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ALATISHNATIONALPARK(ALNP)

ANRSPARKSDEVELOPMENTANDPROTECTIONAUTHORITY
GENERALMANAGEMENTPLAN(GMP)20102019
J ULY 2009- BAHI RDAR

DRAFT-0
DECLARATI ON




GMP OWNER


COORDI NATOR
PARKS DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTI ON AUTHORI TY




SPONSORSHI P AND TECHNI CAL ASSI STANCE









ANRS PARKS DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTI ON
AUTHORI TY
ALATI SH NATI ONAL PARK (ALNP)


GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (GMP) 2010-2019

CONSULTANT:
DAREGOTBERIHUN

Lecturer,BahirdarUniversity(BDU)
Daregot21@yahoo.com

CONTRI BUTI NG MEMBERS


1. ABRAHAMMARYE(ECOLOGISTBDU)
2. MEKETEDESIE(WATERRESOURCESSPECIALIST(BDU)
3. SHIMELSAYNALEM(ORINTOLOGISTANDWLSPECIALIST(ENHA)
4. DRENDALKACHEWTESHOMETURISMSPECIALISTGondarUnversity
5. GETACHEWTAMIRU(FORESTER(ORDA)
6. GETACHEWTESFAYE(GISSPECIALIST(PADPA)
Acknowledgment:
The consultant wants to extend heart felt thanks to all who contributed for this GMP,
especially the planning team members. Special thanks are forwarded for Dr Henry Busulwa
(Lead Specialist, Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation Component, Nile Transboundary
EnvironmentalActionProject,)whohasdevotedhisfullskillsandtimeforthisGMP.Lastbut
notleastthePaDPA,andALNPOfficialscontributionswereglorious
Dar egot Ber i hun

J ul y 2009, Bahi r dar
TABLEOFCONTENTS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. I
PART ONE : BACKGROUND AND BASIS OF THE ALNP GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............ 0
I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1NATIONALANDREGIONALBACKGROUND ................................................................................................................1
1.2ALATISHNATIONALPARKDESCRIPTION...................................................................................................................2
1.2.1Backgroundoftheparkandestablishment........................................................................................... 2
1.2.2PurposeofProclamationandLegislativeframework ............................................................................ 3
1.3RATIONALEOFLAUNCHINGOFTHEMANAGEMENTPLANFORALNP..............................................................................4
1.4OBJECTIVESOFMANAGEMENT...............................................................................................................................6
1.4.1GeneralObjectives................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.2ParkSpecificObjectives......................................................................................................................... 6
1.5THEPLANNINGPROCESSANDAPPROACH: ................................................................................................................7
II:THEMANAGEMENTBASIS................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1UNDERSTANDINGTHEALATISHNATIONALPARK:REVIEWOFEXISTINGINFORMATION..................................................10
2.1.1Parklocationandfeatures: .................................................................................................................. 10
2.1.2ClimateAgroecologyandsoils ............................................................................................................ 11
2.1.3WaterresourcesintheAlatishNationalPark...................................................................................... 13
2.1.4EcosystemscomponentsofALNP........................................................................................................ 25
2.1.5Wildliferesourcesdiversity.................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.6Vegetationdiversityandclassification................................................................................................. 38
2.1.7Socioeconomicaldescription.............................................................................................................. 40
2.1.8Cultural,Historicheritageandtourismofthepark ............................................................................. 47
2.1.9StakeholderdescriptionoftheAlatishnationalpark .......................................................................... 48
2.1.10Transboundaryissues ........................................................................................................................ 50
2.2RESOURCEVALUESANDBENEFITSOFTHEPARK .......................................................................................................53
2.2.1Resourcevalues ................................................................................................................................... 53
2.2.2AGeneralResourcebenefits................................................................................................................. 61
2.2.2BBenefitsfromthevegetation(Majorsocioeconomicusesoftree/shrubspecies)........................... 61
2.3EXCEPTIONAL(DISTINCT)FEATURESOFTHEPARK....................................................................................................63
2.4ANALYSISOFISSUES&PROBLEMS:PROBLEMSANDTHREATSTOTHEECOSYSTEMSANDBIODIVERSITYINALNP..................67
2.4.1Threatsfromnaturalprocess............................................................................................................... 67
2.4.2Threatsfromhumanactivities ............................................................................................................. 67
2.5CURRENTMANAGEMENTSTATUSOFALNP............................................................................................................78
PARTTWO:THEALATISHNATIONALPARKGENERALMANAGMNETPLAN............................................................. 81
I.INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 82
1.1VISIONOFALATISHNATIONALPARK......................................................................................................................82
1.2OBJECTIVESOFMANAGEMENT.............................................................................................................................82
1.2.1GENERALOBJECTIVES .....................................................................................................................................82
1.2.2PARKSPECIFICOBJECTIVES..............................................................................................................................83
1.3THEPLANNINGPROCESSANDAPPROACH: ..............................................................................................................84
1.4MANAGEMENTDIRECTIONS&GUIDINGPRINCIPLESFORMANAGINGTHEALNP.............................................................84
1.5MANAGEMENTZONATIONOFALNP.....................................................................................................................90
1.5.1Biodiversityconservationandrecreationzone(BDCRZ) ..................................................................... 91

1.5.2Bufferzone(BZ): .................................................................................................................................. 91
1.5.3Developmentzone(DZ): ...................................................................................................................... 92
II.THEGMPMANAGEMENTPROGRAMMES........................................................................................................... 94
MP1 NATURAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME .............................. 95
1.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND.............................................................................................96
1.1WILDLIFERESOURCESMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME ........................................................................97
1.1.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................... 97
1.1.1ThemesspecificObjectives,StrategiesandActions ........................................................................... 98
1.2VEGETATIONRESOURCESMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME ..................................................................100
1.2.0Subprogramthemes,objectives,andstrategies............................................................................... 100
1.2.1ThemesspecificObjectives,StrategiesandActions ......................................................................... 101
1.3WATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME: ........................................................................104
1.3.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................. 104
1.3.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions........................................................................... 105
MP2 ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME..... 113
2.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND...........................................................................................114
2.1ECOSYSTEMCOMPONENTANDPROCESSESCONSERVATIONSUBPROGRAMME .....................................114
2.1.1Themes,managementobjectives,conservationstrategiesandopportunities................................. 114
2.1.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 115
2.2.FIREMANAGEMENTANDMONITORINGSUBPROGRAMME ....................................................................117
2.2.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 118
2.3.MAINTAININGHYDROLOGICALCYCLESUBPROGRAMME........................................................................119
2.3.1Themes,managementobjectives,conservationstrategiesandopportunities................................. 119
2.3.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 120
2.4HABITATSCONSERVATIONANDRESTORATIONSUBPROGRAMME.........................................................121
2.4.1Themes,managementobjectives,strategiesandopportunities....................................................... 121
2.4.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 122
2.5AUTHORISEDPARKRESOURCESUSES........................................................................................................123
2.5.1Themes,managementobjectives,strategiesandopportunities....................................................... 123
2.5.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 124
MP3 TOURISM CULTURAL HERITAGE AND RECREATION MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME... 125
3.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND...........................................................................................126
3.1CULTURALHERITAGEMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME ..........................................................................126
3.1.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................. 126
3.1.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 127
3.2RECREATIONANDTOURISMSUBPROGRAMME.........................................................................................128
3.2.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 128
3.3TURISMINFRASTRUCTUREFACILITIESANDACCESSSUBPROGRAMME.....................................................131
3.3.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 131
MP4 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.............................................................................. 134
4.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND...........................................................................................135
4.0PROGRAMMETHEMESGENERALOBJECTIVES,ANDSTRATEGIES................................................................................135
IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement: ............................................................................................... 136
4.1COMMUNITYINVOLVEMENTMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME: ...........................................................137
4.2COMMUNITYAWARENESSMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME.................................................................138
4.3COMMUNITYRELATIONSMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME...................................................................138
4.4LOCALECONOMIESCOMERCIALACTIVTIESANDEMPLOYMENTMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME.......139

MP5 SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME ................................................................................................. 140
5.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND...........................................................................................141
5.1PARKADMINISTRATIONANDLAWENFORCEMENTMANAGEMENT..........................................................143
5.2SUPPORTANDACCESSIBILITYMANAGEMENT: ..........................................................................................143
MP6 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME.......................................................... 145
6.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND...........................................................................................146
6.1WORKINGWITHPARTNERS(STAKEHOLDERS)SUBPROGRAMME..............................................................147
6.1.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................. 147
6.2TRANSBOUNDARYISSUESSUBPROGRAMME: ...........................................................................................149
6.2.1SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................. 149
6.2.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 149
6.3ADJOININGNEIGHBORSANDAREASCOMPLEMENTARYMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME:...................150
6.3.1SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................. 150
Managementthemes.................................................................................................................................. 150
6.3.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 151
6.4PUBLICRELATIONSINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSUBPROGRAMME:.......................................152
6.4.1SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies ............................................................. 152
6.4.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions.......................................................................... 152
PART THREE: THE ALNP-GMP- PRIORITIES FOR ACTION OPERATIONAL PLAN AND
IMPLEMENTATION MODALITY................................................................................................................. 153
I.PRIORITYACTIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 154
II.FIVEYEARSOPERATIONAL................................................................................................................................. 154
2.1PRIORITYACTIVITIESOFTHEALNP(20102014) ................................................................................................154
2.2RESOURCINGANDIMPLEMENTINGTHEPLAN .......................................................................................................156
2.3PLANAMENDMENT .........................................................................................................................................158
III.MONITORINGANDEVALUATION ..................................................................................................................... 158
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................................... 160
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................................... 164
1.1SPECIFICACTIVITIESTOBEIMPLEMENTEDINTHENEXT5YEARS ................................................................................164
1.2ACTUALBIRDSPECIESIDENTIFIEDDURINGTHESURVEY ...........................................................................................176
1.4TREEANDSHRUBSPECIESOFALNP,LOCALUSESANDECOLOGICALDISTRIBUTION......................................................179

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Water quality test results for ground water sample............................................................. 23
Table 2 Water quality test results for surface water sample............................................................. 24
Table 3 nvolvement of the labor force................................................................................................ 46
Table 4 List of Major tree/shrub species in the park area and which used for different socio-
economic uses........................................................................................................................................ 62
Table 5 ERVs of Alatish National Park................................................................................................... 66
Table 6 Ecological units conservation targets, threat and ecological levels............................... 74
Table 7 Ecosystem threats analysis and mitigating measures......................................................... 77
Table 8 Prescriptive guideline for collaborative management zones........................................... 93
Table 9 priority Activities....................................................................................................................... 155
Table 10 Cost summary:....................................................................................................................... 157

