1

B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

GIO TRNH M UN

TRNG NM S
M S: M 03
NGH: TRNG V NHN GING NM
Trnh : S cp ngh

TUYN B BN QUYN Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh nn cc ngun thng tin c th c php dng nguyn bn hoc trch dn dng cho cc mc ch v o to v tham kho. Mi mc ch khc mang tnh lch lc hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim cm. M ti liu: M 03

LI GII THIU
Trong rt nhiu loi thc phm m thin nhin dnh cho con ngi, th nm l mt trong nhng loi thc n va giu cht dinh dng va c kh nng nga bnh hiu qu. Nm n c s dng rng ri lm thc phm, chng c th s dng trong rt nhiu mn n khp ni trn th gii. Khng ch l mn n ngon, cc loi nm cn c tc dng tng cng sc khng c th, chng lo ha, lm gim nguy c mc cc bnh nh ung th, tim mch Vit Nam, iu kin thi tit thun li, ngun nguyn liu di do, ng thi tn dng c lao ng nng nhn, v th y mnh pht trin ngh trng nm l mt hng i ng gp phn to ra sn phm nng nghip sch, xa i gim ngho, dn dn hng ti sn xut nm quy m cng nghip cung cp cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Chng trnh o to ngh Trng v nhn ging nm cng vi b gio trnh c bin son tch hp nhng kin thc, k nng cn c ca ngh, cp nht nhng tin b ca khoa hc k thut v thc t sn xut nm ti cc a phng trong c nc, do c th coi l cm nang cho ngi , ang v s trng nm. B gio trnh gm 6 quyn: 1) Gio trnh m un Nhn ging nm 2) Gio trnh m un Trng nm rm 3) Gio trnh m un Trng nm s 4) Gio trnh m un Trng nm mc nh 5) Gio trnh m un Trng nm linh chi 6) Gio trnh m un Khi nghip kinh doanh hon thin b gio trnh ny chng ti nhn c s ch o, hng dn ca V T chc cn b B Nng nghip v PTNT; Tng cc dy ngh B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi. S hp tc, gip ca Trung tm Cng ngh Sinh hc thc vt - Vin Di truyn nng nghip Vit Nam. ng thi chng ti cng nhn c cc kin ng gp ca cc nh khoa hc, cn b k thut ca cc Vin, Trng, c s sn xut nm, Ban Gim Hiu v cc thy c gio Trng Cao ng Lng thc Thc phm. Chng ti xin c gi li cm n n V T chc cn b B Nng nghip v PTNT, Tng cc dy ngh, Ban lnh o cc Vin, Trng, cc c s sn xut, cc nh khoa hc, cc cn b k thut, cc thy c gio tham gia ng gp nhiu kin qu bu, to iu kin thun li hon thnh b gio trnh ny. B gio trnh l c s cho cc gio vin son bi ging ging dy, l ti liu nghin cu v hc tp ca hc vin hc ngh Trng v nhn ging nm. Cc thng tin trong b gio trnh c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t chc ging dy cc m un mt cch hp l. Gio vin c th vn dng cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong qu trnh dy hc. Gio trnh Trng nm s trnh by quy trnh trng nm s trn nguyn liu

mn ca, rm v bng ht, phng php phng tr su bnh v cch s ch, bo qun nm s. Thi lng ging dy m un l 110 gi, c phn b thnh 7 bi. Trong qu trnh bin son chc chn khng trnh khi nhng sai st, chng ti mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc nh khoa hc, cc cn b k thut, cc ng nghip gio trnh hon thin hn. Xin chn thnh cm n! Tham gia bin son 1. Trn Th L Hng (ch bin) 2. Hunh Th Kim Cc 3. Trn Thc 4. Nguyn Th Nguyn 5. V Th Mi

