Flame Structure

Lean Flame Region

Mixture is leaner than stoichiometric A/F ratio .

Concentration of fuel in air varies from 0 to .

Ignition nuclei form in several places

Ignitions starts near to leading edge of spray .

Independent non luminous flame front propagates around them Combustion is complete NOx may be formed because of high temp.

Lean flame out Region

Near the far leading edge of spray , the mixture is too lean so called LFOR Fuel decomposition and partial oxidation take place
This is main contributor for UBHC in exhaust

Partial oxidation produces aldehydes

Spray core
Flame propagates towards core Heat is given by radiation Increases vapor diffusion Two types
Completely evaporated diffusion type

Full load condition forms

UBHC , CO and NOx

Spray Tail
Large droplets
Fuel injection pressure decreased and cylinder pressure increases so penetration is poor Temp is high

UBHC , CO and Aldehydes

After injection
Injector valve remains open for short time after the end of main injection

Small amount of fuel injected

Injected late in expansion stroke CO and Smoke formation , UBHC

Feel deposits on the Walls

Fuel spray impinges on the wall Because of shorter spray path and limited number of spray Small high speed DI engines Fuel vapour decompose and form UBHC and carbon particles

Effects of various factors on delay period

Effects of various factors on delay period