Bi Thc Hnh S 1: Lm quen vi lp trnh ha

(L Thnh Sch)

Ni dung: Ci t v cu hnh OpenGL, Visual Studio trn Windows. Bin dch, thc thi, v tm hiu cu trc mt chng trnh ha dng OpenGL vi OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) v Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC). Vit chng trnh nh v cc i tng hnh hc 2D (im, ng thng, a gic, hnh trn, v.v ) v 3D (hnh hp, a in, v.v) n gin. thc hin tt phn thc hnh cho mn Computer Graphics, sinh vin cn c trong tay ti liu, th vin lp trnh ha, v cc chng trnh mu cho mi bui thc hnh. Ti liu: 1. Ti liu hng dn ny. 2. OpengGL reference book (blue book). 3. GLUT reference book. Th vin lp trnh ha: 1. Opengl core library(GL): a. Header filer: GL/gl.h b. Static link library: Opengl32.lib c. Dynamic link library: Opengl32.dll 2. Opengl utility library (GLU): a. Header filer: GL/glu.h b. Static link library: glu32.lib c. Dynamic link library: glu32.dll 3. Opengl utility toolkit(GLUT): a. Header filer: GL/glut.h b. Static link library: glut32.lib c. Dynamic link library: glut32.dll 4. Chng trnh mu: For GLUT: 1. D n mu: 2. D n 1: v hnh vung tnh 3. D n 2: v hnh vung ng 4. D n 3: v t din tnh 5. D n 4: v t din ng For MFC: 1. D n mu: 2. D n 1: v hnh vung tnh 3. D n 2: v hnh vung ng 4. D n 3: v t din tnh 5. D n 4: v t din ng Mc lc: I. Kin trc OpenGL trn Windows: ..........................................................................................3 II. Cu hnh mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE): ..............................................................4 II.1 Cu hnh cho Opengl ............................................................................................... 4

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II.2 Cu hnh cho GLUT ................................................................................................. 5 II.3 D n mu dng GLUT:........................................................................................... 5 II.4 D n mu dng MFC: ............................................................................................ 6 III. Tm hiu cu trc chng trnh ha: ..........................................................................7 III.1 Dng GLUT: .......................................................................................................... 7 1. D n 1: V hnh vung tnh ..........................................................................................7 2. D n 2: V hnh vung ng ........................................................................................8 3. D n 3: V a in .....................................................................................................10 4. D n 4: V a in, thay i v tr nhn.......................................................................12 III.2 Dng MFC:.......................................................................................................... 14 1. D n 1: V hnh vung tnh ........................................................................................14 2. D n 2: V hnh vung ng ......................................................................................16 3. D n 3: V t din tnh...............................................................................................18 IV. Vit chng ha n gin:.........................................................................................20

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I. Kin trc OpenGL trn Windows:

Sau khi ci t Windows xong, th mc C:\Windows\System32 cha tp tin opengl32.dll nhm gip Windows h tr thc thi cc ng dng ha dng OpenGL. C th, khi mt ng dng X (program.exe) c cho thc thi trn h iu hnh Windows, mi khi chng trnh program.exe thc hin mt hm trong OpenGL th on m tng ng ca hm trong opengl32.dll s c thc hin (thng qua lin kt ng). Tuy nhin, nu nh h thng phn cng c thm card ha th c th on m trong mt tp tin th vin khc c thc thi. L do, opengl32.dll ch l phn hin thc bng phn mm ca Microsoft cho lung ha (graphic pipeline). Mi khi card ha c ci t th on m c tng tc bi card nn c thay th cho on m tng ng trong opengl32.dll. Vic pht hin v chuyn li gi hm ny trong Windows cho OpenGL l mt sng kin ca Microsoft, gi l Installable Client Driver. Thng tin v card ha no c ci t v th vin tng tc no cha on m cn thc thi thay th cho opengl32.dll nm trong Registry ca h thng. Hnh 1 sau y minh ha vic thc thi chng trnh ha dng Opengl v s h tr ca card GeForce 8400M GT ca Nvidia.

Hnh 1: Kin trc h tr vic thc thi chng trnh ha trn Windows

ng v pha ngi lp trnh, to ra chng trnh ha ni trn program.exe, h phi tri qua son tho (edit), bin dch (compile), lin kt (link), sau l chy th v sa li. Nu dng ngn ng C/C++ th phi cn n cc header file v th vin lin kt library. C th l cc tp tin nh sau: Header files: gl.h, glu.h Library: opengl32.lib, glu32.lib Nu ci t mi trng pht trin tch hp Visual Studio (VS) th cc tp tin ni trn nm trong cc th mc ch ra trong hnh 2 sau y. Cc tp tin trn cng c th c download min ph t Internet.

