điện tử tương tự

MCH IN T
TRNG VN TM
Chng 1: Mch Diode
CHNG I
MCH DIODE
Trong chng ny, chng ta kho st mt s mch ng dng cn bn ca diode bn dn (gii hn diode chnh lu v diode zener - Cc diode c bit khc s c bn n lc cn thit). Ty theo nhu cu ng dng, cc m hnh l tng, gn ng hay thc s c a vo trong cng vic tnh ton mch.
1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE):

Xem mch hnh 1.1a
Ngun in mt chiu E mc trong mch lm cho diode phn cc thun. Gi ID l dng in thun chy qua diode v VD l hiu th 2 u diode, ta c:
Trong :
I0 l dng in r nghch
=1 khi ID ln (vi mA tr ln) =1 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Ge =2 Khi ID nh v diode cu to bng Si Ngoi ra, t mch in ta cn c: T c E - VD - VR = 0 E = VD + RID (1.2)
Trng Vn Tm
I-1
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Phng trnh ny xc nh im lm vic ca diode tc im iu hnh Q, c gi l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng thng ny vi c tuyn ca diode ID = f(VD) l im iu hnh Q.
1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU

- Ngc li khi E < VK, mch c xem nh h, nn: ID = IR = 0mA ; VR = R.IR = 0V ; VD = E - VR = E
1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU

Mch chnh lu l ng dng thng dng v quan trng nht ca diode bn dn, c mc ch i t in xoay chiu (m thng l dng Sin hoc vung) thnh in mt chiu. 1.3.1. Khi nim v tr trung bnh v tr hiu dng 1.3.1.1. Tr trung bnh: Hay cn gi l tr mt chiu Tr trung bnh ca mt sng tun hon c nh ngha bng tng i s trong mt chu k ca din tch nm trn trc 0 (dng) v din tch nm di trc 0 (m) chia cho chu k. Mt cch tng qut, tng i s din tch trong mt chu k T ca mt sng tun hon v(t) c tnh bng cng thc:
Mt vi v d:
Trng Vn Tm
I-2
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Dng sng
Tr trung bnh
1.3.1.2. Tr hiu dng: Ngi ta nh ngha tr hiu dng ca mt sng tun hon( th d dng in) l tr s tng ng ca dng in mt chiu IDC m khi chy qua mt in tr R trong mt chu k s c nng lng ta nhit bng nhau.
Trng Vn Tm
I-3
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Vi th d:
Dng sng Tr trung bnh v hiu dng
Trng Vn Tm
I-4
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Hnh 1.6
Trng Vn Tm
I-5
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.3.2. Mch chnh lu na sng (mt bn k) Trong mch ny ta dng kiu mu l tng hoc gn ng ca diode trong vic phn tch mch. Dng mch cn bn cng cc dng sng (th d hnh sin) ng vo v ng ra nh hnh 1.7
Diode ch dn in khi bn k dng ca vi(t) a vo mch Ta c: - Bin nh ca vo(t) Vdcm = Vm - 0.7V - in th trung bnh ng ra:
(1.6)
- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l: VRM=Vm
(1.8)
Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.
Trng Vn Tm
I-6
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.3.3. Chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia Mch c bn nh hnh 1.8a; Dng sng 2 cun th cp nh hnh 1.8b
- bn k dng, diode D1 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D2 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (hnh 1.9)
- bn k m, diode D2 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc diode D1 phn cc nghch nn xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.10)
l trong 2 trng hp, IL u chy qua RL theo chiu t trn xung v dng in u c mt hai bn k. in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V V in th nh phn cc nghch mi diode khi ngng dn l: VRM=Vdcm+Vm=2Vm-0,7V - Dng sng thng trc 2 u RL c din t hnh 1.11
Trng Vn Tm I-7 Mch in T
(1.9) (1.10)
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Ngi ta cng c th chnh lu to ra in th m 2 u RL bng cch i cc ca 2 diode li. 1.3.4. Chnh lu ton sng dng cu diode Mch c bn
- bn k dng ca ngun in, D2 v D4 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D1 v D2 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch. Dng kiu mu in th ngng, mch in c v li nh hnh 1.13
Trng Vn Tm
I-8
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
- bn k m ca ngun in, D1 v D3 phn cc thun v dn in trong lc D2, D4 phn cc nghch xem nh h mch (Hnh 1.14)
T cc mch tng ng trn ta thy: - in th nh Vdcm ngang qua hai u RL l: Vdcm =Vm-2VD=Vm-1.4V - in th nh phn cc nghch VRM mi diode l: VRM=Vdcm+VD=Vm-VD VRM =Vm-0,7V (1.13) (1.12)
l dng in trung bnh chy qua mi cp diode khi dn in ch bng 1/2 dng in trung bnh qua ti.
Trng Vn Tm
I-9
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.3.5. Chnh lu vi t lc Ta xem li mch chnh lu ton sng vi bin th c im gia. Nh kt qa phn trn: - in th nh 2 u RL l: Vdcm=Vm-0,7V - in th trung bnh 2 u RL l: VDC=0,637Vdcm Nu ta thay RL bng 1 t in c in dung C. Trong thi im t t=0 n t=T/4, t C s np nhanh n in th nh Vdcm. Nu dng r ca t in khng ng k, t C s khng phng in v in th 2 u t c gi khng i l Vdcm. y l trng hp l tng. Thc t, in th trung bnh thay i t 0,637Vdcm n Vdcm. Thc ra ngun in phi cung cp cho ti, th d RL mc song song vi t C. bn k dng t C np in n tr Vdcm. Khi ngun in bt u gim, t C phng in qua RL cho n khi gp bn k k tip t C mi np in li n Vdcm v chu k ny c lp i lp li. Hnh 1.16 m t chi tit dng sng 2 u t C (tc RL). Hiu th sng d nh i nh c k hiu l Vr(p-p).
Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)
Trng Vn Tm
I-10
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
* H s sng d: (ripple factor) Ta xem li dng sng 2 u RL. Bng nguyn l chng cht, ta c th xem nh in th 2 u ti bng tng ca thnh phn mt chiu VDC vi thnh phn sng d xoay chiu c tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in chnh lu.
V thi gian np in thng rt nh so vi thi gian phng in nn dng ca thnh phn sng d c th xem gn ng nh dng tam gic
Trng Vn Tm
I-11
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
H s sng d quyt nh cht lng ca mch chnh lu. * Phng trnh in th sng d Nu gi ic l dng phng in ca t in c in dung C v VC l in th 2 u t i n th:
chiu.
Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in ic l dng in mt
Nu coi sng d c dng tam gic th dng phng ca t l hng s v k hiu l IDC. chnh l dng in qua ti
Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu. Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c
Nh vy sng d t l thun vi dng in trung bnh qua ti v t l nghch vi in dung C. Sng d s tng gp i khi chnh lu na sng v lc f=fr
1.4. MCH CT (Clippers)

Mch ny dng ct mt phn tn hiu xoay chiu. Mch chnh lu na sng l mt th d n gin v mch ct.
Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.4.1. Mch ct ni tip Dng cn bn nh hnh 1.20. Hnh 1.21 cho thy p ng ca mch ct cn bn i vi cc dng sng thng dng khi coi diode l l tng.
By gi nu ta mc thm mt ngun in th mt chiu V ni tip vi diode nh hnh 1.22b. Nu tn hiu vo vi(t) c dng hnh sin vi in th nh l Vm th ng ra s c dng nh hnh v 1.22c vi in th nh Vm-V tc V0=Vi-V (coi diode l tng)
1.4.2. Mch ct song song * Mch cn bn c dng
Trng Vn Tm
I-13
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Hnh 1.24 l p ng ca mch ct song song cn bn vi cc dng sng thng dng (diode l tng)
* Mch c phn cc Ta cng c th mc thm mt ngun in th 1 chiu V ni tip vi diode. Dng sng ng ra s ty thuc vo cc tnh ca ngun in mt chiu v diode. Th d: ta xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.25 khi vi c dng tam gic v diode xem nh l tng
- Khi diode dn in: v0=V=4V - Khi vi=V=4V, Diode i trng thi t ngng dn sang dn in hoc ngc li - Khi vi<V=4V, diode dn in vo=V=4V - Khi vi>V=4V, diode ngng dn Vo= vi
Hnh ca ng ra
1.26 l dng v bin v0
Trng Vn Tm
I-14
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers)

y l mch i mc DC (mt chiu) ca tn hiu. Mch phi c mt t in, mt diode v mt in tr. Nhng mch cng c th c mt ngun in th c lp. Tr s ca in tr R v t in C phi c la chn sao cho thi hng =RC ln hiu th 2 u t gim khng ng k khi t phng in (trong sut thi gian diode khng dn in). Mch ghim p cn bn nh hnh 1.27
Dng kiu mu diode l tng ta thy: - Khi t: 0 T/2 diode dn in,t C np nhanh n tr s V v v0=0V - Khi t: T/2 T, diode ngng, t phng in qua R. Do =RC ln nn C x in khng ng k, (thng ngi ta chn T10). Lc ny ta c: v0=-2V
im cn ch l trong mch ghim p bin nh i nh ca vi v vo lun bng nhau. Sinh vin th xc nh v0 ca mch in hnh 1.29
Trng Vn Tm
I-15
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER:

Cng tng t nh diode chnh lu, vi diode zener ta cng dng kiu mu gn ng trong vic phn gii mch: Khi dn in diode zener tng ng vi mt ngun in th mt chiu vz (in th zener) v khi ngng n tng ng vi mt mch h. 1.6.1. Diode zener vi in th ng vo vi v ti RL c nh
Mch cn bn dng diode zener c dng nh hnh 1.30
Khi vi v RL c nh, s phn tch mch c th theo 2 bc: - Xc nh trng thi ca diode zener bng cch tho ri diode zener ra khi mch v tnh hiu th V hai u ca mch h
Trng Vn Tm
I-16
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Cng sut tiu tn bi diode zener c xc nh bi (1.23) Pz=Vz.Iz Cng sut ny phi nh hn cng sut ti a PZM=VZIZM ca diode zener (IZM: dng in ti a qua zener m khng lm hng) Diode zener thng c dng trong cc mch iu ha in th to in th chun. Mch hnh 1.30 l 1 mch iu ha in th n gin to ra in th khng i 2 u RL. Khi dng to in th chun, in th zener nh l mt mc chun so snh vi mt mc in th khc. Ngoi ra diode zener cn c s dng rng ri trong cc mch iu khin, bo v...
1.6.2. Ngun Vi c nh v RL thay i

Khi Vi c nh, trng thi ngng hoc dn ca diode zener ty thuc vo in tr ti RL
Do R c nh, khi Diode zener dn in, in th VR ngang qua in tr R s c nh: VR=Vi - Vz Do dng IR cng c nh:
Dng IZ s nh nht khi IL ln nht. Dng IZ c gii hn bi IZM do nh sn xut cho bit, do dng in nh nht qua RL l ILmin phi tha mn:
Trng Vn Tm
I-17
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Cui cng khi Vi c nh, RL phi c chn trong khong RLmin v RLmax 1.6.3. Ti RL c nh, in th ng vo Vi thay i
Xem li hnh 1.30
Nu ta gi RL c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca Vi zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:
1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P

1.7.1. Chnh lu tng i in th Hnh 1.31 m t mt mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k
- bn k dng ca ngun in, D1 dn ,D2 ngng. T C1 np in n in th nh Vm - bn k m D1 ngng v D2 dn in. T C2 np in n in th C2=Vm+VC1=2Vm - Bn k dng k tip, D2 ngng, C2 phng in qua ti v n bn k m k tip C2 li np in 2Vm. V th mch ny gi l mch chnh lu tng i in th mt bn k. in th nh nghch 2 u diode l 2Vm. - Ta cng c th dng mch ghim p gii thch hot ng ca mch chnh lu tng i in th.
Trng Vn Tm
I-18
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng
- bn k dng ca ngun in D1 dn, C1 np in VC1=Vm trong lc D2 ngng. - bn k m D2 dn, C2 np in VC2=Vm trong lc D1 ngng. - in th ng ra V0=VC1+VC2=2Vm 1.7.2. Mch chnh lu tng ba, tng bn
Trng Vn Tm
I-19
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
u tin C1 np in n VC1=Vm khi D1 dn in bn k dng. Bn k m D2 dn in, C2 np in n VC2=2Vm (tng in th nh ca cun th cp v t C1). Bn k dng k tip D2 dn, C3 np in n VC3=2Vm (D1 v D2 dn, D2 ngng nn in th 2Vm ca C2 np vo C3). Bn k m k tip D2, D4 dn, in th 2Vm ca C3 np vo C4 ... in th 2 u C2 l 2Vm 2 u C1+C= l 3Vm 2 u C2+C4 l 4Vm
BI TP CUI CHNG 1
****** Dng kiu mu in th ngng gii cc bi tp t 1 n 8 Bi 1: Xc nh VD, VR v ID trong mch in hnh 1.36
Bi 2: Xc nh VD2 v ID trong mch in hnh 1.37
Bi 3: Xc nh V0, v ID trong mch in hnh 1.38
Bi 4: Xc nh I, V1, V2 v V0 trong mch hnh 1.39
Bi 5: Xc nh V0, V1, ID1 v ID2 trong mch hnh 1.40
Trng Vn Tm
I-20
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Bi 6: Xc nh V0 trong mch hnh 1.41
Bi 7: Xc nh I1, I2, ID2 trong mch hnh 1.42
Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43
Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V0 trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b
Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 1.45
Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47

Chng 1: Mch Diode
Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48
a. Xc nh VL, IL, IZ v IR nu RL=180 b. Xc nh gi tr ca RL sao cho diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut c. Xc nh gi tr ti thiu ca RL zener c th hot ng c. Bi 13: a. Thit k h thng mch c dng hnh 1.49 bit rng VL=12V khi IL thay i t 0 n 200mA. Xc nh RS v VZ b. Xc nh PZM ca zener.
Bi 14: Trong mch in hnh 1.50, xc nh khong thay i ca vi sao cho VL=8V v diode zener hot ng khng qa cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
I-22
Mch in T
Chng 1: Mch Diode
Trng Vn Tm
I-23
Mch in T
Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT
Chng II
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG BJT
Ta bit BJT c th hot ng trong 3 vng: - Vng tc ng: (Vng khuch i hay tuyn tnh) vi ni B-E phn cc thun ni B-C phn cc nghch - Vng bo ha: Ni B-E phn cc thun Ni B-C phn cc thun - Vng ngng: Ni B-E phn cc nghch Ty theo nhim v m hot ng ca transistor phi c t trong vng no. Nh vy, phn cc transistor l a cc in th mt chiu vo cc cc ca transistor nh th no transistor hot ng trong vng mong mun. D nhin ngi ta cn phi thc hin mt s bin php khc n nh hot ng transistor nht l khi nhit ca transistor thay i. Trong chng ny, ta kho st ch yu BJT NPN nhng cc kt qa v phng php phn tch vn ng vi BJT PNP, ch cn ch n chiu dng in v cc tnh ca ngun in th 1 chiu.
2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS)

Mch c bn nh hnh 2.1
Phng php chung phn gii mch phn cc gm ba bc: - Bc 1 : Dng mch in ng vo xc nh dng in ng vo (IB hoc IE). - Bc 2: Suy ra dng in ng ra t cc lin h IC=IB IC=IE
B
Trng Vn Tm
II-1
Mch in T
- Bc 3:Dng mch in ng ra tm cc thng s cn li (in th ti cc chn, gia cc chn ca BJT...) p dng vo mch in hnh 2.1
* S bo ha ca BJT: S lin h gia IC v IB s quyt nh BJT c hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh hay khng. BJT hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh th ni thu - nn phi phn cc nghch. BJT NPN v c th hnh 2.1 ta phi c:
th BJT s i dn vo hot ng trong vng bo ha. T iu kin ny v lin h IC=IB ta tm c tr s ti a ca IB, t chn RB sao cho thch hp.
B B
Trng Vn Tm
II-2
Mch in T
2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER STABILIZED BIAS)

Mch c bn ging mch phn cc c nh, nhng cc pht c mc thm mt in tr RE xung mass. Cch tnh phn cc cng c cc bc ging nh mch phn cc c nh.
* S bo ha ca BJT: Tng t nh trong mch phn cc c nh, bng cch cho ni tt gia cc thu v cc pht ta tm c dng in cc thu bo ha ICsat
Ta thy khi thm RE vo, ICsat nh hn trong trng hp phn cc c nh, tc BJT d bo ha hn.
2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH: (VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS)

Mch c bn c dng hnh 2.3. Dng nh l Thevenin bin i thnh mch hnh 2.3b
Trong :
Trng Vn Tm
II-3
Mch in T
Mch nn - pht: VBB= RBBIB+VBE+REIE Thay: IE=(1+)IB

B
Suy ra IC t lin h: IC=IB
* Cch phn tch gn ng: Trong cch phn cc ny, trong mt s iu kin, ta c th dng phng php tnh gn ng. l in tr ng vo ca BJT nhn t cc B khi c RE l:
Ta thy, nu xem ni tr ca ngun VBE khng ng k so vi (1+)RE th Ri=(1+)RE. Nu Ri>>R2 th dng IB<<I2 nn I1# I2, ngha l R2//Ri # R2. Do in th ti chn B c th c tnh mt cch gn ng:
V Ri=(1+)RE # RE nn thng trong thc t ngi ta c th chp nhn cch tnh gn ng ny khi RE 10R2.
Trng Vn Tm II-4 Mch in T
Khi xc nh xong VB, VE c th tnh bng:
Trong cch tnh phn cc ny, ta thy khng c s hin din ca h s . im tnh iu hnh Q c xc nh bi IC v VCE nh vy c lp vi . y l mt u im ca mch phn cc vi in tr cc pht RE v h s rt nhy i vi nhit mc d khi c RE khuch i ca BJT c suy gim.
2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With Voltage Feedback)

y cng l cch phn cc ci thin n nh cho hot ng ca BJT
2.5. MT S DNG MCH PHN CC KHC

Mch phn cc bng cu chia in th v hi tip in th rt thng dng. Ngoi ra ty trng hp ngi ta cn c th phn cc BJT theo cc dng sau y thng qua cc bi tp p dng.
Trng Vn Tm
II-5
Mch in T
2.6. THIT K MCH PHN CC

Khi thit k mch phn cc, ngi ta thng dng cc nh lut cn bn v mch in nh nh lut Ohm, nh lut Kirchoff, nh l Thevenin..., t cc thng s bit tm ra cc thng s cha bit ca mch in. Phn sau l mt vi th d m t cng vic thit k.
2.6.1. Th d 1:
RB.
B
Cho mch phn cc vi c tuyn ng ra ca BJT nh hnh 2.9. Xc nh VCC, RC,
T ng thng ly in: VCE=VCC-RCIC ta suy ra VCC=20V
c cc in tr tiu chun ta chn: RB=470K; RC=2.4K.

B
Trng Vn Tm
II-6
Mch in T
Chn
RB=1,2M
B
2.6.3. Thit k mch phn cc c dng nh hnh 2.11
in tr R1, R2 khng th tnh trc tip t in th chn B v in th ngun. mch hot ng tt, ta phi chn R1, R2 sao cho c VB mong mun v sao cho dng qua R1, R2 gn nh bng nhau v rt ln i vi IB. Lc
B
2.7. BJT HOT NG NH MT CHUYN MCH

BJT khng nhng ch c s dng trong cc mch in t thng thng nh khuch i tn hiu, dao ng... m cn c th c dng nh mt ngt in (Switch). Hnh 2.12 l m hnh cn bn ca mt mch o (inverter).
Trng Vn Tm
II-7
Mch in T
Ta thy in th ng ra ca VC l o i vi in th tn hiu p vo cc nn (ng vo). Lu l y khng c in p 1 chiu phn cc cho cc nn m ch c in th 1 chiu ni vo cc thu. Mch o phi c thit k sao cho im iu hnh Q di chuyn t trng thi ngng dn sang trng thi bo ha v ngc li khi hiu th tn hiu vo i trng thi. iu ny c ngha l IC=ICEO 0mA khi IB=0mA v VCE=VCEsat=0V khi IC=ICsat (tht ra VCEsat thay i t 0,1V n 0,3V) - hnh 2.12, Khi Vi=5V, BJT dn v phi thit k sao cho BJT dn bo ha.
B
mch trn, khi vi=5V th tr s ca IB l:
Th iu kin trn ta thy:
nn tha mn BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha. - Khi vi=0V, IB=0A, BJT ngng v IC=ICEO=0mA; in th gim qua RC lc ny l 0V, do :
B
VC=VCC-RCIC=5V - Khi BJT bo ha, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht l:
Trng Vn Tm
II-8
Mch in T
Nu coi VCEsat c tr trung bnh khong 0,15V ta c:
Nh vy ta c th coi Rsat#0 khi n c mc ni tip vi in tr hng K. - Khi vi=0V, BJT ngng, in tr tng ng gia 2 cc thu-pht c k hiu l Rcut-off
Kt qa l gia hai cc C v E tng ng vi mch h Th d: Xc nh RC v RB ca mch in hnh 2.15 nu ICsat=10mA

B
Khi bo ha:
Trng Vn Tm
II-9
Mch in T
Ta chn IB=60A m bo BJT hot ng trong vng bo ha
Vy ta thit k: RC=1K RB=150K Trong thc t, BJT khng th chuyn tc thi t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn hay ngc li m phi mt mt thi gian. iu ny l do tc dng ca in dung 2 mi ni ca BJT. Ta xem hot ng ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu (hnh 2.16)
B
Khi chuyn t trng thi ngng sang trng thi dn, BJT phi mt mt thi gian l: (2.14) ton=td+tr td: Thi gian t khi c tn hiu vo n khi IC tng c 10% gi tr cc i tr: Thi gian IC tng t 10% n 90% gi tr cc i. Khi chuyn t trng thi dn sang trng thi ngng, BJT phi mt mt thi gian l: toff=ts+tf (2.15) ts: Thi gian t khi mt tn hiu vo n khi IC cn 90% so vi tr cc i tf: Thi gian t khi IC 90% n khi gim cn 10% tr cc i.
Thng thng toff > ton
Trng Vn Tm
II-10
Mch in T
Th d 1 BJT bnh thng: ; tr=13ns ts=120ns ; td=25ns tf=132ns Vy: ton=38ns ; toff=132ns So snh vi 1 BJT c bit c chuyn mch nhanh nh BSV 52L ta thy: ton=12ns; toff=18ns. Cc BJT ny c gi l transistor chuyn mch (switching transistor)
2.8. TNH KHUCH I CA BJT

Xem mch in hnh 2.17
Gi s ta a mt tn hiu xoay chiu c dng sin, bin nh vo chn B ca BJT nh hnh v. in th chn B ngoi thnh phn phn cc VB cn c thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu vi(t) chng ln. vB(t)=VB+vi(t)
B
Cc t C1 v C2 ng vo v ng ra c chn nh th no c th xem nh ni tt dung khng rt nh - tn s ca tn hiu. Nh vy tc dng ca cc t lin lc C1, C2 l cho thnh phn xoay chiu ca tn hiu i qua v ngn thnh phn phn cc mt chiu.
Trng Vn Tm
II-11
Mch in T
V BJT, ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng kiu mu re hay mch tng ng theo thng s h. Hnh 2.20 m t 2 loi mch tng ng ny 2 dng n gin v y
Trng Vn Tm
II-12
Mch in T
* Dng n gin
* Dng y
Hnh 2.20
Trng Vn Tm
II-13
Mch in T
Do ngun ph thuc ib c th thay th bng ngun gm.vbe
2.9. MCH KHUCH I CC PHT CHUNG

