M U

Trn th gii, nc gii kht c chia thnh cc loi: nc gii kht c gas, nc gii kht khng c gas, nc gii kht pha ch t hng liu, cht to mu, nc gii kht t tri cy, nc gii kht t tho mc, nc gii kht vitamin v khong cht, nc tinh khit, nc khong iu ng ch l trong nhng nm gn y xu th chung ca th trng nc gii kht l s st gim mnh m ca nc gii kht c gas v s tng trng ca cc loi nc khng c gas. Theo kho st ca mt cng ty nghin cu th trng hng nm, th trng nc gii kht khng c gas tng 10% trong khi nc c gas gim 5%. iu ny cho thy cng vi xu th chung trn th gii, ngi tiu dng Vit Nam ch la chn dng cc loi nc gii kht c ngun gc thin nhin, giu vitamin v khong cht, t c ha cht k c cc ha cht to hng v mu sc. Chnh v th, cc cng ty sn xut kinh doanh nc gii kht tch cc u t dy chuyn, thit b, cng ngh theo hng khai thc ngun tri cy, tr xanh, tho mc v nc khong rt phong ph a dng trong nc,ch bin thnh nhng ung hp khu v, giu sinh t b dng cho sc khe p ng th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. V nc cam p l mt trong nhng sn phm v d cho iu . Nc cam hay nc cam p, nc cam vt l mt loi thc ung ph bin c lm t cam bng cch chit xut nc t tri cam ti bng vic vt hay p l mt loi nc cam ti. Nc cam c cha flavonoid c li cho sc khe v l mt ngun cung cp cc cht chng oxy ha hesperidin. ng thi trong nc cam c cha nhiu vitamin C, c tc dng tng cng khng, chng mt mi. Nc cam thng c s thay i gia mu cam v mu vng, mc d mt s mu ruby hoc mu cam ging mu cam hoc thm ch hi hng. Trong sn xut cng nghip, nc cam c ch bin theo quy trnh quy m, cam ti c tp trung vi s lng ln sau c vt hoc p ly nc, nc cam c tit trng v lc b cc tp cam hay cn b trc cho bc hi trong chn khng v nhit.

TM HIU V CNG NGH SN XUT NC CAM P

1. Tng quan 1.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu sn xut 1.1.1. Nguyn liu chnh: Cam Gi tr dinh dng: Cam cung cp vitamin C, c tc dng tng sc khng ca c th v tng kh nng hp th st ca c th Hm lng cht khong trong cam kh cao, c bit l canxi cha nhiu trong v cam gip ngn nga tnh trng long xng. Flavonoid c trong nc cam s kt hp vi vitamin C, gip tng cng h min dch v bo v mao mch. Nc cam ti cn l ngun cung cp phong ph thiamine v folate. Thiamine tham gia vo qu trnh tng hp nng lng, cn folate ngn nga nhng khim khuyt nh bnh nt t sng bo thai. Gi tr kinh t: Gi cam nguyn liu trn th trng dao ng ph thuc vo sn lng, cht lng v tnh thi v. Nhn chung cam nguyn liu a vo sn xut c gi tr thng phm khng cao, khng xut khu c. Ga cam nguyn liu dao ng trong khong 3000-8000 ng/kg. Vi gi tiu th ny, gi tr kinh t i vi cam cha c khai thc trit . Vic ch bin nc cam p t qu cam l mt gii php hu hiu nng cao gi tr kinh t ca n. Yu cu i vi nguyn liu: - Cam phi t chn k thut vi mu sc ca v qu ng vng. V qu nn bng, lng, cc ti du trn v qu tr nn cng y. - Kch thc qu trung bnh vi ng knh khong 50-70mm, khi lng khong 150-200g qu.