MC LC MC Tuyn b bn quyn Li gii thiu M c l c M un Trng nm s Bi 1. c im sinh hc ca nm s 1. c im hnh thi ca nm s 2. Chu trnh sng ca nm s 3. Cc ngun dinh dng nui trng nm s 3.1. Cht ng 3.2. Cht m 3.3. Cht khong v vitamin 3.4. Nc 4. Cc yu t mi trng nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm s 4.1. Nhit 4.2. m khng kh 4.3. pH 4.4. nh sng 4.5. thng thong Bi 2: Chun b ln tri, dng c, vt t v nguyn liu nui trng nm s 1. Ln tri nui trng nm s 1.1. Chn a im xy dng ln tri 1.2. B tr ln tri nui trng nm 1.3. Kh trng, v sinh ln tri 2. Thit b thanh trng gi th 3. Dng c s dng trng nm s 3.1. Dng c cy ging 3.2. Dng c o dng trng nm s 3.3. Dng c dng x l nguyn liu 4. Vt t, nguyn liu dng trong nui trng nm s 4.1. Vt t 4.2. Nguyn liu Bi 3. Trng nm s trn mn ca 1. Quy trnh trng nm s trn mn ca TRANG 2 3 5 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 16 18 19 19 20 22 24 24 24 25 25

2. Cch tin hnh 2.1. Chn mn ca 2.2. X l mn ca 2.3. Lm gi th 2.4. Thanh trng ti gi th 2.5. Cy ging 2.6. Nui si 2.7. Chm sc v thu hi Bi 4: Trng nm s trn bng ht 1. Quy trnh trng nm s trn bng ht 2. Cch tin hnh 2.1. Chn bng ht 2.2. X l bng ht 2.3. ng ti v cy ging nm s 2.4. Nui si 2.5. Chm sc v thu hi Bi 5. Trng nm s trn rm 1. Quy trnh trng nm s trn rm 2. Cch tin hnh 2.1. Chn ngun rm 2.2. X l rm 2.3. ng ti v cy ging nm s 2.4. Nui si 2.5. Chm sc v thu hi Bi 6. Su bnh hi nm s v bin php phng tr 1. Bnh sinh l v bin php phng tr 1.1. Bnh hi si nm s 1.2. Bnh hi qu th nm s 2. Bnh nhim vi sinh vt v bin php phng tr 2.1. Bnh nhim do nm mc 2.2. Bnh nhim do vi khun 2.3. Bnh nhim do vi rt 3. Bnh nhim do cc loi nm di 3.1. Nm mc 3.2. Nm chn chim 4. Bnh do ng vt hi v cch phng tr 4.1. Chut, kin, gin, c 4.2. Nhn nm

25 25 26 29 32 35 37 39 42 40 40 40 43 47 49 51 56 56 56 56 57 62 63 65 70 70 70 71 71 71 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75

4.3. Rp (B mt) 4.4. Rui nm 4.5. Tuyn trng Bi 7. S ch v bo qun nm s 1. Bo qun lnh nm s 1.1. Nguyn tc bo qun lnh nm s ti 1.2. Quy trnh bo qun nm s ti 1.3. Cch tin hnh 2. Phi, sy nm s 2.1. Nguyn tc phi, sy nm s 2.2. Phi nm s 2.3. Sy nm s Hng dn ging dy m un Ti liu tham kho Danh sch Ban ch nhim xy dng chng trnh, bin son gio trnh dy ngh trnh s cp Danh sch Hi ng nghim thu chng trnh, gio trnh dy ngh trnh s cp