Tn hiu a vo cc nn B, ly ra cc thu C. Cc pht E dng chung cho ng vo v ng ra
2.9.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc c nh v n nh cc pht

Mch c bn nh hnh 2.21 v mch tng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.22
Tr s do nh sn xut cho bit Tr s re c tnh t mch phn cc:
T mch tng ng ta tm c cc thng s ca mch. * li in th:
Trng Vn Tm
II-14
Mch in T
Du - cho thy vo v vi ngc pha
tnh tng tr ra ca mch, u tin ta ni tt ng vo (vi=0); p mt ngun gi tng c tr s vo vo pha ng ra nh hnh 2.23, xong lp t s
Khi vi=0 ib = 0 ib=0 (tng ng mch h) nn
Trng Vn Tm
II-15
Mch in T
Ch : Trong mch c bn hnh 2.21 nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE (nh hnh 2.24) hoc ni thng chn E xung mass (nh hnh 2.25) th trong mch tng ng xoay chiu s khng cn s hin din ca in tr RE (hnh 2.26)
Phn gii mch ta s tm c:
Tht ra cc kt qu trn c th suy ra t cc kt qu hnh 2.22 khi cho RE=0
2.9.2. Mch khuch i cc pht chung vi kiu phn cc bng cu chia in th v n nh cc pht
y l dng mch rt thng dng do c n nh tt. Mch c bn nh hnh 2.27 v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.28 So snh hnh 2.28 vi hnh 2.22 ta thy hon ton ging nhau nu thay RB=R1//R2 nn ta c th suy ra cc kt qu:
B
Trng Vn Tm
II-16
Mch in T
Ch : Trong mch in hnh 2.27, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE cc pht (hnh 2.29) hoc ni thng cc pht E xung mass (hnh 2.30) th trong mch tng ng cng khng cn s hin din ca RE
Cc kt qu trn vn ng khi ta cho RE=0
2.9.3. Mch khuch i cc pht chung phn cc bng hi tip in th v n nh cc pht

Mch tng qut nh hnh 2.31 v mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 2.32
Trng Vn Tm
II-17
Mch in T
* li in th:
Trng Vn Tm
II-18
Mch in T
* Tng tr ra: Z 0 =
vo : ni tt ng vo (vi=0) ib=0 v ib=0 io
Zo=RC//RB
(2.47)
Ch : Cng ging nh phn trc, mch hnh 2.31, nu ta mc thm t phn dng CE vo cc E ca BJT hoc mc thng cc E xung mass th cc thng s ca mch c suy ra khi cho RE=0
2.10. MCH KHUCH I CC THU CHUNG

Cn gi l mch khuch i theo cc pht (Emitter fllower). Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 2.33 v mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 2.34
Nh kt qu c thy phn sau, im c bit ca mch ny l li in th nh hn v gn bng 1, tn hiu vo v ra cng pha, tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra li rt
Trng Vn Tm
II-19
Mch in T
nh nn tc dng gn nh bin th. V cc l do trn, mch cc thu chung thng c dng lm mch m (Buffer) gip cho vic truyn tn hiu t hiu sut cao nht.
* Tng tr ra Zo Ni tt ng vo (vi=0), p 1 in th vo ng ra
Ch : - Mch khuch i cc thu chung cng c th c phn cc bng cu chia in th nh hnh 2.36. Cc cng thc trn mch phn gii trn vn ng, ch cn thay RB=R1//R2
B
- Mch cng c th c mc thm 1 in tr RC nh hnh 2.37. Cc cng thc trn vn ng khi thay RB=R1//R2. Tng tr vo Zi v tng tr ra Z0 khng thay i v RC khng lm nh hng n cc nn v cc pht. RC a vo ch lm nh hng n vic xc nh im tnh iu hnh.
2.11. MCH KHUCH I CC NN CHUNG

Dng mch thng dng v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 2.38
Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:
2.12. PHN GII THEO THNG S h N GIN

Vic phn gii cc mch dng BJT theo thng s h cng tng ng nh kiu mu re. y ta s khng i su vo cc chi tit m ch dng li nhng kt qu quan trng nht ca mch. Cc thng s h thng c nh sn xut cho bit. Ngoi ra ta cn nh n cc lin h gia 2 mch tng ng
Trng Vn Tm
II-21
Mch in T
2.12.1. Mch khuch i cc pht chung

Th d ta xem mch hnh 2.39a v mch tng ng hnh 2.39b Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c - Tng tr vo Zi=R1//R2//Zb vi: Zb=hie+(1+hfe)RE#hie+hfeRE
(2.56)
- Tng tr ra: Zo=RC
(2.57)
Ghi ch: Trng hp ta mc thm t phn dng CE hoc mch in khng c RE (chn E mc xung mass) th trong mch tng ng s khng c s hin din ca RE Cc kt qu s l:
Trng Vn Tm
II-22
Mch in T
2.12.2. Mch khuch i cc thu chung

Xem mch hnh 2.40a vi mch tng ng 2.40b
- Tng tr vo: Zi=R1//R2//Zb - Tng tr ra: Mch tnh tng tr ra nh hnh 2.40c
Thng thng hie << hfeRE Av # 1 - li dng in:

2.12.3. Mch khuch i cc nn chung

Dng mch v mch tng ng nh hnh 2.41
Phn gii mch tng ng ta tm c:
2.13. PHN GII THEO THNG S h Y

im quan trng trong cch phn gii theo thng s h y l cng thc tnh cc thng s ca mch khuch i c th p dng cho tt c cc cch rp. Ch cn ch l mch cc pht chung l hie, hfe, hre, hoe; mch cc nn chung l hib, hfb, hrb, hob v mch cc thu chung l hic, hfc, hrc, hoc. M hnh sau y l mch tng ng tng qut ca BJT theo thng s h mt cch y , ngi ta xem BJT nh mt t cc.
Trng Vn Tm
II-24
Mch in T
Khc vi phn trc, y li dng in Ai c xc nh trc.
Nu hoRL << 1 Ai # hf
Ta tm li c dng quen thuc Zi=hi nu s hng th hai rt nh so vi s hng th nht - Tng tr ra Zo L t s ca in th ng ra v dng in ng ra khi ng vo ni tt (vs=0)
Trng Vn Tm
II-25
Mch in T
Ta s tm li c dng quen thuc Zo=1/ho khi s hng th hai (ca mu s) khng ng k so vi s hng th nht.
BI TP CUI CHNG II
Bi 1: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc dng cu chia in th vi ngun in VCC=24V, BJT s dng c =100/si v iu hnh ti ICQ=4mA, VCEQ=8v. Chn VE=1/8VCC. Dng in tr c gi tr tiu chun. Bi 2: Thit k mch o vi thng s nh hnh 2.44. BJT dng c =100/si v ICsat=8mA. Hy thit k vi IB=120%IBmax v dng in tr tiu chun.
B
Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 2.45 a. Xc nh cc tr phn cc IB, IC, VE, VCE . b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c CE) c. Tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th
B
ca mch (khng c CE) d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc CE vo mch
Trng Vn Tm
II-26
Mch in T
Bi 4: Trong mch in hnh 2.46 a. Xc nh tr phn cc IC, VC, VE, VCE . b. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh (khng c CE) c. Tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th Av=vo/vi ca mch (khng c CE) d. Lp li cu b, c khi mc CE vo mch.
Bi 5: Trong mch in hnh 2.47 a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh b. Thit lp cng thc tnh Zi, Av c . p dng bng s tnh Zi v Av
Bi 6: Trong mch in hnh 2.48
Trng Vn Tm
II-27
Mch in T
c. Nhn xt g gia vo1 v vo2
Bi 7: Trong mch in hnh 2.49 a. V mch tng ng xoay chiu vi tn hiu nh b. Thit lp cng thc tnh tng tr vo Zi v li in th Av c. p dng bng s tnh Zi v Av.
Bi 8: Trong mch in hnh 2.50, Hy xc nh:
Trng Vn Tm
II-28
Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
II-29
Mch in T
Chng 3: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng FET
Chng 3
MCH PHN CC V KHUCH I TN HIU NH DNG FET
FET, s lin h gia ng vo v ng ra khng tuyn tnh nh BJT. Mt s khc bit na l BJT ngi ta dng s bin thin ca dng in ng vo (IB) lm cng vic iu khin, cn FET, vic iu khin l s bin thin ca in th ng vo VGS. Vi FET cc phng trnh lin h dng phn gii mch l: IG = 0A (dng in cc cng) ID = IS (dng in cc pht = dng in cc ngun).
B
FET c th c dng nh mt linh kin tuyn tnh trong mch khuch i hay nh mt linh kin s trong mch logic. E-MOSFET thng dng trong mch s hn, c bit l trong cu trc CMOS.
3.1 PHN CC JFET V DE-MOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM:

V khi iu hnh theo kiu him, 2 loi FET ny u hot ng in th cc thot dng so vi cc ngun v in th cc cng m so vi cc ngun (th d knh N), nn c cng cch phn cc. tin vic phn gii, y ta kho st trn JFET knh N. Vic DE-MOSFET iu hnh theo kiu tng (in th cc cng dng so vi in th cc ngun) s c phn tch phn sau ca chng ny.
3.1.1 Phn cc c nh:

Dng mch nh hnh 3.1
Trng Vn Tm
III-1
Mch in T
Ta c: IG = 0; VGS = -RGIG - VGG
RGIG = 0 VGS = -VGG
(3.1)
ng thng VGS=-VGG c gi l ng phn cc. Ta cng c th xc nh c ID t c tuyn truyn. im iu hnh Q chnh l giao im ca c tuyn truyn vi ng phn cc. T mch ng ra ta c: (3.2) VDS = VDD - RDID y l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Ngoi ra:
VS = 0 VD = VDS = VDD - RDID
VG = VGS = -VGG
3.1.2 Phn cc t ng:

y l dng phn cc thng dng nht cho JFET. Trong kiu phn cc ny ta ch dng mt ngun in mt chiu VDD v c thm mt in tr RS mc cc ngun nh hnh 3.3
Trng Vn Tm
III-2
Mch in T
VGS = VG - VS = -RSID (3.3) y l phng trnh ng phn cc. Trong trng hp ny VGS l mt hm s ca dng in thot ID v khng c nh nh trong mch phn cc c nh. - Thay VGS vo phng trnh schockley ta tm c dng in thot ID.
V IG = 0 nn VG = 0 v ID = IS
- Dng ID cng c th c xc nh bng im iu hnh Q. l giao im ca ng phn cc vi c tuyn truyn. Mch ng ra ta c: VDS = VDD-RDID-RSIS = VDD-(RD + RS)ID y l phng trnh ng thng ly in. Ngoi ra: VS=RSID ; VG = 0; VD = VDD-RDID
3.1.3 Phn cc bng cu chia in th:
(3.5)
Dng mch nh hnh 3.5
Trng Vn Tm
III-3
Mch in T
Ta c: VGS = VG - VS
< 0 tc
VS = RSIS = RSID VGS = VG - RSID (3.7) y l phng trnh ng phn cc. Do JFET iu hnh theo kiu him nn phi chn R1, R2 v RS sao cho VGS
truyn.
IDQ v VGSQ chnh l ta giao im ca ng phn cc v c tuyn
Ta thy khi RS tng, ng phn cc nm ngang hn, tc VGS m hn v dng ID nh hn. T im iu hnh Q, ta xc nh c VGSQ v IDQ. Mt khc: (3.8) VDS = VDD - (RD + RS)ID (3.9) VD = VDD - RDID (3.10) VS = RSID
3.2 DE-MOSFET IU HNH KIU TNG:

Ta xt DE-MOSFET knh N. iu hnh theo kiu tng, ta phi phn cc sao cho VGS >0 nn ID >IDSS, do ta phi ch n dng thot ti a IDmax m DE-MOSFET c th chu ng c.

y l dng mch phn cc thng dng nht. Nn ch l do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn khng th dng cch phn cc t ng. Cc in tr R1, R2 , RS phi c chn sao cho VG>VS tc VGS >0. Th d ta xem mch phn cc hnh 3.7.
Trng Vn Tm III-4 Mch in T
- c tuyn truyn c xc nh bi: IDSS = 6mA VGS(off) =-3v
- ng phn cc c xc nh bi:
VGS = VG-RSID
Vy VGS(off) = 1.5volt - ID(mA). 0,15 (k) T th hnh 3.8 ta suy ra: IDQ =7.6mA VGSQ = 0.35v VDS = VDD - (RS+RD)ID = 3.18v
3.2.2 Phn cc bng mch hi tip in th:

Mch c bn hnh 3.9
- c tuyn truyn ging nh trn. - ng phn cc xc nh bi: VGS = VDS = VDD - RDID trng vi ng thng ly in. V hai c tuyn ny ta c th xc nh c IDQ v VGSQ
Trng Vn Tm III-5
(3.11)
Mch in T
3.3 MCH PHN CC E-MOSFET:

Do E-MOSFET ch phn cc theo kiu tng (VGS >0 knh N v VGS <0 knh P), nn ngi ta thng dng mch phn cc bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip in th. E-MOSFET knh N khi VGS cn nh hn VGS(th) th dng thot ID =0 mA, khi VGS >VGS(th) th ID c xc nh bi: H s k c xc nh t cc thng s ca nh sn xut. Thng nh sn xut cho bit VGS(th) v mt dng ID(on) tng ng vi mt in th VGS(on). Suy ra:
xc nh v v c tuyn truyn ngi ta xc nh thm 2 im: mt im ng vi VGS <VGS(on) v mt im ng vi VGS >VGS(on)
3.3.1 Phn cc bng hi tip in th:
VGS = VDS = VDD - RDID (3.13) Ta thy ng phn cc trng vi ng thng ly in. Giao im ca ng phn cc v c tuyn truyn l im iu hnh Q.
V IG = 0 nn VD = VG v VGS = VDS

Mch ny thng dng hn v c dng nh hnh 3.13
T mch cng ngun ta c: VG = VGS - RSID VGS = VG - RSID y l phng trnh ng phn cc.
(3.14)
Do iu hnh theo kiu tng nn ta phi chn R1, R2, RS sao cho: VGS >VS = RSID tc VGS >0 Giao im ca c tuyn truyn v ng phn cc l im iu hnh Q. T th ta suy ra IDQ v VGSQ v t ta c th tm c VDS, VD, VS ...
3.4 MCH KT HP BJT V FET:

n nh im tnh iu hnh cho FET, ngi ta c th dng mch phn cc kt hp vi BJT. BJT y ng vai tr nh mt ngun dng in. Mch phn cc cho BJT thng dng l mch cu chia in th hay n nh cc pht. Th d ta xc nh VD v VC ca mch hnh 3.15.
Trng Vn Tm
III-7
Mch in T
ng:
l: RE = 288k >10R2 = 240k nn ta c th p dng phng php tnh gn
Ta c th gii phng trnh trn tm VGS. n gin hn ta dng phng php th. Cch v c tuyn truyn nh phn trc. T th ta suy ra: VGS=-3.7volt. T : VC = VB - VGS = 7.32v
B
Ngi ta cng c th dng FET nh mt ngun dng in n nh phn cc cho BJT nh hnh 3.17. Sinh vin th phn gii xc nh VC, VD ca mch.
3.5 THIT K MCH PHN CC DNG FET:

Cng vic thit k mch phn cc dng FET tht ra khng ch gii hn cc iu kin phn cc. Ty theo nhu cu, mt s cc iu kin khc cng phi c ti, nht l vic n nh im tnh iu hnh. T cc thng s ca linh kin v dng mch phn cc c la chn, dng cc nh lut Kirchoff, nh lut Ohm... v phng trnh Schockley hoc c tuyn truyn, ng phn cc... xc nh cc thng s cha bit.
Tng qut trong thc hnh, thit k mt mch phn cc dng FET, ngi ta thng chn im iu hnh nm trong vng hot ng tuyn tnh. Tr s tt nht thng c chn l hoc . Ngoi ra, VDS cng khng c vt qu tr s ti a m FET c th chu ng c. Th d: Trong mch in hnh 3.18a, chn ID = 2.5 mA, VD = 12v. Dng FET c IDSS = 6mA, VGS(off) =-3v. Xc nh RD v RS.
T c tuyn truyn Khi ID = 2.5mA th VGS=-1v. Vy: VGS=-RSID (RS =-VGS/ID =0.4k (chn RS = 390)
3.6 TNH KHUCH I CA FET V MCH TNG NG XOAY CHIU TN HIU NH:
Ngi ta cng c th dng FET khuch i tn hiu nh nh BJT. JFET v DE-MOSFET khi iu hnh theo kiu him c dng mch ging nhau. im khc nhau ch yu JFET v DE-MOSFET l tng tr vo ca DE-MOSFET ln hn nhiu (sinh vin xem li gio trnh linh kin in t). Trong lc BJT, s thay i dng in ng ra (dng cc thu) c iu khin bng dng in ng vo (dng cc nn), th FET, s thay i dng in ng ra (dng cc thot) c iu khin bng mt in th nh ng vo (hiu th cng ngun VGS). BJT ta c li dng in th FET c truyn dn gm. Vi tn hiu nh, mch tng ng xoay chiu ca FET nh hnh 3.19a, trong r l tng tr vo ca FET.
Trng Vn Tm
III-9
Mch in T
JFET, r khong hng chc n hng trm M, trong lc MOSFET thng hng trm n hng ngn M. Do , thc t ngi ta c th b r trong mch tng ng (hnh 3.19b). rd l tng tr ra ca FET, c nh ngha: tc ty thuc vo im iu hnh, rd c th thay i t vi chc k
n vi chc M. rd v gm thng c nh sn xut cho bit di dng rd=1/yos; gm=yfs mt im iu hnh no . Nu trong mch thit k, RD (in tr ni t cc thot ln ngun) khng ln lm (vi k), ta c th b rd trong mch tng ng (hnh 3.19c).
3.7 MCH KHUCH I DNG JFET HOC DEMOSFET IU HNH THEO KIU HIM:
3.7.1 Mch cc ngun chung:
C th dng mch phn cc c nh (hnh 3.20), mch phn cc t ng (hnh 3.21) hoc mch phn cc bng cu chia in th (hnh 3.22). Mch tng ng xoay chiu v hnh 3.23.
Trng Vn Tm
III-10
Mch in T
Trong Ri=RG hnh 3.20 v 3.21; Ri=R1 //R2 hnh 3.22. Phn gii mch ta tm c:
- Tng tr ra: Z0 = rd //RD
(3.17)
3.7.2 li in th ca mch khuch i cc ngun chung vi in tr RS :

Gi s ta xem mch hnh 3.24 vi mch tng ng hnh 3.25.
Trng Vn Tm
III-11
Mch in T
3.7.3 Mch khuch i cc thot chung hay theo ngun(Common Drain or source follower)
Ngi ta c th dng mch phn cc t ng hoc phn cc bng cu chia in th nh hnh 3.26 v hnh 3.27
Trng Vn Tm
III-12
Mch in T
Mch tng ng xoay chiu c v hnh 3.28. Trong : Ri=RG trong hnh 3.26 v Ri = R1 //R2 trong hnh 3.27. - li in th: Ta c: v0 = (gmvgs)( RS //rd) Vgs = vi - v0
- Tng tr vo Zi = Ri (3.20) - Tng tr ra: Ta thy RS song song vi rd v song song vi ngun dng in gmvgs. Nu ta thay th ngun dng in ny bng mt ngun in th ni tip vi in tr 1/gm v t ngun in th ny bng 0 trong cch tnh Z0, ta tm c tng tr ra ca mch: (3.21) Z0 = RS //rd // 1/gm
3.7.4 Mch khuch i cc cng chung: ( Common-gate circuit)

Mch cn bn v mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 3.29a v 3.29b.
Trng Vn Tm
III-13
Mch in T
3.8 MCH KHUCH I DNG E-MOSFET:

Do E-MOSFET ch iu hnh theo kiu tng, nn thng c phn cc bng cu chia in th hoc hi tip in th. Th d: Ta xem mch hnh 3.30a c mch tng ng xoay chiu hnh 3.30b.
Trng Vn Tm
III-14
Mch in T
Thng thng gmRG >>1 nn AV = -gm(RG //rd //RD) Nhng RG thng rt ln nn AV -gm(rd //RD)
(3.25)
- Xc nh gi tr ca gm: gm thng c nh sn xut cho bit mt s iu kin phn cc c bit, hay c th c tnh t im tnh iu hnh. Hoc gm c th c tnh mt cch gn ng t cng thc: gm = 2k[VGS - VGS(th)] vi k c tr s trung bnh khong 0.3mA/V2. - Tng tr vo:
- Tng tr ra: Z0 = RD //rd //RG
(3.27)
3.9 THIT K MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:

Vn thit k mch khuch i dng FET y gii hn ch tm cc iu kin phn cc, cc tr s ca linh kin th ng c c li in th mong mun. Th d: Thit k mch khuch i phn cc t ng dng JFET nh hnh 3.31 sao cho li in th bng 10.
Trng Vn Tm
III-15
Mch in T
RG nn chn kh ln khng lm gim tng tr vo ca mch. Th d ta c th chn RG= 10M.
BI TP CUI CHNG III

Bi 1: Xc nh ID, VDS, VD v VS ca mch hnh 3.32
Bi 2: mch hnh 3.33, cho VDS = 8v. Xc nh ID, VD, VS, VGS.
Bi 3: Hy thit k mt mch phn cc t ng dng JFET c IDSS=8mA; VGS(off)=-6v v im iu hnh Q IDQ = 4mA vi ngun cung cp VDD= +14v. Chn RD = 3RS. Bi 4: Thit k mt mch phn cc bng cu chia in th dng DE-MOSFET vi IDSS = 10mA, VGS(off) = -4v c im iu hnh Q IDQ = 2.5mA v dng ngun cp in VDD=24v. Chn VG=4v v RD=2.5RS vi R1=22M. Bi 5: Tnh Zi, Z0 v AV ca mch in hnh 3.34
Trng Vn Tm
III-16
Mch in T
Bi 6: Xc nh gi tr ca RD v RS trong mch in hnh 3.35 khi c phn cc VGSQ = 1/2VGS(off) v VDSQ = 1/2VDD. Tnh li in th trong trng hp ny.
Bi 7: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng nh hnh 3.36, sao cho li in th l 8. gii hn bc thit k, cho VGSQ gn tr s ti a ca gm, th d nh VGS(off)/4.
Bi 8: Thit k mch khuch i dng JFET c dng hnh 3.37 sao cho li in th bng 5. Chn VGSQ=VGS(off)/4.
Trng Vn Tm
III-18
Mch in T
Chng 4: nh hng ca ni tr ngun v tng tr ti
Chng 4
NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN TN HIU (RS) V TNG TR TI (RL) LN MCH KHUCH I
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta phn tch v tnh ton cc thng s ca mch khuch i dng BJT v FET khi khng c ti v ngun tn hiu c xem nh l tng (khng c ni tr). Thc t, ngun tn hiu lun c ni tr RS v mch c ti RL. Ni tr RS v ti RL nh vy s lm thay i cc thng s ca mch nh tng tr vo, tng tr ra, li in th v li dng in. Ni dung ca chng ny l kho st nh hng ca RS v RL ln cc thng s.
4.1 H THNG 2 CNG (two-port systems)