- Qu cam nguyn vn, khng c vt try xt, khng b su, khng b nhim bnh trn v qu, khng b dp nt, khng mi hi thi. - T l cha t yu cu v mu sc, kch thc khng qu 5% khi lng tng nguyn liu, qu b dp, b su khng qu 2% khi lng tng nguyn liu. - Tp cht khng qu 3% khi lng tng nguyn liu. 1.1.2. Nguyn liu ph ng: - S dng ng saccharose. Tinh th ng mu trng, kch thc tng i ng u, ti, kh, khng vn cc. Nc: - Nc phi trong sut, khng mu, khng c mi v l, khng cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. - Nc phi tha mn ch tiu v cng, kim, oxy ha, cn v ch s vi sinh. - Nc s dng trong cng ngh ch bin rau qu phi l nc mm, c cng tm thi khong 0,7 mg ng lng canxi/lt v cng vnh cu khong 0,4- 0,7 mg ng lng canxi/lt. Acid citric: Trong cng nghip sn xut nc ung, ngi ta thng s dng cc acid hu c nh acid citric, acid malic, xc tc phn ng thy phn ng saccharose to dung dch syrup ng nghch o. Trong , acid citric c dng ph bin nht, do acid citric c nhiu trong rau qu t nhin, nht l trong qu c mi. Trc y, acid citric c sn xut t chanh. Ngy nay c sn xut t mt r theo phng php ln men bng chng nm mc Aspergillus niger. Tiu chun ca acid citric nguyn liu dng trong sn xut thc phm c quy nh theo TCVN 5561-1991 nh sau: + Ch tiu cm quan: Ch tiu Yu cu

Cc tinh th khng mu hay bt mu trng khng vn cc. Hnh dng bn i vi acid citric hng 1 cho php hi nh vng, dung dch ngoi v mu sc acid citric trong nc ct c nng khi lng 20g/lt phi trong sut.

V Mi Cu trc Tp cht c hc

Chua, khng c v l Dung dch acid trong nc cy nng 20g/lt khng c mi Ri v kh Khng cho php

+ Ch tiu ha l: Ch tiu Hm lng acid citric tnh ra monohydrat C6H8O7.H2O (% m/m) Hm lng tro (%m/m) Hm lng acid sunfuaric t do (%m/m) Hm lng asen (%m/m) Yu cu cht lng Thng hng >= 99,5 <= 0,1 <= 0,01 <= 0.00007

Hng 1 >=99,5 <= 0,35 <= 0.03 <= 0,00007

Cht bo qun : - acid benzoic v mui benzoate: Acid benzoic v mui benzoate ca n t lu c s dng c ch s pht trin ca nm men v vi khun. + Tnh cht: Mui sodium benzoate dng ht trng, khng mi v kh b phn hy hay dng bt tinh th c v ngt; tan c trong nc v ethanol. Acid benzoic c dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong ru, t tan trong nc hn mui benzoate. Do tnh cht ny mui benzoate c s dng nhiu hn. + Hot tnh chng vi sinh vt: Cc mui benzoate c tc dng chng nm men v vi khun. Nng benzoate trong sn phm bo qun l 0.07-0.1 %; cc nng ny trong nc qu khng hi n sc khe con ngi v c tc dng tt nht pH=2,5-4 v gim khi pH > 4,5.

- acid sorbic v mui sorbate : Acid sorbic v cc mui odium, calcium hay potaasium c bit chung l cc mui sorbate. + Tnh cht: Acid sorbic l bt tinh th mu trng, tan khng ng k trong nc lnh v d tan hn trong nc nng c mi v chua nh. Mui sorbate dng bt hay ht mu trng v tan nhiu trong nc. + Hot tnh chng vi sinh vt: Potassium sorbate c tc dng c ch mnh nm mc v nm men. t tc dng n vi khun. Hiu qu chng vi sinh vt ca mui sorbate ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: pH, cc ph gia khc, s nhim bn, qu trnh ch bin, ng gi, bo qun, thi gian bo qun v iu kin v sinh. - Enzym pectinase: S c mt ca pectin trong dch qu thu c s to nht cho sn phm. Hn na, pectin trong nc qu thng tn ti dng keo khng bn, d kt lng, nn gy c sn phm trong qu trnh bo qun. i vi nc qu trong ,ta cn phi c bin php x l, gim hin tng to h keo khng bn ca pectin trong dch qu, tc l phi gim di mch pectin c trong nc qu. C nhiu phng php lm trong dch qu nh ly tm, lng ,lc tch pectin hay li dng qu trnh t lm trong ca dch qu nh enzym pectinase c sn trong nguyn liu. Enzym pectinase s xc tc phn ng thy phn pectin lm gim kch thc v trng lng phn t. Khi , kh nng to h thng keo khng bn ca pectin trong dch rau qu s gim.Tuy nhin qu trnh ny din ra rt chm v khng trit . Do , ta b sung ch phm enzym pectinase hn ch kh nng to h keo khng bn ca pectin. - Cht mu : Cht mu l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm nhng n khng c ngha nhiu v mt dinh dng. Da vo qu trnh hnh thnh c th chia cht mu thnh hai loi:

+ Cht mu t nhin: l loi mu c tch chit t ng vt, thc vt hoc t cht khong. a s cc cht mu c ngun gc t nhin khng bn bng cc cht mu tng hp. + Cht mu tng hp: chim s lng rt ln trn th trng v c nhiu tnh cht rt khc nhau. Do , vic s dng chng trong thc phm cn phi c nghin cu ht sc nghim ngt v phi c nhng quy nh cht ch nhm m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Bt k mt loi mu hu c tng hp no cng phi tun theo cc yu cu sau: Cht mu hu c tng hp phi l nhng cht khng c c tnh. Nhng sn phm chuyn ha (nu c) ca cc cht mu khng phi l nhng cht c c tnh. Cc cht mu phi c tnh ng nht cao. Phm mu hu c tng hp phi l cht khng cha cc tp cht sau: crom, urani, thy ngn, asen, ch, cc kim loi nng v mt s cht c c tnh khc. Hp cht mu thng s dng l tartarzine( vng chanh) ,-caroten, astaxantine (da cam). 1.2. Tng quan v sn phm sn xut trn th trng hin nay Nc cam p tuy khng phi l sn phm cha tng xut hin trn th trng nhng nghin cu th trng v cung, cu ca sn phm cho thy: - Th trng trong nc d cu khong 530000 lt mi nm - Th trng xut khu d cu khong 700000 lt mi nm - S lng i th cnh tranh gia nhp th trng c lng l khng c trong 10 nm. Hin nay c rt nhiu hng sn xut nc cam p vi cc dng sn phm khc nhau nhng c s dng nhiu nht l cc dng sn phm sau: Pepsico C cc dng sn phm chnh : - Orangina l nhn hiu u tin c tp cam, im hn ch ca Oranggina chnh l gi qu cao do th phn b hn ch

- Twister c gas nh hn kh nhiu so vi cc loi nc cam khc, v khi ung xong th ming v li khng dnh li mu vng nhiu nh cc loi nc ngt v cam khc.

Coca-cola C cc dng sn phm chnh: - Splash vi cu sologan snh vng ngn tp cam ti

- Minute Maid Teppy Vi ngun cam nguyn liu cht lng ca Minute Maid, nc cam Teppy c hng v cam t nhin, sng khoi v trn y nng lng ph hp vi nhu cu b sung ngun dng cht di do trong cc hot ng hng ngy Nc cam Teppy xut hin trn th trng Vit Nam vi 3 kiu chai: thy tinh truyn thng, chai nha PET 330ml di ng v chai nha PET 1 lt

- Fanta

c ngi tiu dng trn khp th gii, c bit l thanh thiu nin a chung nh hng v tuyt vi ca n

Tn hip pht C dng sn phm: - Number one juicie : Cam snh mng nc

2.1.4.

Tribeco

Vi dng sn phm nc cam p TriO, nc cam p TriO c ch bin t loi cam Valencia c mu vng ti, v mng, t ht, v ngt, chua va phi, cha rt nhiu vitamin C v cht x c ly t Brazil l vng trng cam ni ting trn th gii.

2.1.5. Vfresh ca hng Vinamik:

c ch bin t 100% cam ti nguyn cht, nc cam Vfresh cung cp lng Vitamin C di do, thm canxi, kali v axit Folic gip c th kho mnh, tng sc khng. 2.1.6 Mirinda

2. Quy trnh sn xut cam p: 2.1. S cng ngh:

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh 2.2.1. Ra Mc ch: - Nhm loi b bi bm, t ct theo nguyn liu v dy chuyn, gim lng vi sinh vt trn b mt nguyn liu. - Ra cn nhm mc ch ty sch mt s cht ha hc gy c hi c dng trong k thut nng nghip nh thuc tr su Thit b : my ra chn ng - Nguyn tc hot ng:

Cam nguyn liu c di chuyn trn bng chuyn vi tc thch hp. Nc t cc vi phun t trn xung ra ng thi bng chuyn c rung thch hp nguyn liu c th xoay v c ra sch hn.