76 76 76 79 79 79 79 79 82 82 82 83 87 96 97 97

M UN: TRNG NM S M m un: M 03 Gii thiu m un M un Trng nm s trnh by khi qut c im sinh hc ca nm s, cch xy dng ln tri, cch chun b cc dng c phc v cho vic trng nm s; trnh by quy trnh v cch tin hnh trng nm s trn nguyn liu mn ca, rm v bng ht; phng php phng tr su bnh v cch s ch, bo qun nm s. ng thi m un cng trnh by h thng cc bi tp, bi thc hnh cho tng bi dy v bi thc hnh khi kt thc m un. y l mt m un tch hp gia l thuyt v thc hnh nhng trng tm l thc hnh. Hc vin sau khi hc xong m un Trng nm s c th c c nhng kin thc c bn v cch trng nm s v k nng thc hin cc bc cng vic trong quy trnh trng nm s. BI 1. C IM SINH HC CA NM S M bi: M3-01 Mc tiu: - Nhn bit c mt s loi nm s ph bin; - M t c chu trnh sng ca nm s; - Nu c cc ngun dinh dng cn thit cho nm s; - Gii thch c nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm s. A. Ni dung 1. c im hnh thi ca nm s - Nm s l tn dng chung cho cc loi nm n thuc ging Pleurotus. Vit Nam, nm s cn c cc tn gi khc nh: nm tai lch, nm xo, nm bo ng, nm bo, nm dai.. - Nm s c c im chung l tai nm dng phu lch, mc thnh cm tp trung, mi cnh nm bao gm 3 phn: m, phin v cung (hnh 1.1).

1. M nm

2. Phin nm 3. Cung nm 4. H si nm Hnh 1.1. c im hnh thi ca nm s

- Nm s c chia lm hai nhm ln: + Nhm chu lnh: hnh thnh qu th nhit 10 200C + Nhm a nhit: hnh thnh qu th nhit 25 300C - C n 50 loi nm s, nhng cho n nay ch c 10 loi nm s c trng ph bin. Vit Nam, ch yu trng cc loi nm s a nhit nh: nm s xm, nm s trng. V vy, nc ta c th trng nm s quanh nm nhng thun li nht t thng 9 n thng 4 (dng lch) nm sau.

Hnh 1.2. Nm s trng

Hnh 1.3. Nm s tm

Hnh 1.4. Nm s hng 2. Chu trnh sng ca nm s - Khi trng thnh, nm s s pht tn bo t, gp iu kin mi trng thch hp bo t s ny mm hnh thnh h si s cp. - H si s cp pht trin y to nn h si th cp, sau xy ra s kt hp ca h si nm th cp v hnh thnh qu th nm hon chnh.

Hnh 1.5. Nm s i g

Hnh 1.6. Chu trnh pht trin ca nm s

1. Bo t v tnh 2. Si n bo 3. Si n bo giao phi 4. Si a bo 5. Bo t hu tnh 6. Qu th nm

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Qu th nm s pht trin qua cc giai on nh sau: - Dng san h: qu th mi to thnh, dng si mnh hnh chm. - Dng di trng: m xut hin di dng khi trn, cn cung pht trin c v chiu ngang v chiu di nn ng knh cung v m khng sai khc nhau nhiu. - Dng phu: m m rng, cung nm gia. - Dng bn cu lch: cung ln nhanh mt bn v bt u lch so vi v tr trung tm ca m. - Dng l lc bnh: cung ngng tng trng, trong khi m vn tip tc pht trin, ba mp thng n dn sng.

Hnh 1.7. Cc giai on pht trin ca qu th nm s a. Dng san h, b. Dng di trng, c. Dng phu, d. Dng bn cu lch, e. Dng l lc bnh 3. Cc ngun dinh dng cho nm s Nm ni chung v cc loi nm n ni ring ch yu sng d dng nh c h men phn gii tng i mnh, gip chng c th s dng cc dng thc n phc tp nh cht x, cht ng, bt, cht mc,.... Vi cu trc dng si, t nm len li su vo trong c cht (rm r, mn ca, g) hp th thc n nui ton b c th nm. 3.1. Cht ng - Trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, nm cn ngun ng, bt rt ln, thng b sung cc cht cho nm s di dng bt bp, cm go.

Hnh 1.8. Bt bp

Hnh 1.9. Cm go

- Nm s dng cht ng, bt tng hp sinh khi, bao gm cc thnh phn cu to nn si nm v cc hp cht lin quan n hot ng sng. Ni chung nm cn cht ng, bt nh l yu t bt buc khng th thiu, nu khng c

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n nm khng th sinh trng v pht trin c. 3.2. Cht m Cht m cng l ngun dinh dng khng th thiu c nm. - Ngun m hu c b sung trong trng nm s cc dng nh bnh du (hnh 1.10), b u nnh (hnh 1.11),...