Ngi ta thng xem BJT v FET nh mt h thng 2 cng (hay t cc) nh hnh 4.1
Trong vi, ii, Zi ln lt l in th (tn hiu), dng in v tng tr ca ng vo. v0, i0, Z0 l in th, dng in v in tr ca ng ra. AVNL, AINL l li in th v li dng in ca h thng. Ton b cc thng s ny c nh ngha khi ng ra khng mc ti v khng c in tr ngun RS. p dng nh l Thevenin hai cc ca ng ra, ta c: Zth=Z0=R0 Ngun in th Thevenin Eth l in th mch h gia 2 u ng ra, l v0. Vy:
Nn Eth=AVNL.vi Ta c th dng Ri=Zi=vi/ii biu din mch ng vo v dng ngun Thevenin Eth=AVNL.Vi v Z0=R0 biu din ng ra ca h thng 2 cng.
Trng Vn Tm
IV-1
Mch in T
th li mch tng ng ny, ta th tm Z0 v AVNL. tm Z0, ta ni tt ng vo tc vi=0v, t AVNL.vi=0v v tng ng vi mch ni tt, do Z0=R0 nh nh ngha pha trn. S vng mt ca ti s a n i0=0 v in th gim qua R0 l VR0=0. Do ng ra h chnh bng ngun AVNL.vi. Th d: Cho mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 4.3. Hy v mch tng ng 2 cng. Gii: Phn gii mch ny ta tm c: Zi=1.07k; Z0=3k; AVNL=-280.11 (xem li chng 2) Dng cc d kin ny ta v li mch tng ng 2 cng nh hnh 4.4.
Du tr trong ngun in th ph thuc c ngha l ngun in th tht s ngc vi ngun iu khin ch nh trn hnh v. N cng cho thy lch pha 1800 gia in th ng vo v ng ra. Trong th d trn, in tr RC=3k c a vo xc nh li in th khng ti. S phn tch trong chng ny s xem cc in tr phn cc l thnh phn ca li khng ti, ti RL s c ni vo cc cc ca ng ra.
4.2 HIU NG CA TNG TR TI RL

Phn ny, ta xem nh hng ca tng tr ti RL i vi kiu mu 2 cng. (xem hnh 4.5) p dng cng thc cu chia in th mch ng ra ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-2
Mch in T
Tuy Ri thay i ty theo dng mch, nhng dng in ng vo lun lun c xc nh bi:
li dng in nh vy c th tm c t li in th, tng tr vo v in tr ti. ng thng ly in ng: (xoay chiu)
c xem nh ni tt v ti ca mch in c xem l RL v in tr cc thu RC mc song song vi nhau. Tc dng ca in tr ti RL lm cho ng thng ly in ng c dc ng hn dng in ly in tnh. im ch quan trng l c 2 ng thng ny u qua cng mt im Q.
Trng Vn Tm IV-3 Mch in T
Khi cha mc ti RL, nu ta p mt tn hiu nh hnh sin vo cc nn ca transistor , dng in cc nn ca transistor s bin ng t IB1n IB3 nn in th ng ra VCE cng bin ng nh hnh v. Nu ta mc ti RL vo, v s bin ng ca IB vn khng thay i nhng dc ca ng thng ly in thay i (ng hn) nn tn hiu ra VCE nh hn.
B
4.3 NH HNG CA NI TR NGUN RS

By gi ta quay li ng vo ca h thng 2 cng v kho st nh hng ca ni tr ca ngun tn hiu ln li ca mch khuch i. Hnh 4.8 m t mt ngun tn hiu VS c ni tr RS c p vo ng vo ca h thng 2 cng cn bn.
Trng Vn Tm
IV-4
Mch in T
T nh ngha ca Zi v AVNL ta thy chng khng b nh hng bi ni tr RS nhng tng tr ra c th b nh hng bi RS. T hnh 4.8, ta thy tn hiu vi a vo h thng 2 cng by gi l:
Nh vy nu ni tr ngun RS cng ln th li ca mch cng nh (do tn hiu vo vi nh). Vi h thng 2 cng bn trn ta c:
4.4 NH HNG CHUNG CA RS V RL:

Hnh 4.9 l mt ngun tn hiu vi ni tr RS v mt ti RL c mc vo h thng 2 cng vi cc thng s ring Zi=Ri, AVNL, Z0=R0 nh nh ngha.
ng vo ta c:
li ton mch:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-5
Mch in T
Ngoi ra:
i.
V iS =ii nn Ais=Ai tc phng trnh (4.6) v (4.7) cho cng mt kt qu. Phng trnh (4.5) cho thy c hai RS v RL u c tc dng lm gim khuch
4.5 MCH CC PHT CHUNG DNG BJT:

Trong phn ny ta xt cc dng khc nhau ca mch khch i cc pht chung dng BJT vi nh hng ca RS v RL. S phn gii chi tit s khng c cp n do qu quen thuc. y ta ch a ra cc kt qu chnh.
4.5.1 Mch phn cc c nh:

Kiu mch phn cc c nh c xc nh cc chi tit trong cc phn trc. Mch tng ng vi ni tr ngun RS v ti RL nh hnh 4.10.
Ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-6
Mch in T
Vi mch tng ng kiu mu re nh hnh 4.11 cho mch phn cc c nh, ta phn gii v s tm c cng kt qu.
tnh AVS, t mch tng 2 cng ta c:
4.5.2 Mch dng cu chia in th:

Vi mch dng cu chia in th (hnh 4.12), ti RL c ni cc thu.
4.5.3 Mch cc pht chung khng c t phn dng:

Mch in nh hnh 4.13
Trng Vn Tm
IV-7
Mch in T
Tng tr vo: Tng tr ra: Z0=RC
4.5.4 Mch hi tip cc thu:

Dng mch nh hnh 4.14
4.6 MCH CC THU CHUNG:

Mch cc thu chung hay mch emitter-follower vi ti RL v ni tr ngun RS nh hnh 4.15. im quan trng cn ch l mch ny Z0 s b nh hng bi RS v Zi b
nh hng bi RL. Do khi dng mch tng ng 2 cng phn gii ta phi tnh li Zi v Z0 v a cc tr s mi ny vo mch tng ng 2 cng (xem th d).
Trong : RE=RE //RL; ie=(+1)ib T mch ng vo ta c: vS=(RS+re)ib + (+1)REib
T phng trnh ny ta c th v mch tng ng:
T ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-9
Mch in T
Th d: Cho mch in hnh 4.18. Cc thng s ca mch khi khng c ti l: Zi=157.54 k Z0=21.6 ( (khng c RS) AVNL=0.993 vi re=21.74, =65 Xc nh: a/ Gi tr mi ca Zi v Z0 khi c RL v RS.
Gii
a/ Ta c tng tr vo v tng tr ra khi c RS v RL l: Zi=RB //[re + RE //RL] = 75.46k Z0=RE //(RS/ + re)=30.08 b/ Ta c mch tng ng 2 cng:
4.7 MCH CC NN CHUNG:

Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.20 Tng tr vo v tng tr ra (Zi v Z0) cng ging nh trng hp khng ti. li in th v dng in c xc nh bi:
Trng Vn Tm
IV-11
Mch in T
4.8 MCH DNG FET:

FET, do cc cng cch in hn khi cc ngun v cc thot, nn trong mch khuch i dng FET ti RL khng nh hng n tng tr vo Zi v ni tr ngun Rsig khng nh hng ln tng tr ra Z0.
4.8.1 in tr cc ngun c t phn dng:

Xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 4.21. Ti RL c xem nh mc song song vi in tr RD trong mch tng ng vi tn hiu nh. Ta c cc kt qu sau:
4.8.2 in tr cc ngun khng c t phn dng:

Mch cn bn nh hnh 4.21 nhng khng c t CS. Ta c kt qu:
4.8.3 Mch cc thot chung:

Mch nh hnh 4.22
Tng tr vo Zi c lp vi RL v c xc nh bi Zi=RG
Trng Vn Tm
IV-12
Mch in T
li in th khi c ti cng ging nh khi khng c ti vi RS c thay bng RS //RL
4.8.4 Mch cc cng chung:

Dng mch nh hnh 4.23
BI TP CUI CHNG IV
Bi 1: Cho mch in nh hnh 4.24 a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0 b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh cu a. c/ Tnh li in th AV=v0/vi bng cch dng kiu mu 2 cng. d/ Xc nh li dng in Ai=i0/ii e/ Xc nh AV, Zi, Z0 bng cch dng kiu mu re v so snh kt qu vi phn trn.
a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0 b/ V mch tng 2 cng vi cc thng s c tnh cu a. c/ Xc nh Av=v0 /vi v AVS= v0 /vS. d/ Thay RS =1k, xc nh AV v AVS. Khi RS tng AV v AVS thay i nh th no? e/ Thay RS=1k, xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0. Cc thng s ny thay i ra sao khi RS tng. f/ Thay RL=5.6k.Xc nh AV v AVS. Khi RL tng AV v AVS thay i nh th no? (RS vn l 0.6k).
Bi 3: Cho mch in hnh 4.26 a/ Xc nh AVNL, Zi, Z0. b/ V mch tng ng 2 cng vi cc thng s tnh c cu a. c/ Xc dnh AV v AVS. d/ Thay RL=4.7k. Tm li AV, AVS. Nhn xt? e/ Thay RSig =1k (vi RL=4.7k). tm li AV v AVS. Nhn xt? f/ Thay RL=4.7k, RSig=1k. Tm li Zi, Z0. Nhn xt?
Trng Vn Tm
IV-15
Mch in T
Chng 5: p ng tn s ca BJT v FET
Chng 5
P NG TN S CA BJT V FET
Trong cc chng 2, 3, 4 ta phn tch cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT v FET. Vic phn tch ch ng trong mt di tn s nht nh, ta gi s cc t lin lc ng vo, ng ra v phn dng c dung khng khng ng k v c xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu. Ngoi ra di tn s nh hng ca cc in dung lin cc trong BJT v FET khng ng k. Di tn s ny thng c gi l di tn s gia. Trong chng ny ta s kho st nh hng ca cc t lin lc, phn dng (c in dung ln) tn s thp v cc t lin cc (c in dung nh) tn s cao ln cc thng s ca mch khuch i. Trc khi i vo chi tit, ta cn bit qua mt s khi nim cn thit nh l mt cng c kho st.
5.1 DECIBEL:
Ta xem mch tng ng 2 cng hnh 5.1
Cng sut ng vo c nh ngha: Pi=vi.ii Cng sut ng ra c nh ngha: P0=v0.i0
Trong k ngh ngi ta thng a ra mt n v l decibel (dB) din t li cng sut. n v cn bn ban u l Bel v c nh ngha:
Trng Vn Tm
V-1
Mch in T
5.2 MCH LC THNG THNG R.C:

Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 5.2
T C c xem nh ni tt (short-circuit), kt qu l: v0 vi - khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th AV=v0 /vi thay i nhu hnh 5.3. Khi tn s tng, dung khng ca t C gim v tn hiu ng ra v0 ln dn. in th ng vo v ng ra lin h vi nhau bng cng thc:
Trng Vn Tm
V-2
Mch in T
Ti AV=1 v0=vi (tr ti a) AV(dB)=20Log1=0dB Vy tn s ct l tn s ti li gim iln hay gim li c vit di dng s phc:
i 3dB. Nu phng trnh
Khi f<<fi, phng trnh trn c th vit gn ng:
Vi cng thc gn ng ny ta thy:
Trng Vn Tm
V-3
Mch in T
Mch lc nu trn c li gim i 20dB khi tn s gim i 10 ln hay li gim 6dB khi tn s gim phn na c gi l mch lc 6dB/octave hay 20dB/decade
Trng Vn Tm
V-4
Mch in T
5.3 MCH LC H THNG RC:

Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 5.6.
khong gia 2 tn s ny, li in th thay i nh hnh 5.7. Khi tn s tng dn, dung khng ca t C cng gim v v0 cng gim.
Tng t nh mch lc h thng, khi f>>fi th AV(dB) =-20log(f/fi) v dc ca gin cng l 20dB/decade.
Trng Vn Tm V-5 Mch in T
5.4 P NG TN S THP CA MCH KHUCH I DNG BJT:

Trong on ny, ta phn tch mch khuch i dng cu chia in th, nhng kt qu cng c th c p dng cho cc mch khc.
Ti tn s ct fLS, in th tn hiu vi bng 70.7% so vi gi tr c xc nh bi phng trnh (5.11) v nh vy ta thy CS ch c nh hng ln khuch i ca mch tn s thp. mch khuch i nh hnh (5.8), khi phn tch nh hng ca CS; ta gi s CE v CC c dung khng kh ln v xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu. Vi gi s ny, mch tng ng xoay chiu ng vo nh hnh 5.10.
CC: V CC c ni gia ng ra ca BJT v ti nn hnh nh CC v RL, R0 nh mt mch lc thng thng. Tn s ct do nh hng ca CC c th c xc nh bi:
Gi s rng nh hng ca CS v CE khng ng k, in th ng ra s gim cn 70.7% so vi v0 tn s gia ti fLC. Mch tng ng xoay chiu ng ra nh hnh 5.12. Vy R0 = RC //r0. CE: Ta c th xem CE nhn h thng nh hnh v 5.13
xc nh nh hng ca CE ln khuch i ca mch, ta xem mch hnh 5.16, trong khuch i c cho bi:
khi khng c CE.

Khi ta mc CE vo mch, nhn thy: - tn s tht thp, dung khng ca CE ln, CE c th xem nh h mch v li in th s nh nht c tnh bng cng thc (5.17). - Khi tn s tn hiu tng dn, dung khng ca CE gim v v mc song song vi RE nn tng tr nhn chn E gim nn khuch i tng dn. - Khi tn s ln (tn s gia hay tn s cao) t CE xem nh ni tt v li in th s cc i v . - Ti tn s fLE, li in th s gim 3dB so vi tn s gia. Nh vy ta thy rng p ng tn s thp ca mch l do nh hng ca CS, CC, CE. Tn s ct thp (tn s ti li gim 3dB) ca mch s l tn s ct thp cao nht ca fLS, fLC v fLE.
5.5 P NG TN S THP CA MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:

Vic phn tch mt mch khuch i dng FET tn s thp cng tng t nh mch khuch i dng BJT on trc. Ba t in to nh hng n li tn s thp l CG, CC v CS. Ta xem mt mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 5.17.
CG: Do t CG ni gia ngun tn hiu v h thng linh kin nn mch tng ng nh hnh 5.18. Tn s ct thp do nh hng ca CG c xc nh bi:
CC: T lin lc ng ra CC c ni gia linh kin v ti nn mch tng ng ng ra nh hnh 5.19. Tn s thp do nh hng ca CC c xc nh bi:
Trong : R0 = RD //rd.
CS: T cc ngun CS nhn h thng nh hnh 5.20. Do tn s thp do hiu ng ca CS c xc nh bi:
sau:
xc nh Req, ta ch mch tng ng ng ra ca mch dng FET bn trn nh
Ta ch l: vgs = vg - vS = vi - v0. Ta thay ngun dng gmvgs bng ngun in th v tnh Req ta cho ng vo bng 0 tc vi = 0. Mch v li nh hnh 5.12b.
Trng Vn Tm
V-9
Mch in T
5.6 HIU NG MILLER:

vng tn s cao, cc in dung ln (t lin lc, t phn dng), c xem nh ni tt v khng nh hng n cc thng s ca mch. in dung nh hng quan trng n hot ng ca mch l cc in dung lin cc bn trong linh kin v in dung to bi dy ni bn ngoi linh kin. Xem mt mch khuch i o (dch pha 1800 gia ng vo v ng ra). in dung ng vo v ng ra s gia tng bi tc dng ca in dung lin cc gia ng ra v ng vo ca linh kin v n s lm thay i khuch i ca mch. Trong m hnh 5.22, in dung hi tip ny c nh ngha l Cf. p dng nh lut Kirchoff v dng in ta c: ii=i1+i2
X Cf 1 = = X CM 1 A V (1 A V )C f
T phng trnh ny ta v li mch tng ng nh hnh 5.23. Cc t lin cc ng vo ca mch in c xem nh mc song song vi CM. Tng qut, in dung ng vo hiu ng Miller c nh ngha bi: (5.23) CMi = (1-AV)Cf Nh vy tn s cao, li in th AV l mt hm s theo CMi. V li tn s gia l cc i nn ta c th dng li ti a ny xc nh CMi trong cng thc (5.23). Hiu ng Miller cng lm gia tng in dung ng ra, chng phi c n khi xc nh tn s ngt cao.
Trng Vn Tm
V-10
Mch in T
5.7 P NG TN S CAO CA MCH KHUCH I DNG BJT:

vng tn s cao, c 2 vn xc nh im -3dB: in dung ca h thng (k sinh v lin cc) v s ph thuc vo tn s ca hfe hay .
5.7.1 Cc thng s ca h thng:

Ta xem mch khuch i dng BJT tn s cao nh hnh 5.25
Cbe, Cbc, Cce l cc t lin cc ca BJT do ch to. Cwi, Cw0 l cc t k sinh do h thng dy ni, mch in ng vo v ng ra ca BJT. Nh vy, mch tng ng xoay chiu tn s cao c th c v li nh hnh 5.26.
Trng Vn Tm
V-11
Mch in T
Trong : Ci = Cwi + Cbe + CMi C0 = Cw0 + Cce + CM0 Ch s vng mt ca CS, CC, CE v vng tn s cao cc t ny xem nh ni tt. Thng thng Cbe v Cce nh nht. Trong cc sch tra cu, nh sn xut thng ch cho bit Cbe, Cbc m b qua Cce. Dng nh l Thevenin bin i mch ng vo v ng ra, ta c:
Vi: Rth1 = RS //R1 //R2 //Ri Tn s gim 3dB do tc dng ca Ci l:
Trong : Ci = Cwi + Cbe + CMi Ci= Cwi + Cbe + (1-AV)Cbc tn s rt cao, nh hng ca Ci l lm gim tng tr vo ca h thng, gim bin tn hiu a vo h thng (gim dng ib) v do lm gim li ca mch. ng ra vi: Rth2 = Rc //RL //r0
tn s rt cao, dung khng ca C0 gim nn lm gim tng tr ra ca h thng v kt qu l v0 b gim v v0 s tin dn v 0 khi XC0 cng nh. Tn s ct cao ca mch c xc nh l tn s ct thp trong 2 tn s ct fHi v fH0. Ngoi ra v hfe (hay ) cng gim khi tn s tng nn cng phi c xem l mt yu t xc nh tn s ct cao ca mch ngoi fHi v fH0.
5.7.2 S bin thin ca hfe (hay ) theo tn s:

Ta chp nhn s bin thin ca hfe (hay ) theo tn s bng h thc:
ngi ta thng dng mch tng ng ca BJT theo thng s hn tp (lai ) tn s
cao.
Trng Vn Tm
V-12
Mch in T
Nu sch tra cu cho f th ta c th suy ra f t cng thc lin h: f = f(1-) Tch s li-bng tn c nh ngha cho BJT bi iu kin:
Trng Vn Tm
V-13
Mch in T
fT hfe(mid).f (5.30) Ch l f BW = bng tn; nn fT chnh l tch li bng tn.
Trng Vn Tm
V-14
Mch in T
5.8 P NG TN S CAO CA MCH KHUCH I DNG FET:

Vic phn tch mt mch khuch i dng FET tn s cao cng tng t nh BJT. Vi FET cng c cc in dung lin cc Cgs, Cds, Cgd v t k sinh ng vo Cwi, ng ra Cw0. Cgs v Cgd khong t 1pF n 10 pF trong lc Cds nh hn nhiu (t 0.1pF n 1pF). Ta xem mch khuch i dng FET nh hnh 5.32. Mch tng ng xoay chiu nh hnh 5.33.
Trong : Ci = CWi + CgS + CMi Vi CMi = (1-AV)Cgd
Trng Vn Tm
V-15
Mch in T
xc nh tn s ct do nh hng ca Ci v C0 ta dng mch tng ng Thevenin ng vo v ng ra.
Tn s ct cao ca mch l tn s ct c tr nh ca fHi v fH0.
Trng Vn Tm
V-16
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG V
Cwi = 5pF, Cw0 = 8pF, Cbc = 12pF, Cbe = 40pF, Cce = 8pF a/ Xc nh re b/ Tm AV(mid) =v0/vi c/ Tnh Zi d/ Tm AVS = v0/vS e/ Xc nh fLS, fLe, fLE f/ Xc nh tn s ct thp g/ V p ng tn s Bi 2: Vi mch in v cc thng s ca bi 1: a/Xc nh fHi v fH0 b/ Cho Cbe = Cbe; Cbc = Cbc. Tm f v fT c/ Xc dnh tn s ct cao v v p ng tn s. Bi 3: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 1 vi mch in hnh 5.34
Cwi=8pF, Cwo=10pF, Cbc=20pF, Cbe=30pF, Cce=12pF

Bi 4: Lp li cc cu hi bi 2 cho mch in v cc thng s ca bi 3. Bi 5:Cho mch in hnh 5.35 a/ Xc nh VGS v IDQ b/ Tm gm0 v gm c/ Tinh AV = v0/vi tn s gia d/ Xc nh Zi e/ Tnh AVS = v0/vS f/ Xc nh fLG, fLC, fLS g/ Xc nh fHi v fH0 i/ V p ng tn s. Cho bit: VGS(off) =-6v, CWi = 3pF, Cdg = 4pF, IDSS = 6mA, Cw0 = 5pF, CgS = 6pF, rd = , CdS = 1pF
Bi 6: Lp li cc cu hi ca bi 5 cho mch in hnh 5.36 Cho bit: IDSS = 10mA, VGS(off) =-6v, rd = , CWi=4pF, CW0 = 6pF, Cgd = 8pF, Cgs=12pF, CdS = 3pF
Trng Vn Tm
V-18
Mch in T
Chng 6: Cc dng lin kt ca BJT v FET
Chng 6
CC DNG LIN KT CA BJT V FET
cc chng trc, chng ta kho st cc mch khuch i ring l dng BJT v FET. Thc t, mt thit b in t lun l s ni kt ca cc mch cn bn t n mc tiu no . Trong chng ny chng ta s kho st cc dng ni kt thng dng thng gp trong mch in t.
6.1 LIN KT LIN TIP: (cascade connection)

y l s lin kt thng dng nht ca cc tng khuch i, mc ch l tng li in th. V cn bn, mt lin kt lin tip l ng ra ca tng ny c a vo ng vo ca tng k tip. Hnh 6.1 m t mt cch tng qut dng lin kt ny vi cc h thng 2 cng.
Trong Av1, Av2, ... l li in th ca mi tng khi c ti. Ngha l Av1 c xc nh vi tng tr vo Zi2 nh l ti ca tng Av1. Vi Av2, Av1 c xem nh l ngun tn hiu. li in th tng cng nh vy c xc nh bi: (6.1) AvT = Av1. Av2 . .... . Avn li dng in c xc nh bi:
Tng tr vo: Zi = Zi1 Tng tr ra : Z0 = Z0n
6.1.1 Lin kt bng t in:

Hnh 6.2 m t mt lin kt lin tip gia hai tng khuch i dng JFET.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-1
Mch in T
-Tng tr vo ca tng th 2: Zi2 = RG2 - li ca ton mch: AvT = Av1.Av2 vi Av1 = -gm1(RD1 //Zi2) = -gm1(RD1 //RG2) thng RG2 >>RD1 Av1 -gm1RD1 (6.3) v Av2 = -gm2RD2 nn AvT = Av1.Av2 AvT = gm1gm2RD1RD2 (6.4) - Tng tr vo ca h thng: Zi = Zi1 = RG1 - Tng tr ra ca h thng: Z0 = Z02 = RD2 V mt phn cc, do 2 mch lin lc vi nhau bng t in nn vic phn gii ging nh s phn gii mi tng ring l. Hnh 6.3 l mch cascade dng BJT.
Cng nh FET, mc ch ca mch ny l gia tng li in th. - li in th ca h thng:
Trng Vn Tm
VI-2
Mch in T
- Tng tr vo ca ton mch: Zi = Zi1= R1 //R2 //1re1 (6.7) (6.8) - Tng tr ra ca ton mch: Z0 = Z02 = RC2 Hnh 6.4 l mch kt hp gia FET v BJT . Mch ny, ngoi mc ch gia tng khuch i in th cn c tng tr vo ln. . AvT = Av1. Av2 Vi Av1 = -gm(RD //Zi2) (6.9) Trong Zi2 = R1 //R2 //re
. Zi = RG (rt ln) . Z 0 = RC
6.1.2 Lin lc cascade trc tip:

y cng l mt dng lin kt lin tip kh ph bin trong cc mch khuch i nht l trong k thut ch to vi mch. Hnh 6.5 m t mt mch khuch i hai tng lin lc trc tip dng BJT.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-3
Mch in T
Ta thy mch lin lc trc tip c cc li im: - Trnh c nh hng ca cc t lin lc tn s thp, do tn s gim 3dB cn di c th xung rt thp. - Trnh c s cng knh cho mch. - in th tnh ra ca tng u cung cp in th tnh cho tng sau. Tuy th, mch cng vp phi mt vi khuyt im nh: - S tri dt im tnh iu hnh ca tng th nht s nh hng n phn cc ca tng th hai. - Ngun in th phn cc thng c tr s ln nu ta dng cng mt loi BJT, vn chnh ca loi lin lc trc tip l n nh s phn cc. Cch tnh phn cc thng c p dng trn ton b mch m khng th tnh ring tng tng. Th d nh hnh 6.5 ta c:
Phn cc:
Trng Vn Tm
VI-4
Mch in T
Thng s mch khuch i:
Mch phn cc nh trn tuy n gin nhng t c dng do khng n nh (s tri dt im iu hnh ca Q1 nh hng n phn cc ca Q2), do trong cc mch lin lc trc tip ngi ta thng dng k thut hi tip mt chiu nh hnh 6.6
Mch tng ng Thevenin ng vo c v hnh 6.7. Ta c:

Trng Vn Tm VI-5 Mch in T
Thng ta chn s hng u ln VE2 n nh, t VCE1, IC1, IC2 cng n nh. thy r s n nh ny ta :
Dng in ny c lp i vi 2 v c th xem nh c lp i vi 1 nu ta chn:
thay i theo nhit v dng IC2, nhng nh hng ny s c gim thiu nu ta chn V thng s ca mch khuch i cch tnh cng nh mch trc. Lin lc trc tip dng FET: MOSFET loi tng (E-MOSFET), do cc cng cch in hn vi cc ngun v cc thot nn rt thun tin trong vic ghp trc tip.
Cch tnh phn cc ging nh mt tng ring l.

VGS1 =VDS1 = VGS2 AvT = (gmRD)2 Tng khuch i cc ngun chung v thot chung cng thun tin trong cch ghp trc tip.
in th VGS ca Q2 ty thuc vo RD, RS1 v RS2. Trong 2 cch ghp trn, FET ch hot ng tt khi 2 FET hon ton ging ht nhau. Thc t, khi 2 FET khng ng nht, s tri dt im iu hnh ca tng trc c tng sau khuch i khin cho tng cui cng hot ng trong vng khng thun li. khc phc ngi ta cng dng k thut hi tip n nh phn cc nh hnh 6.10.
Gi s in th cc thot ca Q1 ln hn bnh thng, lng sai bit ny s c khuch i bi Q2 v Q3 v do in th ti cc cng ca Q1 ln hn. iu ny lm cho Q1 dn in mnh hn, ko in th cc thot gim xung. Tuy nhin, RG cng to ra mt vn mi. Nu gi AvT l li ca ton mch th: v0 = -|AvT|.vi Nn in th ngang qua RG l: vi - v0 = vi + |AvT|vi = vi( 1+ |AvT|)
Trng Vn Tm
VI-7
Mch in T
mass.
khc phc, ngi ta chia RG ra lm 2 na v dng mt t ni tt tn hiu xung
6.2 LIN KT CHNG: (cascode connection)

Trong s lin kt ny, mt transistor ghp chng ln mt transistor khc. Hnh 6.12 m t mch lin kt chng vi mt tng cc pht chung ghp chng ln mt tng cc nn chung.
S lin kt ny phi c thit k sao cho tng cc pht chung c tng tr ra (tng tr vo ca tng cc nn chung) kh ln v li in th thp cung cp cho tng cc nn chung bo m in dung Miller ng vo thp nht nn loi lin kt ny hot ng tt tn s cao. Trong mch trn, vi cch phn tch phn cc nh cc chng trc ta tm c: VB1 = 4.9v VB2 = 10.8v IC1 # IC2 = 3.8mA
Trng Vn Tm
VI-8
Mch in T
6.3 LIN KT DARLINGTON:

y l mt dng lin kt rt thng dng gia 2 transistor (BJT hoc FET) nh hnh 6.13 v tng ng nh hnh 6.14.
S lin kt gia 2 transistor nh vy tng ng vi mt transistor duy nht c li dng in l D = 1. 2 Nu hai transistor ng nht: 1 = 2 = th D = 2 Transistor Darlington: V dng lin kt ny rt thng dng v thch hp cho vic nng cng sut nn ngy nay ngi ta thng ch to cc lin kt ny di dng mt transistor duy nht gi l transistor darlington.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-9
Mch in T
chung nn cng c tng tr vo ln, tng tr ra nh v li din th xp x 1.
6.4 LIN KT CP HI TIP:

Lin kt ny cng gm c 2 transistor v cng c dng gn ging nh lin kt Darlington nhng gm c 1 transistor PNP v mt transistor NPN.
Cng ging nh lin kt Darlington, cp hi tip s cho mt li dng in rt ln (bng tch li dng in ca 2 transistor). Mch thc t c dng nh hnh 6.17 - Tnh phn cc:
Trng Vn Tm
VI-10
Mch in T
T suy ra c IC1, IB2, IC2 - Thng s xoay chiu: Mch tng ng xoay chiu
Trng Vn Tm
VI-11
Mch in T
6.5 MCH CMOS:

Mt dng mch rt thng dng trong mch s l dng 2 E-MOSFET knh N v knh P lin kt vi nhau nh hnh 6.19 c gi l CMOS (complementaryMOSFET).
Trc khi i vo kho st hot ng ca CMOS, ta cn nh li hot ng ca EMOSFET. c tuyn truyn ca E-MOSFET knh N v knh P nh hnh 6.20 v 6.21. - E-MOSFET knh N, khi in th 0V p vo cng ngun, E-MOSFET knh N khng hot ng (ID = 0), Khi VGS >VGS(th) th E-MOSFET knh N mi hot ng. - E-MOSFET knh P, Khi VGS = 0 th E-MOSFET knh P cng ngng v ch hot ng khi VGS < VGS(th).
Phn tch mch CMOS
Ta xem mch CMOS iu hnh khi Vi = 0V hay khi Vi= +5V - Khi Vi = 0V c a vo cc cng ca CMOS . Vi Q1 (NMOS) VGS = 0 Q1 ngng . Vi Q2 (PMOS) VGS = -5V Q2 bo ha. Kt qu l V0 = 5V
- Khi Vi = +5V a vo . Vi Q1 (NMOS) VGS = 5V Q1 bo ha . Vi Q2 (PMOS) VGS = 0V Q2 ngng

Kt qu l V0 = 0V
6.6 MCH NGUN DNG IN:

Ngun dng in l mt b phn cp dng in mc song song vi in tr R gi l ni tr ca ngun. Mt ngun dng in l tng khi R = ( v s cung cp mt dng in l hng s).
Mt ngun dng in trong thc t c th c to bi FET, BJT hoc t hp ca 2 loi linh kin ny. Mch c th s dng linh kin ri hoc IC.
6.6.1 Ngun dng in dng JFET:

Dng n gin nh hnh 6.24
6.6.2 Dng BJT nh mt ngun dng in:

Mch c bn nh hnh 6.25
Trng Vn Tm
VI-13
Mch in T
6.6.3 Ngun dng in dng BJT v zener:
6.7 MCH KHUCH I VISAI: (differential amplifier)

6.7.1 Dng mch cn bn:
Mt mch khuch i visai cn bn trng thi cn bng c dng nh hnh 6.27
- C 2 phng php ly tn hiu ra: . Phng php ng ra visai: Tn hiu c ly ra gia 2 cc thu. . Phng php ng ra n cc: Tn hiu c ly gia mt cc thu v mass. - Mch c phn cc bng 2 ngun in th i xng (m, dng) c cc in th cc nn bng 0volt. Ngi ta phn bit 3 trng hp: a/ Khi tn hiu vo v1 = v2 (cng bin v cng pha) Do mch i xng, tn hiu ng ra va = vb Nh vy: va = AC . v1 vb = AC . v2 Trong AC l khuch i ca mt transistor v c gi l li cho tn hiu chung (common mode gain). Do v1 = v2 nn va = vb. Vy tn hiu ng ra visai va - vb =0. b/ Khi tn hiu vo c dng visai:
Lc ny v1 = -v2 (cng bin nhng ngc pha). Luc : va = -vb. Do v1 = -v2 nn khi Q1 chy mnh th Q2 chy yu v ngc li nn va vb. Ngi ta nh ngha: va - vb = AVS( v1 - v2 ) AVS c gi l li cho tn hiu visai (differential mode gain). Nh vy ta thy vi ng ra visai, mch ch khuch i tn hiu vo visai (khc nhau hai ng vo) m khng khuch i tn hiu vo chung (thnh phn ging nhau). c/ Trng hp tn hiu vo bt k: Ngi ta nh ngha: - Thnh phn chung ca v1 v v2 l:
- Thnh phn visai ca v1 v v2 l: vVS = v1 - v2 Thnh phn chung c khuch i bi AC (ng ra n cc) cn thnh phn visai c khuch i bi AVS. Thng thng |AVS| >>|AC|.
6.7.2 Mch phn cc:
Trng Vn Tm
VI-15
Mch in T
Phng trnh ny xc nh im iu hnh trn ng thng ly in. Khi mch tun hon i xng, in th 2 chn B bng 0V nn:
6.7.3 Kho st thng s ca mch:

Ta th tm AC, AVS, tng tr vo chung ZC, tng tr vo visai ZVS. a/ Mch ch c tn hiu chung: Tc v1 = v2 v va = vb Do mch hon ton i xng, ta ch cn kho st na mch, nn ch v c 2 dng ie chy qua nn phi tng gp i RE.
Phn gii nh cc phn trc ta tm c:
b/ Mch ch c tn hiu visai: Tc v1 = -v2 v va = -vb Nh vy dng in tn hiu lun lun ngc chiu trong 2 transistor v do khng qua RE nn ta c th b RE khi tnh AVS v ZVS.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-16
Mch in T
Ngi ta thng n tng tr gia 2 ng vo cho tn hiu visai hn l gia mt ng vo vi mass. Gi tr ny gi l ZVS. Khi c RB th ZVS = ZVS //2RB H thc ny chng t gia 2 ng vo ch c mt dng in duy nht chy qua. T ngi ta nh ngha:
c/ Mch c tn hiu tng hp: Vi v1, v2 bt k ta c c thnh phn chung vC v thnh phn visai AVS. - Nu ly tn hiu gia hai cc thu th thnh phn chung khng nh hng, tc l: va - vb = AVS( v1 - v2 ) - Nu ly tn hiu t mt trong hai cc thu xung mass:
Du - biu th hai thnh phn visai hai cc thu lun tri du nhau. d/ H s trut thi tn hiu chung 1: ( cng ln th thnh phn chung t nh hng n ng ra) e/ Phng php tng 1(ngun dng in) Mun tng 1 phi gim AC v tng AVS. Nh vy phi dng RE ln. Tuy nhin iu ny lm cho VCC v VEE cng phi ln. Phng php tt nht l dng ngun dng in. Ngun dng in thay cho RE phi c 2 c tnh: - Cp 1 dng in khng i. - Cho 1 tng tr ZS nhn t cc thu ca Q3 ln thay RE.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-17
Mch in T
6.7.4 Trng thi mt cn bng:

Khi mch mt cn bng th khng cn duy tr c s i xng. Hu qu trm trng nht l thnh phn chung c th to ra tn hiu visai ng ra. * Mt s nguyn nhn chnh: - Cc linh kin th ng nh in tr, t in ... khng tht s bng nhau v ng cht. - Cc linh kin tc ng nh diode, transistor.. khng hon ton ging nhau. * Bin php n nh: - La chn tht k linh kin. - Gi dng in phn cc nh sai s v in tr to ra in th visai nh. - Thit k (1 c tr s tht ln. - Thm bin tr RE cn bng dng in phn cc. - Ch to theo phng php vi mch.
Trng Vn Tm
VI-18
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG VI
Bi 1: Tnh tng tr vo, tng tr ra v li in th ca mch in hnh 6.33
Bi 2: Lp li bi 1 vi mch in hnh 6.34
Bi 3: Trong mch in hnh 6.35 1/ Xc nh in th phn cc VB1, VB2, VC2 2/ Xc nh li in th
Trng Vn Tm
VI-19
Mch in T
Bi 4: Tnh li in th ca mch hnh 6.36
Bi 5: cho mch in hnh 6.37. Zener c VZ = 4.7V.
Bi 6: Trong mch in hnh 6.38 1/ Tnh in th phn cc VC1, VC2. 2/ Xc nh li in th
Trng Vn Tm
VI-20
Mch in T
Chng 7: OP-AMP_Khuch i v ng dng
Chng 7
OP-AMP-KHUCH I V NG DNG
7.1 VI SAI TNG HP:

Mch vi sai trong thc t thng gm c nhiu tng (v c gi l mch vi sai tng hp) vi mc ch. - Tng khuch i AVS - Gim khuch i tn hiu chung AC Do tng h s 1. - To ng ra n cc thun tin cho vic s dng cng nh ch to mch khuch i cng sut. Thng ngi ta ch to mch vi sai tng hp di dng IC gi l IC thut ton (op-amp _operational amplifier). Ngi ta chia mt mch vi sai tng hp ra thnh 3 phn: Tng u, cc tng gia v tng cui. Tng u l mch vi sai cn bn m ta kho st chng trc.
7.1.1 Cc tng gia:

Cc tng gia c th l vi sai hay n cc. a/Mc ni tip vi sai vi vi sai:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-1
Mch in T
l tng tr vo ca tng vi sai sau c th lm mt cn bng tng tr ra ca tng vi sai trc. Tng sau khng cn dng ngun dng in. b/ Mc vi sai ni tip vi n cc: Ngi ta thng dng tng n cc : - D s dng. - D to mch cng sut. Nhng mch n cc s lm pht sinh mt s vn mi: - Lm mt cn bng tng vi sai, nn hai in tr RC ca tng vi sai i khi phi c tr s khc nhau b tr cho s mt cn bng. - Lm tng c AVS v AC nn (1 c th thay i, do ch nn dng tng n cc ni c thnh phn chung tht nh (sau hai hoc ba tng vi sai)
7.1.2 Tng cui:

Phi tha mn cc iu kin: - Cho mt tng tr ra tht nh.
Trng Vn Tm VII-2 Mch in T
- in th phn cc ti ng ra bng 0 volt khi hai ng vo 0 volt. a/ iu kin v tng tr ra: c tng tr ra nh, ngi ta thngdng mch cc thu chung.
tnh tng tr ra ta dng mch tng ng hnh 7.3b; Trong RS l tng tr ra ca tng (n cc) ng trc.
b/ iu kin v in th phn cc: V cc tng c mc trc tip vi nhau nn in th phn cc ng ra ca tng cui c th khng 0 volt khi ng vo 0 volt. gii quyt ngi ta dng mch di chuyn in th (Level shifting network) gm c: mt ngun dng in I v mt in tr R sao cho: E = RI.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-3
Mch in T
7.1.3 Mt v d:
Op-amp pc 709 ca hng Fairchild. T1, T2: Mch vi sai cn bn ng vo. T3: Ngun dng in cho T1 v T2. in th phn cc ti cc nn ca T3 c xc nh bi cu phn th gm T6 (mc thnh diode), in tr 480 v 2.4k. T4, T5: khng phi l vi sai v 2 chn E ni mass. T4 c nhim v n nh in th ti im A cho T1 v T2.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-4
Mch in T
T5: L tng n cc chuyn tip gia vi sai v tng cui. T7: L mch cc thu chung u tin v T8 l mch di chuyn in th vi in tr 3.4k. T9: L mch cc thu chung cng l tng cui t c tng tr ra nh.
7.2 MCH KHUCH I OP-AMP CN BN:

Trong chng ny, ta kho st op-amp trng thi l tng. Sau y l cc c tnh ca mt op-amp l tng: - li vng h A (open loop gain) bng v cc. - Bng tn rng t 0Hz n v cc. - Tng tr vo bng v cc. - Tng tr ra bng 0. - Cc h s bng v cc. - Khi ng vo 0 volt, ng ra lun 0 volt.
ng nhin mt op-amp thc t khng th t c cc trng thi l tng nh trn.

T cc c tnh trn ta thy: . - Zi nn khng c dng in chy vo op-amp t cc ng vo. - Z0 0 nn ng ra v0 khng b nh hng khi mc ti. - V A rt ln nn phi dng op-amp vi hi tip m. Vi hi tip m, ta c hai dng mch khuch i cn bn sau:
7.2.1 Mch khuch i o: (Inverting Amplifier)

Dng mch cn bn.
(7.2) Nhn xt: - Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th v0 v vi s lch pha 1800 (nn c gi l mch khuch i o v ng vo ( - ) c gi l ng vo o). - Zf ng vai tr mch hi tip m. Zf cng ln (hi tip m cng nh) khuch i ca mch cng ln. - Khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun th op-amp c tnh khuch i c in th mt chiu.
7.2.2 Mch khuch i khng o: (Non_inverting Amplifier)

Dng mch cn bn.
Suy ra:
Nhn xt: - Zf, Zi c th c bt k dng no. - v0 v vi cng c th c bt k dng no. - Khi Zf, Zi l in tr thun th ng ra v0 s c cng pha vi ng vo vi (nn mch c gi l mch khuch i khng o v ng vo ( + ) c gi l ng vo khng o). - Zf cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i AV, ta c th tng Zf hoc gim Zi. - Mch khuch i c tn hiu mt chiu khi Zf v Zi l in tr thun. Mch cng gi nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay chiu. - Khi Zf=0, ta c: AV=1 v0=vi hoc Zi= ta cng c AV=1 v v0=vi (hnh 7.10). Lc ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m (buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-7
Mch in T
7.2.3 Op-amp phn cc bng ngun n:

Phn trn l cc c tnh v 2 mch khuch i cn bn c kho st khi op-amp c phn cc bng ngun i xng. Thc t, tin trong thit k mch v s dng, khi khng cn thit th op-amp c phn cc bng ngun n; Lc by gi chn ni vi ngun m -VCC c ni mass. Hai dng mch khuch i cn bn nh sau:
Ngi ta phi phn cc mt ng vo (thng l ng vo +) in th phn cc hai ng vo lc ny l VCC /2 v in th phn cc ng ra cng l VCC /2. Hai in tr R phi c chn kh ln trnh lm gim tng tr vo ca op-amp. Khi a tn hiu vo phi qua t lin lc (C2 trong mch) khng lm lch in th phn cc. Nh vy, khi phn cc bng ngun n, op-amp mt tnh cht khuch i tn hiu mt chiu. Trong hnh a, mch khuch i o, C1 l t lc in th phn cc ng vo (+). Trong hnh b, mch khuch i khng o, C1 dng to hi tip xoay chiu cho mch v gi in th phn cc ng vo (-) l VCC /2. khuch i ca mch vn khng i.
7.3 MT S NG DNG CA OP-AMP:

7.3.1Mch lm ton:
y l cc mch in t c bit trong s lin h gia in th ng vo v ng ra l cc phng trnh ton hc n gin. a/ Mch cng:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-8
Mch in T
Tn hiu ng ra bng tng cc tn hiu ng vo nhng ngc pha. Ta ch l vi l mt in th bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. b/ Mch tr: Ta c 2 cch to mch tr. * Tr bng phng php i du: tr mt s, ta cng vi s i ca s .
v2 u tin c lm o ri cng vi v1. Do theo mch ta c:
Nh vy tn hiu ng ra l hiu ca 2 tn hiu ng vo nhng i du. * Tr bng mch vi sai: Dng c bn
Thay tr s ca vm vo biu thc trn ta tm c:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-9
Mch in T
c/ Mch tch phn: Dng mch Dng in ng vo:
* Hai vn thc t: - iu kin ban u hay hng s tch phn: Dng mch cn bn
Trng Vn Tm
VII-10
Mch in T
s thp. Nh vy khi c Rf, mch ch c tnh tch phn khi tn s ca tn hiu f tha: , Rf khng c qu ln v s hI tip m s yu. d/ Mch vi phn: Dng mch
Vn thc t: gim tp m. Mch n gin nh trn t c dng trong thc t v c c tnh khuch i tp m tn s cao, y l do li ca ton mchtng theo tn s. khc phc mt phn no, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C ng vo nh hnh 7.19.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-11
Mch in T
7.3.2 Mch so snh:

a/ in th ng ra bo ha: Ta xem mch hnh 7.20
ln.
Trong A l li vng h ca op-amp. V A rt ln nn theo cng thc trn v0 rt
Khi Ed nh, v0 c xc nh. Khi Ed vt qu mt tr s no th v0 t n tr s bo ha v c gi l VSat.. Tr s ca Ed ty thuc vo mi op-amp v c tr s vo khong vi chc V. - Khi Ed m, mch o pha nn v0=-VSat - Khi Ed dng, tc v1>v2 th v0=+VSat. in th ng ra bo ha thng nh hn in th ngun t 1 volt n 2 volt. l |+VSat| c th khc |-VSat|. Nh vy ta thy in th Ed ti a l:
b/ Mch so snh mc 0: (tch mc zro) * So snh mc zro khng o
Trng Vn Tm
VII-12
Mch in T
* Mch so snh mc zro o:
c/Mch so snh vi 2 ng vo c in th bt k: * So snh mc dng o v khng o: - So snh mc dng khng o:

- So snh mc dng o:
* So snh mc m o v khng o:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-14
Mch in T
- So snh mc m o:
d/ Mch s snh vi hi tip dng: * Mch o:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-15
Mch in T
tip dng nn v0 lun lun trng thi bo ha. Ty theo mc tn hiu vo m v0 giao hon mt trong hai trng thi +VSat v -VSat.
Nu ta tng Ei t t, ta nhn thy: Khi Ei<Vref th v0=+VSat Khi Ei>Vref th v0=-VSat Tr s ca Ei=Vref =.(+VSat) lm cho mch bt u i trng thi c gi l im ny trn (upper trigger point) hay im thm trn (upper threshold point). (7.12) VUTP=.(+VSat) By gi nu ta gim Ei t t, ch l lc ny v0=-VSat v Vref=(-VSat), ta thy khi Ei<(-VSat) th v0 chuyn sang trng thi +VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny: Ei= Vref = (-VSat) c gi l im ny di hay im thm di (lower trigger point-lower threshold pointVLTP). Nh vy chu trnh trng thi ca mch nh hnh 7.34. Ngi ta nh ngha: VH=(Hysteresis)=VUTP-VLTP VH={(+VSat)-(-VSat)] (7.13) Nu |+VSat|=|-VSat|VH=|2.VSat|
* Mch khng o: Dng mch
- By gi nu ta gim Ei (v0 ang l +VSat), khi VA bt u nh hn Vref=0v th v0 i trng thi v bng -VSat. Tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-16
Mch in T
Tnh VUTP v VLTP
- Khi gim Ei t tr s dng dn xung, lc ny v0=+VSat nn:
e/ Mch so snh trong trng hp 2 ng vo c in th bt k vi hi tip dng: *Dng mch khng o: Dng mch
Trng Vn Tm
VII-17
Mch in T
Khi VA=Vref th mch i trng thi (v0 i thnh +VSat), tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny trn VUTP. T (7.17) ta tm c:
bng Vref th mch s i trng thi, tr s ca Ei lc ny gi l im ny di VLTP. Tng t nh trn ta tm c:
nu |+Vsat|=|-VSat| * Dng mch o: Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.38

, cng l tr s ca VA, gi l im ny trn VUTP.
Nu ta gim Ei t t, n khi Ei=VA mch s i trng thi (v0= -VSat) v Ei=VA lc c tr s l VLTP (im ny di).
7.3.3 Mch lc tch cc: (Active filter)

C 4 loi mch chnh: - Mch lc h thng. - Mch lc thng thng. - Mch lc di thng. - Mch lc loi tr (di trit).
a/ Mch lc h thng(Low pass Filter-LPF) * Mch lc h thng cn bn: Dng mch
Nu ta chn R2=R1 th |AV0|=1 p tuyn tn s dc -20dB/dec v khi tn s tng ln 10 ln th khuch i gim i 10 ln tc -20dB. Ngi ta hay dng mch voltage follower lm mch lc nh hnh 7.41. y l mch khuch i khng o, nhng do khng c in tr ni mass ng vo (-) nn li bng +1.
Ngi ta thng chn Rf=R gim dng offset.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-20
Mch in T
* Mch lc h thng -40dB/dec: Trong nhiu ng dng, ta cn phi gim nhanh li ca mch khi tn s vt qu tn s ct, c ngha l dc ca bng tn phi ln hn na. l mc ch ca cc mch lc bc cao. Dng mch
Nu chn C2=2C1, ta c:
mch ny khuch i s gim i 40dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln ( li gim i 100 ln khi tn s tng ln 10 ln).
Trng Vn Tm
VII-21
Mch in T
* Mch lc h thng -60dB/dec: t c dc hn na-gn vi l tng-ngi ta dng mch lc -20dB/dec mc ni tip vi mch lc -40dB/dec c dc -60dB/dec ( li gim i 60dB khi tn s tng ln 10 ln-gc pha ti tn s ct l -1350). Dng mch cn bn nh hnh 7.44
Trng Vn Tm
VII-22
Mch in T
b/ Mch lc thng thng (high-pass filter) y l mt mch m li ca mch rt nh tn s thp cho n mt tn s no (gi l tn s ct) th tn hiu mi qua c ht. Nh vy tc dng ca mch lc thng thng ngc vi mch lc h thng. * Mch lc thng thng 20dB/dec: Dng mch nh hnh 7.46 y l mch voltage follower nn AV=1. Do in th ng ra v0 bng vi in th 2 u in tr R nn:
Khi tn s cao, tng tr ca t in khng ng k nn AV0=v0/vi=1. Khi tn s gim dn, n lc no li bt u gim. Tn s m ti li gim cn 0.707 AV0 gi l tn s ct. Lc ta c:
Ta cng c th dng mch nh hnh 7.48
* Mch lc thng thng 40dB/dec: Dng mch
Do l mch voltage follower nn in th 2 u R1 chnh l v0. Ta c:

* Mch lc thng thng 60dB/dec Ngi ta dng 2 mch 40dB/dec v 20dB/dec ni tip nhau t c dc 60dB/dec.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-25
Mch in T
Chn C1=C2=C3=C;
Ti tn s ct:
c/ Mch lc di thng: (band pass filter) y l mt mch m ng ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton b di tn ca tn hiu a vo ng vo.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-26
Mch in T
Vi mch ny in th ng ra v0max t n tr s ti a mt tn s no gi l tn s cng hng r. Khi tn s khc vi tn s cng hng, khuch i gim dn. Tn s thp hn r lm li gim i cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt thp L v tn s cao hn r lm li gim cn 0.707v0max gi l tn s ngt cao h. Bng thng c nh ngha: B=H - L Khi B<0.1r mch c gi l lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc cng hng. Khi B>0.1r c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn rng.
* Mch lc di thng bng tn hp Dng mch
Trng Vn Tm
VII-27
Mch in T
Ti tn s cng hng r:
T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-28
Mch in T
* Mch lc di thng bng tn rng Thng thng c mt mch di thng bng tn rng, ngi ta dng hai mch lc h thng v thng thng mc ni tip nhau nhng phi tha mn iu kin tn s ct 2 ca mch lc h thng phi ln hn tn s ct 1 ca mch lc thng thng.
Ta tm c 2 tn s ct l:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-29
Mch in T
Phi chn R1, R2, C1, C2 sao cho 1 < 2. d/Mch lc loi tr: (di trit-Notch Filter) y l mch dng lc b mt di tn s no trong ton b di tn. Mch thng c dng lc b cc nhiu do mt b phn no trong mch to ra th d nh tn s 50Hz, 60Hz hay 400Hz ca mt. C rt nhiu dng mch lc di trit, thng dng nht l mc 2 mch h thng v thng thng song song vi nhau hoc c th dng mch nh hnh 7.58.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-30
Mch in T
7.4. TRNG THI THC T CA OP-AMP

Mt op-amp thc t khng c c cc c tnh l tng nh kho st cc phn trc. Cc c tnh thc t c th thy: - li vng h A: Thng t 103 n hn 106. Tr s ny c duy tr n mt tn s no ri gim dn. - Nh vy ta thy bng tn cng khng phi v hn - Tng tr vo zi: Thng t vi chc K n vi ngn M, l mt hm s theo nhit , tn s v iu kin phn cc. - Tng tr ra z0: T khong 200 tr xung v cng thay i theo nhit , tn s v iu kin phn cc. - Khi c phn cc bng ngun i v khi ng vo bng 0V th ng ra c th khc 0V. - Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu 1 chiu, ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu mt chiu ng vo c khuch i cn c cc thnh phn sai s do cc c tnh thc t trn to ra. Cc tc nhn chnh l: + Dng in phn cc ng vo + Dng in offset ng vo + in th offset ng vo + S tri Khi op-amp hot ng vi tn hiu xoay chiu, cc t lin lc s ngn cn thnh phn mt chiu nn cc tc nhn trn khng cn quan trng, nhng pht sinh hai vn mi, l: - p ng tn s - Vn tc tng th (slew rate)
7.4.1. Dng in phn cc ng vo (input bias currents)

Do tng tr vo Zi khng phi l v hn, nn hai ng vo ca op-amp c dng in nh chy qua (hnh 7.59). Ngi ta nh ngha dng in phn cc ng vo IB l ln trung bnh ca 2 dng IB+ v IBIB+
IB =
+ Hnh 7.59
I B+ + I B 2
(7.35)
IB-
Tr s thng thng ca IB l vi A nu mch vo l BJT hoc nh hn 1pA nu mch vo l FET.

B
a. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (-) Trong phn ny ta coi in th offset ng vo vio=0V. vio s c bn n phn sau - mch follower:
Trng Vn Tm
VII-31
Mch in T
Rf IB-
0V
vo=Rf.IB-
+
vi=0V Hnh 7.60
- mch khuch i o:
Rf IBRi 0V
I=0 vi=0V
vo=Rf.IB-
Hnh 7.61
- o IB- ta c th dng mch:

Rf
Ri vi=0V
IBRM 0V
RM vo = R f .I B + R M .I B 1 + R i
Hnh 7.62
Do IB- rt nh nn ta khng o trc tip m o v0 sau 1o suy ra IB-. vo kh ln ta nn chn Rf ln. Th d nu Rf=1M, RM=10K, Ri=1K Ta c: v o 11R f .I B
Trng Vn Tm
IB =
vo 11Rf
(7.36)
Mch in T
VII-32
b. nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo (+) Ta xem mch:

IB-
0V RG vi=0V IB+ Hnh 7.63
vo=RG.IB+
7.4.2. Dng in offset ng vo

a. nh ngha: I os = I B+ I B Thng Ios 25%IB b. nh hng ln in th ng ra - Vi mch khng o:
Rf = RG IB-
(7.38)
0V
vo
+
vi=0V IB+ Hnh 7.64a
Phn gii ta tm c:
v o = R G ( I B+ I B ) = R G .I os
= 0 nu I B+ = I B Vi mch o:
Rf
Ri
0V IB-
vo
+
IB+ R=Rf //Ri
Trng Vn Tm
VII-33
Hnh 7.64b
Mch in T
Phn gii ta tm c:
v o = R f ( I B+ I B ) = R f .I os
= 0 nu I B+ = I B Nh vy gim thiu nh hng ca Ios ln vo, trong mch khng o ta mc thm RG=Rf v trong mch o mc thm R=Rf//Ri. Cc in tr ny c gi l in tr b chnh dng in. T cc l lun trn ta c th thy nguyn tc chung gim thiu nh hng ca Ios l mch phi c thit k sao cho: in tr nhn t ng vo (+) xung mass bng in tr nhn t ng vo (-) xung mass.
7.4.3. in th offset ng vo
a. nh ngha v m hnh Trong mch in hnh 7.65a, ng ra khng phi l 0V nh l tng m c mt tr s no . in th ny to ra do s mt cn bng bn trong ca mt op-amp thc t. Tr s vo ny thay i ty op-amp, thng hng v n mv. tin trong phn gii, ngi ta c th coi nh c mt ngun in th vio mc ni tip ng vo (+) ca mt op-amp l tng (hnh 7.65b) v vio ny c gi l in th offset ng vo
Op-Amp thc t
vo=2mv (th d ) 0V vo=vio=2m v
+
(a) Hnh 7.65
vio=2mv
(b)
Nu ng ra v0<0 th i cc vio li b. nh hng ca in th offset ng vo ln in th ng ra - Trong mch vng h, nu A kh ln v vio cng kh ln, ng ra ca op-amp c th b bo ha.
|Ed | A vo=|vosat|=A. |E |
+
vio
Hnh 7.66
Trng Vn Tm
VII-34
Mch in T
- Ta c th dng mch sau o vio Rf khng c qa ln gim thiu nh hng ca dng in phn cc ng vo T .01 gim nhiu tn s cao Nh sn xut thng ch dn cch lm gim thiu nh hng ca vio
.01 Rf Ri Ei=0v
+
741
vo = (1 +
Rf Ri
)vio
vio Hnh 7.67
7.4.4. S tri (drift)

phn trc ta thy, sai s ng ra vo do hai nguyn nhn chnh l dng in phn cc ng vo v in th offset ng vo. hai tc nhn ny li thay i theo phn cc v nht l nhit . S thay i in th ng ra ny theo thi gian gi l s tri. Nh sn xut thng cho bit thay i ca dng in phn cc di dng nA/oC v thay i ca in th offset di dng v/oC. Nh vy gim thiu sai s vo v tri, ngoi vic b chnh dng in phn cc v hiu chnh in th offset (theo ch dn ca nh sn xut) ta nn dng mch n p phn cc cho op-amp v nn la chn cc op-amp c tri nh v t mi trng c nhit t thay i.
7.4.5. p ng tn s ca op-amp
a. B chnh tn s bn trong li vng h A c tr s ln v u n mt tr s no ri gim dn theo tn s. y l ch ch ca nh ch to vi 2 l do: mt l op-amp t khi s dng dng vng h m thng c hi tip, nh vy li thc t Av thng nh hn A, hai l trnh hin tng d dao ng tn s cao. Mun vy, cu trc bn trong ca op-amp lun c cc t b chnh tn s (c gi tr trn di 30pF). Thng gim ca A c chn l 20dB/decade. i vi nhng op-amp c bng tn t nhin rng hn v gim nh hay ln hn -20dB/decade thng lm cho op-amp d b dao ng khi dng mch hi tip (theo nh lut Nyquist). Trong trng hp nh ch to s ch dn phng php sa cha p ng bng cc mch hi tip bn ngoi (thng l t in, t in-in tr)
A A (dB) 120 106 105 104
2.105
Trng Vn Tm
103
P P
VII-35
Hnh 7.68. p M ng tn ch s i n T t nhin ca Op-Amp 741
102
P P
10
* Bng tn li n v (unity-gain bandwidth) L bng tn ca op-amp c li vng h bng 1. Th d op-amp 741 l B=1MHz. * Thi gian chyn tip (thi gian qu - Rise time) mch c li vng h bng 1, nu tn hiu vo l mt xung vung l tng (c bin t 0 Ei) th ng ra khng thay i ngay t 0 n Ei khi c xung vo m phi mt mt thi gian gi l p ng thi gian tng qu (transient response rise time). Thng thi gian ny c tnh t khi ng ra t 10% gi tr cc i n 90% gi tr cc i. i khi nh sn xut khng cho ta bit p ng tn s t nhin (tc khng bit bng tn li n v B) m li cho bit thi gian qu ny (rise time). Bng tn n v B c tnh t cng thc:
B= 0.35 risetime (7.39)
b. li in th v p ng tn s li thc t Av ca mch khuch i c hi tip khng nhng ty thuc cc in tr bn ngoi m cn ty thuc vo li vng h A. Do A theo tn s nn Av cng thay i theo tn s. ta xem li hai mch khuch i cn bn: * Mch khuch i khng o
vi va
+
741
vo
Rf Ri
Ta c: A =
vo vi va vo va va = Rf Ri
Hnh 7.69
Rf v Ri (7.40) Gii h thng ta tm c: A v = o = Rf vi 1+ Ri R Trong : 1 + f l li Av khi xem op-amp l l tng. Ri 1+
T cng thc thc t ny ta thy: Nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu (tn s f=0) hoc vi l tn hiu xoay chiu tn s rt thp th A kh ln nn A v 1 + ln, do A gim nn Av gim theo. * Mch khuch i o:
Trng Vn Tm VIIvi 36 Ri
B B B B
Rf . Khi vi c tn s Ri
Rf
va
B B
741
Mch in T
vo
B B
A=
vo va vi va va vo = Ri Rf
vo = vi Rf Ri (7.41)
Gii, ta tm c: A v =
1 Ri + Rf 1+ A Ri
Nhn xt ta cng thy Av c tnh cht nh mch khng o (thay i theo A tc theo tn s). c. rng bng tn - gii hn tn s cao Bng tn cng c nh ngha l gii hn ca hai tn s fL v fH m ti li ca mch gim 2 ln so vi li cc i. Vi op-amp c tn s gii hn pha thp fL thng rt nh (vi Hz) nn bng tn xem nh bng gii hn tn s cao fH.
A A
AV
fH
Hnh 7.71. Bng tn ca mch c li Av
xc nh gn ng bng tn ca mch khuch i dng op-amp ta c 2 cch: - Mt l c th dng p ng t nhin (vng h) c m t hnh 7.71 Hai l c th tnh t cng thc: f H =
B Ri + Rf Ri (7.42)
7.4.6. Vn tc tng th (slew rate)

nh ngha
in th ca op-ampkhng th tng t ngt ln tr s cao m phi mt mt thi gian np in vo cc t b chnh tn s bn trong ca op-amp. c tnh ny c o bng vn tc tng th v c n v l v/s. Nu I l dng np ti a v C l in dung ca t bi chnh, ta c:

Slew rate = o thay oi ien the ngo ra I = Thi gian C
Th d op-amp 741: I=15A ; C=30pF slew rate = 0,5V/s. Vn tc tng th ty thuc vo li in th, t b chnh tn s v in th ng ra dng hay m, thng c nh sn xut cho bit.
Gii hn ca vn tc tng th trn sng sin

Gi vi l tn hiu vo c dng sin vi bin nh vip ca mt mch khuch i dng op-amp. S thay i ti a ca vi ty thuc vo tn s, bin nh v cho bi 2f.vip. Nu thay i ny ln hn vn tc tng th ca op-amp th tn hiu ra vo s b bin dng. Nh vy, khi s dng op-amp phi tho mn iu kin: 2f.vip slew rate hay: f max =
slew rate 2vip
7.4.7. Nhiu trn in th ng ra

Tn hiu in khng mong mun xut hin ng ra gi l nhiu. S tri dng in v in th offset cng c gi l nhiu ( tn s rt thp). Nu ta b qua cc nhiu do mch ngoi to ra th bn trong ca op-amp cng to ra nhiu v lm nh hng n in th ng ra. Hnh 7.72 l m hnh ha n gin nht ca nhiu trong op-amp (ngun in th En).
3pF Rf Ri
741
vo = E n (1 +
Rf Ri
+
En=2v Rf //Ri
Hnh 7.72
Nh sn xut thng cho bit ngun nhiu (khong vi V) trong khong tn s no vi mt khong thay i ca Ri. Th d op-amp 741 c En = 2V trong di tn s t 10 Hz 10 KHz. Ngun nhiu ny khng thay i khi 200 < Ri < 20K. Khi Ri > 20K ngun nhiu ny s tng ln rt nhanh. T m hnh ho ca ngun nhiu v c tnh nh trn, gim nhiu ta thc hin : - Khng dng Rf v Ri qu ln. Ri c thit k < 10K. - Mc mt t nh (khong 3pF) song song vi Rf gim nhiu tn s cao.
- Khng bao gi mc thm t song song vi Ri hoc t ng vo (-) xung mass v nh th s lm gim tng tr vo v tng li in th gy nhiu nhiu tn s cao. Nhiu dng in (dng in offset ng) vo cng xut hin 2 ng vo ca op-amp. Nn mc thm in tr b chnh gim nhiu dng in a n gim nhiu in th ng ra.
Trng Vn Tm
VII-39
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG VII

Bi 1: Xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 7.59
Bi 2: Xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 7.60
Bi 3: Xc nh IL trong mch hnh 7.61. Thay RL=5k, tnh li IL. Mch trn l mch g?
Bi 4: Mt op-amp c cc c tnh
Trng Vn Tm
VII-40
Mch in T
Bi 5: Cho mch hnh 7.63 a/ Tnh v0 b/ I0?
Bi 6: Cho mch in hnh 7.64 a/ Tnh bng thng ca mch b/ p dng bng s khi: R1=R2=10k C1=0.1F; C2=0.002F Rf=10 k; Rg =5 k
g?
- Diode c xem nh l tng. - vi c dng sin bin ln. Tm dng tn hiu ra v0 v bin ca v0 theo vi. Mch trn c tc dng ca mch
VII-41 Mch in T
Trng Vn Tm
Bi 8: Cho mch hnh 7.66 Chng t rng:
Bi 9: Cho mch hnh 7.67 Chng t nu vi l tn hiu in th mt chiu th ng ra c xc nh bng phng trnh:
Bi 10: Cho mch hnh 7.68
a. Mch trn l mch g? Nu chc nng ca tng BJT trong mch.

b. Cc BJT hon ton ging ht nhau, c ch to bng Si v c phn cc vi VBE=0.7v. Mch hon ton cn bng v l tng. c tnh tr s ca tt c cc dng in phn cc IC ca cc BJT trong mch v in th cc chn BJT (xem IC IE). Bi 11: Cho mch in nh hnh 7.69. Gi s op-amp l tng v c phn cc bng ngun i xng 15v a. Tm v0 theo R, RA, v1, v2 b. Gi s v1 bin i t 0v 0.8v v V2 bin i t 01.3v. Cho R2=2k v ng ra bo ha ca op-amp l V0Sat=15v. Hy c tnh tr s ca RA li in th ca mch t tr s ti a v v0 khng bin dng (chn RA c gi tr tiu chun). Tnh AV trong trng hp .
Trng Vn Tm
VII-43
Mch in T
Chng 8: Mch khuch i hi tip
Chng 8
MCH KHUCH I HI TIP (Feedback Amplifier)
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v loi mch khuch i c hi tip m v kho st nh hng ca loi hi tip ny ln cc thng s cng nh tnh cht ca mch khuch i.
8.1 PHN LOI MCH KHUCH I:

Khi kho st cc mch khuch i c hi tip, ngi ta thng phn chng thnh 4 loi mch chnh: khuch i in th, khuch i dng in, khuch i in dn truyn v khuch i in tr truyn.
8.1.1 Khuch i in th:( Voltage amplifier )

Hnh 8.1 m t mch tng ng Thevenin ca mt h thng 2 cng, m hnh ha ca mt mch khuch i cn bn.
- Nu ti RL rt ln i vi in tr ng ra R0 ca mch khuch i th v0 AVNL.vi AVNL.vS Trong iu kin nh vy, mch s cung cp mt in th ng ra t l vi in th ng vo v h s t l ny c lp i vi bin ca ngun tn hiu v in tr ti. Loi mch nh th c gi l mch khuch i in th. Mt mch khuch i in th l tng khi c in tr ng vo Ri bng v hn v in tr ng ra R0 = 0. K hiu
vs
- Nu mch c in tr ng vo Ri rt ln i vi ni tr RS ca ngun tn hiu th vi
khi RL =, nh vy AVNL biu din li in th ca mch h (open-circuit).
8.1.2 Khuch i dng in (current amplifier)

Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c nh ngha nh l mt mch khuch i cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny khng ph thuc vo RS v RL. Mt mch khuch i dng in l tng c in tr ng vo Ri = 0 v in tr ng ra R0 bng v hn.
Trng Vn Tm VIII-1 Mch in T
Trong thc t, mch c in tr ng vo thp v din tr ng ra cao. Nh vy, Ri << RS v R0>> RL.
Hnh 8.2 l mch tng ng Norton ca mt mch khuch i dng in. Ch , k hiu vi RL = 0, n din t li dng in ca mt mch ni tt (short-circuit). Ta thy rng: V Ri << RS nn Ii IS V R0 >> RL nn IL ( AiIi AIS)
8.1.3 Khuch i in dn truyn: (Transconductance Amplifier)

