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Ha thc phm
Cht nh ha
GVHD: Ts. Nguyn Tin Cng Thc hin: Nhm 7
1. Cht nh ha (Emusifiers)
H nh tng
Cht nh ha Bn cht ha hc v liu lng s dng
1.1. H nh tng
Nh tng l mt h d th. Gm c t nht mt cht lng khng c kh nng trn ln hon ton, nm phn tn trong cht lng khc dng nhng git nh c ng knh nh hn 10-7m. Khi xut hin 2 pha: Pha phn tn.
Nh tng nh
Kch thc git phn tn: 10-7 - 10-9m Thng trong sut. Bn nhit ng
2
H m trong cc git nc phn tn trong pha lin tuc l du. Vd: b, margarine
3
H nh tng du trong nc m cc git phn tn ca n c cha nc.
H nc trong du trong nc lm tng tnh bn ca h nh tng, ngi ta phi thm cc cht nh ha vo.
H du trong nc
H nc trong du
1.2. Cht nh ha
L mt nhm cht hot ng b mt.
1.3. Bn cht ha hc
To s n nh ca h keo phn tn trong pha lin tc. (Bng cch hnh thnh 1 b mt in tch trn ).
Lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc git phn tn t lm gim c nng lng hnh thnh cc git trong h. Vic la chn cht nh ha da trn c im ca sn phm cui cng, phng php, s lng.
Cht LOGO Nh Ha
Cc dn xut to nh hn hp
Cc loi cht nh ha
Tn Ester ca acid bo v Glycerin Tn thng gp Monoglyceride (MG)
DATEM
PolyGlycerol Ester (PGE) PGPR Sorbitan Ester (DNNN) PG Ester (PGME) ng Ester (SE)
CSL
Lecithin (LC)
Phospholipid
Qua H3PO4 ca acid phosphatic lin kt thm vi cc cht khc s to nn cc loi phospholipid khc nhau.
Phospholipid
Phosphatidyl - cholime (lecithin) c vai tr quan trng hn c.
Phospholipid
Phospholipid trn vi nc, chng c th lm thnh lp b mt hay to mixen.
Phosphatidylethanamine
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylchloline
Cc phosphatid c c tnh chung l khng tan trong axeton. Thng c dng mc 5 20g/kg thc phm.
Cng thc cu to
diglyceride Triglyceride
Monoglyceride
Gip ci thin l kh v n nh trong bnh xp v trong bnh bt khi s dng kt hp vi monoglycerides chng ct.
Tng cng kh nng ng t ca sa khng kem khi s dng kt hp vi cc cht nh ho bo qun.
C nhiu trong du hng dng tinh ch. Acid citric c lin kt vi monoglyceride. L mt cht nh ha a nc cao. Vi mt cu trc alpha-tinh th n nh. S dng cho b thc vt, sn phm sa (nh whitener c ph v kem). Cng c s dng nh mt cht n nh nh tng cho mayonnaise. V to lp ph schocolate v hp cht.
Khng ha tan trong nc lnh, phn tn trong nc nng, v ha tan trong ru nng, cht bo v du.
Succinylated monoglyceride mt mui phc tp vi tinh bt c kh nng phn ng vi protein. N c s dng nh l mt thay i cht bt v cht nh ha mt rt ngn.
Lipophilicity v hydrophilicity ca n c rt nhiu thay i ph thuc mc trng hp v loi acid bo. HLB ca n khong 3-13.
c s dng trong nhiu loi thc phm nh l cht nh ha cho cc sn phm sa c cha axit v cc mui v kim sot s kt tinh ca cc loi m.
L mt hn hp ca cc este sorbitol v ester sorbide. S dng nh l cht nh ha cho kem. c s dng rng ri nh mt cht nh ha ln kt hp vi cht nh ho khc vi cc chc nng khc nhau.
N l mt hp cht ca sucrose v acid bo, trong c HLB t 1 n 16 Do s tri rng HLB, nn c nhiu chc nng khc nhau. N c s dng nh mt kem v cht phn tn cho kem v cc bacteriocidal cho c ph ng hp.
HLB =
Hydrophilic Lipophilic
La chn cht nh ha
V d: Sa ti vi thnh phn cht bo xp x 3%, cn li khong 97% l nc v cc cht tan trong nc, h nh tng du nc. Cht nh ha cn dng trong trng hp ny cn c tan trong nc ln hn tan trong du. Ngc li vi sn phm magarine thuc loi h nc/ du (du v cc cht tan trong du chim 8085%, pha nc khong 15-20%), cht nh ha cn c kh nng tan trong du ln hn kh nng tan trong nc.