Thit b ra chn ng 2.2.2. La chn Mc ch: Trong qu trnh ch bin rau qu mun sn phm t cht lng tt v n nh trc ht cht lng ca nguyn liu phi n nh. i vi nguyn liu rau qu, c thu hoch t cc vng trng trt a vo sn xut thng cht lng ca cc thnh phn khng ng nht. V d nh tri cy c tri chn, c tri b dp do qu trnh ra. Do trc khi a vo sn xut nguyn liu cn phi qua qu trnh kim tra. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng phng php th cng.

La chn trn bng ti Cam c di chuyn trn bng ti, cng nhn c b tr hai bn bng ti thc hin qu trnh kim tra, loi b nhng qu cam cha t yu cu: qu b

dp,qu h hngNguyn liu phi c dt mng trn bng ti th qu trnh kim tra s t hiu qu cao hn. 2.2.3. p Mc ch: Thu cht dch trong qu cam. Trong qu trnh ny hn ch ti a s trch ly tinh du v cc hp cht glycoside c trong v qu nhm nng cao cht lng cm quan cho sn phm nc p qu. Thit b p

Thit b p Nguyn liu s c a vo l trng ca nhng thanh nm ngang, di tc dng ca b phn dp pha trn s tin hnh p nguyn liu. Phn nc v phn b s a qua thit b tch lc tht qu. 2.2.4. Tch lc tht qu

Thit b lc Brown, mode 3900 Mc ch: Loi b tht qu, tinh bt, hp cht keo, protein nhm ci thin gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, chun b cho qu trnh tch vi sinh vt. Thit b: h thng lc di tc dng lc ly tm brown. Dch lc qua b phn cp dch v bung lc. Trc vt xon quay to ra lc ly tm lm cho tht qu kch thc tng i ln chuyn ng ra khi tm bung lc v va vo thnh thit b. Nhng tht qu ny s c trc vt y v pha ng tho b. Phn dch cn li tip tc qua mng lc theo ng tho sn phm ra ngoi. 2.2.5. Thy phn bng enzym : S dng enzym pectinase. Mc ch: - Ct mch pectin nn gim cu trc phn t pectin - Gim nht ca dch qu - H tr qu trnh lc membrane, gim hin tng nghn h thng lc - Tng hiu sut thu hi trong qu trnh lc - n nh cu trc sn phm, gim hin tng kt lng trong qu trnh bo qun sn phm. Thit b:

H thng thu phn bng enzim Thit b hnh tr, y nn, c lp v o n nh nhit , c cnh khuy, np phng.

- Nguyn tc hot ng: u tin dch qu s c nng nhit ln 40- 45 0C trong thit b trao i nhit. Sau dch qu c a n thit b , ng thi tin hnh b sung enzym pectinase. tng kh nng tip xc enzym v c cht, ta tin hnh khuy dch qu. 2.2.6. Bi kh Mc ch: - Gim hm lng oxy, gim tc phn ng oxy ha - Tch bt, h tr qu trnh lc. Thit b bi kh:

Thit b bi kh Sau qu trnh enzym, dch qu c nhit 40 420C, i vo thit b bi kh theo phng tip tuyn vi thit b dng hnh tr qua ca nhp liu. Ngi ta s to ra mt p lc chn khng thch hp trong thit b bi kh. Khi , cc kh dng phn tn, ha tan v mt phn hi nc cng cc hp cht d bay hi khc thot ra khi thit b. Ton b hn hp ny s i vo b phn ngng t c t trn nh thit b bi kh. Khi nc v cu t s c chuyn sang dng lng ri t chy xung pha y thit b bi kh. Kh v cc cu t khng ngng t s c bm chn khng ht thi ra ngoi. Cc kh phn tn v mt phn hi thot ra khi dch qu s lm tng

tc dng chuyn ng ca dch qu theo cc vng xoy i xung pha y thit b v thot ra ngoi theo ca thot sn phm. 2.2.7. Tch vi sinh vt Mc ch: Loi b vi sinh vt trong sn phm, ngn chn s h hng do vi sinh vt. Thit b :