Acronymsused

AAU AddisAbabaUniversity
ALNP AlatishNationalPark
ACRI AmharaCreditandSavingInstitute
ANRS AmharaNationalRegionalState
ARARI AmharaRegionAgriculturalResearchInstitute
AOP AnnualOperationsPlan
BDU BahirDarUniversity
BGRS BenishangulGumuzRegionalState
BoARD BureauofAgricultureandRuraldevelopment
BoFED BureauofFinanceandEconomicDevelopment
CBM CommunitybasedMonitoring
CBD ConventiononBiologicalDiversity
DNP DinderNationalPark
EM EcologicalManagement
EIA EnvironmentalImpactAssessment
EPLAUA EnvironmentalProtection,LandAdministrationandUseAuthority
ERA EthiopianRoadAuthority
ETC EthiopianTourismCommission
EWCA EthiopianWildlifeConservationAuthority
ERV ExceptionalResourceValue
FDRE FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia
FWDCD FederalWildlifeDevelopmentandConservationDepartment
FGD FocusGroupDiscussion
GMP GeneralManagementPlan
GIS GeographicInformationSystem
GEF GlobalEnvironmentFacility
GDP GrossDomesticProduct
HWC Humanwildlifeconflict
IBC InstituteofBiodiversityConservation
IUCN InternationalUnionforConservationofNature
KEA KeyEcologicalAttribute
MoARD MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment
MoCT MinistryofCultureandTourism
MoFED MinistryofFinanceandEconomicDevelopment
MWGE MixedWoodedGrasslandEcosystem
NBSAP NationalBiodiversityStrategyandActionProject
ORDA OrganizationforRehabilitationandDevelopment

PaDPA ParkDevelopmentandProtectionAuthority
PO ParkOperations
PW ParkWarden
PA PeasantAssociation(KebeleAdministration)
PEC PrincipalEcosystemComponent
PA ProtectedArea
PASP ProtectedAreaSystemPlan
RBI ResourceBasedInventory
RP ResourceProtection
RSWE ReverineandSeasonalWetlandEcosystems
SSE ShrubandScrublandEcosystem
SMNP SimienMountainsNationalPark
TDMP TourismDevelopmentandManagementProgramme
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram
WCPA WorldCommissiononProtectedAreas
WHS WorldHeritageSite

Executivesummary

ALNP which was established legally in 20


th
February 2006 published in regional legal issues
publicationnewsletterZekereHegbyregionalcouncilwithRegulationactNoNo38/2005,
is located between 11
0
475.4 to 12
0
313.6N latitude and 35
0
1548 to 35
0
4851 E.
longitudeinnorthwesternflatplainpartofEthiopiaborderedwithSudan.Almost97%ofthe
areaisflatplainfromtopviewinterruptedbyvariousstreamshills.

In spite of; Alatish is little known in its biological diversity and ecosystem characteristics;
from the assessments so far, it has a variety of fauna and flora that requires conservation.
Alatishhasuniquebiotypeswhicharenotincludedinanyofprotectedareasofthecountry
that consist of Sudan Guinea Biome. Permanent rivers bordering the park like Ayma and
Gelegu provide fishery resources to the local communities besides being the main water
sourcesofpeopleandanimals.

In terms of water resources endowment; Alatish National Park is located in the Blue Nile
drainagebasinofEthiopia,EasternpartoftheBlueNileandGilgelAbbaysubdrainagebasin.
ThetwomajorsubdrainagebasinsintheQuaraworedaShinfaandAyimaDrainageBasins
(orRahadandDinderdrainagebasinsrespectivelyinSudan);GeleguRiveracardinaltributary
ofRiverDinderandAlatishRiverwithverywidechannel(morethan25metres)andriverbed
aresomeofwhichitisgiftedwith.Therearealsopatchesoftemporarywetlandsinthepark
mostlylocatedalongthedrainagelines(rivers)anddepressionareas.

Ecologically, Alatish falls in ecosystem complexes of CombretumTerminalia Woodland with


varioushabitatsofothersecosystemssuchasintactscrublandsecosystemandescarpments.
In recent assessment of this GMP ALNP is classified in to four ecosystems which include;
Riverine Ecosystem (RE),Seasonal wetlands (Sambri) (SWL),Wooded land (WL), Wooded
grassland (WG).These ecosystem holds a Varity of fauna and flora which are the beauty of
Alatish.

The faunistic and floristic composition/diversity of Alatish National Park makes the area
unique in ecological significance. The park has a variety of fauna and flora which require
conservation.Initswildlife,Alatishisrichinzoologicalresourcesanditisahomeofvarious
types of wild animals listed. 37 mammalian species of which 8 area not recently (last 15
years) seen, 204 bird species of which 143s species diversity and abundance is studied, 23
species of rodents, 6 species of insectivores and 7 types of reptiles and amphibians with
variousspeciesarefoundinAlatish.

Alatish also have immense vegetation cover, classified into five types. The dominant
vegetation type is mixed woodland vegetation where Combretum and Terminalia species
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

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are abundant. The other vegetation types areRiverine vegetation, Seasonal wetland
vegetationandopenwoodedgrasslandvegetationtypes,andhillyareawoodlandareas.

ThefloristiccompositionofAlatishhasthemorestrikingandfascinatingwoodyspeciesthat
is characterized by diverse multilayered self regulating vegetation through immediate
recoveryafterruinbyfrequentfirehazardandlivestockovergrazingbylocalcommunityand
Felata nomads. Based on this rapid field assessment, 130 woody plant species of which 84
tree and shrub species and 29 herbs are found in the park area. About 17 grass species are
identifiedduringtheassessment

Alatish is not only described for its natural and biological diversity, but also for its socio
culturalandeconomicdiversity.Theparkissurroundedby31733populationwithimmediate
neighborhoodandother50207withlittlefardistant.;that32749aremigrantsforsettlement
reasons.ThecommunitylivingwithAlatishisservedwith22Primaryschoolson average5
kmdistanceand19alternative(Amarachi)and11juniorschoolsinthenearbyvillageswith
averageestimateofhealthcoverageof80%.Moreserviceslikeroad,telecomandpowerare
verypoorwhichneedsmorefocus.

The community surrounding Alatish is mainly dependant on Agriculture and some related
activities. Agricultural production is where, (87% ) of the income comes from and livestock
resourcewhichcattleconsistedof64%arealsothelivelyhoodsources.

InitsCurrent(Usevalue),AlatishisusedasagrazingareaforFellatanomadsasfeedsource
for greater than 300,000 cattle shoats, collection of wild honey bee, bamboo, fishing and
hunting which use biological resources as a direct and consumptive value drives from the
direct role of biological resources in consumption or production. Specifically it is serving as
SourceofFuelwood,SourceofCattlePasture,SourceofMedicines,SourceofBuildingPoles,
andSourceofCharcoal
,Beekeeping and honey harvesting, supplement nutritional needs and meet seasonal food
shortages,BushMeat,sourceofincome,ResearchattractionsandCulturalValues.

InitsoptionalvalueitisanOpportunityforcommunitybasedtourismdevelopment,Natural
attraction,Spectacularlandscape:,Historicalattraction.Itwillhavealsoanexistencevalueas
Conservation of Alatish which has divers and unique biological could be preserved and
sustainablyusedforpresentandfuturegeneration.

GenerallyALNPhasEcologicalbenefits,Economicbenefits,Socialbenefits.,Politicalbenefits
whichmakesitmorevaluable.

InitsExceptional(Distinct)features;AlatishisFirstEverTransboundaryParkinEthiopia,itis
with national and international significance, with distinct ecosystems than other National
ParksinEthiopiaandAlatishendowedwithavarietyofspectacularresourcesandsites.
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Withallthesepackageofvalues;ithasbeentheplaceofattraction,andthisattractionhave
beenthesourcesofproblems,threatsandrisksforitself.Threatsontheecologicalsetupof
ALNP exhibited from two directions. First, from natural process which could be adverse the
normalfunctioningofnaturalprocessderivedfromnaturalforces.OverallEcosystemthreats
of ALNP are factors resulted directly or indirectly from human activities that causes for
wildlife, vegetation and their habitats destruction. It has a potential to impair and degrade
ecosystempartiallyorthewhole.

Theprioritythreatsthatneedcallonurgentmanagementdecisionidentifiedare:

Poaching and encroachment (illegal hunting, deforestation, collection of wild


plantandanimalsanddisturbance)
OverandIllegalfishingbylocalcommunitiesandoutsiders:Thelocalcommunity
illegallyoverfishbypoisoningthefish
Seasonal overgrazing (Fellata, Arab and Binamir nomads access the area for
grazingOctobertomay)
Habitat Competition (for water and early regrowing time for feed competition
withhumananddomesticstock)
IncompleteEcosystem(AyimaandGelegurivershalfriverbanktothedirectionof
adjacenttoBGRS)
Cutting of wild animals seasonal local migrationor internalmovement route ( By
NomadsandPoachers)
Recurrentfire(Bushandhumaninducedfire)
UnviablepopulationSize(verylowpopulationorrarelyseenwildanimalsdueto
habitats destruction, Low Number of Threatened species of higher mammals
population)
Deforestation ( Extraction of Bamboo Forest, Phoenix Leaves, Removal of Acacia
BarksandExpansionofArableLand)
Seasonal Water Shortage (Wooded, Grasslands and Scrub Vegetation zone are
sufferfromwatershortageindryseason)

IndefendingtheseproblemsandmaintainingAlatish,theALNPofficeiscurrentlyincharge.
This office has officially inaugurated in June 2006 employing not more than 30 workers.
CurrentlyALNPhasatotalof62workingforcesthatcompriseof45maleand17female

Based on all these, and the fact that it does not have any GMP yet, the preparation of this
GMP has been launched. . This GMP for ALNP is a prime document from which other rules,
regulationsandspecificmanagementprogramandimplementationplansaregenerated.The
plan identifies values of the Park and management issues that need to be addressed.
Management objectives and actions to address these issues are outlined, together with
strategies and priorities. The plan is thus a primary resource to be used in the subsequent
preparation of annual operational plans and provides the basis for evaluating operational
performanceinachievementofmanagementobjectives.
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iv

TheGMPisoneofthetoolwhereitcanlayfoundationstoaspirethevisionsofALNPwhich
are;
StandingasapremierexampleofnaturalEthiopia;
A sanctuary for a diversity of nationally and internationally, and transboundarly
importantnativeplants,animalsandnaturalfeatures.
Theplacewhereimportantnaturalresourcesarewellprotectedwiththreatenedflora
andfaunaspeciesandassociatedhabitatscontinuingtoreceivespecialprotectionas
necessarytomaintainviablepopulations.
A healthy ecosystem in which residents and visitors enjoy a variety of lifestyles that
haveminimalimpactonnatural,cultural,social,andeconomicresourcesandvalues.
A future visitor will find a large untracked subalpine landscape where natural
processescontinuetooperate.
A conserved and enhanced Park where the natural beauty and quality of its
landscapes,itsbiodiversity,tranquility,culturalheritageandthesettlementswithinit
continuetobevaluedfortheirdiversityandrichness.
ALNP will be a welcoming Park where people and stakeholders from all parts of the
worldhavetheopportunitytovisit,appreciate,understand,enjoy,andbenfit

Restingonthisvisions;theGMPhaveidentifiedageneralobjectivewhichwillbeavehicle
torichwith.

The primary management objective for Alatish National Park has been defined as: To
conserve ,preserve manage and enhance the natural, physical, ecological and cultural
resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations ;and local,
Regional National and International communities .This objective is further disaggregated in
to Environmental objectives, Economic objectives ,Communitybased objectives,
Access/utilization objectives ,Administration objectives, again they having different specific
objectivesunder.

Before the actual planning the ALNP is classified in to 3 major zones. Based on protected
`areas that permit to conserve biodiversity, infrastructure development and sustainable
resourceusethreemanagementzonecategorieshavebeenidentifiedforapplicationinALNP
aspartofmultiplezoningschemedefinedasbiodiversityconservationandrecreation,buffer
zoneanddevelopmentzone.DelineatedmanagementzoneareusedtoimproveERVsofthe
park.