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glu32.lib

Hnh 2: V tr v mi quan h gia cc tp tin trong qu trnh pht trin ng dng ha. Khi lp trnh (dng C/C++), ngi lp trnh phi thc hin cc bc sau: Include tp tin gl.h v glu.h pha trc bt k tham chiu no n cc hm, hng, etc ca Opengl, ngc li s c li bin dch. Ch r v tr ca cc header file v library, ngc li s c li bin dch. Ch r khi lin kt th dng opengl32.lib v glu32.lib, ngc li s c li lin kt.

II. Cu hnh mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE):

II.1 Cu hnh cho Opengl
1. Ch r v tr ca cc header file v library. Gi s to mt project program trn Visual Studio. a. M hp thoi thuc tnh cho d n: Nhn nt chut phi trn tn project ca s navigator trong IDE, ri chon menu Properties, hay truy cp menu Project\Properties m hp thoi thuc tnh cho d n. b. Trn h thng cy thuc tnh trn hp thoi, tm n folder VC++ Directories. - Cu hnh v tr include file: thm tn th mc cha tp tin GL\gl.h v GL\glu.h vo danh sch th mc trong bin: Include Directories hin trn hp thoi. Ch l ch n th mc c cha th mc GL khng phi th mc cha header files. - Cu hnh v tr ca tp tin th vin opengl32.lib v glu32.lib: Tng t, thay i bin Library Directories hin trn hp thoi. Lu : Nu l Visual Studio 2008 tr i, th cc bc trn khng cn phi thc hin v mc nhin visual studio nhn thy cc v tr ni trn. 2. Ch r khi lin kt th dng opengl32.lib v glu32.lib, ngc li s c li lin kt. y l bc bt buc, nu khng thc hin s b li lin kt. a. M hp thoi thuc tnh cho d n

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b. Trn h thng cy thuc tnh, tm n Linker\Input\Additional Dependencies. B sung opengl32.lib; glu32.lib vo danh mc cc tp tin th vin dng n ca d n.

II.2 Cu hnh cho GLUT

Th vin Opengl ch quan tm hin thc Graphic Pipeline m khng c hin thc giao din ngi dng cng tng tc gia ngi dng vi ng dng qua Mouse, Keyboard, etc. Nhng khong trng ny c dnh cho cc th vin khc nh GLUT, MFC, etc. GLUT l tin ch nh v ch thch hp cho vic hc, n gm: Header file: glut.h Static Library file: glut32.lib Dynamic Library file: glut32.dll dng GLUT cn cc bc sau: 1. Ch r v tr ca header file 2. Ch r v tr ca library file (*.lib) 3. Thay i bin mi trng PATH lc thc thi h thng nhn thy tp tin lin kt ng glut32.dll. Nh khi ng li my nu thay i PATH. Cng c th copy glut32.dll vo cng th mc cha tp tin thc thi, hay copy n vo C:\Windows\System32\.

II.3 D n mu dng GLUT:

1. M Visual Studio 2. To d n: Win32 Console a. Dng menu: File\New\Project b. t tn d n: GlutTemplate 3. Thc hin cc bc cu hnh ni trn cho OpenGL, GLU v GLUT 4. Thm tp tin template.cpp 5. Son tho on chng trnh mu nh hnh 3 6. Compile v chy chng trnh
#include <GL/glut.h> /* glut.h: - Please open "glut.h" and find "gl.h" - You will see that "glut.h" include "gl.h" and "glu.h" inside - So, you do not include "gl.h" and "glu.h" manually whenever and whereever you use GLUT */ #include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv){ printf("Add your own code to this program"); printf("\n"); getchar(); }

Hnh 3: Chng trnh mu vi GLUT

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II.4 D n mu dng MFC:

To d n mu: 1. M Visual Studio 2. To d n: MFC Application a. Dng menu: File\New\Project b. t tn d n: MFCTemplate c. Cc thng s: - Chn: Single Document Interface - Chn: MFC Dynamic Link 3. Thc hin cc bc cu hnh ni trn cho OpenGL v GLU 5. Compile v chy chng trnh Cu trc d n mu: D n mu MFCTemplate c cha 4 lp chnh, chng c sinh ra t ng bi Visual Studio. Cc lp chnh l: 1) Lp MFCTemplateApp: Khi ng dng ang c thi, mt i tng ca lp ny nm trong b nh. Lp ny dng qun l cc hm x l chung mc ng dng. V d, vic to ra cc i tng ca s chnh, i tng qun l ti liu, i tng qun l vng nhn (view), v quan h gia nhng i tng ny. 2) Lp CMainFrame: Khi ng dng ang c thi, mt i tng ca lp ny nm trong b nh. Lp ny cha cc hm qun l khung ca s chnh ca ng dng. Vic to ra menu, toolbar cng lm nhim v ca lp ny. 3) Lp MFCTemplateDoc: Khi ng dng ang c thi, mt i tng ca lp ny nm trong b nh, v MFCTemplate l ng dng dng SDI Single Document Interface. Trong trng hp l MDI Multiple Document Interface th c th c nhiu hn mt i tng ti liu. Lp ny cha cc hm qun l ti liu ca ng dng, nh c/lu t tp tin. 4) Lp MFCTemplateView: Khi ng dng ang c thi, th t nht mt i tng ca lp ny nm trong b nh. Lp ny cha cc hm qun l vng nhn, ngha l vng m ngi dng nhn thy. C th, vi lp trnh OpenGL th hu ht tc v v u nn tp trung lp ny. Khi lp trnh OpenGL, ngi lp trnh thng phi b sung mt s hm x l s kin vo lp ny. Cc s kin ph bin nht l: a) WM_CREATE OnCreate(param): Lu : Cch vit trn ngha l, khi dng Visual Studio by s kin WM_CREATE th mt hm OnCreate c b sung vo lp MFCTemplateView. Hm OnCreate ch c gi mt ln lc to ra mt ca s lm vng nhn. V vy, OnCreate l ni thch hp nht t nhng khi ng mt ln duy nht cho OpenGL v d, thit lp nh dng Pixel (s bits, mu sc, ). b) WM_DESTROY OnDestroy(): Hm OnDestroy ch c gi mt ln lc hy mt ca s vng nhn. V vy, OnDestroy l ni thch hp nht gi nhng hm gii phng ti nguyn trc khi ng ca s vng nhn. Vi lp trnh OpenGL: Vic xa b Rendering Context hay Timer nn t trong hm ny. c) WM_SIZE OnSize(UINT nType, int cx, int cy):
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Trc khi ca s vng nhn hin th, hm OnSize c gi mt ln. Sau , c mi khi ngi dng thay i kch thc ca s chnh th OnSize c gi. Vi lp trnh OpenGL: OnSize l ni thch hp nht thit lp Viewport. Vic thit lp php chiu (projection) hay thng s camera cng c th t y. d) WM_TIMER OnTimer(UINT_PTR nIDEvent): OnTimer ch c nu nh trc hm SetTimer c gi. Hm SetTimer c th c gi OnCreate hay trong bt k hm x l s kin khc, nh khi ngi dng nhn chut hay phm no th gi SetTimer. Xem Code mu trong cc d n sau bit cch gi SetTimer. Hm SetTimer to ra mt Timer m n s c kch gi sau mi T miliseconds. Nh vy, khi thi gian T tri qua th OnTimer s c gi. V c th to ra nhiu Timer cng lc, nn khi OnTimer c gi, m s ca Timer cng c th c bi ngi lp trnh. Sau khi dng Timer, nn gi hm KillTimer xa b Timer. e) WM_PAINT OnPaint(UINT_PTR nIDEvent): OnPaint l hm quan trng vi lp trnh OpenGL. V tt c cc tc v v ca OpenGL u c c trong hm ny. V chc nng, hm ny tng t hm Callback c truyn vo glutDisplayFunc khi dng GLUT. OnPaint s c gi mi khi vng nhn cn v li, c th l: i) khi vng nhn va mi hin th ln u, 2i) vng nhn c nhn thy tr li sau khi b che khut, 3i) khi ngi lp trnh yu cu v li bi nhng hm nh InvalidateRect.