Thng thng cc cht nh ha c HLB trong khong 1-20. Cc cht nh ha c HLB = 36 thch hp cho h nh tng nc/du trong khi ,cc cht c HLB = 818 thch hp cho h nh tng du nc .
Gi tr HLB ca mt s cht nh ha
HL B
5,7 6,6 6,6 4,6 3,7 5,5
Cht nh ha
Sorbitan monostearate Sorbitan monopalmitate Sorbitan monolaurate Propyleneglycol monostearate Glycerol monostearate Diglycerol monostearate
Cht nh ha
Polyoxyethylene (5) Morbitan Monooleate Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
HL B
10,9 15,8
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan 14,9 monostearate Glycerol lacto-Palmitate Este ca Monoglycerid vi acid succinic Sodium Stearoyl 2 Lactylate
Nh ha h du/nc.
Nh ha h nc/du.
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc Ngn chn s phn tch cht bo. Lm xp. Chng dnh.
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc Tng tan. Cht ngm. Gi m. Chng to bt.
1.6. c tnh chc nng khc Cc nghin cu ca Schuster v Adam (1983) cho thy ngoi kh nng to nh, Lecithin cn c nhiu u im khc: Lm tng kh nng hp th nc ca thc phm. S dng lecithin c th gim c thi gian phi trn.
1.6. c tnh
Nhiu cht nh ha an ton vi ngi s dng, th khng cn quy nh.
V d: cc lecithin, mono, dyglycerid ca acid bo. Cc este ca mnglyxerit vi cc hydroxy acid (acid lactide, acid citride, acid sucinide)
1.6. c tnh
Polyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate; Polyethylene sorbitan monolaurate; Polyethylene sorbitan monostearate; cc este sorbitan c ADI = 25mg.
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate c ADI = 7.5mg.
c tnh ca cyclohexylamine
Nm 1966, nhng nghin cu M tm ra mt s vi khun trong rut di tc dng ca cyclamate sinh ra sn phm cyclohexylamine mt cht gy c tnh trng din trn chut. Nm 1969, nghin cu thc nghim trn cyclamate vi sarcharin vi t l 10:1 th thy chut th nghim xut hin ung th bng quang. Mt nghin cu khc cng b clohexylamine lm ph i tinh hon ca chut nht trng. V nhng bng chng kh thuyt phc trn nn C quan thc phm v thuc ca M (FDA) cm s dng cht to ngt cyclamate trn ton nc M.
Tuy nhin 44 quc gia khc, cyclamate vn ang c s dng trong ch bin thc phm, v l cht to ngt dng nh la cm gic thm ca bnh nhn tiu ng.
nc ta cyclamate cng nm trong danh mc cm s dng.
chc cn c gi l c ca sn phm.
L mt thng s dng nh gi thc phm v mt thm my cng nh cht lng. Nhm cht to chc l cc polysaccharide.
2.2. C ch
Cc polysaccharide c KLPT ln nn khi phn tn vo dung dch lm cho nht tng mnh. Cc polysaccharide c hnh thnh t cc phn t hexozo hay pentozo. Trn mi n v mc xch ny li cha nhiu nguyn t oxy hoc nhm carboxyl to lin kt hidro kh tt, d dng c solvat ha trong nc.
2.2. C ch
Sau khi phn tn vo dung dch, cc polysaccharide ng vai tr nh nhng ht keo, to thnh mt khi ng nht, vng chc thng gi l gel. Nu tch chng ra khi dung dch thng ko theo cc phn t ca dung mi. cc chui phn t c tch ra cng c kh nng to lin kt vi nhau thng qua lin kt hidro v to thnh mng tinh th khng gian bn vng.
Ngun gc ca Pectin
Pectin cha nhiu trong cc loi qu ca tri cy: To, mn, cam, chanh, c rt, sn tr, l, c chua
Ngun gc ca Pectin
Trong qu trnh pht trin v gi chn ca rau qu, hm lng pectin lun bin i. Thng cao nht khi chn ti, sau gim dn do b demetoxin ha v depolymer ha. Khi b thi ra th hm lng pectin b phn hy.
Saccha roza
0.6 0.1 3.7 0.2
Glucoz a
0.2 2.6 2.9 1.5
Fructo za
0.1 1.6 1.0
Cng
0.9 4.3 6.6 2.8
Pectin
Hnh
Cam Qut Chanh
0
0 0 0
6.3
3.6 4.9 0.9
1.3
1.3 1.0 0.6
1.2
1.5 1.5 0.6
8.8
7.4 7.4 2.1
0.3
0.7 0.7 1.1
0.8
0.3 0.3 0.5
Mn
5.4
3.4
0.8
9.6
1.1
0.6
Cu to ha hc ca Pectin
Phn t pectin l mt polysaccaride d th, mch thng. L dn xut methyl ca acid pectic.