Ultimatly,TheGMPisfoundedon6majorprograms,varioussubprogramsandmanagement
themes.Themajorprorameswithsubprogrammesare

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1. NATURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME;
Having
WildlifeResourcesManagementsubProgramme
VegetationResourcesManagementsubProgramme
Water Resources Management sub Programmes ,and having general
objectivesof
Toimprovethestructure,function,andspatialdistributionofthepark
vegetationandmaintaintheforestecosystemhealthyandproductive,
andcontributetotheattainmentofthegoaloftheparkmanagement
plan.
To realize, monitor, manage and conserve Diversity, distribution and
relative abundance of major wild animals with their ecological linkage
and processes of the ANP by alleviating major threats and ensure
continuingsustainabilityoftheecosystem.
To develop the sustainable and integrated use of water and related
naturalresourcestopursuetheoverallobjectiveofthepark.

2. ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME With SUB


PROGRAMMES

Ecosystemcomponentandprocessesconservation
Firemanagementandmonitoring
Maintaininghydrologicalcycles
Habitatsconservationandrestoration
AuthorisedparkResourcesusesandhavinggeneralobjectivesof

To asses , all ecological threats of ALNPs key ecological components


and processes, communities, species and mitigate associated
problems, thereby ecological processes, species and other biophysical
resourcesareprotectedandconservedtoensurelongtermviabilityof
thesystem.
3. TOURISMCULTURALHERITAGEANDRECREATIONMANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEwith
SUBPROGRAMMES
Culturalheritagemanagementsubprogramme
Recreationandtourismsubprogramme
Tourism infrastructure facilities and access subprogramme and having general
objectivesof

Toprovidelocalemploymentandgenerateadditionalincomethroughthe
sale of agricultural products, artifacts and infrastructure development, by
identifying a number of spectacular sites that will attract people to the
parkindifferentseasons,
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Tofacilitatepartnershipsbetweentraditionalcommunity,AlatishNational
park management, Dinder National Park management and commercial
entitiestoprovidefacilitiesandservicesforvisitors,
To contribute both to local and national economy through domestic and
internationaltourism,
To develop visitor accommodation and information center, that will
encouragevisitorstovisitAlatishNationalPark
Toencouragelocaltourismintheefforttoappreciateandenjoyboththe
cultural and historical diversity as well as the natural endowment of the
region,
Toprovidetouristfacilitiesinaccordancetotheabovestatedobjectivesin
close cooperation with the Amhara Regional state tourism Bureau and
EthiopianTourismCommission
4. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME and having general
objectivesof
Communityparticipation:involvementManagement
CommunityawarenessManagement
CommunityrelationsManagement
Local economies commercial activities and employment Management ,and With
OverallProgrammeManagementobjectives

To empower people and local community initiatives to engage in park


conservationandmanagementduties
To increase accountability to resident groups and local communities on
AlatishNationalpark
conservationobjectives
Tominimiseconflictsbetweenparkvaluesandsurroundingland.

5. SUPPORTSYSTEMSPROGRAMMEwithSUBPROGRAMMES
ParkadministrationManagement
SupportandaccessibilityManagement
Legislativeandlowenforcementmanagement,andOverallobjectivesof
To administer the Park effectively in line with legislation, the BPR , the
General Policy for National Parks, other General Policies and this
managementplan.
To provide services and facilities to assist in efficient management of the
park and contribute to the safety of park visitors ,researchers and
neighbors
To Install and maintain infrastructure and built assets necessary for
effectiveparkmanagementasrequiredinALNP

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vii
6. CROSSCUTTINGISSUESPROGRAMMEwithSUBPROGRAMMES
StakeholderinvolvementManagement
TransboundaryissuesManagement
Adjoiningneighborsandareascomplementarymanagement
Public relations information and communication ,and with Overall Programme
Managementobjectives

To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The


rights and interests of Indigenous peoples are recognized and the Parks
Conservationisensured
To encourage scientific research, which adds to knowledge of the Parks
resources
To conserve transboundary resources ,hence conservation values are
maintained
To promote Transboundary Collaboration for better management of the
transboundaryresources
For ease implementing this GMP there have been almost various guidelines (Management
directions)areset.TheManagementdirectionsaretheguidingprinciplesthattheParkhas
to follow for proper management of the natural, social, economic and cultural resources
.They have been prepared in terms of the establishment act No No 38/2005 and other
legislationlistedinthisGMP.Moreover,Theseprogarmmeobjectivesareaccompaniedwith
subsequentthemes,strategiesandactivities,asdisplayedinthebodyofthisGMP.

Finally,selectedpriorityactivitiesaretracedoutforimmediateimplementationinthenext5
years.InadditiontheimplementationoftheseactivitiesinparticularandtheGMPingeneral
is based on the technical ,financial, material and moral assistance of stakeholders, the
government ,individuals sand any other willing to assist. Hence, for the coming 5 years
execution a finical budget of birr 9,139,000, which is equivalent to 815982.00 USD is
proposed.

Finally yet importantly, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of this plan is
planned, since it is a tool for guiding the overall smooth implementation. Review and
amendmentswillalsobepossibleifcircumstancesdemandingcome.

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0


PART ONE : BACKGROUND AND BASIS OF THE ALNP GENERAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN






































PARTONE
BACKGROUNDANDBASISOFTHEALNPGENERAL
MANAGEMENTPLAN








THEMES
INTRODUCTION
NationalandRegionalBackground
AlatishNationalParkDescription
Rationaleoflaunchingoftheplan
Objectivesofmanagement
Theplanningprocessandapproach
THEMANAGEMENTBASIS:
UnderstandingtheAlatishNationalPark:ReviewofExisting
Information
Resourcevaluesandbenefitsofthepark
Exceptional(Distinct)featuresofthePark
Analysisofissuesproblems,andThreats
CurrentmanagementstatusofALNP








OBJECTIVE:

Todisplaythemainbackgrounds;issuesproblemsBenefits&threats,
andtheiranalysis;asabasisfortheManagementPlan

ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

1

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1NationalandRegionalBackground

Ethiopias broad altitudinal range, geological and topographic setup catered diverse
biological resources and scenic features. Biodiversity of Ethiopia is indicated b richness of
species that display genetic variations, ecological and economic services provided in free of
charge. Many of natural and cultural heritages are endemic. However, only few are known
andscientificallystudied.Studiesshowthat,Ethiopiahasatotalof277terrestrialmammals,
862bird,201reptile,63amphibians,150fishesand324butterflyspeciesoffaunaandover
7000 species of plants. Among these 31 mammals, 16 birds 24 amphibians 4 fish, 9 reptiles
and7butterflyspeciesofanimalsand1215%offloraspeciesareendemic.But,theirvalues
significant local and national role is not largely recognized at all level. As a result many of
these wildlife resources are declining at an alarming rate due to the wining behavior of
humanandlowlevelofconservationandrehabilitationeffort.(Abraham,etal,2008)

Amhara National Regional state/ANRS/ is one of the second largest regions of the country,
area of 170,152sq km wide and with a very varied agro climatic zone. It possesses most
scenic and biologically fascinating places and cultural heritage sites. Amhara Region has
about 450 species of birds and 50 species of larger mammals of which four large mammals
andeightbirdspeciesareendemictoAmharaEthiopia.Theimportanceofpreservingthose
prestigious wildlife resources for economic development is paramount issue. In persuading
this, studies and conservation efforts are minimal. Before 2005, the region had only one
legally protected area, SMNP. SMNP known for its breathtaking beautiful landscape and
home for many fauna and flora; ten mammals and seven bird endemic species including
Waliaibex,GeladababoonandEthiopianwolf(Abraham,etal,2008)

However,recentlythereishighwillandcommitmentbytheregionalgovernmenttoincrease
thenumberofprotectedareassuchasDenkoroandMenzGuassaandthenecessarybudget
requested to protect and manage natural components of these parks and additional areas
are under study. To execute this huge and indispensable mandate the regional state
establishedPaDPAin2003byproclamationNo96/2003oftheAmhararegion.PaDPAisthe
regional highest legal competent institution to manage and administer parks and natural
protectedareasintheregion.
AlatishisanewlyestablishednationalparkinNorthGonderQuaraworedaalongEthioSudan
boarder after a series of endeavors to provide legal status and facilities required. It covers
2,665.7km
2
andestablishedlegallyin20
th
February2006.Thesummaryofreportsandstatus
I:INTRODUCTION
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

2
of the park was send to IUCN for registration as a national park in May 2006 by federal
governmentFWDCD.
1.2AlatishNationalParkDescription
1.2.1Backgroundoftheparkandestablishment

According to indigenous, people Gumuz to the area Alatish means stress as the water is
not seen above the river course in dry season. In Amharic, it is synonyms with Aletash that
meansIdontwanttomissyouastheareawasfarfromhumansettlementandinaccessible
but it was unique in its natural setting, rich in biodiversity and scenic beauty. Alatish
compriseshistoricalandculturalheritages.Aletashwasalsothenameofthefirstdaughterof
Emperor Tewoderos II (19181968) who was born in Quara about 25 km east of the park in
ZanaAbazengivillageatChergieMariamsubvillageassourceoftourismattraction.Alatishis
also found south of few kilometers from historical place of the battle of Metema at which
emperorYohannsIV(18691879)memorialplaquesite.

Alatish is in North Gondar Administrative Zone Quara woreda. It covers an area of land,
whichismorethan266,570hectares(2,665.7Km
2
).Itsharesboundarieswithinthewestto
Sudan (Dinder National Park) about 74km (arial) boarder distance , in the south to
Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State with Ayima river, in the east to Bambaho and
Gelgu and in the north to Mehadid, Brermel, Gumz Wuha and Mosabadema peasant
associations of Quara Woreda. Before 2005 it was delineated as a priority forest area with
rarelymonitoredandpoormanaged.

ALNP was established legally in 20


th
February 2006 published in regional legal issues
publicationnewsletterZekereHegbyregionalcouncilwithRegulationactNoNo38/2005.
General, assessment studies have been conducted on its potential to continue as protected
area and national park surveying biodiversity resources, topography, ecological, economical
andconservationvalue.ThesummaryofreportsandstatusoftheparkwassendtoIUCNfor
registrationasanationalparkinMay2006byfederalgovernmentFWDCD.

Theparkhasavarietyoffaunaandflora,whichrequireconservation.Alatishisespeciallyrich
inreptilediversitylike,Africanrockpython,Monitorlizard,Egyptiancobra,Blackmamba&
Blanding tree snake are some. It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata
africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant
Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros The vegetation type in general is
undifferentiated mosaic scattered wooded grasslands. The main tree species in the area
include Cobmretum spp, Gardenia ternifora, Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia spp, Balanites
aegyptica, Adonsonia digitata, Intada Africana and Terminalia laxiflorous and common grass
species like Hyperrhenia spp, Sorghum spp and Pennisitum spp. For effective conservation
and sustainable utilization of these resources guiding document or GMP is
required.(Abraham,etal,2008)
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

3

ALNP consists of natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of


woodlands with undifferentiated vegetation cover. Alatish has unique biotypes, which are
not included in any of protected areas of the country that consist of Sudan Guinea Biome.
Permanent rivers bordering the park like Ayma and Gelegu provide fishery resources to the
localcommunitiesbesidesbeingthemainwatersourcesofpeopleandanimals.

ALNP consists of natural or near natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various
types of riverside, valleys, woodlands, fauna and flora that needs close management
attention.Itneedstodevelopcooperativemanagementsystemswithdifferentstakeholders
for resources that Alatish National Park comprises that crosses national boundary and
extendingtoSudansDinderNationalPark.