Hnh 1.10. Bnh du

Hnh 1.11. B u nnh

- Ngun m v c dng trong trng nm nh phn ur (hnh 1.12), phn sunphat amn (SA), diamn pht pht (DAP) (hnh 1.13)

Hnh 1.12. Phn ur

Hnh 1.13. Phn sunphat amn

3.3. Cht khong v vitamin - Cc vitamin h si nm pht trin: Vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin H. - Cc cht khong a lng: Nm cn c cung cp mt s nguyn t khong a lng nh pht pho (P), kali (K), canxi (Ca), lu hunh (S), magie (Mg) V d nh: phn ln cung cp pht pho, phn kali cung cp nguyn t kali, hoc phn hn hp NPK cung cp c m, pht pho v kali.

Hnh 1.14. Phn kali, phn ln

Hnh 1.15. Phn N.P.K

- Cc nguyn t vi lng nh: st (Fe), km (Zn), mangan (Mn), bor

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(Bo) Nm s cn thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng vi mt t l rt nh nhng khng th thiu c.

Hnh 1.16. Phn vi lng tng hp

Hnh 1.17. Phn vi lng Bo

3.4. Nc - Nm s cn nc rt ln trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, nc chim 80 85% tng trng lng. Nu thiu nc, qu th s cn ci, thm ch teo cng li, nh cn v rt dai. Nu tha nc, qu th s vng nhn v r xung. - Ngun nc ti phi sch, nu nc qu bn s ly nhim cc mm bnh cho nm, lm c ch s pht trin ca qu th, thm ch lm cht qu th. - Ngun nc ti khng b nhim phn hoc nhim mn. nu khng qu th hnh thnh s b d dng nh bng ci, teo u, kh cng hoc b cht non. - Nu dng nc my th phi bay ht mi clo. 4. Cc yu t mi trng nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm s 4.1. Nhit - Nhm nm s chu lnh thch hp nhit t 13 200C - Nhm nm s chu nhit thch hp nhit t 24 280C 4.2. m - m c cht: Nm s yu cu m c cht (gi th) khong 60 70%, nu m trn 70% hoc di 30% khng c li cho sinh trng h si v hnh thnh qu th nm. - m khng kh: Trong thi k ti n nm, m khng kh khng c di 70%, tt nht l 75 - 90%. m thp hn 70% qu th b vng v kh mp. m 50%, nm ngng pht trin v cht, dng bn cu lch v dng l lc bnh b kh mt v chy vng ba mp m nm. Ngc li, m cao (95%) cha hn tt cho nm, tai nm d b nhn v r xung. 4.3. pH - Nm s c kh nng chu ng s dao ng ca pH tng i tt, pH mi trng c th gim xung 4,4 hoc tng ln 9, si t nm vn mc c. - pH thch hp i vi hu ht cc loi nm s trong khong 6,0 7,0. Nu pH thp th qu th nm khng hnh thnh c v ngc li, pH qu kim th qu th nm b d hnh.

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4.4. nh sng cc giai on khc nhau trong chu k sng, nm s yu cu nh sng khc nhau. - Giai on sinh trng h si khng cn nh sng - Giai on hnh thnh qu th cn nh sng khuch tn vi cng trung bnh 200lux, cng nh sng qu mnh s ngn cn vic hnh thnh n nm, cn nh sng yu lm chn nm di ra, m hp. 4.5. thng thong - Giai on sinh trng: nng CO2 trong khong 15 20% h si nm vn c th sinh trng c, nu vt ln khong 30% s sinh trng ca h si gim mnh. - Giai on hnh thnh qu th: nm cn lu thng khng kh mnh, nng CO2 phi gim v lng oxy tng ln. Nu khng m nm s hp li trong khi chn di ra, dn n tai nm b d hnh. B. Cu hi v bi tp thc hnh Bi tp 1: Nhn din mu sc, tui ( trng thnh) ca mt s loi nm s. Bi tp 2: Xc nh cht dinh dng c trong cc ngun nguyn liu trng nm s. Bi tp 3: in cc gi tr iu kin mi trng thch hp cho nm s sinh trng v pht trin. C. Ghi nh Cn ch mt s ni dung trng tm sau: - nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm s. - Cc ngun dinh dng cn thit cho nm s.