Lin kt pectin
Phn t Pectin
c im Pectin
Dng bt mu trng hoc hi vng, hi xm, hi nu. C kh nng to gel bn. Trong cn v dung dch mui th pectin b kt t.
B ph hy khi un nng nhit cao trong thi gian di lm gim tnh ng ca sn phm khi c c.
Pectin tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c tnh keo cao. Keo pectin c nht v bn rt ln nn gy kh khn trong qu trnh lm trong khi c c nc qu.
c im ca pectin
Trong qu trnh chn, di tc dng ca enzim pectinaza hoc vi s tham gia ca acid hu c, protopectin b thy phn thnh pectin ha tan cng lc lin kt gia cc t bo gim. Khi qu chn pectin ha tan thnh acid pectic. Pectin khng tan trong dung dch ethanol.
Tnh cht quan trng ca pectin l c th to ng nng thp (1-1,5%) khi c mt ca ng 6070% v acid 1%.
Kh nng to ng ph thuc vo ngun pectin, mc metoxin ha v phn t lng ca pectin. Pectin ly t ngun gc khc nhau th kh nng to gel khc nhau.
c im ca pectin
c im ca pectin
Trong phn t pectin c mang in tch m nn chng c kh nng y ln nhau c kh nng lm gin mch v lm tng nht ca dung dch.
Khi lm gim tch in v hydrat ha, si pectin xch li gn nhau v tng tc vi nhau to nn mt mng li ba chiu rn cha pha lng bn trong.
Methoxy polygalacturonic
ng dng ca pectin
Pectin l cht to gel quan trng nht, c s dng to ra cu trc gel cho thc phm.
Kh nng to gel ca n c s dng trong nhng thc phm cn c s n nh ca nhiu pha.
ng dng ca pectin
Tc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ch yu trong cc sn phm mt tri cy v mt ng. To cu trc mt khng b thay i trong qu trnh vn chuyn, to mi v thm ngon cho sn phm v gim s ph v cu trc. Trong mt s trng hp, pectin cn c s dng vi carageenan tng hiu qu to gel.
Ngun gc ca agar
Agar c nhiu trong t bo vy tr ca cc loi rong (loi Rhodophyceae). C nhiu trong cc loi Gelidium, Gracilaria, Pterocladia, Ahnfeltia
Gelidium
Hm lng agar trung bnh ca rong trn th gii dao ng t 20 40%. Trong khi th rong ca Vit Nam cha t 24 - 45% khi lng rong kh.
a im
Nht Bn, n , Trung Quc Nht Bn, Trung Quc
Gelidium cartilagineum
Gelidium lp sng Gelidium liatulum
Gelidium lingulatam
Gelidium pacificum Gelidium pristoides Gelidium sesquipedale
Chil
Nht Bn Nam Phi B o Nha, Morocco
Gracilaria spp.
Pterocladia capilacea Pterocladia Lucida
Agar l phycocolloid u tin pht hin (gia th k 17), (Nht Bn). C nhiu tn gi khc nhau. V d: Kanten (Nht Bn), Dongfen (Trung Quc)
Gel agarose
Cu trc Agar
Agar l mt hn hp ng nht ca hai loi polysaccharide: agaropectin v agarose. L mt polymer tuyn tnh, to thnh t cc n v monomeric lp i lp li ca agarobiose.
Cu trc ca agar
Agarose: L mt polysaccharide trung tnh. Chim s lng nhiu, (50 90%).
Cu to mch chnh: -D galactopyranose v 3,6anhydro--L-galactopyranose lin kt xen k nhau bng lin kt -1,4 v -1,3.
N to nn tnh ng ca agar.
a) Agarose b) 6-galactan sulfate c) agarose pyruvated
Cu trc ca agar
Agaropectin: L mt polysaccharide tch in m. Cc phn t ngn hn agarose, v s lng t hn.
Cu trc ca n l mch nhnh v b sunfat ha. C th c methyl ha nhm th acid pyruvic ketal.
Lm cho agar c tnh nhy.
Agaropectin
Cu trc ca agar
Agarose polymere
Mng li ca agarose gel c cha xon kp hnh thnh t tay tri gp ba xon. Nhng xon kp c n nh bi s hin din ca cc phn t nc b rng buc bn trong cc khoang xon kp. bn ngoi, nhm hydroxyl cho php agar kt hp ln n 10.000 phn t nc to suprafibers.