1.2.2PurposeofProclamationandLegislativeframework

ParkProclamationLegislation:AccordingtotheZikreHigGazetteActNo38/2005,thePurpose
of Proclamation of the Alatish National park is due to the fact that it has been found
appropriate to create a favorable condition whereby the wildlife, birds and plant species
located in the North Western part of the Amhara Region are efficiently looked after
,protected in a manner that represents the lowland ecosystem of the Region and passed
down to the forthcoming generation as heritages and there by contribute to the local
inhabitantsaswellastotheNationaleconomicdevelopment

Whereas, it has been necessary to cause the maintenance of healthy ecosystem of


theAmharaRegion,andtheCountrybypreventinginadvancethehazardsduetothe
expansion which desertification may possibly extend to the country the Neighboring
statefromaroundtheSeharaarea.

Whereasitisvitaltoprotectthebiodiversityresourcesfromdestructionbyaverting
theadversepressurebeingexertedandaggravatedfromtimetotimeonthenatural
resource especially the wildlife of the Region, by the cattleraisers and their
thousands of cattle coating across the territory occasionally from the neighboring
countriesaswellasbythelocalcommunity;

Whereas, it is found appropriate to coordinate the development of natural resource


and environmental protection activities of the Region with the activitiesof the
neighboringRegionsandtherebyfacilitateconditionswhereinthelocalityobtainsan
alloutconservationandprotectfromdangerthefreemovementofthewildanimals
astheyenjoytheirnaturalhabitat;

Whereas, it is to assist the purpose, necessary to create a legal framework for the
AlatishareasituatedintheQuraraWoredaandforthetimebeingconfirmedtohave
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

4
mettheessential requirements to be designated as a park under the
managementofanauthorizedgovernmentbody,delimitingitsboundariesthereof;

RelatedPoliciesandLegislation:Internationally,Ethiopiaisasignatorytoanumberofarticles
and conventions such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, the Convention on
MigratorySpeciesandtheWorldHeritageConvention.ThesecommitEthiopiatoputinplace
comprehensive and integrated guidelines for the selection, establishment and management
of protected areas. As a country rich in natural resources, but poor in financial resources,
considerablesupportisrequiredforEthiopiatofulfiltheseobligations.

In 2005 a Wildlife Development, Conservation and Utilization Policy came into force. This
policy provides for (i) the participation and partnership of all stakeholders, including local
communities,inthemanagementofwildliferesources(ii)thezoningofprotectedareasinto
core and multiple use zones, (iii) The participation of local communities in the planning and
management of protected areas as well as benefitsharing and (iv) The establishment of
community protected areas. A new Wildlife Proclamation was issued in 2007 (Proclamation
541/2007), to support this policy which states that protected areas in Ethiopia of
international significance and with endemic or endangered wildlife should be managed by
the federal wildlife authority, a newly declared Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority.
However management could be delegated to regional authorities such as PaDPA who were
also responsible for the management of wildlife without these highest priority areas. New
RegulationsstatethatSMNPshouldbemanagedbythefederalEWCAandthatnoresource
use of any kind is permitted in the park. Currently, a sound proclamation for managing
national parks and other protectedarea exists in the Amhara NationalRegional State under
ZikreHigh96/2003,whichestablishedthePaDPAin2003.

Other relevant policy at the federal level include the national Constitution, Environmental
Policy for Ethiopia (1997), the National Conservation Strategy (1997), the National
Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy (1998), National Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan (2005), Access to Genetic Resources and Community Knowledge and Rights
(2006), Environmental Impact Assessment (2002), Rural Development (2002), Rural Land
Administration and Utilization (2005), Forestry Development, Conservation and Utilization
(1994)aswellasforthcomingTourismDevelopmentStrategy.Correspondingregionalpolicy
andlegislationhasalsobeendevelopedinmostsectorse.g.ANRSRurallandAdministration
andUse(2005/6).Specificrelevantpolicyandlegislationisreferredtoineachmanagement
programmeifrequired.Alltheselegislationatregionalandnationallevelareanopportunity
forALNPGMPandtheysupporttheImplementationofthisGMP

1.3RationaleoflaunchingofthemanagementplanforALNP

Management plan for protected areas is a document which sets out the management
approach,destinationanddecisionmakingprocessforprotectedareaoveragivenperiodof
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

5
time.Itisprescriptivewhichdependsonthepurposeforwhichtheyaretobeusedandlegal
requirement to be met. It identifies the key features and values of the protected area,
addresses the management objectives to be met and actions to be implemented. It also
subjected to flexibility to incorporate unforeseen events in the course of implementation
thatcouldbeconsidered(Thomas.andJulie,2005).

Management plan for ALNP is a prime document from which other rules, regulations and
specific management program and implementation plans can be generated. It is relatively
complexbasedontheobjectivesofthepark,threatstotheseobjectives,competinginterests
andthelevelofinvolvingstakeholdersandissuesarisingfromoutsidetheparkfollowingthe
planning respective protected category (National Park) global principles and practices to
guidetheplanningprocessthatensuresthemanagementplanapplicableandusefulateach
respectivelevel.

Therefore, the management plan for ALNP is expected to meet management requirements
for conservation, scientific research, tourism and sustainable utilization involving
conservation managed use. These can meet the interests of local community at the
beginning through nondamaging utilization and distinct responsibility for the various
community based on their interest and capability to reconcile conservation and utilization
demandforbiophysicalresourcesofthepark.

Effective and locally based and global system managed protected area could ensure to
addressecological,economical,social,politicalinterestsofallpartiesatreasonableleveland
at the same time the responsibility of those groups to transfer the natural ecosystem for
cominggenerationthroughsustainablemanagedconservationsystem.

This GMP is the most important document for Alatish National Park. It is the overarching
strategic document and central to the future of the National Park. Preparation of the
ManagementPlanisabasicpreconditionforaseriesofissues:
tosecurepublicityforthevalues,
to provide the local, regional and national communities with a tool for continuous
localmonitoringoftherealizationoftheobjectivesoftheALNPConvention,
toprovideabasicdocumentfortheresponsiblemanagementauthorities,
to support the conservation, development and dissemination of the values of ALNP
forfuturegenerationsthroughcontinuityofplanning,programmingandfinancing.

The purpose of ALNP Management Plan is to provide for the management of the park in
accordancewithAmharaNationalRegionalStateZikreHigAct96/2003,whichestablishedthe
PaDPAin2003andtheAlatishNationalParkZikreHig38/2005.Theplanwillguidethework
of park from 20102020. As a guide for the next ten years, the plan seeks to give clear
directions for management while remaining flexible enough to allow for changing
circumstanceswithinthetenyeartimeframe.Itbelievescoordinationandintegrationwith
other plans, strategies and actions in the National Park where they affect the National Park
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

6
purposes and duty. It indicates how the National Park purposes and associated duty will be
deliveredthroughsustainabledevelopment.Itsetstheframeworkforallactivitypursuedin
theNationalParkbystakeholders.
1.4Objectivesofmanagement
1.4.1GeneralObjectives

TheprimarymanagementobjectiveforAlatishNationalParkhasbeendefinedas:To
conserve,preservemanageandenhancethenatural,physical,ecologicalandcultural
resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations; and
local,RegionalNationalandInternationalcommunities.
1.4.2ParkSpecificObjectives

ManagementobjectivesinALNParespecificallydefinedinfivebroadgroups,Environmental
(conservation) Economic, Communitybased, .and Access/utilization administration,
objectives

1.Environmentalobjectives:
To preserve in their natural state, as far as possible, the landscapes, indigenous
ecosystemsandnaturalfeaturesofAlatishNationalPark.
Maintainingcurrentbiodiversity,andrestoringformerspeciesifappropriatehabitats
canbeavailable
Assuringsustainablehabitatsforcurrentpopulationsofwildlife
RegeneratingfloraconsumedbyNomadscattleandwildfireinthePark
Protectthenaturalresourcesfromillegaluse
Ensurethatlegaluseofnaturalresourcesissustainable
Developaneffectivewatermanagementplanwhichhelpsthewildanimals
Developandimplementanappropriatefiremanagementplan
Enhancemonitoringandresearch

2.Economicobjectives:
Findingrevenuestreamstosupportparkmanagementexpensesandimprovementof
localcommunities
Improve the quality of life in the development areas by encouraging and advising
communitiesontourismdevelopmentswiththeirareas
Enable local people to benefit from the areas natural resources by allowing
controlledandregulatedaccess.
3.Communitybasedobjectives:
To promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special
qualitiesbythepublic.
Involvinglocalpeopleinmanagement
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

7
Sharingtourismrevenuewithlocalcommunitiestoenhancetheirlifestyles
Educating local people on the value of Alatish National Park as a national global
resource
encouragement of public use and enjoyment of reserves and education in and a
properunderstandingandrecognitionoftheirpurposeandsignificance
4.Access/utilizationobjectives:
Institutinginfrastructureandregulationstoprotectthepark
Improving visiting experiences and dissemination of information on conservation of
theparksfloraandfauna
DisseminatinginformationonALNPsspeciesandresourcemanagement

5.Administrationobjectives:

Ensurethatstaffinglevels,expertiseandmotivationareadequate
Provide appropriate infrastructure and equipment for effective management of the
area
ImprovecommunicationsatVillage,DistrictandRegionallevels

1.5Theplanningprocessandapproach:

The methodology and process of Alatish


National Park management and operational
plan is the most participatory type, which
involves all the relevant stakeholders and
participatory planning methodologies. The
process starts on the previous Alatish
National Park Rapid assessments study,
where the steps like deciding to plan;
organizing the prefield work; assessing all
necessaryinformation;hadbeenundertaken.
In the second round deciding the big
picturedeciding the details of the park
programmeshavebeenused.

Inthethirdroundoftheplanningprocess
the tasks of both organizing and
assessment were revised and hence
necessary information are revised
,improved and reformulated, this help to
formulatetheobjectives,andtosetdetails
like the management programes
Fig--The planning team on the field data collection,
Pictured on May 2009
Group discussion with local community on Management issues
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

8
,subprograms, management themes, sub objectives, strategies and actions . In addition; all
efforts are being made to make the planinning participatory with all stakeholders, where
theAlatishcommunityhavebeendealtandotherstobeinvolvedsoon.
Theplanningmethodologyandworkprocessorflowadoptedsofarwithfigbelow

TEAM BUILDNING
Orientation & Understanding the
GMP Principles
Pre-field reviews of data
and information

DATA AND INFORMATION COLLECTION
Check lists and data
collection formats
developed
Representative sample sites
selected

Field Data collection
and Reviews

DRAFTING THE GMP
REVIEW OF THE TOR AND
EXISTING DOCUMENT
AGREEMENT OF ALNP MANAGEMENT PLAN PREPARATION
Data Analysis and interpretation

PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III
PHASE IV
STAKE HOLDER
ANALYSIS
Fig: Work Flow Chart and implementation of the Methodology
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

9
ThebrieftothePlanningteam:TheALNPGMPisbrokendawnintodisciplinesrelatedinto
Biophyiscal,,ecologicalNatural,Culturalandsocioeconomictype.