H thng tch vi sinh vt Tch vi sinh vt bng h thng mng membrane. 2.2.8. Tch cht ng: Qu trnh tch tin hnh theo 2 bc: - Bc 1: qu trnh lc mng membrane - Bc 2: qu trnh hp ph cht ng. Mc ch: - Qu trnh lc membrane: gim hm lng nhng cht, nhng phn t c kch thc trong khong 0,1-1 m; h tr qu trnh hp ph cht ng, hn ch s tt nghn trong h thng trao i ion, tng hiu qu ca qu trnh tch cht ng. - Qu trnh hp ph cht ng gim hm lng cc hp cht glycoside nh naringin, limonin do khi limonin kt hp vi acid citric to ra cc hp cht c v ng, gim cht lng cm quan ca sn phm. Thit b :

H thng tch dch qu v tch cht ng - Tch phn t c kch thc trong khong 0,1-1m :bng h thng mng membrame. Dch qu qua h thng lc UF phn thnh hai dng :tht qu trn mng, dng dch qua mng. - Tch cht ng : bng thit b trao i ion. Dng dch sau qu trnh tch tht qu tip tc c a qua thit b hp ph cht ng bng phng php trao i ion ( limonin, narrigin, polyphenols). 2.2.9. Chun b dung dch syrup ng nghch o u im ca dung dch ng nghch o: - Tng hm lng cht kh cho syrup - Tng ngt cho syrup - n nh cht lng syrup , ngn hin tng ti kt tinh ng, - Tng cng kh nng c ch h vi sinh vt c trong syrup. Nu syrup: Dung dch nu bao gm tinh th ng saccharose, nc, acid citric ( 0,30,5%) lm xc tc cho phn ng nghch o ng, than hot tnh. Thit b nu : hnh tr, y nn, c lp v o n nh nhit nu, c cnh khuy, np phng.

Thit b nu ni 2 v thu c syrup khng mu v trong sut, ta s thc hin ng thi qu trnh nghch o dng v qu trnh ty mu trong thit b nu. Lc syrup :

My lc khung bn Lc nng trong cc thit b lc khung bn lm trong dch ng v loi b cc tp cht. S dng bt tr lc trong qu trnh tin hnh lc. Thit b lc khung bn bao gm cc tm khung bn ghp li vi nhau, dch lc i qua vi lc ra ngoi cn b lc theo cc rnh thot ra ngoi. 2.2.10. Phi trn : Mc ch: ci thin cht lng sn phm, lm cho nc p c v hi ha hn. Thi gian phi trn l 15 pht. Thit b: Hnh tr, y nn, c cnh khuy, np phng.

H thng phi trn Dch qu sau qu trnh tch ng, c a n thit b phi trn vi dch ng syrup. tng mc ng nht ca sn phm, ta tin hnh khuy o hn hp dch qu v ng. 2.2.11. Bao gi Mc ch : - Bo qun v hon thin. - Thun tin chi qu trnh bo qun. 2.2.11.1. Chit rt

My chit rt 2.2.11.2. Dn nhn

My dn nhn 2.3. Yu cu ca sn phm : - Hm lng cht kh 11-11,2%. - pH = 4-4,3. - Cm quan: sn phm phi c hng v, mu sc t trng ca nc cam, v ng nh, dng trong khng cho php c s lng nh tht qu y bao b.

Kt lun
Hin nay, vn c t ra i vi cc nh sn xut l phi to ra nhiu sn phm c tnh cnh tranh cao bi s khc nghit ca th trng v th hiu ngi tiu dng. V th, cng vic thit k nh my sn phm cn c s la chn k lng v thng minh, ngoi ra phi tun th nghim v vn v sinh an ton thc phm cho ngi tiu dng duy tr s tn ti ca nh sn xut thc phm.