Cu trc ca agar
c im ca agar
L mt cht kh, v nh hnh,ging nh gelatin, khng m.
Agar dng trong cng nghip thc phm l mt loi bt mu sng hay l nhng si mnh mu c.
C kh nng duy tr tnh bn vng ca n trn nhit h ha. Gel agar l mt gel mnh nht tng c bit n.
u im ca agar
Agar d tan trong nc nng. To gel cng nng thp, khng cn thit cc cht h tr v pH. Khng nh hng ti mu v sn phm. C s khc bit gia nhit nng chy v nhit to gel.
ng dng ca agar
Agar lm tng nht ca men, tng bm dnh, nhanh kh v t b nt. Agar ngn chn men tan chy.
ng dng ca agar
ng dng ca agar
S dng trong cng ngh hp
C nhiu trong cc thnh t bo ca cc loi to nu, to b Macrocystis pyrifera, nodosum Ascophyllum, v cc loi Lamminaria. di dng mui alginat.
Acid alginic
Alginic acid l polysaccharide c tnh acid. Tinh th c mu trng hoc mu nu dng si, dng ht, hoc bt mu vng. Cng thc phn t: (C2H8O6)n
Acid alginic
Cc monome thng c sp xp theo khi homopolymeric cch nhau bi cc khu vc xp x mt chui lun phin ca cc monome axit.
Acid alginic
c to thnh t chui cc phn t acid D-mannuronic v acid -L-guluronic, lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt 1,4-glucozide
c im ca acid alginic
c im ca acid alginic To c dng sol nng thp. Nhng d b gim nht nhit cao. Mun bo qun sn phm c cha alginat th cn phi thm cht bo qun. nht v b ngoi khng ph thuc vo nhit .
ng dng
Lm cht bo v kem :
Ngn nga to ra cc tinh th bng. c ch hon ton s to thnh tinh th ca Lactose. Nh ha cc cu bo. Lm bn bt.
ng dng
ng dng khc
Trong cng nghip dt. Trong cng nghip giy. Trong cng nghip sn xut t nhn to. Trong y hc v dc hc. Trong cng ngh my phm Trong xy dng dn dng. Trong cng ngh luyn kim, cao su. Lm mi trng c nh enzyme. Dng lm cht kh tinh th. Dng lm cht thuc da.
CMC c iu ch t cenllilose.
Cng thc cu to
Tnh cht Phn t ngn hn so vi cenllulose D tan trong nc v ru. Dng trong thc phm vi liu lng 0,5-0,75%. C dng mui v acid u l tc nhn to ng tt. To khi ng vi m cao (98%).
Tnh cht Hu ht cc CMC tan nhanh trong nc lnh. Gi nc bt c nhit no. Cht n nh nh tng, s dng kim sot nht m khng gel. Cht lm c v cht n nh nh tng. CMC c s dng nh cht kt dnh khun mu cho cc ci tin do. L mt cht kt dnh v n nh, hiu lc phn tn c bit cao khi tc dng trn cc cht mu.
ng dng
ng dng khc
Trong nng nghip, nh l mt cht lm c, cng nh cht kt dnh v chng k sinh trng. L mt cht kt dnh cho hn hp bt cho pelletization. Trong c khun. Trong men cho gm s cng nghip. L mt cht chuyn th trong xi mng v nha ri ng.
Gelatin l cht protein c ngun gc t collagen (mt protein t nhin c mt gn, dy chng v cc m ca ng vt c v).
c sn xut bng cch un si cc m lin kt, xng v da ng vt, thng l b v ln.
Phn loi
Cu to
Cu to
Trng lng phn t t 20.000-70.000 vC. L cc polypeptit cao phn t dn xut t collagen. Cc acid amin lin kt vi nhau to chui xon c c kh nng gi nc.
Tnh cht
Khng tan trong nc lnh, nhng trng n trong nc lnh. Khi gia nhit th n nng chy, v to li gel khi lm lnh. C nhit nng chy thp (27-34oC). tan ph thuc vo nhit , kch thc ca ht gelatine. Tan trong ru v cc dung mi hu c.
ng dng
Gelatin khng phi l mt thc phm protein hon chnh. Trong sn xut kem. Trong sn xut sa, pho mt. Cng ngh bnh ko.
ng dng
Keo bo v chng li kt tinh.
http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfaadditives/specs/Monograph1/additive-396-m1.pdf
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Gelatin.html http://thuviensinhhoc.com/gioi-tinh/suc-khoe-sinhsan/2952?joscclean=1&comment_id=790 http://www.rikenvitamin.jp/int/emulsifier/basic/kind.html
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Phm Th Hiu
Nguyn Trung Kin Nguyn Hong Minh