Hencetheteamisbrokendawnbasedonthesecomponents.IntotalthisGMPisundertaken
bygroupofexpertswhoare8inNowithdifferentprofessionandtechnicalabilities.
Thisincludesexpertswithspecializationandacknowledgedprofessionsof;
Economist
Ecologist
Ornithologist/Zoologist
Forester
WaterResourcesspecialist
GISspecialist
Tourismmanagementspecialist

Inadditiontherewereotherexternaladvisorswhohavegiventheirvaluableinputsinthis
GMP



























ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

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II:THEMANAGEMENTBASIS



2.1UnderstandingtheAlatishNationalPark:ReviewofExistingInformation
2.1.1Parklocationandfeatures:

Alatishislocatedbetween11
0
475.4to12
0
313.6Nlatitudeand35
0
1548to35
0
4851E.
longitudeinnorthwesternflatplainpartofEthiopia.ThegeneraltopographyofAlatishisflat
toundulatingplainwithgeneralslopeinclinationfromsouthtonorthinterruptedbyvalleys,
streams,scatteredhills,andseasonalwetland.AccordingtoMesfinWoldeMariam,1972the
geological formation processes which divided the whole of Ethiopia in to four major
physiognomic regions places Alatish under associated low lands of the north western
highlands.

ALNP falls within Nile Basin found in east of Sudans Dinder National Park (DNP). It shares
about 74km (Arial) its western border with DNP with possibility of forming a new trans
boundarypark.

Alatish is bordered by Gelegu River in the


northernedgeAmejalietoAlga,southand
south east Ayima River with Beshangule
Gumez Regional State. Gumuz villages at
Bambahoo, Bayiwa in Quara and Aybeza,
Abunta, Aygumba, Kuslie Hymenshmis,
Balankure and Omedela to the direction
of Beshangul Gumuz National Regional
State (BGNRS) are villages along Ayima
River inhibited by indigenous Gumuz
ethnicgroup.

In eastern and north eastern bordering


Kebeles (the lower administrative units)
theAmharaethnicgroupcomposedofsettlersfromhighlandsofdifferentpartsoftheregion
and Agew are inhabited in Bmabahoo, Gelegu, Mehadid, Gerara, Gumuz Wuha, Marwuha
andDubabaofQuaraWoreda.

Topographically,ALNPfallswithintheflatendlessplainsinterruptedbyscatteredrockyhills
and multilayered wooded and shrub lands with in Blue Nile Basin at the western foot of
northwesternEthiopianhighlands.

Map of Alatish NP
II:THEMANAGEMENTBASIS
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

11
Almost 97% of the area is flat plain from top
view interrupted by various streams hills,
rough and rocky plain lands with a slope
range 08%, except the amazing mountain
cliffs scattered throughout the flat plain like
pyramids and the continuous escarpments
which serve as a natural buffer zone
bordering South East of the park that ranges
from Mehadid, Abamerafa, Derahsen via
West of Bemur hill, Bambaho and Baywa
extending to Hyima River down to Aybeza
andAbunta.

The dominant soil types physically observed are vertisoles, fluvisols and alluvial deposits
around River course dominated by golden sandy texture. Vertisols are available scattered
throughout the park, but are more abundant in the north and south east part of the park.
Entisolinsandyandscrubareasandalluvialsoildepositaredominantinthecentralpartand
flood plain along mainly Alatish and Gelegu River courses extending to western flood plain
around Amejalie, Menta (Amdok), Abun (Abnun) to Almeta. The swelling and cracking
behaviorofvertisolisthemainproblemintransportationofdryweatherroadsduringrainy
season.
2.1.2ClimateAgroecologyandsoils

The climate of Alatish is a major


cause of wildlife change of habitats
and regulates migration routes and
distribution inside and outside the
park in wet and dry seasons and
viability of their number across the
seasons. The climate of Alatish is
characterized by two extremes
moist cloudy wet (May to October)
and hot dry (December to April)
seasons. Effective rain starts in May
peaksinJuly.Thewettestanddriest
months are July and April
respectively. Despite, there is no
Metrological station in Quara
Woreda, referring to nearby
weather station at Genda Wuha
capital of Metema Woreda the
annualrainfalloftheareagoesupto
800 mm and mean monthly
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

12
temperature are between 13.6 to 19.2
o
c minimum and 34
0
c to 41.1
o
c maximum (Cherie
Enawugaw et al, 2006). The mean altitude ranges from 500 masl around (Alga) in the
northernflatplainto900around(Tsequa)hillsinsouthernpart.AccordingtoEthiopianagro
climatic classification the place falls within hot to warm sub moist zone (AFAP 1999). It
represents the SudanGuinea Savanna Biome/ecological zone of Quara Woreda of North
Gondar administrative zone. Agro ecologically, Alatish falls in hottoworm sub moist agro
ecology.

MonthlymeanmaximumtemperatureandmonthlymeanminimumtemperatureatMetema
stationrangesfrom30.00CduringAugustto42.80CduringApriland15.40CinDecemberto
24.10CinAprilrespectively(Fig.1.2).MeanmonthlyRainfallatthesamestationrangesfrom
0.00mmduringDecember,JanuaryandFeburaryto252.78mminAugust

The dominant soil types physically observed are vertisoles, fluvisols and alluvial deposits
around River course dominated by golden sandy texture. Vertisols are available scattered
throughout the park, but are more abundant in the north and south east part of the park.
Entisolinsandyandscrubareasandalluvialsoildepositaredominantinthecentralpartand
flood plain along mainly Alatish and Gelegu River courses extending to western flood plain
around Amejalie, Menta (Amdok), Abun (Abnun) to Almeta. The swelling and cracking
behaviorofvertisolisthemainproblemintransportationofdryweatherroadsduringrainy
season.

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
J
A
N
F
E
B
M
A
R
A
P
R
M
A
Y
J
U
N
J
U
L
A
U
G
S
E
P
O
C
T
N
O
V
D
E
C
Months
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
)
Mean Rainfall
(mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
J
A
N
F
E
B
M
A
R
A
P
R
M
A
Y
J
U
N
J
U
L
A
U
G
S
E
P
O
C
T
N
O
V
D
E
C
Mont hs
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
O
C
)
Mean min Tem
(OC)
Mean max Tem
(OC)
Fig: Mean monthly Rainfall at Metema station from 2004-2007
(Ethiopian Meteorological Agency, 2008). Fig: Mean monthly Temperature at Metema station from 2004-
2007
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

13
2.1.3WaterresourcesintheAlatishNationalPark

Alatish National Park is located in the Blue Nile drainage basin of Ethiopia, Eastern part of
theBlueNileandGilgelAbbaysubdrainagebasin.

The two major subdraiange basins in the Quara woreda are Shinfa and Ayima Drainage
Basins (or Rahad and Dinder drainage basins respectively in Sudan). See drainage network
map below. The Rahad and Dinder rivers are the largest tributaries of the Blue Nile. They
bothdrainpartsoftheEthiopianhighlands.TheydescendfromtheEthiopianhighlandsand
flownorthwesterlyacrosstheflatplainandemptytheirwatersintotheBlueNileRiver.

Figure: Tributaries of Eastern River Nile and the River Basins


ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

14

2.1.3ASurfaceWater

The drainage system in/around the park includes the rivers Ayima, Alatish, Gelegu,
Demir,Anbessa Sheleko, their tributaries and wet meadows (mayas). Rivers, Alatish, Hyima
andGeleguareveryprominentriversin/aroundtheparkwithmanytributariesandseasonal
floodsfromthehighlandsofQuara,Alefa,ChiligaandJawiareasandcarryalargevolumeof
waterinwetseason.

Figure: Shinfa (Rahad) and Hyima (Dinder) Rivers


ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

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ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

16

Gelegu River : Gelegu River is a cardinal tributary of River Dinder and is a boundary of the
park in the northern edge, Amejalie to Alga. It is an intermittent river i.e. flows have a
seasonalcharacter.Basedonthelocalinformationandfieldsurveys,itstartstoflowaround
themiddleofJuneandpeakingaroundthemiddleofAugusteachyear.Theriverisexpected
toceaseflowingsometimeinNovember.
Theriverhaswelldefinedchannelsystem,varyingwidthanddepthalongitscourse(around
12metreswideand3metersdepthatthepointofobservation)photobelow.

The gradient of the river around the park gets


decreased and the river bed consists mostly of
sandsoilswithsmallpoolsatsomeareasinthe
river course, some of which may retain water
throughoutthedryseasonandmayholdwater
uptothenextrainyseason.
It is one of the longest rivers in the park with
tremendouspotentialofaquaticlife.Itpasses
through the capital town Gelegu of Quara
woreda to the north direction of the park
(Amijale) then to the west direction which
leaves the park and joins Dinder Park of
Sudan.

It accommodates different species of aquatic


life and birds throughout its course. Fish, crocodiles and different species of birds together
withwaterlovingplantspeciesaresometosay.Itisthemainsourceofwaterforeverylife
form in the North east and North West part of the park. The agricultural activities by the
resettled people and investors in the proximity of the river are traits to its quality and
quantity; as a result the aquatic life available throughout the river course will be affected
negatively. Therefore proper management and sustainable utilization of this resource is
imperative.

Alatish River: Like Gelegu River, Alatish is also a tributary of Dinder and it is also an
intermittentriver.ItpassesthroughtheParkandhasmanysmallertributarystreams.
It is among big rivers found in Alatish by which the name of the park is nominated. It starts
fromSouthEastescarpmentspart,flowstothewestoftheparkpassingthroughalmostthe
centreofthepark.

Hyima and Gelegu Rivers are almost boundaries of the park and are subjects to human
interference. Nevertheless in Alatish, disturbance of wildlife, improper utilization of aquatic
Gelegu Wet
view
Gelegu Dry view
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animals like fish is comparatively low. On the river bed foot prints of different wild animals
likelion,GreaterKudu,Porcupinearecommonhencediversityofwildlifeisitsfeature.

At the point of observation (road crossing the river), Alatish River has a very wide channel
(more than25metres) and river bed consisting of very thick fine sand(Photo below). This is
as a result of deposition of eroded material from the highland escarpments when the river
coursegradientgetsdecreased.
There is a very good potential of pure sand and water available at about 1m to 2m depth
duringwaterstressperiodsinsidethegoldensandbedthroughouttherivercourse.

HyimaRiver:HyimaRiveristheborderoftheparkatsouthandsoutheastpartofthepark.It
isalsoaborderlinebetweentwoAdministrativeregions;Amharanationalregionalstateand
Benishangule Gumz National regional state. It flows from southern east part of the park to
thewestcrossestoSudan.Asstatedabove,thisriveristhelargesttributaryoftheBlueNile,
and also named as Dinder as it enters the Sudan Border .It begins west of Lake Tana, at a
place called Serako and flows well into Sudan before joining the Blue Nile south of Wad
Medani.

ThecatchmentareaofriverDinderisaround16,000km
2
andhasaverageannualdischargeof
about three billion cubic meters (3bcm) (Ali, 2001). Ayima River channel is wide (around 50
meters near Omedla and rock outcrops at the banks and the bed). Dominantly, sand was
observed deposited along the bed for most of it its reaches). In addition, in the dry season
there exist numerous pools along the bed of the river, some of which may retain water
throughoutthedryseasonandmayholdwateruptothenextrainyseason.
TherearemanysmallerstreamsthataretributariesoftheAyimaRiver,likeRuckruckstream
and Albid Stream. It is the main potential river of aquatic animals specially the fish

Alatish River wet view

Alatish River dry view

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community. It is the main source of fish for the local people, Gumz Agew and others living
aroundtheriver.

