rm qY BD BD t qY()rk!j t qY(r>!j DB B qY jrk

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2. i<n ch=t v# h'#n th#nh P2-Dng Ji n* Ei 1hRn ng "u Ji@t "&'c cht tha gia hoXc cht to thnh " Ji chO *u c2u "in vo nh]ng chE t3$ng Hao cho th7ch h'1 "6 hon thnh 9T>>N V# $%& >on thnh cCc 1hRn ng Hau: qYj(?rm!k s z t qY()rk!k s z u%C%k s z t u%j(?rm!k s z

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
u%jrk s #>?rm t z s z s z #>Crk s Ca(r>!j t z s z s z )aC% s z t )ar> s z Ca(>Crk!j s z t CaCrkB s z H'()* $+) *,-, qYj(?rm!k s kla()rk!j t jqY()rk!k s kla?rmB ju%C%k s kugj?rm t u%j(?rm!k s y ugC%B u%jrk s y#>?rm t u%j(?rm!k s k#j?rm s k>jr #>Crk s Ca(r>!j t CaCrkB s #r> s >jr in 1h[n c< vCch ng4n: j)aC% s j>jr t j)ar> s >jD s C%jD Ca(>Crk!j s#jCrk t CaCrkB s j#>Crk >. i<u ch? m@t ch=t tA nhi<u ch=t "Bng nhi<u cch; Dng n* ta 1hRi H+ dLng nhiu cCch khCc nhau "6 "iu ch@ 3a "&'c dng n* th; h=c Hinh c{ng c2n 1hRi no V# $% 3& 8i@t cCc 9T 1hRn ng chO 3a: ` m cCch "iu ch@ u%(r>!k ` y cCch "iu ch@ qYC%jG H'()* $+) *,-, ` m cCch "iu ch@ u%(r>!k: s #i %oi s >jr %oi s >jr u$i c%o3ua (c< vCch ng4n! s rbit ki -t chtN 6 % %oi 3p t7nh cht khng chO 3ing v ki

cQn cCc h'1 cht khCc %in Vuan "@n v "Qi hZi cht "iu ch@ "&'c 1hRi tinh khi@tN

s in 1h[n dung dch s 0u$i s ki s ThA* 1h[n s 0u$i s abit u$i

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CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
` y cCch "iu ch@ qYC%j: qY s j>C% t qYC%j s >jD qY s CuC%j t qYC%j s Cu qYr s j>C% t qYC%j s >jr qY(r>!j s j>C% t qYC%j s j>jr qY? s j>C% t qYC%j s >j?D qYCrk s j>C% t qYC%j s CrjD s >jr jqYC%k s qY t kqYC%j qYl3j s C%j t qYC%j s l3j V# $% 4& )u cCch "iu ch@ )ajCrk t )a a u%()rk!k t u% a qY?j tqY H'()* $+) *,-, s iu ch@ )a th )ajCrk )ajCrk s j>C% t j)aC% s CrjD s >jr C cn dd v "in 1h[n n<ng chR* j)aC% t j)a s C%jD s iu ch@ u% th u%()rk!k u%()rk!k s k#r> t u%(r>!kB s k#)rk ju%(r>!k t u%jrk s k>jr in 1h[n n<ng chR*: ju%jrk t mu% s krjD s iu ch@ qY th qYj?: mqYj? s 11rj t jqYjrk s c?rj qYjrk s kCr t jqY s Crj B., /01 20) $%)* B., 3. 8i@t 1h&:ng t3;nh 1hRn ng Ji6u di}n cCc chu*6n h<a Hau: aN JN Cu?rm t l t C t D t Cu qY?j t qYjrk t qYj(?rm!k t qYC%k t qY(r>!k u%jrk t u%j(?rm!k u% B B u%(r>!k u%C%k t u%()rk!k III. =hAn bit v nhn bi<t c1c ch>t 1. CD thu8?t c "5n v< thuc thE h./ h0c &Fp G c1/ 2-3* )au%rj D u%jrk

B., 4. >on thnh H: ", 1hRn ng d&Wi "[*N

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
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CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
("Z! Cu s jug)rk t Cu()rk!j s jugB

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ng=n %+a v Vuan HCt

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10

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
Thu$c th+ "6 1h[n Jit %: dd laC%jG dd )ar>N CCch % 0g?rmG qY?rmG Cu?rm (nh< ` T3ong Ei nh< nh& Hau: ` Cho dd laC%j vo c dung dch Hf th* ^ m dung dch c< k@t tAa %: )a j?rmG u! cQn m dung dch khng c< hin t&'ng g; %: )a)r kG l!N 0g()rk!jG qY()rk!jG Cu()rk!j (nh<

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11

CC DNG BI TP HO THCS
JN >Qa tan m cht 3on JUng dung dch >C% nhSn "&'c la?r m khng tanG )aC% tan khng c< kh7 Ja* 3aN CQn: )ajCrk s j>C% t j)aC% s CrjD s >jr laCrk s j>C% t laC%j s CrjD s >jr ` ThR %2n %&'t j cht 3on )a jCrkG laCrk vo j dung dch vha to 3a t Hf nhSn 3a )ajCrk c< k@t tAa: )ajCrk s laC%j t laCrkB s j)aC% CQn %i % laCrkN

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