III. Tm hiu cu trc chng trnh ha:

III.1 Dng GLUT:
1. D n 1: V hnh vung tnh
1. Trong d n mu GlutTemplate, thay template.cpp bi tp tin demo1.cpp 2. Son demo1.cpp nh Hnh 4 3. Bin dch v thc thi
#include <GL/glut.h> void mydisplay(){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5); glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5); glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5); glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5); glEnd(); glFlush(); } int main(int argc, char** argv){ glutCreateWindow("simple"); glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay); glutMainLoop(); }

Hnh 4: Chng trnh mu vi GLUT Cu trc chng trnh:

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main(,,): im bt u chng trnh mydisplay(): hm v n gin, c ng k vi hm glutDisplayFunc ca GLUT. Tn hm ny c th c thay i bt k, nhng phi theo quy tc t tn mt danh hiu trong C. - glutCreateWindow: ca GLUT, cho php to mt ca s vi tiu l thng s . - glutDisplayFunc: dng hm ny ng k cc hm v (dng OpengGL) vi GLUT. - glutMainLoop: khi ng mt vng lp x l s kin ca GLUT. Bn trong mydisplay: 1. Xa color frame buffer: glClear 2. Xc lp mu v hin ti: glColor3f 3. V mt polygon: glBegin(GL_POLYGON) 4. Xut nh ra mn hnh: glFlush Cc cu hnh mc nhin (default): Viewer (camera): dng php chiu trc giao, vi volume l hnh hp vung trng tm vi Polygon ni trn, mi chiu c kch thc l 2 n v (t -1 n 1). Chiu sng: khng dng S color buffer: 1 (Single Buffer) -

2. D n 2: V hnh vung ng
1. Trong d n mu GlutTemplate, thay template.cpp bi tp tin demo2.cpp 2. Son demo2.cpp nh Hnh 5 3. Bin dch v thc thi

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#include <GL/glut.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> GLfloat angle; #define DEG2RAD (3.14159f/180.0f) void mydisplay(){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); GLfloat cx, cy; cx = 0.5*cos(DEG2RAD*angle); cy = 0.5*sin(DEG2RAD*angle); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex2f(cx glVertex2f(cx glVertex2f(cx glVertex2f(cx glEnd(); glFlush(); glutSwapBuffers();

+ +

0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5,

cy cy cy cy

+ + -

0.5); 0.5); 0.5); 0.5);

} void processTimer(int value){ angle += (GLfloat)value; if(angle > 360) angle = angle - 360.0f; glutTimerFunc(100, processTimer, 10); glutPostRedisplay(); } int main(int argc, char** argv){ angle = 0.0f; glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB); glutCreateWindow("simple"); glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay); glutTimerFunc(100, processTimer, 10); glutMainLoop(); }

Hnh 5: Chng trnh mu vi GLUT Cu trc chng trnh: - main(,,): - mydisplay(): - glutCreateWindow: ... - glutDisplayFunc: - glutMainLoop:.... - glutInitDisplayMode: Ci t ch hin th, c th: GLUT_DOUBLE: S dng hai buffer. Mt gi l front buffer, dng hin th nh ra mn hnh, nhng khi v th khng v trn buffer ny. Buffer cn li c gi l Back Buffer, dng v m khng hin th, khi v xong th hon v Back thanh Front v ngc li. GLUT_RGB: nh mu, nh dng RGB - processTimer: c gi bi GLUT khi thi gian ng k vi GLUT (bi hm glutTimerFunc) ti hn.
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glutTimerFunc: Dng hm ny ng k hm x Timer vi GLUT. Timer hay dng to animation. Hm x l Timer trong GLUT c dng: void processFunc(int value), tn hm c th t khc, value l gi tr ca tham s th 3 c truyn vo hm glutTimerFunc. Bn trong mydisplay: 1. V hnh vung m tm ca n c cp nht theo thi gian, bin angle. Bin angle c thay i trong hm processTimer. 2. Hon v hai buffer (font buffer v back buffer) Bn trong processTimer: 1. Thay i bin angle (tm vc global, n tc ng n cc hm khc na). 2. Ci t Timer cho ln n. 3. Yu cu v li mn hnh: glutPostRedisplay. -

3. D n 3: V a in
1. Trong d n mu GlutTemplate, thay template.cpp bi tp tin demo3.cpp 2. Son demo3.cpp nh sau:
#include <GL/glut.h> #define min(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b)) float tetra_vertices[][3] = { {0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.942809, -0.33333}, {-0.816497, -0.471405, -0.33333}, {0.816497, -0.471405, -0.33333} }; void mydisplay(){ //setup viewwer - camera parameter: //i.e., location (eye), //direction (from eye to the reference point), and orientation (up vector) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); gluLookAt( 1.5, //eyeX 1.5, //eyeY 1.5, //eyeX 0.0, //reference point X 0.0, //reference point Y 0.0, //reference point Z //up vector X 0.0, 1.0, //up vector Y 0.0 //up vector Z ); //clear screen glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //the order of the vertices in a triangle is important! glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); //Face 1: defined by vertices: 0, 2, 1; colored: red glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[2]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[1]); //Face 2: defined by vertices: 0, 1, 3; colored: red glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);