Wet lands : Wetlands can be defined as areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether
natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh,
brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not
exceed six meters (The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Paris, 13 July 1994).
Wetlandsandriparianareasprovideimportantplantandwildlifehabitatfordiversespecies.
Theyserveasnutrientsinksandplayanimportantroleinnaturalfloodcontrol.

Wetlands of Ethiopia can be grouped into four major categories based on ecological zones,
hydrological functions, geomorphologic formations and climatic conditions (Yilma D.Abebe
andkimGeheb,2003).

i. The AfroTropical Wetland System The AfroTropical Highlands are composed of the
Central,WesternandEasternHighlandsofEthiopiathatserveastheprimewatercatchments
andsourcesofitsmajorrivers.Theaverageannualrainfallismorethan2000mm.Rainsare
bimodal, with the long rains extending from June to September and short rains between
February and May (Tlahun et al, 1996). These areas include most of Ethiopia's alpine and
freshwaterwetlandecosystems.
ii.SomaliMasaiWetlandSystemItswetlandsincludethesoutherngroupofGreatriftValley
Lakes and the northern groups of the Awash Basin together with their associated swamps
andmarshlands.
iii. SudanGuinean Wetland System The SudanoGunean wetland system is found in the
Western lowlands of Ethiopia. the wetlands in this group stretch from Turkana delta in the
southwest of Ethiopia, north along the EthicSudanese border, the BaroAkobo flood plains
inGambelaRegion,theDabusandBelesefloodplainsintheBenshangulGumuzRegionand
theMetamaandTekezefloodplainsinAmharaandTigrayRegions.Rainfallisunimodal,from
MarchtoSeptember.
Hyima River wet view

Hyima River dry view
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Iv.SahelianTransitionalWetlandSystemTheSahelianTransitionalzoneBiomeisfoundinthe
extremenortheasternpartofEthiopia.Thisareaisthehottestanddriestpartofthecountry
and is where the Dallol depression is located at its lowest point; Dallol is 116 m below sea
level. The area comprises Semidesert steppe, and the evapotranspiration exceeds mean
annualprecipitationbyovertentimes.

Riverine and Seasonal Wetlands are identified as one of the vital ecosystems of the Alatish
NationalparkintheAlatishRapidassessmentReport.
TheseasonalwetlandsorMayas(Wetmeadows)intheparkaremainlyvitalinthefollowing
aspects:.
They serve as a source of water for birds, wildlife, trespassing livestock, poachers,
honey collectors and households and provide green fodder especially in the dry
season
functionasfloodprotection,waterpurificationandculturalvalues
Provideimportantplantandwildlifehabitatfordiversespecies.

AspertheRamsardefinition,thereexisttemporarywetlandsorseasonalwetlandsinAlatish
National Park although there is still more to be done to exhaustively identify the wetlands
in/aroundthepark.

Thetemporarywetlandsintheparkaremostlylocatedalongthedrainagelines(rivers)and
depressionareas.Theindicatedsitesonthefigurearenottheexhaustivelistofthepossible
wetlands that exist in the park. There exist numerous less known mayas, off the beaten
tracks,alongthevarioustributariesofriverAyima,GeleguandAlatish.Theseasonalwetland
vary in areal extent and soils mainly consists of heavy, dark cracking vertisols broken near
theriversandstreams,withareasofsand,sandyloamandsandyentisols.Thesoilofmostof
thesemayaswasfoundtobevertisols.
Thewetlands(meadowsi.e.mayas)foundalongtheFloodplainRiversintheparkhavebeen
formed due to the meandering character of the channel land and the nature of flow of the
riverwaters.Theyoccupylowlyingbasinsandmeanders.
Photo: The seasonal wetlands/or wet meadows during the dry season near Gelegu and Alatish Rivers
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Themayasreceivetheirwatersthrough:
Directrainfall
Sheetflow
FromriverHyima,Alatishandtributariesfeederchannels
Degradation in the catchment areas and repeated fires increased rates of erosion and
eventual siltation of beds of mayas. Mayas function as silt trapping sites. The flood deposit
silt every year on the Mayas bed decreasing the amount of water stored and forming drier
mayascalledold(Hakimetal1978,AbdelHameed1983).

2.1.3BGroundWater

The major source of water supply for the


inhabitants around the park is observed to be ground water. To provide water for the post
sitesoftheAlatishPark,currently8handpumpshavebeenconstructed.Thesurveyonfew
of the hand pump wells show that they are constructed near river/stream where ground
waterwasextractedatshallowdepths(estimatednotmorethan15meters)eventhoughit
wasnotpossibletofinddetailofthewellsdata.

Many local hand dug wells were also observed around Bemur village (about 12kms away
fromtheparkinthesouthwestpartofthepark).Theaveragedepthoftheselocalhanddug
wells was in the range of 35 meters, and as per the owners of the wells information, the
wellsretainwaterthroughouttheyear.

Photo:HandpumpwellnearGeleguRiver
Photo: Local hand dug wells at Bemur Village
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Though it is quite clear that more explorations and investigations are to be undertaken to
know the ground water potential of the area, this is an indicative to the good status of the
groundwaterpotentialinthispartofthepark.

2.1.3CCurrentwaterresourcedevelopmentin/aroundthepark

Understandingtheroleofwaterinthearea,effortshavebeenmadetodeveloptheground
water by the park. This is manifested basically by constructing hand dug wells for the sole
purpose of water supply for the post stations. As per the information from park office at
Gelegu, currently 8 hand dug wells have already been constructed(at Bermil,
Grara,Mahadid,Drasen,Baywa,Megenagna,Yelkuk and Amijale) and there are other 4 hand
dugwellsplannedtobeconstructed.
Ascanbeseenfromthefigurebelow,themajorityofthewatersourcesareoutsidethepark.
Some of the wells are also serving as water supply sources for the community, which
indicatesapositiveconsequenceofactivitiesoftheparkforthesurroundinginhabitants.

Therearenoanywatersupplyfacilitiesconstructedintheparkforthepurposeofwildlifein
the park. Accordingly, there are information that most of the time in the dry periods the
animalsintheparkmigratetootherareaswherewateriseasilyavailable(perhapstoDinder
NationalPark).
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Figure:Current and proposed post Sites of Alatish National Park/and hand dug well locations
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2.1.3DWaterquality
Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is most
frequentlyusedbyreferencetoasetofstandardsagainstwhichcompliancecanbeassessed.
Themostcommonstandardsusedtoassesswaterqualityrelatetodrinkingwater,safetyof
humancontact,andforhealthofecosystems.
WHO'sGuidelinesforDrinkingwaterQuality,2006,aretheinternationalreferencepointfor
standardsettinganddrinkingwatersafety.
Samplewascollected(onesamplefromgroundwateratBermilandonesamplefromsurface
water at Ayima River) and analyzed for some of the physical and chemical characteristics of
the water at Bahir Dar University in Water Quality Treatment Laboratory.Results are shown
below.

Table1Waterqualitytestresultsforgroundwatersample
TESTtype:Waterqualitytest
Source:BermilGroundWater
S.No Parameter ValueCalculated
Healthbased
guidelinebytheWHO
1 PH 7.75at26 Noguideline
2 Alkalinity 215mg/l
3 Sulphate 1mg/l Noguideline
4 Turbidity 0.54NTU Notmentioned
5 TotaldissolvedSolids 285mg/l Noguideline
6 Manganese 0.006mg/t 0,4mg/l
7 Freechlorine 0.04mg/t 5mg/l
8 FreeCopper 0.10mg/l 2mg/l
9 Nitrate 0.748mg/l 50mg/l
10 Calciumhardness 72mg/lt Noguideline
11 Fluoride 0.35mg/l 1,5mg/l
12 Hardness 145mg/l
13 Iron 0mg/l Noguideline
14 Phosphate 0.61mg/l _
15 Ammonia 0mg/l Noguideline
16 Aluminum 0mg/l 0,2mg/l
17 Sulphide 0.02mg/l

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Table2Waterqualitytestresultsforsurfacewatersample
TESTtype:Waterqualitytest
Source:HymaRiverWater
S.No Parameter
ValueCalculatedfrom
Sample
Healthbased
guidelinebythe
WHO
1 PH 8.15at26 Noguideline
2 Alkalinity 255mg/l
3 Sulphate 3mg/l Noguideline
4 Turbidity 4.5NTU Notmentioned
5 TotaldissolvedSolids 297mg/l Noguideline
6 Manganese 0.002mg/l 0,4mg/l
7 Freechlorine 0.04mg/l 5mg/l
8 FreeCopper 0.2mg/l 2mg/l
9 Nitrate 2.332mg/l 50mg/l
10 Calciumhardness 33mg/l Noguideline
11 Fluoride 0.5mg/l 1,5mg/l
12 Hardness 185mg/l
13 Iron 0.02mg/l Noguideline
14 Phosphate 0.40mg/l
15 Ammonia 0mg/l Noguideline
16 Aluminum 0mg/l 0,2mg/l
17 Sulphide 0.01mg/l

Itshouldbeborninmindthattheabovetestresultscannotfullyrepresenttimeandspatial
water quality variations in/around the park since the samples taken were one time sample
(dryperiod)andonlyfortwolocations.

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2.1.4EcosystemscomponentsofALNP

Alatish is little known in its


biological diversity and
ecosystem characteristics.
Biogeographically it falls in
Guinea Sudan Biome Region of
Tropical Savanna. Based on the
classification of Ethiopian
ecosystems of IBDC (2005)
Alatish falls in ecosystem
complexes of Combretum
Terminalia Woodland with
various habitats of others
ecosystems such as intact
scrublands ecosystem and
escarpments. Similar to this
ecosystem vegetation type
characterized by drought
resistant trees and shrubs either
deciduous or few evergreen
plant species of Acacia
senegalensis, Acacial seyal,
Balantites aegyptiaca, shrubs
and undifferentiated climbing
speciesofgroundvegetationare
alsofound.

The dominant high canopy


vegetation layer, soil color and
texture,topographicsetupandwaterretentionandseasonalvariabilityareusedforcriteria
for ecosystem classification. Based on these ALNP roughly delineated in four major
ecosystem components and several communities, these are Riverine, Seasonal Wetland,
Wooded land and Wooded grassland ecosystem. The total area comprised by each
ecosystem estimated by single ocular observation of Braun Blanquet or Releve Techniques
developed in 1974 measure from the total area of the park, averages of repeated
observationtakenfromtopviewpointofDassTerara(Amrakuba),LayiDinnar,Berentaand
Bayiwahills.

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ABCD

2.1.4ARiverineEcosystem(RE)

TheriverineecosystemisfoundinthealluvialriverbanksofAlatish,Gelegu,andAyimaand
otherstreamsandtributariesoftheselargeriversthatextendupto1kminbothsidesfrom
theriverbed.Itisrichincomplexandmultilayeredforestcoverwithdifferentfeatureinwet
and dry season. It is highly dominated by luxurious tall trees of Terminalia, Ficus spp,
Stereospermum kunthianum, Tamarindus indica, Accacia sieberiane, and Comberetium spp.
and associated with Z. spina christi, Cardenia ternifola and Pilostigma thonniingii. This
ecosystemcomprisestherivercourse,deepplainandvalleysalongrivers.