Mt mch khuch i in dn truyn l tng s cung cp mt dng in ng ra t l vi in th tn hiu ng vo. H s t l ny c lp vi RL v RS. Mch nh vy phi c in tr ng vo Ri bng v hn v in tr ng ra R0 bng v hn. Trong mch thc t: Ri >> RS v R0 >> RL Hnh 8.3 l m hnh tng ng ca mt mch khuch i in dn truyn.
Ta thy rng vi vS khi Ri >> RS V I0 Gmvi GmvS khi

Trng Vn Tm VIII-2
R0 >> RL
Mch in T
8.1.4 Khuch i in tr truyn (Transresistance Amplifier)

Mch tng ng l tng ca mt mch khuch i in tr truyn nh hnh 8.4
Mch cung cp mt in th ng ra v0 t l vi dng in tn hiu ng vo IS v h s t l ny c lp vi RS v RL. Trong thc t mt mch khuch i in tr truyn phi c Ri << RS v R0 << RL. Nh vy khi Ii IS, v0 RmIi RmIS.
8.2 I CNG V HI TIP:

Mt mch khuch i hi tip gm cc b phn nh sau:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-3
Mch in T
Ngun tn hiu: C th l ngun in th VS ni tip vi mt ni tr RS hay ngun dng in IS song song vi ni tr RS. H thng hi tip: Thng dng l mt h thng 2 cng th ng (ch cha cc thnh phn th ng nh in tr, t in, cun dy).
Mch ly mu: Ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra a vo h thng hi tip. Trng hp tn hiu in th ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip c mc song song vi ng ra v trong trng hp tn hiu dng in ng ra c ly mu th h thng hi tip c mc ni tip vi ng ra.
Mch so snh hoc trn: Hai loi mch trn rt thng dng l loi trn ng vo ni tip v loi trn ng vo song song.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-4
Mch in T
T s truyn hay li: K hiu A trong hnh 8.5 biu th t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo ca mch khuch i cn bn. T s truyn v/vi l khuch i in th hay li in th AV. Tng t t s truyn I/Ii l khuch i dng in hay li dng in AI ca mch khuch i. T s I/vi c gi l in dn truyn ( truyn dn-Transconductance) GM v v/Ii c gi l in tr truyn RM. Nh vy GM v RM c nh ngha nh l t s gia hai tn hiu, mt dng dng in v mt dng in th. li truyn A ch mt cch tng qut mt trong cc i lng AV, AI, GM, RM ca mt mch khuch i khng c hi tip ty theo m hnh ha c s dng trong vic phn gii.
K hiu Af c nh ngha nh l t s gia tn hiu ng ra vi tn hiu ng vo ca mch khuch i hnh 8.5 v c gi l li truyn ca mch khuch i vi hi tip. Vy th Af dng din t mt trong 4 t s:
S lin h gia li truyn Af v li A ca mch khuch i cn bn (cha c hi tip) s c tm hiu trong phn sau. Trong mt mch c hi tip, nu tn hiu ng ra gia tng to ra thnh phn tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo lm cho tn hiu ng ra gim tr li ta ni l mch hi tip m (negative feedback).
8.3 LI TRUYN VI NI TIP:

Mt mch khuch i c hi tip c th c din t mt cch tng qut nh hnh 8.10
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-5
Mch in T
phn gii mt mch khuch i c hi tip, ta c th thay th thnh phn tch cc (BJT, FET, OP-AMP ...) bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh. Sau dng nh lut Kirchhoff lp cc phng trnh lin h.
Trong mch hnh 8.10 c th l mt mch khuch i in th, khuch i dng in, khuch i in dn truyn hoc khuch i in tr truyn c hi tip nh c din t hnh 8.11
Hnh 8.11 Dng mch khuch i hi tip (a) Khuch i in th vi hi tip in th ni tip (b) Khuch i in dn truyn vi hi tip dng in ni tip (c) Khuch i dng in vi hi tip dng in song song (d) Khuch i in tr truyn vi hi tip in th song song Trong hnh 8.10, ni tr ngun RS c xem nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i cn bn. li truyn A (AV, AI, GM, RM) bao gm hiu ng ca ti RL v ca h thng hi tip ln mch khuch i. Tn hiu vo XS, tn hiu ra X0, tn hiu hi tip Xf, tn hiu tr Xd c th l in th hay dng in. Nhng tn hiu ny cng nh t s A v c tm tt trong bng sau y.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-6
Mch in T
Nh vy: Xd = XS - Xf = Xi H s hi tip c nh ngha:
(8.1)
H s thng l mt s thc dng hay m, nhng mt cch tng qut l mt hm phc theo tn s tn hiu.
li truyn A c nh ngha: A = X0 /Xi
(8.3)
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-7
Mch in T
i lng A biu din li truyn ca mch khuch i tng ng khng c hi tip nhng bao gm nh hng ca h thng, RL, RS. Nu |Af| < |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip m Nu |Af| > |A| hi tip c gi l hi tip dng Biu thc 8.4 cho ta thy khi c hI tip m, lI gim i(1+A) ln so vi li ca mch cn bn khng c hi tip. li vng (loop gain): Tn hiu Xd trong hnh 8.10 c nhn vi A khi qua mch khuch i, c nhn vi khi truyn qua h thng hi tip v c nhn vi -1 trong mch trn v tr li ng vo. V vy T = -A c gi l li vng v i lng F = 1 + A = 1 - T c gi l tha s hi tip. Ngi ta thng dng i lng
biu din nh hng ca lng hi tip ln mch khuch i. Nu l hi tip m th N < 0.
8.4 TNH CHT CN BN CA MCH KHUCH I C HI TIP M:

Trong mch khuch i hi tip m lm gim li truyn nhng li c mt s u im ni bt nn c ng dng rng ri.
8.4.1 Gi vng khuch i:

Thng s ca BJT hay FET khng phi l mt hng s m chng thay i rt nhiu theo nhit , ngay c cc thng s ny cng khng ging nhau khi thay th t mt mu ny sang mt mu khc. Do , khi nhit thay i hay khi thay th linh kin tc ng li A ca mch s thay i. Khi c hi tip:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-8
Mch in T
Vy khi mch c hi tip, khi li A ca mch khng c hi tip thay i th li ca ton mch (c hi tip) thay i nh hn (1+A) ln. Trong trng hp |A| >> 1 th:
Ngha l mch khuch i sau khi thc hin hi tip m li ch cn ty thuc vo h s hi tip m thi. Thng thng h s hi tip c th c xc nh bi cc thnh phn th ng khng lin h vi transistor nn li ca mch s c gi vng.
8.4.2 Gim s bin dng:

Bin dng gm c bin dng tn s do s khuch i khng ng u cc tn s v bin dng phi tuyn do c tnh khng tuyn tnh ca BJT v FET lm pht sinh hi (harmonic signal) chng ln tn hiu c khuch i lm bin dng tn hiu ng ra. Nh vy ng ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu vo c khuch i cn c mt thnh phn nhiu xut pht t s bin dng ca mch, ta t l D. Tn hiu ng ra: X0 = AXi + D Khi c hi tip m, nu ta gi Xi khng i th tn hiu ra gim v li Af < A. Nhng v s bin dng t l vi Af nn cng gim theo. Khi c hi tip m, mch khuch i A vn cho thnh phn bin dng D nhng ng ra ca mch ton phn s bin dng by gi ch cn l Df
Vy nhiu cng gim i 1+A ln khi c hi tip m.
8.4.3 Gia tng di tn hot ng:

li truyn ca cc mch khuch i thng l mt hm s theo tn s (xem li chng p tuyn tn s). - tn s cao ta c:
Trong Am l li ca mch tn s gia fH l tn s ct cao Nu mch c hi tip m th li truyn by gi l Af
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-9
Mch in T
Nh vy khi thc hin hi tip m, tn s ct cao tng thm (1+Am) ln. Tng t tn s thp:
vi fL l tn s ct thp ca mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip. Dng cch phn gii tng t ta cng tm c:
l trong m thanh fH >> fL nn rng bng tn thng c xem nh gn bng fH hay fHf.
8.5 IN TR NG VO:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln tng tr vo ca mch khuch i. - Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l in th v ni tip vi in th ng vo (hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b) th tng tr vo s tng.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-10
Mch in T
V in th hi tip vf ngc chiu vi vS nn dng in vo Ii nh hn khi mch cha c hi
- Nu tn hiu hi tip a v ng vo l dng in v mc song song vi tn hiu dng in ng vo (hnh 8.11c v 8.11d) th tng tr vo s gim.
m.
V Ii = IS - If nn Ii (vi mt gi tr xc nh ca If) s nh hn khi cha c hi tip
Cc c tnh ca 4 loi mch hi tip m c tm tt bng 8.2
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-11
Mch in T
8.5.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:

Dng mch hnh 8.11a c v li trong hnh 8.14 vi mch khuch i c thay th bng mch tng ng Thevenin. Trong mch AVNL din t li in th ca mch h (khng ti) nhng xem RS nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.
v A .R at o = Av = VNL L vi Ro + RL R if = v s R i .I i + v o R i I i + A v .Ri I i = = Is Ii Ii
Vy:
Rif=Ri(1+Av)
>Ri
Trong : AVNL li in th ca mch h khng hi tip AV li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v c RL Nh vy: (8.14) AVNL = lim AV RL
8.5.2 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:

Dng mch mu hnh 8.11b c v li trong hnh 8.15
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-12
Mch in T
V Gm = limGM RL0 Trong : Gm l in dn truyn ca mch ni tt (RL = 0) GM l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti.
8.5.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:

Dng mch mu hnh 8.11c c v li trong hnh 8.16 vi mch khuch i c thay th bng mch tng ng Norton. Trong mch ny Ai biu th dng in ca mch ni tt (RL = 0) vi ni tr ngun RS c xem nh mt thnh phn ca mch khuch i.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-13
Mch in T
8.5.4 Mch hi tip in th song song:

Dng mch mu hnh 8.11d c v li trong hnh 8.17
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-14
Mch in T
Ch : Rm l in tr truyn ca mch h (RL = ) RM l in tr truyn ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti RL Do :Rm = lim RM RM
8.6 IN TR NG RA:
By gi ta xt nh hng ca hi tip m ln in tr ng ra ca mch khuch i. - Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu in th a v ng vo th in tr ng ra ca mch s gim (Rof<<R0). - Nu tn hiu hi tip m ly mu dng in a v ng vo th in tr ng ra ca mch s tng (Rof>>R0).
8.6.1 Mch hi tip in th ni tip:

Chng ta i tm in tr ng ra Rof cu mch c hi tip nhng cha mc ti RL vo. tm Rof, ta ni tt ngun ng vo (vS = 0, IS = 0) v h ti (RL = ). a mt ngun gi tng v vo 2 u ca ng ra, tnh dng in I chy vo mch to ra bi v. in tr ng ra c nh ngha:
Ch l R0 chia cho tha s hi tip 1+AVNL ( ch khng phi AV), trong AVNL l li in th ca mch khng c hi tip v h (RL = ). Khi a ti RL vo mch, in tr ng ra ca mch hi tip by gi l Rof = RL //Rof.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-15
Mch in T
Ch l by gi R0 chia cho tha s hi tip 1+AV, trong AV l li in th ca mch khng c hi tip nhng c ti RL.
8.6.2 Mch hi tip in th song song:

Xem li hnh 8.17. Ngt ngun ng vo (IS = 0) v cho h ti (RL =)
Rm: li in tr truyn ca mch khng hi tip v khng ti. Khi mc ti RL vo ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-16
Mch in T
8.6.3 Mch hi tip dng in song song:

Xem hnh 8.16 vi v0 = v
vi Ai l li dng in ca mch ni tt (RL = 0). Khi mc RL vo:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-17
Mch in T
8.6.4 Mch hi tip dng in ni tip:

Xem hnh 8.15 vi vS = 0, RL = . Dng cch tnh tng t nh cc phn trn ta tm c:
c tnh v thng s ca mch khuch i hi tip c tm tt trong bng 8.3. Ch Gm l in dn truyn ca mch khng c hi tip ni tt (RL=0) cn GM l khi c ti.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-18
Mch in T
Bng 8.3 Phn tch mch khuch i hi tip
8.7 PHNG PHP PHN TCH MT MCH KHUCH I C HI TIP:

Bc u tin trong vic phn gii l nhn dng loi mch hi tip. Mch vng ng vo (input loop) c xc nh l ni a tn hiu in th vo vS: gia cc nn-pht BJT, cc cng-ngun FET, 2 ng vo mch khuch i visai... Vic trn hoc so snh c nhn dng l hi tip nu trong mch vo c mt b phn mch mc ni tip vi vS v nu c ni vi ng ra. Trong trng hp ny in th ngang qua l tn hiu hi tip Xf = vf (hnh 8.11a v hnh 8.11b). Nu iu kin trn ni tip khng tha, chng ta phi th dng trn song song. Nt ng vo (input node) c xc nh nh l: Cc nn B ca BJT u tin, cc cng G ca FET u tin, ng vo o ca mch khuch i visai hay op-amp. Trong trng hp ny ngun tn hiu Norton c dng trong tn hiu dng in IS i vo nt vo. Vic trn c nhn dng l song song nu c thnh phn ni gia nt vo v mch ng ra. Dng in trong thnh phn ni ny l tn hiu hi tip Xf = If (hnh 8.11c v 8.11d). Tm li, v Xi = XS - Xf, nn vic trn l ni tip nu hiu tn hiu a vo mch vng ng vo l in th v l trn song song nu hiu tn hiu a vo nt ng vo l dng in.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-19
Mch in T
i lng ng ra c ly mu c th l in th hay dng in. Nt ng ra m in th ng ra v0 ly ra phi c xc nh r trong mi trng hp ng dng. in th v0 thng c ly hai u ti RL v I0 l dng in chy qua RL. Ta c th th loi ly mu theo 2 bc: 1. t v0 = 0 (tc RL = 0). Nu Xf thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l in th. 2. t I0 = 0 (tc RL = ). Nu Xf thnh 0, tn hiu ly mu l dng in. Mch khuch i khng c hi tip: Ta phn mch khuch i c hi tip ra lm 2 thnh phn: Mch khuch i cn bn A v h thng hi tip . Khi xc nh c A v ta tnh c cc c tnh quan trng ca mch khuch i c hi tip. Mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip (nhng h thng phi c a vo) c xc nh bng cch p dng cc nguyn tc sau y: - Tm mch ng vo: 1. t v0 = 0 khi ly mu in th (nt ng ra ni tt). 2. t I0 = 0 khi ly mu dng in (mch vng ng ra h). - Tm mch ng ra: 1. t vi = 0 khi mch trn song song (nt ng vo ni tt- khng c dng in hi tip i vo ng vo). 2. t Ii = 0 khi mch trn ni tip (mch vng ng vo h-khng c in th hi tip a vo ng vo). Cc bc phn gii: Tm Af, Rif, Rof theo cc bc sau y: 1. Nhn dng loi hi tip. Bc ny xc nh Xf v X0 l in th hay dng in. 2. V mch khuch i cn bn khng c hi tip theo nguyn tc phn trn. 3. Dng ngun tng ng Thevenin nu Xf l in th v dng ngun Norton nu Xf l dng in. 4. Thay thnh phn tc ng bng mch tng ng hp l (th d thng s h khi tn s thp hay thng s lai ( cho tn s cao).
6. Xc nh A bng nh lut Kirchhoff cho mch tng ng. 7. T A, , tm c F, Af, Rif, Rof, Rof.
8.8 MCH HI TIP IN TH NI TIP: (voltage- series feedback)

Hai th d v mch hi tip in th ni tip quen thuc c kho st mu l mch khuch i dng FET vi cc thot chung (source follower) v mch cc thu chung dng BJT (Emitter follower).
Mt mch hi tip in th ni tip 2 tng dng BJT c a vo mc 8.9.
8.8.1 Mch source-follower:

Mch c cho hnh 8.18a. in tr ti l RL = R. V mch vng ng vo cha thnh phn R c ni vi ng ra (v0 ngang qua R) nn y l trng hp ca mch trn ni tip. Tn hiu hi tip Xf l in th vf ngang qua R. Kiu ly mu tm c bng cch cho v0 = 0 v khi vf = 0 nn l kiu ly mu in th. V vy y l mch hi tip in th ni tip.
Hnh 8.18 (a) Mch Source follower (b) Khuch i cn bn khng hi tip (c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp v mch khuch i cn bn ta theo 2 bc: - Tm mch vng ng vo bng cch cho v0 = 0, khi vS c a thng gia G v S. - Tm mch ng ra bng cch cho Ii = 0 (ng vo h). Khi R ch xut hin trong mch vng ng ra. Ta v c mch hnh 8.18b. Khi thay FET bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp ta c mch hnh 8.18c
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-21
Mch in T
V in tr ng vo ca FET rt ln: Ri = nn Rif =Ri.F= xc nh in tr ng ra, ta ch R = RL
8.8.2 Mch Emitter follower:

Mch c cho hnh 8.19a. Tn hiu hi tip l in th vf ngang qua RE v tn hiu ly mu l v0 ngang qua RE. Nh vy y l trng hp ca mch hi tip in th ni tip. v mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip ta tm mch ng vo bng cch cho v0 = 0. Vy vS ni tip RS xut hin gia B v E. tm mch ng ra ta cho Ii = 0 (mch vng ng vo h) vy RE ch xut hin mch vng ng ra. Ta v c mch hnh 8.19b. Thay BJT bng mch tng ng tn hiu nh ta c mch hnh 8.19c.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-22
Mch in T
(b) Mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip (c) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp
Trong R0 (nhn vo ngun dng in)
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-23
Mch in T
8.9 CP HI TIP IN TH NI TIP:

Hnh 8.20 din t mt mch khuch i 2 tng mc ni tip c li ln lt l AV1, AV2. tn hiu hi tip c ly t ng ra ca tng th 2 qua h thng R1, R2 a ngc li tn hiu ng vo vS. Vi cch phn tch tng t nh on trc, ta d dng thy rng y l trng hp ca mch hi tip in th ni tip. c tnh ch yu nh thy l tng tr vo tng, tng tr ra gim v li in th n nh.
Mch vo ca mch cn bn c tm bng cch cho v0 = 0, Vy R2 hin ra song song vi R1. Ng ra c tm bng cch cho Ii = 0 (I = 0) Vy ng ra R1 ni tip vi R2. in th hi tip vf ngang qua R1 t l vi in th c ly mu v0 nn:
Ta xem mch c th nh hnh 8.21 Trong : RS = 0, = 50 Ta th xc nh AVf, Rof, Rif u tin ta tnh li ton mch khi cha c hi tip AV = AV1. AV2
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-24
Mch in T
Dng cch tnh phn cc nh cc chng trc ta s tm c: re2 # 17 re1 # 35 re1 =1.75 k re2 =850 Ti RL1 l: RL1 = 10k //47k //33k //850 813 T hnh 8.20b ta thy rng ti RL2 ca Q2 l Rc2 //(R1+R2) RL2 = 4.7k //4.8k = 2.37k Cng t hnh 8.20b, ta thy tng tr cc pht ca Q1 l RE vi: RE = R1 //R2 = 98
in tr ng vo ca mch khng hi tip: Ri = re1 +(1+)RE = 1.75k +(51)(0.098k) = 6.75k

Khi c hi tip: Rif = Ri.F = 121.5k in tr ng ra khi cha c hi tip: R0 = RL2 = 2.37k in tr ng ra khi c hi tip:
8.10 MCH HI TIP DNG IN NI TIP

Ta xem mch c hi tip hnh 8.22. T cc l lun ca mch Emitter follower ta thy r l tn hiu hi tip Xf = vf l in th ngang qua in tr RE v l cch trn ni tip. th loi ly mu ta cho v0 = 0 (RL = 0). Vic lm ny khng to cho in th vf ngang qua RE tr thnh 0v. Nh vy mch ny khng ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I0 = 0 (RL = ) ngha l dng cc thu bng 0 nn vf ngang qua RE cng bng 0. Vy mch ly mu dng in ng ra. Vy l mch hi tip dng in ni tip.
Ch l mc d dng in I0 t l vi v0 nhng khng th kt lun l mch hi tip in th ni tip v nu in th ly mu l v0 th:
v by gi l mt hm s ca ti RL. Mch ng vo ca mch khuch i khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I0 bng 0, RE xut hin mch vo. tm mch ng ra ta cho Ii = 0 v RE cng hin din mch ng ra. Mch c v li nh hnh 8.22b v mch tng ng theo thng s re nh hnh 8.22c. V in th hi tip t l vi I0 l dng in c ly mu nn vf xut hin ngang qua RE trong mch in ng ra (v khng phi ngang qua RE trong mch ng vo).
Nu RE l mt in tr c nh, li in dn truyn ca mch hi tip rt n nh. Dng qua ti c cho bi:
Dng qua ti nh vy t l trc tip vi in th ng vo v dng ny ch ty thuc RE. Mt ng dng l dng mch ny lm mch iu khin lm lch chm tia in t trong dao ng nghim. li in th cho bi:
8.11 MCH KHUCH I HI TIP DNG IN SONG SONG:

Hnh 8.23 l mt mch dng 2 transistor lin lc trc tip dng hi tip t cc pht ca Q2 v cc nn ca Q1 qua in tr R. T cc l lun on 8.7 ta thy mch trn song
song c dng v tn hiu hi tip Xf l dng in If chy qua R c ni t nt vo n mch ng ra.
nt vo song song vi RS.
xc nh loi ly mu, ta cho v0 = 0 (RC2 = 0), iu ny khng lm gim I0 v khng lm cho dng qua RE ca Q2 xung 0 v dng If khng gim xung 0 vy mch ny khng phi ly mu in th. By gi nu cho I0 = 0 (RC = ), dng If s bng 0 vy mch ly mu dng in. Nh vy mch hnh 8.23 l mt mch hi tip dng in song song. By gi ta s chng minh rng hi tip m. in th vB2 rt ln i vi vi do Q1 khuch i. Cng vy, vB2 lch pha 1800 so vi pha ca vi. V tc ng Emitter follower, vE2 thay i rt t so vi vB2 v 2 in th ny cng pha. Vy vB2 c bin ln hn vi (l vB1) v c pha lch 1800 so vi pha ca vi. Nu tn hiu vo tng lm cho IS tng v If cng tng v Ii = IS If s nh hn trong trng hp khng c hi tip. Tc ng ny l mt c tnh ca mch hi tip m. Mch khuch i khng c hi tip: Mch vo ca mch khng hi tip tm c bng cch cho I0 = 0. V dng IB2 khng ng k nn cc pht ca Q2 xem nh h (IE2 0). Kt qu l R mc ni tip vi RE cc nn ca Q1. Mch ng ra tm c bng cch ni tt nt ng vo (cc nn ca Q1). Vy R c xem nh mc song song vi RE ti cc pht ca Q2. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in, mch ngun c v li bng ngun tng ng Norton vi IS = vS /RS . Mch tng ng cui cng nh sau:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-28
Mch in T
Tn hiu hi tip l dng in If chy qua in tr R nm trong mch ng ra. T hnh 8.24 ta c:
Nu RE, R, RC2, RS n nh th Avf n nh (c lp vi thng s ca BJT, nhit hay s dao ng ca ngun in th vS).
8.12 MCH HI TIP IN TH SONG SONG:

Hnh 8.25a l mt tng cc pht chung vi in tr R c ni t ng ra tr v ng vo. Ging nh mch hnh 8.23 ta thy mch trn song song c dng v Xf l dng in If chy qua R.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-29
Mch in T
Nu chng ta cho v0 = 0, dng hi tip If s gim ti 0 ch rng kiu ly mu in th c s dng. Vy mch ny l mch khuch i hi tip in th song song. Nh th li truyn (in tr truyn) Af = RMf c n nh v c hai in tr ng vo v ng ra u b gim. Mch khuch i khng hi tip: Mch vo c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt ra (V0 = 0) nh vy R ni t cc B n cc E ca BJT. Mch ng ra c xc nh bng cch ni tt nt vo (vi = 0), nh vy R ni t cc thu n cc pht. Kt qu l mch tng ng khng hi tip c v li hnh 8.25b. V tn hiu hi tip l dng in, ngun tn hiu c biu din bng ngun tng ng Norton vi IS = vS /RS. Tn hiu hi tip l dng in If chy qua in tr R nm trong mch ng ra. T hnh 8.25b:
iu ny chng t rng If t l vi v0 v tn hiu ly mu l in th. Vi mch khuch i c hi tip ta c:
Ch rng in tr truyn bng lng m ca in tr hi tip t ng ra v ng vo. V nu R l mt in tr n nh th in tr truyn s n nh. li in th vi mch hi tip:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-30
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG VIII

******
Bi 1: a/ Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm in th xoay chiu vi (theo vS v vf). Gi s mch khuch i o c in tr vo v hn v Transistor c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi IC = 1.3mA
Bi 2: Mt mch khuch i cn bn khng hi tip cho ng ra l 30v vi 10% bin dng ha tn bc hai (second-harmonic distortion) khi ng vo 0.025v. a/ Nu 1.5% ng ra c hi tip v ng vo bng mch khuch i hi tip m in th ni tip th in th ng ra nh th no? b/ Nu ng ra vn gi 30v, nhng ha tn bc 2 gim cn 1% th in th ng vo l bao nhiu? Bi 3: Mt mch khuch i c hi tip nh hnh sau dng 2 transistor c = 100; phn cc vi dng IC = 1mA. Cc t in xem nh ni tt tn s ca tn hiu.
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-31
Mch in T
Bi 4: Trong mch khuch i hi tip sau, transistor c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi IC =1.3mA. B qua iu kin phn cc.
Bi 5: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100; phn cc vi IC=1.3mA. Tnh:
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-32
Mch in T
Bi 6: Transistor trong mch c cc thng s =100, phn cc vi IC=1.3mA. a/ Vi RE = 0. Xc nh: RMf = V0/IS; AVf=V0/VS, trong IS=VS/RS Rif, R0f b/ Lp li bi ton vi RE=0.5k
Trng Vn Tm
VIII-33
Mch in T
Chng 9: Mch khuch i cng sut
Chng 9
MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT
(Power Amplifier)
Mch khuch i cng sut c nhim v to ra mt cng sut ln kch thch ti. Cng sut ra c th t vi trm mw n vi trm watt. Nh vy mch cng sut lm vic vi bin tn hiu ln ng vo: do ta khng th dng mch tng ng tn hiu nh kho st nh trong cc chng trc m thng dng phng php th. Ty theo ch lm vic ca transistor, ngi ta thng phn mch khuch i cng sut ra thnh cc loi chnh nh sau: - Khuch i cng sut loi A: Tn hiu c khuch i gn nh tuyn tnh, ngha l tn hiu ng ra thay i tuyn tnh trong ton b chu k 360o ca tn hiu ng vo (Transistor hot ng c hai bn k ca tn hiu ng vo). - Khuch i cng sut loi AB: Transistor c phn cc gn vng ngng. Tn hiu ng ra thay i hn mt na chu k ca tn hiu vo (Transistor hot ng hn mt na chu k - dng hoc m - ca tn hiu ng vo). - Khuch i cng sut loi B: Transistor c phn cc ti VBE=0 (vng ngng). Ch mt na chu k m hoc dng - ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. - Khuch i cng sut loi C: Transistor c phn cc trong vng ngng ch mt phn nh hn na chu k ca tn hiu ng vo c khuch i. Mch ny thng c dng khuch i cng sut tn s cao vi ti cng hng v trong cc ng dng c bit. Hnh 9.1 m t vic phn loi cc mch khuch i cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-1
Mch in T
9.1 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A:

Mch phn cc c nh nh hnh 9.2 l m hnh ca mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A n gin.
Error!
Trng Vn Tm
IX-2
Mch in T
. Kho st phn cc:
. Kho st xoay chiu: Khi a tn hiu vi vo ng vo (hnh 9.2), dng IC v in th VCE (tn hiu ra) s thay i quanh im iu hnh Q. Vi tn hiu ng vo nh (hnh 9.4), v dng in cc nn thay i rt t nn dng in IC v in th VCE ng ra cng thay i t quanh im iu hnh. Khi tn hiu ng vo ln, ng ra s thay i rt ln quanh im tnh iu hnh. Dng IC s thay i quanh gii hn 0mA v VCC/RC. in th VCE thay i gia hai gii hn 0v v ngun VCC (hnh 9.5).
Trng Vn Tm
IX-3
Mch in T
. Kho st cng sut: - Cng sut cung cp c nh ngha: Pi(dc) = VCC . ICQ (9.1) - Cng sut ng ra ly trn ti, trong trng hp ny l RC, c nh ngha:
* Nu tnh theo in th nh v dng in nh:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-4
Mch in T
* Nu tnh theo in th v dng in nh i nh:
. Hiu sut ti a: Ta thy trong mch cng sut loi A, VCE c th thay i ti a: VCE(p-p) max = VCC Dng IC thay i ti a: IC(p-p) max = VCC/RC Cng sut ra ti a:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-5
Mch in T
9.2 MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI A DNG BIN TH:

Mch c bn c dng nh hnh 9.6
Bin th s lm tng hoc gim in th hay dng in (tn hiu xoay chiu) ty vo s vng qun ca cun s cp v th cp. y ta xem bin th nh l tng ngha l truyn 100% cng sut. Nu gi N1, N2, v1, v2, I1, I2 ln lt l s vng qun, in th tn hiu xoay chiu, dng in tn hiu xoay chiu ca cun s cp v th cp. Ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-6
Mch in T
Nh vy c th xem nh in tr ti phn chiu qua cun s cp l:
. ng thng ly in: Nu ta xem bin th l tng, ngha l ni tr bng 0. Nh vy khng c in th mt chiu gim qua cun s cp nn VCEQ = VCC. . Do ng thng ly in tnh l ng thng song song vi trc tung IC v ct trc honh VCE ti im c tr s bng VCC. Giao im ca ng thng ly in tnh v c tuyn ra IB tng ng l im iu hnh Q.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-7
Mch in T
ch xoay chiu, in tr ti nhn t cun s cp l RL nn ng thng ly in ng by gi
Do : PL=I2L(rms).RL . Hiu sut: Cng sut cung cp l:

Trng Vn Tm IX-8 Mch in T
Pi(dc) = VCC . ICQ Cng sut tiu tn trong bin th v transistor cng sut l: PQ = Pi(dc) - Po(ac) Hiu sut ca mch c nh ngha:
9.3 KHO ST MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT LOI B

Trong mch khuch i cng sut loi B, ngi ta phn cc vi VB =0V nn bnh thng transistor khng dn in v ch dn in khi c tn hiu ln a vo. Do phn cc nh th nn transistor ch dn in c mt bn k ca tn hiu (bn k dng hay m ty thuc vo transistor NPN hay PNP). Do mun nhn c c chu k ca tn hiu ng ra ngi ta phi dng 2 transistor, mi transistor dn in mt na chu k ca tn hiu. Mch ny gi l mch cng sut y ko (push-pull).
B
Cng sut cung cp: (cng sut vo) Ta c: Pi(dc) = VCC . IDC Trong IDC l dng in trung bnh cung cp cho mch. Do dng ti c c hai bn k nn nu gi IP l dng nh qua ti ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-9
Mch in T
. Cng sut ra: Cng sut ra ly trn ti RL c th c tnh:
. Cng sut tiu tn trong transistor cng sut: Tiu tn trong 2 transistor:
P2Q = Pi(dc) - Po(ac) Vy cng sut tiu tn trong mi transistor cng sut:
Cng sut tiu tn ti a ca 2 transistor cng sut khng xy ra khi cng sut ng vo ti a hay cng sut ng ra ti a. Cng sut tiu tn s ti a khi in th hai u ti l:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-11
Mch in T
9.4 DNG MCH CNG SUT LOI B:

Trong phn ny ta kho st mt s dng mch cng sut loi B thng dng. Tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin s cung cp cho 2 tng cng sut khc nhau. Nu tn hiu vo l hai tn hiu sin ngc pha, 2 tng cng sut ging ht nhau c dng, mi tng hot ng mt bn k ca tn hiu. Nu tn hiu vo ch c mt tn hiu sin, phi dng 2 transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN hot ng bn k dng v mt PNP hot ng bn k m. to c 2 tn hiu ngc pha ng vo (nhng cng bin ), ngi ta c th dng bin th c im gia (bin th o pha), hoc dng transistor mc thnh mch khuch i c li in th bng 1 hoc dng op-amp mc theo kiu voltage-follower nh din t bng cc s sau:
9.4.1 Mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull lin lc bng bin th:
Dng mch c bn nh sau:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-12
Mch in T
- Trong bn k dng ca tn hiu, Q1 dn. Dng i1 chy qua bin th ng ra to cm ng cp cho ti. Lc ny pha ca tn hiu a vo Q2 l m nn Q2 ngng dn. - n bn k k tip, tn hiu a vo Q2 c pha dng nn Q2 dn. Dng i2 qua bin th ng ra to cm ng cung cp cho ti. Trong lc pha tn hiu a vo Q1 l m nn Q1 ngng dn. Ch l i1 v i2 chy ngc chiu nhau trong bin th ng ra nn in th cm ng bn cun th cp to ra bi Q1 v Q2 cng ngc pha nhau, chng kt hp vi nhau to thnh c chu k ca tn hiu.
Thc t, tn hiu ng ra ly c trn ti khng c trn vn nh trn m b bin dng. L do l khi bt u mt bn k, transistor khng dn in ngay m phi ch khi bin vt qua in th ngng VBE. S bin dng ny gi l s bin dng xuyn tm (crossover). khc phc, ngi ta phn cc VB dng mt cht (th d transistor NPN) transistor c th dn in tt ngay khi c tn hiu p vo chn B. Cch phn cc ny gi l phn cc loi AB. Ch l trong cch phn cc ny dn in ca transistor cng sut khng ng k khi cha c tn hiu
B
Ngoi ra, do hot ng vi dng IC ln, transistor cng sut d b nng ln. Khi nhit tng, in th ngng VBE gim (transistor d dn in hn) lm dng IC cng ln hn, hin tng ny chng cht dn n h hng transistor. khc phc, ngoi vic phi gii nhit y cho transistor, ngi ta mc thm mt in tr nh (thng l vi ) hai chn E ca transistor cng sut xung mass. Khi transistor chy mnh, nhit tng, IC tng tc IE lm VE tng dn n VBE gim. Kt qu l transistor dn yu tr li.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-13
Mch in T
Ngoi ra, ngi ta thng mc thm mt in tr nhit c h s nhit m (thermistor) song song vi R2 gim bt in th phn cc VB b tr khi nhit tng.
9.4.2 Mch cng sut kiu i xng - b tc:

Mch ch c mt tn hiu ng vo nn phi dng hai transistor cng sut khc loi: mt NPN v mt PNP. Khi tn hiu p vo cc nn ca hai transistor, bn k dng lm cho transistor NPN dn in, bn k m lm cho transistor PNP dn in. Tn hiu nhn c trn ti l c chu k.
Cng ging nh mch dng bin th, mch cng sut khng dng bin th mc nh trn vp phi s bin dng cross-over do phn cc chn B bng 0v. khc phc, ngi ta cng phn cc mi cho cc chn B mt in th nh (dng i vi transistor NPN v m i vi transistor PNP). n nh nhit, 2 chn E cng c mc thm hai in tr nh.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-14
Mch in T
Trong thc t, tng cng sut ca mch, ngi ta thng dng cc cp Darlington hay cp Darlington_cp hi tip nh c m t hnh 9.18 v hnh 9.19.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-15
Mch in T
9.4.3 Kho st vi dng mch thc t:

Trong phn ny, ta xem qua hai dng mch rt thng dng trong thc t: mch dng transistor v dng op-amp lm tng khuch i in th. 9.4.3.1 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l transistor: Mch c dng c bn nh hnh 9.20
cng sut.
Cc c im chnh: - Q1 l transistor khuch i in th v cung cp tn hiu cho 2 transistor
- D1 v D2 ngoi vic n nh in th phn cc cho 2 transistor cng sut (gi cho in th phn cc gia 2 chn B khng vt qu 1.4v) cn c nhim v lm ng lin lc cp tn hiu cho Q2 (D1 v D2 c phn cc thun). - Hai in tr 3.9( n nh hot ng ca 2 transistor cng sut v phng din nhit . - T 47F to hi tip dng cho Q2, mc ch nng bin ca tn hiu tn s thp (thng c gi l t Boostrap). - Vic phn cc Q1 quyt nh ch lm vic ca mch cng sut. 9.4.3.2 Mch cng sut vi tng khuch i in th l op-amp Mt mch cng sut dng AB vi op-amp c m t nh hnh 9.21: - Bin tr R2: dng chnh in th offset ng ra (chnh sao cho ng ra bng 0v khi khng c tn hiu vo). - D1 v D2 phn cc thun nn: VB1= 0.7v VB2= - 0.7v
- in th VBE ca 2 transistor cng sut thng c thit k khong 0.6v, ngha l gim th qua in tr 10 l 0.1v. - Mt cch gn ng dng qua D1 v D2 l:
Nh vy ta thy khng c dng in phn cc chy qua ti. - Dng in cung cp tng cng: In = I1 + I + IC = 1.7 + 9.46 + 10 = 21.2 mA (khi cha c tn hiu, dng cung cp qua op-amp 741 l 1.7mA -nh sn xut cung cp). - Cng sut cung cp khi cha c tn hiu: Pin (standby) = 2VCC . In (standby) = (12v) . (21.2) = 254 mw - khuch i in th ca mch:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-17
Mch in T
- Dng in qua ti:
- in th nh qua ti: Vo(p) = 0.125 . 8 = 1v - Khi Q1 dn (bn k dng ca tn hiu), in th nh ti chn B ca Q1 l: VB1(p) = VE1(p) + 0.7v = 2.25 + 0.7 = 2.95v - in th ti ng ra ca op-amp: V1 = VB1 - VD1 = 2.95 - 0.7 = 2.25v - Tng t khi Q2 dn: VB2(p) = VE2(p) - 0.7v = -2.25 - 0.7 = -2.95v - in th ti ng ra op-amp: V1 = VB2(p) + VD2 = -2.95 + 0.7 = -2.25v - Khi Q1 ngng (Q2 dn) VB1 = V1 + VD1 = -2.25 + 0.7 = -1.55v - Tng t khi Q1 dn (Q2 ngng)
Trng Vn Tm
IX-18
Mch in T
VB2 = V1 - VD2 = 2.25 - 0.7 = 1.55v - Dng bo ha qua mi transistor:
- in th Vo ti a: Vo(p) max = 333.3 * 8 =2.67v
9.4.3.3 Mch cng sut dng MOSFET: Phn ny gii thiu mt mch dng MOSFET cng sut vi tng u l mt mch khuch i vi sai. Cch tnh phn cc, v nguyn tc cng ging nh phn trn. Ta ch mt s im c bit: - Q1 v Q2 l mch khuch i vi sai. R2 to in th phn cc cho cc nn ca Q1. R1, C1 dng gii hn tn s cao cho mch (chng nhiu tn s cao). - Bin tr R5 to cn bng cho mch khuch i visai. - R13, R14, C3 l mch hi tip m, quyt nh li in th ca ton mch. - R15, C2 mch lc h thng c tc dng gim sng d trn ngun cp in ca tng khuch i vi sai. - Q4 dng nh mt tng o pha rp theo mch khuch i hng A. - Q3 hot ng nh mt mch n p n nh in th phn cc gia hai cc cng ca cp cng sut. - D1 dng gii hn bin vo cc cng Q5. R16 v D1 tc dng nh mt mch bo v. - R17 v C8 to thnh ti gi xoay chiu khi cha mc ti.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-19
Mch in T
Hinh 9.23 Cong suat 30W dung MOSFET
9.5 IC CNG SUT:

Trong mch cng sut m tng u l op-amp, nu ta phn cc bng ngun n th mch c dng nh sau: - R1, R2 dng phn cc cho ng vo c in th bng VCC/2. - Mch hi tip m gm R7, R8 v C3 vi R8 << R7. t C3 to li in th mt chiu bng n v. Nh vy khi cha c tn hiu vo, hai ng vo + v ng vo - cng nh ng ra ca tng op-amp u c in th phn cc bng VCC/2, bng vi in th mt chiu ng ra ca mch cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-20
Mch in T
- T C2 (t xut) ngn in th mt chiu qua ti v m bo in th phn cc ng ra bng VCC/2. - li in th ca ton mch: Av 1+R7/R8
Cc IC cng sut thng c ch to bn trong c cu trc gn tng t nh mch trn. Vi nhng IC cng sut ln, tng cui c th l cc cp darlington-cp hi tip. Ngoi ra nng cao cht lng, ngi ta cn ch to thm mt s mch c chc nng c bit nh bo v ni tt ng ra, b chnh tn s ... Th d ta xem Ic cng sut LM1877 (bn trong c 2 mch cng sut vi cng sut ra ti a l 1w/knh) c s chn nh sau:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-21
Mch in T
Mch sau y cho thy cch rp thnh mch cng sut 1watt vi cc linh kin bn ngoi khi dng 1 knh.
Trong ch mt s c im: - R2, C7, R3, C4 quyt nh khuch i ca mch (mch hi tip m). - R4, C5 lm ti gi cho mch v iu ha tng tr loa tn s cao. - T C7 quyt nh p ng tn s cao. - R1 phn cc ng vo. R1 khng c qu nh s lm bin tn hiu vo. - khuch i ca mch tn s gia
Trong trng hp rp 2 knh, mch in nh hnh sau:
Trng Vn Tm
IX-23
Mch in T
BI TP CUI CHNG IX
Bi 1: Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v hiu sut ca mch sau, bit rng khi c tn hiu ng vo dng IB s dao ng vi bin nh l 10mA.
Bi 2: Trong mch khuch i cng sut sau y: 1. Tnh cng sut vo, cng sut ra v cng sut tiu ph trong mi transistor. 2. Tnh cng sut v hiu sut ca mch khi tn hiu vo c bin hiu dng l 12V(rms).
Bi 3: Mt mch cng sut loi A dng bin th vi t s vng 4:1. Dng ngun cp in VCC = 36V mch cho cng sut 2 watt trn ti 16. Tnh: a/. P(ac) trn cun s cp. b/. vL(ac). c/. v(ac) trn cun s cp. d/. Tr hiu dng ca dng in qua ti v trn cun s cp. Bi 4: Mt mch khuch i cng sut loi A nh hnh v. Xc nh: a/. li in th gn ng ca mch. b/. Cng sut vo Pi(dc). c/. Cng sut ra Po(ac).
d/. Hiu sut ca mch. Cho bit dng tiu th ca LM324 khi cha c tn hiu l 0.8mA.
Bi 5: Trong mch cng sut hnh 9.23 cho bit VGS(th) ca IRF532 thay i t 2v n 4v v VGS(th) ca IRF9532 thay i t -2v n -4v. Mt cch gn ng, tnh in th ti a v ti thiu gia 2 cc cng ca cp cng sut.
Trng Vn Tm
IX-25
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Chng 10
MCH DAO NG (Oscillators)
Ngoi cc mch khuch i in th v cng sut, dao ng cng l loi mch cn bn ca ngnh in t. Mch dao ng c s dng ph bin trong cc thit b vin thng. Mt cch n gin, mch dao ng l mch to ra tn hiu. Tng qut, ngi ta thng chia ra lm 2 loi mch dao ng: Dao ng iu ha (harmonic oscillators) to ra cc sng sin v dao ng tch thot (th gin - relaxation oscillators) thng to ra cc tn hiu khng sin nh rng ca, tam gic, vung (sawtooth, triangular, square).
10.1 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S THP:

Ta xem li mch khuch i c hi tip
- Nu pha ca vf lch 1800 so vi vs ta c hi tip m. - Nu pha ca vf cng pha vi vs (hay lch 3600) ta c hi tip dng. li ca mch khi c hi tip:
Trng Vn Tm
X-1
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng Trng hp c bit Av = 1 c gi l chun c Barkausen (Barkausen criteria), lc ny Af tr nn v hn, ngha l khi khng c tn hiu ngun vs m vn c tn hiu ra v0, tc mch t to ra tn hiu v c gi l mch dao ng. Tm li iu kin c dao ng l: Av=1 A + B = 00 (3600) iu kin ny ch tha mt tn s no , ngha l trong h thng hi tip dng phi c mch chn tn s. Nu Av >> 1 (ng iu kin pha) th mch dao ng t n nh nhanh nhng dng sng mo nhiu (thin v vung) cn nu Av > 1 v gn bng 1 th mch t n n nh chm nhng dng sng ra t mo. Cn nu Av < 1 th mch khng dao ng c.
B
10.1.1 Dao ng dch pha (phase shift oscillator):