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glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[1]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[3]); //Face 3: defined by vertices: 0, 3, 2; colored: red glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[3]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[2]); //Face 4: defined by vertices: 3, 1, 2; colored: red glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[3]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[1]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[2]); glEnd(); glFlush(); glutSwapBuffers(); } void reshape(int width, int height){ //setup viewport int size = min(width, height); glViewport(0, 0, size, size); } void initOpenGL(){ //setup projection type //glFrustrum: define viewing volume glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glFrustum( -1.0, //left 1.0, //right -1.0, //bottom 1.0, //top //near 2.0, 10.0 //far ); //Default MatrixMode is MODELVIEW glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); //setup background color, or clear color glClearColor(0.1f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f); } int main(int argc, char** argv){ glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB); glutCreateWindow("Drawing a Tetrahedron"); initOpenGL(); glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay); glutReshapeFunc(reshape); glutMainLoop(); }

3. Bin dch v thc thi Cu trc chng trnh: 1. main(): im bt u chng trnh 2. initOpenGL(): xc lp cc thng s ca Opengl dng v sau. - Tn hm ny do programmer t.
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- L ni thch hp xc nh : a) Xc nh php chiu: bng cch gi glFurstrum, glOrtho, gluOrtho2D, gluPerspective b) Xc nh mu mc nh cho foreground v background: bng cch gi glColor3f (cho foreground) v glClearColor (cho background). 2. mydisplay(): hm v chnh, cc tc v v ca OpenGL c t trong hm ny. - c t Viewer, nh li trong Computer Graphics cn c t 3 i tng quan trng: Object, Viewer (Camera), v Light Source. Bng cch gi hm gluLookAt(), ngi lp trnh c th t t: v tr, phng nhn (ni t camera n mt im tham chiu reference point, v hng ln ca camera) - V cc mt ca t din bi cc tam gic, dng GL_TRIANGLES, t mu cc mt l Red, Green, Blue, v Black. Ch , th t cc nh khi t t tam gic, v n to ra mt m v dng. 3. reshape(int width, int height): - Hm ny c ng k l lm callback vi glutReshapeFunc(). Do , n s c gi ln u khi xc lp kch thc ca s. Sau , khi ca s hin th hm ny cng s c gi mi khi ngi dng thay i kch thc ca s, v d dng chut ko bin ca ca s. - Hm reshape l ni thch hp nht xc nh viewport. 4. Bin ton cc tetra_vertices, nh ngha ta 4 nh ca hnh t din.

4. D n 4: V a in, thay i v tr nhn

1. Trong d n mu GlutTemplate, thay template.cpp bi tp tin demo4.cpp 2. Son demo4.cpp nh sau:
#include <GL/glut.h> #include <math.h> #define min(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b)) #define DEG2RAD (3.14159f/180.0f) float tetra_vertices[][3] = { {0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.942809, -0.33333}, {-0.816497, -0.471405, -0.33333}, {0.816497, -0.471405, -0.33333} }; GLfloat angle; void mydisplay(){ //setup viewwer - camera parameter: //i.e., location (eye), //direction (from eye to the reference point), and orientation (up vector) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); gluLookAt( 1.5*cos(DEG2RAD*angle), //eyeX //eyeY 1.5*sin(DEG2RAD*angle), 3.5, //eyeZ 0.0, //reference point X 0.0, //reference point Y 0.0, //reference point Z 0.0, //up vector X 1.0, //up vector Y 0.0 //up vector Z );