ABCD

ThemaingrassesincludeBekeropsisuniseta,EragrosistremulaandSorghumsudaneniswith
differentspeciesofherbsandclimbersundergrowth.Driedbiomassfuelloadfavorrecurrent
burning in dry season. Regrowth and new leaf initiation of deciduous tree species of
understoryandgrassesareprevalentafterfewdaysofburringindryseason.Duetoresidual
moistureburnedfaceofvegetationcoverschangesintogreenwhichusedasfeedsourcefor
Photos : Different ecosystems of Alatish: A= Alatish River Course at Megenagna (September, 2005) B= Extensive central
wooded land of Alatish viewed from Mehadid to Megenagna view (June, 2008). C= Wetlands in dry season Sahula central
Alatish.(March,2005) and D= Wooded Grassland between Alatish River and Demir.(September,2005)
Photos : Features of Riverine ecosystem A= Megenagna Riverine dense forests in wet season B= Scanty of water in dry
season C= Sandy river bed with water at Ardeba (September, 2005) D= Intermittent river pond Ayima around Omedila
(May, 2009)

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cattle and other animals in the long dry season in which green vegetation on other areas
rarelyfound.Riverineecosystemcoversabout10%ofthetotalareaofthepark.

Broadleavedtreesdensityandgrowthdeclinesalongdownriverbank.Thisareaisusedfor
manywildanimalsfeedsourcesinthelongdry season.Feedandwatercompetitionamong
wild animals and hunting are prevalent in which prey species are extremely hunted and
gathered.OntheotherhandthisecosysteminAlatishandlowercourseofGeleguerivershas
openandwidegoldensandyriverbedindryseason.Dryandgreenmixedvegetationindry
seasonanddensecanopyandundergrowthinwetseasonareaspectacularscenicbeautyof
this ecosystem. Recurrent fire, habitat competition, poaching and overgrazing are major
threatsofthisecosystembesidesinclusionhalfsideofAymaandGeleguriversasparkwhich
arethemainfeedandwatersourceandatthesametimesuitableforpoaching.

2.1.4BSeasonalwetlands(Sambri)(SWL)

Because of being at the foot of highland of Quara extensive seasonal flooding is common.
FormingseasonalwetlandsisthemoststrikingfeatureofAlatish.Seasonalwaterpondsand
depositsareformedinthefloodplain.Manyofseasonalpondsindifferentpartsofthepark
arealmostdevoidofwoodyvegetationexceptafewwaterresistantorhygroscopictreesand
shrubs species of Acacia and Ziziphus. Seasonal wetlands differ from riverine forest lands in
having vast stagnant floods in wet season and dried grassy plain in dry season. Seasonal
wetlands are highly affected by recurrent fire in dry season which aggravated by a huge
biomass of annual herbs and tall grasses fuel load. Common tree species in seasonal
wetlandsareBalantiesaegyptica,Acaciaseyal,Acacia.sieberiana,Ziziphusspinachristi.

Photos : Different structure of Borassus aethiopum along Ayima river at Omedila (May, 2009)

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ABC

This ecosystem dominated by cracking clay cotton soils in flat areas central Alatish of
Bezenga in between Alatish river and Demir wooded land, Serjaka between Ardeba and
Yelkuk; Skun to west of Laydinnar. It is suitable habitat for waterfowl in wet season. The
muddy flood locally known as Mezega is suitable for elephants and warthog as a feeding
area. A. seyal and related species dominates flat areas of seasonal wetlands (Sambri) and
partially a part of it covered with B. aegyptiaca scattered in relatively drained clay soils. It
extends central to northern extremis and western flat lands bordering Dinder National Park
of Sudan. Undulations `in the topography and variation in soil type result in patches of
undifferentiated or mixed stands of Combretum spp. associated with A.seyal, Acacia.
sieberiana,ZiziphusspinachristiandTerminaliaspp.

Seasonal wetlands remain as pool area for months in most areas dominated by excessively
growing hygromorphic grasses. Some of seasonal wetlands of north and northwest water
floodpondsareasourcefish.However,becauseofshortageofwaterindryseasonfishingis
practicedonceinayearinlateSeptember.Inthelongdryseasonwarthogsuseditheavilyby
digging up the soil in search of tubers and roots. Animal species so far observed and
identifiedintherapidassessmentAbrahametal(2008)arereedbuck(Redunareduna),Orbi
(Ourebia ourebia), Wathog (phacochoerus africanus), ostrich (Struthic camelus), and many
bird species that feed on small fish like Marabou stork (Leptoptilas crumeniferus). This
ecosystem is also serves as a best habitat for reptiles and Amphibians. It is suffer from
recurrent fire, habitat competition, poaching and overgrazing in dry season. According to
field estimation by single ocular observation using Braun Blanquet or Releve Techniques
developedin1974measureofseasonalwetlandsofAlatishcoversabout1015%ofthetotal
areaofthepark.
2.1.4CWoodedland(WL)

Wooded land is characterized by mixed trees and multilayered vegetation dominated by


TerminaliaandCombretumspp.Oxytenantheraabssinicaandshrubs.Itisfoundrelativelyin
wettestpartclosertoeasternscrublandsofDerahasen,Nigela,BerentaandSholawuhathat
extend to the middle of Alatish, north to south central part of the park. Eastern boarder
AbamerafatoGerara,EeastofAredebaandSahularealsodominatedbydifferentsizedtrees
Photos : Features of seasonal wetlands: A= seasonal wetlands Around Amjalie before water saturate (June, 2008). B=
seasonal wetlands after burning in dry season around Saul (March, 2006), C= Bezenga (Gemezmaf) Seasonal wetland non
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and shrubs. Mixed wooded dominated by Terminalia, Combretum, Pterocarpus and Lannea
woody plants that are >40% woody plants cover with grassy understory (Girma Mengesha,
2005). It also covers areas with extensive grass layered flatlands, escarpments, sandy,
graveled and rock outcropped, red and brown soil dominated adjacent to Riverine and
seasonalwetlands.

ABCD

This ecosystem is also found in scattered flat lands in South parts of Alatish next to Ayima
andnorthedgetoGeleguriverineforest.Itcomprisesshrubandsmalltreevegetationtothe
southofDemir(ShiftaMeda),TsequaandOmedelainsouthwestpartsandvastmeadowin
western part of Demir (Sare meda) to the direction of Amdok. This ecosystem is widely
dominated by healthy and vigorous wooded plain, mixed bamboo forest, scattered tree,
grassland and undifferentiated tree communities. Mixed wooded grassland ecosystem is
swept by fire frequently in every dry season. Relatively A.seyal, B.aegyptica and Terminalia
sppareresistanttofireandMaytenussenegalnsisrevegetateimmediatelyafterfirstshower
ofrain.
Thegroundvegetationisdominatedbymixedgrasses,herbsandshrubslargelycomposedof
differentspeciesofCompositae,AcanthaeaeandConvolvulaceaespp.Thecommononceare
Celosia orgenitia, Vernonia, Cassia and Hibiscuss spp. At species level ground vegetation is
similar with DNP composed of annual grasses such as Sorghum sudanenisis, Pennisetum
ramosum,Setariaincrassate,Hyperrheniaspp.andAristidaplumose(UNEP/GEF,2004).
ABC

Photos : Features of wooded land A= Wooded land of eastern escarpment and nearby flat areas of Derahasen
(June, 2008), B= Wooded land in flat areas of Amjalie (June, 2008), C= wooded land in rocky habitats
Omedila (May, 2009) and D= wooded lands of sandy habitats around Demir (September 2004).
burned in dry season (May, 2009)

Photos : Wooded lands dominated by single species A= Dalbergia melanoxylon dominated sandy habitats Bermel to Dass
Terara (Amrakuba), B= Acacia seyal dominated vretisol around Demir (May, 2009) and C= mixed wooded dominated by
shrubs of Terminalia and Combretum spp west of Berenta Afaf (September, 2004).
burned in dry season (May, 2009)
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Thisecosystemcomprisesvastareaoftheparkandcomplexundifferentiatedvegetation
coverandendlessmeadowestimatedabout5060%oftheconservationandrecreationzone
oftheparkusingsingleocularobservationofBraunBlanquetorReleveTechniquesof1974.
Thisecosystemishighlyaffectedbyextensivefireforseveraldays,poachingandovergrazing.

2.1.4DWoodedgrassland(WG)

Wooded grassland ecosystem is wooded or mixed grasslands their ground covers are
dominated by grasses with scattered trees and shrubs. This ecosystem is found in shallow
soils of sandy to drained clay soils (vertisols). In relatively flat areas are predominated by
Acacia seyal and clay soils, while Combretum spp occupy sandy areas. Undulation in
topography in and variation in vegetation and soil type resulted mixed and pure stands of
grasses.Thisecosystemvegetationrepresentedbyshrubandsmalltreesofthornyplantsof
different Acacia spp. bamboo and Comberetum spp scattered in patch of open grasslands.
Estimatedsizeofthisecosystemisabout3040%ofthetotalsizeofthepark.Thisecosystem
covers grass dominated open areas of Amejalie, Alega and northwestern grass dominated
areas of Menta terara(Amdok), Abune meda and Alemeta to southwest open areas around
Omedela, Balankure and Hymenshmesh that extends to Bamboo dominated flat lands of
Tsequa,Demir,andAyibezatoKumerwuha.

C
AB

The ground vegetation cover of wooded grassland ecosystem is often removed by fire and
the clay and sandy soil left clear in the long dry season. In most areas of the park widely
growndominanttallperennialgrassesarebeingreplacedbyannualSorghumsudanenisand
otherspecies.Thisecosystemislargelythreatenedbyfireandwatershortageindryseason.
It is a feeding area of Orbi, Bushbuck warthog and Kudus as they can run and not easily
Photos : Different features of wooded grasslands A= Mixed wooded grassland around Albashome South of Megenaga
(September, 2005), B= mixed wooded open grassland vetisol in dry season warthogs heavily dig up the soil in search of
tubers and roots, C= unburned dead grass dominated wood land between Alatish and Demir (May,2009)

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hunted.Thisecosystemisseldomvisitedbycarnivoressuchaslionandleopard.Reptilesand
amphibiansarerarelyfound.

A B C

2.1.5Wildliferesourcesdiversity

The faunistic and floristic composition/diversity of Alatish National Park makes the area
unique in ecological significance. The park has a variety of fauna and flora which require
conservation. Alatish is especially rich in reptile diversity such as African rock python,
monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, black mamba and blandings tree snake (Tadesse habtamu,
2005). It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata africana, Panthera
pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant Tragelaphus imberbis
and Tragelaphus strepsicero (Chere Enawugaw et al, 2006). Permanent but intermittent
rivers bordering the park like Aayima and Gelegu provide huge amount of fish resources to
thelocalcommunitiesbesidesbeingthemainwatersourcesofpeopleandanimals.Alatishis
mainRiverthatcrossesthecenteroftheparkusedasareservoirofwaterundersandybed
fordryseasontosavemanyofwildliferesources.

In its wildlife, Alatish is also rich in zoological resources and it is a home of various types of
wildanimalslisted.37mammalianspeciesofwhich8areanotrecently(last15years)seen,
204 bird species of which 143s species diversity and abundance is studied, 23 species of
rodents, 6 species of insectivores and 7 types of reptiles and amphibians with various
speciesarefoundinAlatish.