- To sng sin tn s thp nht l trong di m tn. - Cn gi l mch dao ng RC. - Mch c th dng BJT, FET hoc Op-amp. - Thng dng mch khuch i o (lch pha 1800) nn h thng hi tip phi lch pha thm 1800 to hi tip dng. a. Nguyn tc:
- H thng hi tip gm ba mc R-C, mi mc c lch pha ti a 900 nn lch pha l 1800 phi dng ba mc R-C. - Mch tng ng tng qut ca ton mch dao ng dch pha c m t hnh 10.2
Trng Vn Tm
X-2
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng Nu Ri rt ln v R0 nh khng ng k Ta c: v0 = v1 = Av.vi vi = v2 - H thng hi tip gm 3 mc C-R, v c v li nh hnh 10.3.
- phn gii mch ta theo 4 bc: + Vit phng trnh tnh li in th = v2/v1 ca h thng hi tip. + Rt gn thnh dng a + jb + Cho b = 0 xc nh tn s dao ng f0 + Thay f0 vo phng trnh ca bc 1 xc nh gi tr ca ti f0.
T :
Trng Vn Tm
X-3
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
V:
mch lch pha 1800: Trng Vn Tm
X-4
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Thay 0 vo biu thc ca ta tm c:
b. Mch dch pha dng op-amp: - Do op-amp c tng tr vo rt ln v tng tr ra khng ng k nn mch dao ng ny minh ha rt tt cho chun c Barkausen. Mch cn bn c v hnh 10.4 - Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi:
Trng Vn Tm
X-5
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng c. Mch dao ng dch pha dng FET: - Do FET c tng tr vo rt ln nn cng thch hp cho loi mch ny. - Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i khi khng c hi tip: R0 = RD||rD phi thit k sao cho R0 khng ng k so vi tng tr vo ca h thng hi tip tn s dao ng vn tha mn cng thc:
Nu iu kin trn khng tha mn th ngoi R v C, tn s dao ng s cn ty thuc vo R0 (xem mch dng BJT). - li vng h ca mch: Av = -gm(RD||rD) 29 nn phi chn Fet c gm, rD ln v phi thit k vi RD tng i ln.
d. Mch dng BJT: - Mch khuch i l cc pht chung c hoc khng c t phn dng cc pht.
Trng Vn Tm
X-6
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
- iu kin tng tr vo ca mch khng tha mn nn in tr R cui cng ca h thng hi tip l: (10.8) R = R + (R1||R2||Zb) Vi Zb = re nu c CE v Zb = (re + RE) nu khng c CE. - Tng tr ca mch khi cha c hi tip R0 RC khng nh lm nn lm nh hng n tn s dao ng. Mch phn gii c v li
-p dng cch phn gii nh phn trc ta tm c tn s dao ng:
- Thng ngi ta thm mt tng khuch i m cc thu chung ti khng nh hng n mch dao ng.
Trng Vn Tm
X-7
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.1.2 Mch dao ng cu Wien: (wien bridge oscillators)

- Cng l mt dng dao ng dch pha. Mch thng dng op-amp rp theo kiu khuch i khng o nn h thng hi tip phi c lch pha 00. Mch cn bn nh hnh 10.8a v h thng hi tip nh hnh 10.8b
Ti tn s dao ng 0:
Trng Vn Tm
X-8
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Trong mch c bn hnh 10.8a, ta ch : mch khng dao ng - Nu li vng h Av < 3 - Nu li vng h Av >> 3 th tn hiu dao ng nhn c b bin dng (nh dng v nh m ca hnh sin b ct). - Cch tt nht l khi khi ng, mch to Av > 3 ( d dao ng) xong gim dn xung gn bng 3 c th gim thiu ti a vic bin dng. Ngi ta c nhiu cch, hnh 10.9 l mt v d dng diode hot ng trong vng phi tuyn thay i li in th ca mch. - Khi bin ca tn hiu ra cn nh, D1, D2 khng dn in v khng nh hng n mch. li in th ca mch lc ny l:
- li ny mch dao ng. Khi in th nh ca tn hiu ngang qua R4 khong 0.5 volt th cc diode s bt u dn in. D1 dn khi ng ra dng v D2 dn khi ng ra m. Khi dn mnh nht, in th ngang diode xp x 0.7 volt. l hai diode ch dn in phn nh ca tn hiu ra v n hot ng nh mt in tr thay i ni tip vi R5 v song song vi R4 lm gim li ca mch, sao cho li lc ny xung gn bng 3 v c tc dng lm gim thiu s bin dng. Vic phn gii hot ng ca diode trong vng phi tuyn tng i phc tp, thc t ngi ta mc thm mt in tr R5 (nh hnh v) iu chnh li ca mch sao cho bin dng t c mc thp nht.
Trng Vn Tm
X-9
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
- Ngoi ra cng nn l bin dng s cng nh khi bin tn hiu ng ra cng thp. Thc t, ly tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng ngi ta c th mc thm mt mch khng o song song vi R1C1 nh hnh v thay v mc ni tip ng ra ca mch dao ng. Do tng tr vo ln, mch ny gn nh khng nh hng n h thng hi tip nhng tn hiu ly ra c bin dng c gim thiu ng k do tc ng lc ca R1C1. - Mt phng php khc gim bin dng v tng n nh bin tn hiu dao ng, ngi ta s dng JFET trong mch hi tip m nh mt in tr thay i. Lc ny JFET c phn cc trong vng in tr (ohmic region-vng ID cha bo ha) v tc ng nh mt in tr thay i theo in th (VVR-voltage variable resistor).
- Ta xem mch hnh 10.10
- D1, D2 c dng nh mch chnh lu mt bn k (m); C3 l t lc. Mch ny to in th m phn cc cho JFET. - Khi cp in, mch bt u dao ng, bin tn hiu ra khi cha lm cho D1 v D2 dn in th VGS = 0 tc JFET dn mnh nht v rds nh nht v li in th ca op-amp t gi tr ti a. - S dao ng tip tc, khi in th nh ng ra m t tr s xp x -(Vz + 0.7v) th D1 v D2 s dn in v VGS bt u m.
Trng Vn Tm
X-10
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng - S gia tng ca tn hiu in th nh ng ra s lm cho VGS cng m tc rds tng. Khi rds tng, li Av ca mch gim cui cng t c li vng bng n v khi mch hot ng n nh. - Thc t, mch hot ng iu kin tt nht, ngi ta dng bin tr R4 c th chnh t bin dng thp nht. Vn iu chnh tn s: - Trong mch dao ng cu Wien, tn s v h s hi tip c xc nh bng cng thc:
- Nh vy thay i tn s dao ng, ta c th thay i mt trong cc thnh phn trn. Tuy nhin, l khi c h s hi tip cng thay i theo v li vng cng thay i, iu ny c th lm cho mch mt dao ng hoc tn hiu dao ng b bin dng. - khc phc iu ny, ngi ta thng thay i R1, R2 hoc C1, C2 cng lc (dng bin tr i hoc t xoay i) khng lm thay i h s. Hnh 10.11 m t vic iu chnh ny.
- Tuy nhin, hai bin tr rt kh ng nht v thay i ging ht nhau nn kh gi vng. Mt cch khc iu chnh tn s dao ng l dng k thut hi tip m v ch thay i mt thnh phn mch v khng lm thay i li vng d v Av u thay i. Mch in nh hnh 10.12 - Tn s dao ng ca mch vn c xc nh bi:
Trng Vn Tm
X-11
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Vy khi R1 tng th f0 gim, tng. Ngc li khi R1 gim th f0 tng v gim. Mch A2 a vo trong h thng hi tip dng gi vng li vng lun bng n v khi ta iu chnh tn s (tc thay i R1). Tht vy, ta th tnh li vng h Av ca mch
Ton b mch dao ng cu Wien c iu chnh tn s v bin dng tham kho c v hnh 10.14
Trng Vn Tm
X-12
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.2 MCH DAO NG SIN TN S CAO:

Dao ng dch pha khng dng c tn s cao do lc t in phi c in dung rt nh. to sng tn s cao ngi ta thng a vo h thng hi tip cc mch cng hng LC (song song hoc ni tip).
10.2.1 Mch cng hng (resonant circuit):

a. Cng hng ni tip (series resonant circuit): - Gm c mt t in v mt cun cm mc ni tip. - Cm khng ca cun dy l jXL = 2fL
- Thc t, cun cm L lun c ni tr R nn tng tr thc ca mch l: Z = R + jXL - jXC. - Ti tn s cng hng f0 th XL = XC nn Z0 = R
- Vy ti tn s cng hng tng tr ca mch c tr s cc tiu. - Khi tn s f < f0 tng tr c tnh dung khng. - Khi tn s f > f0 tng tr c tnh cm khng.
Trng Vn Tm
X-13
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
b. Cng hng song song (parallel resonant ci rcuit) Tng tr ca mch:
Trng Vn Tm
X-14
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.2.2 Tng qut v dao ng LC:

-Dng tng qut nh hnh 10.17a v mch hi tip nh hnh 10.17b
- Gi s Ri rt ln i vi Z2 (thng c tha v Z2 rt nh) tnh h s hi tip ta dng hnh 10.17b
xc nh Av ( li ca mch khuch i cn bn ta dng mch 10.17c
Trng Vn Tm
X-15
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Trng Vn Tm
X-16
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.2.3 Mch dao ng Colpitts:

Ta xem mch dng JFET
cc.
So snh vi mch tng qut: Z1= C1; Z2 = C2; Z3 = L1; C3: t lin lc ng vo lm cch ly in th phn
L2: cun chn cao tn (Radio-frequency choke) c ni tr khng ng k nhng c cm khng rt ln tn s dao ng, dng cch ly tn hiu dao ng vi ngun cp in. Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
Trng Vn Tm
X-17
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Kt qu trn cho thy mch khuch i phi l mch o v li vng h phi c tr tuyt i ln hn C2 /C1. Av(oc) l li khng ti: Av(oc) = -gm(rd //XL2) Do XL2 rt ln ti tn s cng hng, nn: Av(oc) -gmrd Mt mch dng BJT
10.2.4 Dao ng Clapp (clapp oscillator):

Dao ng clapp tht ra l mt dng thay i ca mch dao ng colpitts. Cun cm trong mch dao ng colpitts i thnh mch LC ni tip. Ti tn s cng hng, tng tr ca mch ny c tnh cm khng.
Trng Vn Tm
X-18
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Ti tn s cng hng: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0
l do mch L1C3 phi c tnh cm khng tn s dao ng nn C3 phi c tr s nh, thng l nh nht trong C1, C2, C3 v f0 gn nh ch ty thuc vo L1C3 mc ni tip. Ngi ta cng c th dng mch clapp ci tin nh hnh 10.21 Tn s dao ng cng c tnh bng cng thc trn nhng ch do dng mch cc thu chung (Av, 1) nn h s phi c tr tuyt i ln hn 1.
10.2.5 Dao ng Hartley (hartley oscillators)

Cng ging nh dao ng colpitts nhng v tr ca cun dy v t hon i nhau. Z1 = L1; Z2 = L2; Z3 = C1 Trng Vn Tm X-19 Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Hai cun cm L1 v L2 mc ni tip nn in cm ca ton mch l L = L1 + L2 + 2M vi M l h cm.
T iu kin: Z1 + Z2 + Z3 = 0 ti tn s cng hng vi Z1+Z2=Zl=j0L
Ta cng c th dng mch cc thu chung nh hnh 10.23
Trng Vn Tm
X-20
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.3 DAO NG THCH ANH (crystal oscillators)

10.3.1 Thch anh
Tinh th thch anh (quaRtz crytal) l loi trong m trong thin nhin, chnh l dioxyt silicium (SiO2). Tinh th thch anh dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng c ct ra t tinh th. Ty theo mt ct m lt thch anh c c tnh khc nhau. Lt thch anh c din tch t nh hn 1cm2 n vi cm2 c mi rt mng, phng (vi mm) v 2 mt tht song song vi nhau. Hai mt ny c m kim loi v ni chn ra ngoi d s dng.
c tnh ca tinh th thch anh l tnh p in (piezoelectric effect) theo khi ta p mt lc vo 2 mt ca lt thch anh (nn hoc ko dn) th s xut hin mt in th xoay chiu gia 2 mt. Ngc li di tc dng ca mt in th xoay chiu, lt thch anh s rung mt tn s khng i v nh vy to ra mt in th xoay chiu c tn s khng i. Tn s rung ng ca lt thch anh ty thuc vo kch thc ca n c bit l dy mt ct. Khi nhit thay i, tn s rung ng ca thch anh cng thay i theo nhng vn c n nh tt hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch dao ng khng dng thch anh (tn s dao ng gn nh ch ty thuc vo thch anh m khng l thuc mch ngoi). Mch tng ng ca thch anh nh hnh 10.25
Tinh th thch anh cng hng hai tn s khc nhau:
Trng Vn Tm
X-21
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Ta c th dng thch anh thay th mch ni tip LC, mch s dao ng tn s fS. Cn nu thay th mch song song LC, mch s dao ng tn s fp (hoc fop). Do thch anh c in cm LS ln, in dung ni tip rt nh nn thch anh s quyt nh tn s dao ng ca mch; linh kin bn ngoi khng lm thay i nhiu tn s dao ng (di 1/1000). Thng ngi ta ch to cc thch anh c tn s dao ng t 100khz tr ln, tn s cng thp cng kh ch to. Trng Vn Tm X-22 Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.3.2 Dao ng thch anh:

Dao ng dng thch anh nh mch cng hng ni tip cn gi l mch dao ng Pierce (Pierce crystal oscillator). Dng tng qut nh sau:
Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch dao ng clapp nhng thay cun dy v t in ni tip bng thch anh. Dao ng Pierce l loi dao ng thng dng nht ca thch anh. Hnh 10.29 l loi mch dao ng Pierce dng rt t linh kin. Thch anh nm trn ng hi tip t cc thot v cc cng.
Trong C1 = CdS; C2 = CgS t lin cc ca FET. Do C1 v C2 rt nh nn tn s dao ng ca mch:
v thch anh c dng nh mch cng hng song song.
Trng Vn Tm
X-23
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Thc t ngi ta mc thm mt t tinh chnh CM (Trimmer) nh hnh 10.29 v c tc ng gim bin dng ca tn hiu dao ng.
Ta c th dng mch hnh 10.30 vi C1 v C2 mc bn ngoi.
Trng hp ny ta thy thch anh c dng nh mt mch cng hng ni tip
10.4 DAO NG KHNG SIN

10.4.1 Dao ng tch thot dng OP-AMP (op-amp relaxation oscillator)
y l mch to ra sng vung cn gi l mch dao ng a hi phi n (astable mutivibrator). Hnh 10.31 m t dng mch cn bn dng op-amp
Ta thy dng mch ging nh mch so snh o c hi tip dng vi in th so snh vi c thay bng t C.
Trng Vn Tm
X-24
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng in th thm trn VUTP=.(+VSAT)>0 in th thm di VLTP=.(-VSAT)<0 Gi s khi m in v0 = +VSAT, t C np in, in th hai u t tng dn, khi VC (in th ng vo -) ln hn vf = VUTP (in th ng vo +) ng ra i trng thi thnh -VSAT v vf by gi l: vf = VLTP = .(-VSAT). T C bt u phng in qua R1, khi VC = 0 t C np in th m n tr s VLTP th mch li i trng thi (v0 thnh +VSAT). Hin tng trn c tip tc to ra ng ra mt dng sng vung vi nh dng l +VSAT v nh m l -VSAT. Thi gian np in v phng in ca t C l chu k ca mch dao ng. Do t C np in v phng in u qua in tr R1 nn thi gian np in bng thi gian phng in.
Khi C np in, in th 2 u t l:
Trng Vn Tm
X-25
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Thc t |+VSAT| c th khc |-VSAT| nn c sng vung i xng, c th s dng mch nh hnh 10.33
Trong cc mch hnh trn ng ra ta c sng vung u (t1 = t2). Mun t1 t2 ta c th th R2 bng mch
Trng Vn Tm
X-26
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.4.2 To sng vung, tam gic v rng ca vi mch dao ng a hi:

Dng tn hiu ra ca mch dao ng tch thot c th thay i nu ta thay i cc thnh phn ca h thng hi tip m. a. To sng tam gic: Mt cu chnh lu v JFET c a vo h thng hi tip m nh hnh 10.35. l in th ti cc thot D ca JFET lun dng hn cc ngun S (bt chp trng thi ca ng ra V0). JFET nh vy hot ng nh mt ngun dng in v tr s ca ngun ny ty thuc JFET v R1 khi VDS ln hn 3v. Th d vi JFET 2N4221, ta c:
C s
- Gi s v0 = +VSAT th D1, D2 dn. Dng in qua D1, JFET, D2 np vo t t tr
- Khi vC = VUTP, v0 i trng thi thnh -VSAT; D3, D4 dn, t C phng in cho n ht v np in th m n VLTP trong thi gian tn. Sau hin tng li tip tc.
Trng Vn Tm
X-27
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Nu 4 diode ng nht th ta c thi gian np in bng thi gian phng in, tc tp = tn, v chu k dao ng T = tp + t= = 2tp
Nh vy ng ra ta c sng vung v ng vo tr ta c sng tam gic. b. Thay i dc ca sng tam gic thay i dc ca sng tam gic ta phi thay i tp v tn (nu tp tn ta c sng tam gic khng u). Mun vy ta to dng np v dng phng khc nhau. Gi dng phng l In v dng np l Ip, ta c:
Mch minh ha nh hnh 10.37
c. To sng rng ca: to sng rng ca ta tm cch gim tht nh thi gian phng in. C th dng mch nh hnh 10.38
Trng Vn Tm
X-28
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
- Thi gian C phng in qua Dn rt nh (vi chc micro giy). - Chu k dao ng T = tp + tn tp
10.4.3 To sng tam gic t mch so snh v tch phn:

Ta xem mch tch phn sau y:
Gi s thi im t = 0, SW v tr 1 (Ei = 15v) dng in qua R l: . Dng in ny s np vo t C to ra v0 (gim dn)
Trng Vn Tm
X-29
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Gi s khi v0 = VLTP ta chuyn SW sang v tr 2, t C s phng in v np theo chiu ngc li to ra v0 (dng dn).
trc.
Khi v0 = VUTP ta chuyn SW sang v tr 1. Mch tip tc hot ng nh
t ng b giao hon v to dng hng cho t in ca mch tch phn, ngi ta c th dng mt mch so snh v mch tch phn ghp vi nhau; xong ly ng ra ca mch tch phn lm in th iu khin cho mch so snh. Ton b mch c dng nh hnh 10.41
phn gii mch ta ch l khi ng ra ca mch so snh bo ha dng (+VSAT) th v0 = VZ + 0.7v = V0 > 0. Cn khi bo ha m v0= -(VZ+0.7v) = -V0 < 0.
Trng Vn Tm
X-30
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
in th nh - nh ca tam gic:
Ch l nu VR = 0 th Vmax = -Vmin Xc nh tn s:
+ Khi VS 0 Khi v0 = -V0 (ng tin) th ta c:
Trng Vn Tm
X-31
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
10.4.4 To sng tam gic n cc:

Ta xem li mch to sng tam gic khi VR = 0
V khi VS = 0 tp = tn to sng tam gic n cc (gi s dng) ta mc thm mt diode ni tip vi R1 nh hnh 10.43a Khi v0 = -V0: diode D dn Khi v0 = +V0: diode D ngng Trng Vn Tm X-32 Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Mun to sng tam gic n cc m ta ch cn i chiu ca diode D. Tn s dao ng khng thay i.
10.4.5 To sng rng ca:

Nh phn trc, to sng rng ca, ta gim nh T2. Mun vy, ta to iu kin cho t C ca mch tch phn phng in nhanh. Ta c th dng mch nh hnh 10.44. Do Ei m, khi m in t C np to v(t) dng (tch phn o) tng dn t 0v. Lc ny do Vref > 0 v ln hn v(t) nn v0 trng thi -VSAT ( diode D v transistor Q ngng khng nh hng n mch tch phn. Tn hiu rng ca tng dn, khi Vc = Vref mch so snh i trng thi v v0 thnh +VSAT lm cho D v Q dn bo ha. T C phng nhanh qua Q ko v(t) xung 0v. Mch so snh li i trng thi... Trng Vn Tm X-33 Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Trng Vn Tm
X-34
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
BI TP CUI CHNG X
Bi 1: Cho mch dao ng dch pha RC nh sau:
1. Chng minh rng tn s dao dng cho bi
2.Tm gi tr ca R Bi 2: Cho mch in:
Trng Vn Tm
X-35
Mch in T
Chng 10: Mch dao ng
Bi 3: Cho mch in: D1, D2 cu to bng Si c in th Zener ln lt l VZ1 v VZ2 1. Chng minh rng rng ca xung dng ca v0 cho bi:
2. Chng minh rng rng ca xung m ca v0 cho bi:
3. Nu VZ1 > VZ2 th T1 ln hn hay nh hn T2. Gii thch. 4. Tm tn s f ca mch dao ng khi VZ1 = VZ2 = VZ
Bi 4: Trong mch in bi 3 thay R bi mch sau:
1. Gii thch hot ng ca mch (JFET hot ng vng ID bo ha). 2. Nu dng JFET 2N4869 c c im khi ID bo ha: VGS =-1V, ID = 3mA VGS =-2V, ID = 1mA Trong iu kin khi op-amp bo ha |v0| =20v; R1 =R2. dng np ca t l 3mA, dng phng l 1mA v cho chu k T=1ms th RS1, RS2, C phi bng bao nhiu.
Trng Vn Tm
X-36
Mch in T

điện tử tương tự

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

điện tử tương tự

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MCH IN T

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.1 NG THNG LY IN (LOAD LINE):

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.2. DIODE TRONG MCH IN MT CHIU

1.3. DIODE TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU - MCH CHNH LU

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

- in th nh phn cc nghch ca diode l: VRM=Vm

Ta cng c th chnh lu ly bn k m bng cch i u diode.

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Do in th nh ti a l Vdcm nn in th trung bnh ti thiu l Vdcmin=Vdcm-Vr(p-p)

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Nu s thay i in th 2 u t l tuyn tnh th dng in ic l dng in mt

Vi f l tn s ca ngun in chnh lu. Nu gi fr l tn s sng d, ta c

1.4. MCH CT (Clippers)

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.4.2. Mch ct song song * Mch cn bn c dng

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.26 l dng v bin v0

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.5. MCH GHIM P (Mch kp - clampers)

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.6. MCH DNG DIODE ZENER:

Chng 1: Mch Diode

1.6.2. Ngun Vi c nh v RL thay i

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Nu ta gi RL c nh, vi phi ln th zener mi dn in. Tr s ti thiu ca Vi zener c th dn in c xc nh bi:

1.7. MCH CHNH LU BI P

Chng 1: Mch Diode

- Ta cng c th mc mch chnh lu tng i in th theo chiu dng

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 2: Xc nh VD2 v ID trong mch in hnh 1.37

Bi 3: Xc nh V0, v ID trong mch in hnh 1.38

Bi 4: Xc nh I, V1, V2 v V0 trong mch hnh 1.39

Bi 5: Xc nh V0, V1, ID1 v ID2 trong mch hnh 1.40

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 6: Xc nh V0 trong mch hnh 1.41

Bi 7: Xc nh I1, I2, ID2 trong mch hnh 1.42

Bi 8: Xc nh dng in I trong mch hnh 1.43

Bi 9: Dng kiu mu diode l tng, xc nh V0 trong 2 mch hnh 1.44a v 1.44b

Bi 10: Dng kiu mu in th ngng, xc nh v0 trong mch hnh 1.45

Bi 11: Thit k mch ghip p c c tnh nh hnh 1.46 v hnh 1.47

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Bi 12: Cho mch in hnh 1.48

Chng 1: Mch Diode

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.1. PHN CC C NH: (FIXED-BIAS)

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

2.2. PHN CC N NH CC PHT: (EMITTER STABILIZED BIAS)

2.3. PHN CC BNG CU CHIA IN TH: (VOLTAGE - DIVIDER BIAS)

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Mch nn - pht: VBB= RBBIB+VBE+REIE Thay: IE=(1+)IB

Suy ra IC t lin h: IC=IB

Chng 2: Mch phn cc v khuch i tn hiu nh dng BJT

Khi xc nh xong VB, VE c th tnh bng:

2.4. PHN CC VI HI TIP IN TH: (Dc Bias With Voltage Feedback)