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//clear screen glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); //the order of the vertices in a triangle is important! glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); //Face 1: defined by vertices: 0, 2, 1; colored: red glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[2]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[1]); //Face 2: defined by vertices: 0, 1, 3; colored: red glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[1]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[3]); //Face 3: defined by vertices: 0, 3, 2; colored: red glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[3]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[2]); //Face 4: defined by vertices: 3, 1, 2; colored: red glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[3]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[1]); glVertex3fv(tetra_vertices[2]); glEnd(); glFlush(); glutSwapBuffers(); } void reshape(int width, int height){ //setup viewport int size = min(width, height); glViewport(0, 0, size, size); } void processTimer(int value){ angle += (GLfloat)value; if(angle > 360.0f) angle -= 360.0f; glutTimerFunc(100, processTimer, value); glutPostRedisplay(); } void initOpenGL (){ //setup projection type //glFrustrum: define viewing volume glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glFrustum( -2.0, //left 2.0, //right -2.0, //bottom 2.0, //top 2.0, //near 10.0 //far ); //Default MatrixMode is MODELVIEW glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);

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glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); } int main(int argc, char** argv){ angle = 0.0f; glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH); glutCreateWindow("Drawing a Tetrahedron"); initOpenGL(); glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay); glutReshapeFunc(reshape); glutTimerFunc(100, processTimer, 10); glutMainLoop(); }

3. Bin dch v thc thi. Cu trc chng trnh: Nh d n 3, ch thay i: a. Tham s ha v tr camera theo bin angle. b. S dng DEPTH_BUFFER
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH); glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

c. Trc khi v xa c color buffer v depth buffer:

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);

III.2 Dng MFC:

1. D n 1: V hnh vung tnh
Ni dung cng vic: B sung Header files cho OpenGL. Ci t OpenGL. Thit lp viewport. Thc hin v mt hnh a gic n gin. Gii phng ti nguyn. Bin dch v thc thi. Cc bc thc hin: S dng li d n MFCTemplate, i.e., copy sang mt folder khc ri thay i m nh sau B sung Header files cho OpenGL: 1. B sung hai dng lnh sau vo MFCTemplateView.cpp
#include <GL/gl.h> #include <GL/glu.h>

Ci t OpenGL: 2. B sung hm SetupOpenGL. 3. B sung bin thnh vin m_hRC kiu HGLRC vo lp MFCTemplateView 4. Son hm SetupOpenGL nh sau:
//Declare Pixel Format static PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR pfd = { sizeof(PIXELFORMATDESCRIPTOR), 1, PFD_DRAW_TO_WINDOW | PFD_SUPPORT_OPENGL | PFD_DOUBLEBUFFER, PFD_TYPE_RGBA,

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32, // bit depth 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, // z-buffer depth 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, }; // Get device context only once. HDC hdc = GetDC()->m_hDC; // Set Pixel format. int nPixelFormat = ChoosePixelFormat(hdc, &pfd); SetPixelFormat(hdc, nPixelFormat, &pfd); // Create the OpenGL Rendering Context. m_hRC = wglCreateContext(hdc); wglMakeCurrent(hdc, m_hRC);

5. B sung hm x l cho s kin WM_CREATE, Visual Studio sinh ra OnCreate(param). 6. Son hm OnCreate gi SetupOpenGL nh sau:
if (CView::OnCreate(lpCreateStruct) == -1) return -1; // Add only the following code. // The previous code is generated automatically by IDE SetupOpenGL(); return 0;

Thit lp viewport: 7. B sung hm x l cho s kin WM_SIZE, Visual Studio sinh ra OnSize(.,.). 8. Son hm OnSize nh sau:
CView::OnSize(nType, cx, cy); // Add only the following codes. // The previous codes is generated automatically by IDE //Setting up viewport CRect rect; GetClientRect(rect); int size = min(rect.Width(), rect.Height()); glViewport(0, 0, size, size);

Thc hin v mt hnh a gic n gin: 9. B sung hm x l cho thng ip WM_PAINT, Visual Studio sinh ra OnPaint() 10. Son hm OnPaint nh sau:
CPaintDC dc(this); // device context for painting // Add only the following codes. // The previous codes is generated automatically by IDE glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5); glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5); glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);

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glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5); glEnd(); glFlush(); SwapBuffers(dc.m_ps.hdc); // Swap the front and the back buffer to show the created graphics

Gii phng ti nguyn: 11. B sung hm RemoveOpenGL(), kiu void, vo lp MFCTemplateView 12. Son tho hm RemoveOpenGL nh sau:
//Delete Rendering Context if(wglGetCurrentContext() != NULL) wglMakeCurrent(NULL,NULL); if(m_hRC != NULL) { wglDeleteContext(m_hRC); m_hRC = NULL; }