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BI 2. CHUN B LN TRI, DNG C, VT T V NGUYN LIU TRNG NM S M bi: M3-02 Mc tiu: - Thc hin c cch b tr v v sinh, kh trng ln tri trng nm s ng tiu chun k thut; - La chn c cc dng c, vt t, nguyn liu ng yu cu k thut trng nm s; - S dng v v sinh cc dng c theo ng quy nh; - Rn luyn tnh cn thn, t m. A. Ni dung 1. Ln tri trng nm s 1.1. Chn a im xy dng ln tri a im xy dng ln tri trng nm s cn: - Cch xa cc ngun gy bnh nh: cng rnh, bi rc thi, chung tri chn nui, ph thi trng nm...; - Cch xa cc ni c nhiu bi bm nh nh my xay xt, nh my ch bin nng sn, nh my ca x g; - t vng t cao, khng b ng nc, ngp lt; - t ni c nhiu cy cao xung quanh va to bng rm va chn bt gi v gi m cn thit cho nm; - C ngun nc v khng kh sch, khng b nhim; - Khng xy dng ln tri trng nm i trc, gia ng trng v c nhiu nhiu gi v nhit thay i ln gia ngy v m. 1.2. B tr ln tri trng nm s Mt m hnh ln tri trng nm s thng b tr thnh 3 khu ring: - Khu ch bin nguyn liu: gm nh kho (cha nguyn vt liu v cc dng c dng cho x l nguyn liu) v nh x l nguyn liu. - Khu nh m: gm nh cy ging v nh nui si. - Khu nh trng. 1.2.1 Sn bi cha nguyn liu - Sn bi cha nguyn liu dng ct gi nguyn liu khng b ma nng, m mc lm gim cht lng nguyn liu. - Sn bi cha nguyn liu cn rng, sch s, c mi che cng tt, nn b tr nhng ni kh ro, thun li cho vic vn chuyn thun li v gn nh x l nguyn liu. 1.2.2. Khu vc x l nguyn liu - Khu vc x l nguyn liu nn gn kho nguyn liu tin vn chuyn nguyn liu i x l. - Nn ca khu vc x l nguyn liu nn lng xi mng thun tin trong

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qu trnh x l v dn v sinh sau khi lm xong. - Lp t ng dn thot nc tt, c mi che m bo trnh ma gi. 1.2.3. Phng cy ging - Phng cy ging nn l phng nh, kn nhng phi sch, c v sinh v st trng k, m bo y nh sng. - C th dng bt nilon quy kn thnh phng cy ging. Hnh 2.1.Phng cy ging nm 1.2.4. Nh nui si Nh nui si nm s cn: - Sch s v thong kh; - Nn nh bng phng, khng b ng nc v khng b cn trng, chuto xi; - t nh sng nhng cng khng c qu ti, v nh vy s to iu kin cho vi sinh vt gy bnh pht trin, cc loi cn trng n np ph hoi ti nm v kh pht hin bnh nhim trn cc ti nm; - Khng b ma dt hoc nng chiu; - C cc gin k xp cc ti gi th nm.

Hnh 2.2. Nh nui si nm s 1.2.5. Nh trng nm s Nh trng nm s cn m bo: - Sch s v trnh nh nng trc tip; - C kh nng gi m tt lun duy tr m t 80 90%, trnh gi la nhng khng qu kn lm ngp nm, nhit t 25 - 270C; - Gn ngun nc ti v c ng dn thot nc tt; - C h thng ca iu chnh thng thong khi cn thit; - Nh trng nn xy dng thnh mt khu vc ring c lp vi khu nh nui si v nh trng l ni pht sinh rt nhiu bnh;