13. B sung hm x l s kin WM_DESTROY, Visual Studio sinh ra OnDestroy(). 14. Son hm OnDestroy nh sau:
CView::OnDestroy(); //Remove openGL RemoveOpenGL();

Bin dch v thc thi: 15. Bin dch v thc thi. Bi tp m rng t D n 1: 1) Thay on m bc 9. dng glVertex2fv thay v glVertex2f. 2) bc 9., dng glVertex3f hay glVertex3fv v cc plolygon mt phng XY, XZ, v YZ. Nhng polygon nn c ta x, y, v z u nm trong on [-1,1]. Nhng polygon no trong s cc polygon trn nhn thy c, v sao? 3) bc 9., thay v dng GL_POLYGON, hy dng cc hng khc (xem BlueBook) v im, on thng, tam gic, chui tam gic,

2. D n 2: V hnh vung ng
Ni dung cng vic: B sung Header files cho OpenGL. Ci t OpenGL. Thit lp viewport. Tham s ha a gic D n 1 tm ca n thay i theo thi gian. Ci t v s dng Timer. Gii phng ti nguyn. Bin dch v thc thi. Cc bc thc hin: S dng li d n MFCTemplate, i.e., copy sang mt folder khc ri thay i m nh sau B sung Header files cho OpenGL. Ci t OpenGL.

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Thit lp viewport. 1. Thc hin cc bc 1.9. trong D n 1. Tham s ha a gic D n 1 tm ca n thay i theo thi gian. 2. B sung bin thnh vin m_angle vo lp MFCTemplateView.
float m_angle;

3. B nh ngha hng DEG2RAD i t Degree sang Radian, b sung vo tp tin CPP ca lp MFCTemplateView.
#define DEG2RAD (3.14159f/180.0f)

4. B sung bin thnh vin m_angle vo lp MFCTemplateView. 5. B sung hm x l cho thng ip WM_PAINT, Visual Studio sinh ra OnPaint() 6. Son hm OnPaint nh sau:
CPaintDC dc(this); // device context for painting // Add only the following codes. // The previous codes is generated automatically by IDE glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); GLfloat cx, cy; cx = 0.5*cos(DEG2RAD*m_angle); cy = 0.5*sin(DEG2RAD*m_angle); glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex2f(cx glVertex2f(cx glVertex2f(cx glVertex2f(cx glEnd(); glFlush();

+ +

0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5,

cy cy cy cy

+ + -

0.5); 0.5); 0.5); 0.5);

SwapBuffers(dc.m_ps.hdc); // Swap the front and the back buffer to show the created graphics

Ci t v s dng Timer. 7. B sung bin m_hTimer nh sau vo lp MFCTemplateView

int m_hTimer; // keep the timers handle

8. B sung dng lnh sau y vo phn hin thc ca hm OnCreate:

//Create Timer //handle of the timer = 1, foreach 100 milisec OnTimer will be called M_hTimer = SetTimer(1, 100, NULL);

9. B sung hm x l s kin WM_TIMER. Visual Studio sinh ra hm OnTimer(param). 10. Son hm OnTimer: Cc dng lnh sau y s thay i tham s m_angle v yu cu v li mn hnh.
CView::OnTimer(nIDEvent); //RePaint the window m_angle += 10.0f; if(m_angle > 360) m_angle = m_angle - 360.0f; InvalidateRect(NULL, false);

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Gii phng ti nguyn: 11. B sung hm RemoveOpenGL(), kiu void, vo lp MFCTemplateView 12. Son tho hm RemoveOpenGL nh sau:
//Delete Rendering Context if(wglGetCurrentContext() != NULL) wglMakeCurrent(NULL,NULL); if(m_hRC != NULL) { wglDeleteContext(m_hRC); m_hRC = NULL; }

13. B sung hm x l s kin WM_DESTROY, Visual Studio sinh ra OnDestroy(). 14. Son hm OnDestroy nh sau:
CView::OnDestroy(); //Remove openGL RemoveOpenGL(); //Remove timer if(m_hTimer > 0){ KillTimer(m_hTimer); m_hTimer = -1; }

Bin dch v thc thi: 15. Bin dch v thc thi. Bi tp m rng t D n 2: 1) Thay i ni dung hm OnPaint hnh vung xoay quanh mt tm ca n. Hng dn: - Ta 1 nh ca n tnh theo tham s m_angle. - 3 Ta cn li tnh tng i t ta u: theo phng trnh Q = P + v*t. Q l ta cn tnh, P l ta bit trc, v l vector ch phng PQ v l vector n v, v t l chiu di cnh hnh vung.

3. D n 3: V t din tnh
Ni dung cng vic: B sung Header files cho OpenGL. Ci t OpenGL. Thit lp viewport. Khi ng OpenGL. V t din (tetrahydron) vi cc ta c bit trc. Gii phng ti nguyn. Bin dch v thc thi. Cc bc thc hin: S dng li d n MFCTemplate, i.e., copy sang mt folder khc ri thay i m nh sau B sung Header files cho OpenGL.

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Ci t OpenGL. Thit lp viewport. 1. Thc hin cc bc 1.9. trong D n 1. Khi ng OpenGL: 2. B sung hm thnh vin InitOpenGL() vo lp MFCTemplateView
void InitOpenGL(void);

3. Son InitOpenGL():
//setup projection type //glOrtho: define viewing volume glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); glOrtho( -1.0, //left //right 1.0, -1.0, //bottom 1.0, //top -2.0, //near //far 2.0 ); //Default MatrixMode is MODELVIEW glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); //setup background color, or clear color glClearColor(0.1f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f); //Enable using depth info. to remove hidden surface glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);

4. Gi hm InitOpenGL() t hm OnCreate, to bc 1.
//Initialize OpenGL InitOpenGL();

V t din (tetrahydron) vi cc ta c bit trc. 5. B sung bin thnh vin m_tetra_vertices ca lp MFCTemplateView. - Trong file *.H ca MFCTemplateView:
static const float m_tetra_vertices[][3];

- Trong file *.CPP ca MFCTemplateView:

const float CMFCTemplateView::m_tetra_vertices[][3] = { {0.0, 0.0, 1.0}, {0.0, 0.942809, -0.33333}, {-0.816497, -0.471405, -0.33333}, {0.816497, -0.471405, -0.33333} };

6. B sung hm x l cho thng ip WM_PAINT, Visual Studio sinh ra OnPaint() 7. Son hm OnPaint nh sau:
CPaintDC dc(this); // device context for painting // Add only the following codes. // The previous codes is generated automatically by IDE //clear the frame buffer glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); //the order of the vertices in a triangle is important! glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); //Face 1: defined by vertices: 0, 2, 1; colored: red

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glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[2]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[1]); //Face 2: defined by vertices: 0, 1, 3; colored: green glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[1]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[3]); //Face 3: defined by vertices: 0, 3, 2; colored: blue glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[0]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[3]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[2]); //Face 4: defined by vertices: 3, 1, 2; colored: x glColor3f(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.9f); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[3]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[1]); glVertex3fv(m_tetra_vertices[2]); glEnd(); glFlush(); SwapBuffers(dc.m_ps.hdc); // Swap the front and the back buffer to show the created graphics

Gii phng ti nguyn: 8. Thc hin cc bc 11. 14. t D n 1: Bin dch v thc thi: 9. Bin dch v thc thi. Bi tp m rng t D n 3: 1) bc 3., thay i gi tr near ca hm glOrtho t -2, -1.5, -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1.0 Bin dch v chy li nhn thy s khc nhau. 2) Thay i mu ca cc mt trong t din, mu bt k. 3) Th xa dng glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) InitOpenGL. Sau , bin dch v chy li. 4) Th xa tr GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT OnPaint. Sau , bin dch v chy li.

IV. Vit chng ha n gin:

S dng GLUT + OpenGL: 1. V hnh trn bng cch xut ra tp cc im trn bin ca n. Khong cch gia cc im tnh theo gc l 10o. 2. V hnh trn bng cch ni cc nh cu 1. 3. Chia hnh trn cu 2. thnh cc tam gic bng cch v ng ni vi gia tm n cc nh nm trn bin ca n. 4. Chn 3 tam gic t tp tam gic cu 3, sao cho chng nm cn i trn hnh trn. T mu 3 tam gic ny. Khng v cc tam gic khc, cho 3 tam gic to thnh ci qut 3 cnh. Cho ci qut xoay quanh tm, c sau 100milisec th quay. S dng MFC + OpenGL: 5. Hin thc cc bi tp 1. 4.ni trn bng MFC + OpenGL. 6. Dng MFC + OpenGL: Hin thc v hnh t din v iu chnh v tr camera theo thi gian. Ngha l chuyn D n 4 trong phn GLUT vo MFC.
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