Wildanimals:Asfaraswildanimalsandtheirhabitatsareconcerned,differentwildanimals
are supposed to live in the park. It is very difficult to observe all of them during the actual
survey time except a few. However, 15 species of large mammals belongs to 8 family were
actually recorded. Of which 9 and 6 were observed by direct observation and indirect
methodrespectively.Seventeenspeciesaresupposedtoliveintheareabutnotconfirmedin
Photos : Features of wooded grasslands A= Newly growing grasses around Amjalie (June, 2008), B= Burned
wooded grasslands in sandy dominated habitats around Demir (May, 2009) and C= Maytenus senegalnsis early
regenerating plant in dry wooded grasslands east of Omedila (May, 2009)
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anytechniqueofassessmentmethodratheritistoldbylocalpeoples.Certainlythesespecies
should be or could be distributed or migrated seasonally somewhere to the nearby Dinder
NationalParkofSudan.

Reliableestimatesofpopulationnumbersarebasictoeffectiveresearchormanagementsof
wildlife species, yet the derivation of accurate population estimates continues to prove the
biggest problem in ecological work most critically when applied to population of the larger
mammals and particularly large herbivores. As a result, many workers have sought to use
more indirect methods estimating populations from, for example number of nest burrows,
latrine pits, or from faecal accumulation per se. Therefore, the indirect method such as the
finding of latrine sites, faecal accumulation and dispersion, burrows, pugmarks and foot
prints are used to confirm the presence and distribution of those animal which are not
directlyobservedinthepark.

Beforetryingtoaddressaboutthedistributionandoccurrenceofanyanimalsinthearea,it
isbettertoknowaboutUmbrellaspecies;becausethepresenceofUmbrellaspeciesinthe
park would benefit the conservation of others under the umbrella of the single species.
Hence for elephant conservation for example, conservation of a large area is mandatory
becauseelephantrequireswiderangeofhabitatforitssurvival.

2.1.5ALargeandsmallmammals:

Of the 4000 to 5000 living species of mammals worldwide, approximately 25%, or some
1100, occur in the African continent (Chris and Stuart 2006) of 284 species of terrestrial
mammals which are known to occur in Ethiopia, 31 (11%) are endemic to the country
(Yalden et al., 1996). There is no absolute certainty as to how many species there are,
particularlyinthecaseofbats,shrews,andsmallerrodents.Astherearestillseveralareasof
Africa that are unexplored in zoological terms, new discoveries can still be expected. The
conservationstatusanddistributionofmanyspeciesareasyetonlypoorlyknown,butmore
criticalisthegenerallackofunderstandingoftheirrequirementsandbehavior.Evenforthe
larger, widespread and abundant species, these aspects are surprisingly lacking.
Nevertheless,wedohaveavaststorehouseofknowledge(ChrisandStuart2006).

ALNP harbours a variety of large mammals of 29 species which were registered by various
scholars(PaDPArapidassessmentreport,2008andALNPzoological&ornithologicalsurvey
report, 2009). However, 20 species of larger mammals were recorded in the ALNP recently
(Girma Mengesha, 2005). The list of large mammals actually observed, and expected to live
inside the park are listed in the appendix section . Principally the largeranimals such as the
threatened African Elephant, Lion, and Leopard are distributed in the park particularly
aroundtheLionvalleyandKoftaKarjaka,TsequaandAbdiwanandAmijjala(exceptelephant)
areas.ThestatusofSavannahElephant,massivedeclinesofinbothnumbersandrangeover
thepastthreedecades,fromanestimated5to10millionin1930tosome600000by1992,
primarily as a result of illegal hunting for the ivory tusks, although this is now largely under
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control. The principal threat is loss of range and habitat as a result to rapidly increasing
humanpopulations(ChrisandStuart2006).

SavannaElephant:Actualsite,distribution,habitat,foodanddung

Theactualfeedingsiteofthespeciesislocatedwithintherangeofgeographicalcoordinates
(36P 0774608, UTM 1335532) to (36P 0765408, UTM 1330751) east to west direction
respectively.Actuallythefeedingsiteincludesthenorthandsouthcorneroftheinaccessible
areaoftheparkfromwhichthesecoordinatepointsweretaken.

The species is distributed around Lion valley and Kofta Karjaka, Tsequa and Abdiwan areas.
Theactualsitewheretheredunghasbeenfoundisusedduringthewetseasonparticularly
AugusttoSeptember;howeversomeaccumulateddungsfoundjustifythatstilltheanimalis
usingtheareaforfeedingbecausesomedungshavebeendecomposedandsomearefresh
still.But,insomeplacesdecomposedpileofdunghasbeenobserved,showninphotobelow

The elephant has a wide variety of feeding habit. It uses wide variety of plants and plant
parts. In wet seasons, it can eat increased quantities of grass; while more woody and
herbaceous food is taken during the dry seasons photo below. Large acacia trees are also
usedasfeedsource;thoughnotsuchlargequantities.

Different foot print of the elephant revealed that small calves are still existing in the area,
thoughthegroupnumberissosmall,photobelowthemaximumfrontfootprintmeasured
is around 558 mm length. This measurement can tell us the elephant group has the oldest
andthelargestleader(Matriarch).Somefootprintsaredeeperintothesoilasshowninthe
picture below, which can tell about the seasonal movement of the species, probably it is
duringthewetseason.

Photo: Some recently dropped elephant dung (left) and old ones burned (right)
Photo Acacia trees are source of food during the dearth period inside the Park
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Generally even though elephants has the nature of using extremely wide range of habitat
tolerance, with the only requirements being access to adequate food, water and usually
shade,thevegetationtypewheretheanimalusedtoforgewasobservedtobeacaciawood
andsavannawoodlandland,duringthedryseason

Withregardtosmallmammals,thoughavarietyofspeciesaresupposedtoliveinALNP,23
rodentspeciesincludingthefoursquirrelsandaporcupineandsixinsectivorousspecieshave
been recorded in ALNP; which this attracts several small carnivores such as Serval
(mongoose, jackals, civets, rattle), birds of prey and a variety of snakes such as cobra,
mambas,aspsandpythons(TadesseHabitamu,2005).Accordingtohisstudy,somespecies
like rodents Myomys albipes and Desmomys harringtoni which are endemic in highland
forestsofEthiopiaarealsofoundinALNP;speciesCrociduraflovescens,CrociduraCrocidura
turba and Crocidura fumosa which are not recorded below 1500 m asl are also abundant in
Alatish.ThreeshrewspeciesarealsonewlydescribedinAlatishwhichindicatestherichness.
Hugevegetationbiomass,largenumberofherbivoresandrodentsareapreybaseforother
highermammalsandeffectiveconservationinterestforhuman.

2.1.5BInvertebrate,fish,reptilesandbat:
Different information suggests that the park is endowed with diversified reptiles and fish
resources. Though, little information is available on this regard, It is possible to enlighten a
littleinformationaboutthem.Therefore,around23differentfishspeciesarerecordedinthe
rivers of the ALNP particularly at Ayma River. The upper river course or the eastern part of
theparkwasrichinunidentifiedbivalvespecies.Thisspecieshasacoverwithahardcircular
coverbothupperandbottom,andthejellylikemolluskinside.Itgrowsastheagematures.
Almosttheshoreriver,wherewaterispermanent,isfullofthisspeciesattachedontherock
surface (Photo below). It is mostly, the African Openbilled Storks main food sources. A
Photo Different foot prints of a Matriarch, bull and young elephant in the Park
Photo Partial view of foraging sites of the elephant
Photo Different foot prints of a Matriarch, bull and young elephant in the Park
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crocodile was also observed at the shore of this river, basking outside but go down to the
riverimmediatelyfollowingafterourarrival.

InthedowncourseofAymaRriver,someonecanhavealookatdifferentvarietiesoffishesA
certain number of fish species and population are still in the river particularly in a seasonal
pond like structure which is created inside it. Other animals such as yellow bat, monitor
lizard,andtortoisehavebeenobservedindifferentplacesofthepark,see(photosbelow).

Photo: Oreochromis niloticus (left), Labeobarbus nedgia (middle), Bagrus docmak (right)
Photo Ayma River (left), the bivalve at the shore (middle), and the bivalve scrubbed out (right).
Photo :Labeo forskalii (upper) and baby Nile Monitor
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2.1.5CBirds
Birds are the most conspicuous animals. Worldwide there are more than 9,000 species of
birds, about twice the number of mammal species. About 2,000 species of birds have been
recordedfromAfrica;ahighproportionofwhichareendemictothecontinent(Aldenetal.,
1995;FishpoolandEvans,2001).Birdshaveprovedtobeexcellentindicatorsofbiodiversity
or productivity because they are easily seen and are relatively well known as compared to
other animals. Their dispersal in almost every corner of the globe also makes comparative
studies simpler (EWNHS, 1996; Dash, 1993; Pomeroy and Dranzoa, 1997). Birds are vital for
ecological functioning of our environment such as indicators of pollution, seed dispersal,
scavengingoffalandaspredatorsofnumerousinsectandotherpests.Birdscanalsoprovide
significantdirectandindirecteconomicvalueonapotentiallylargescale.

Birds are highly mobile and are amongst the swiftest of living creatures. Birds are grouped
into a number of categories based on the regularity with which they occur such as resident
species, summer visitors, winter visitors, transit passengers and rare vagrants (Spencer,
1963). Climate radically influences habitats and local movements of resident and migratory
birds. Altitude also plays a major role in the distribution of birds. Many species are
characteristicofparticularhabitatsorbiomes(StevensonandFanshawe,2002).Residentand
migrant bird distribution is strongly influenced by equatorial seasons. Dry and wet season
patterns vary a great deal across the region and between years. Bird activity, especially in
more arid areas, is strongly influenced by thepresence or absence ofrain (Alertstam, 1982;
StevensonandFanshawe,2002).Birdsplayavitalroleinkeepingthebalanceofnature.Birds
also serve other purposes in nature: Fruiteating birds help spread seeds; Hummingbirds
pollinateplants(CloutandHay,1989).
The small flying mammal (bat) was
recorded around Amijala near
Gelegu River. It was hanging in
the tree. It was by the time, when
the bat hanging over the tree after
hunting an insect.
Unidentified species of monitor lizard in
the ester part of the park, near
Ayma River Albid.
small tortoise, near Alatish
River around
Megenagna site. The
burrow might be used
by porcupine. A mother
tortoise could be found
around the area it is
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Thenumberofrareandendemicspeciesandthediversityofthespeciespresentatthesite
canbeusedasindicatoroftheimportanceofdifferentsitesorhabitatsforbirdconservation
(Bibby et al., 1992; Bibby, 1998). Birds are among the best known parts of the earths
biodiversity.Quantifiedknowledgeisfarfromcompleteformostspeciesofbirdsindifferent
regions.Birdsarerelativelyeasiertocountthanmostotherwildlife,andornithologistshave
a distinct contribution for biodiversity conservation by improving our understanding of the
location of biodiversity and threats it faces from nonsustainable practices (Bibby, et al.,
1998).

ThediversityofbirdsinALNPisexpectedtobehigh;thoughrestrictedornithologicalsurvey
havebeenconducted;however,basedontheornithologicalsurveyofALNPconductedprior
to the preparation of the GMP during the dry season, and summing up some retrospective
data, more than 160 bird species are actually expected to reside in the park see some bird
listsofALNP.Uniquespeciesandspecialbirdsarealsoindicatedintheappendixsection.The
annotatedlistofbirdsatAlatishconsidersnotonlythespecieswhereitisrecordedbutalso
tells about additional comments/ description of the species during the survey time. The
description of the distribution of these birds are not compulsory, rather to give clues as to
theoccurrenceandstatusduringtheendofthedryseason.DetailannotatedlistofALNPare
listedinappendixsection.

Photo :Some Birds observed in the survey


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2.1.6Vegetationdiversityandclassification

2.1. 6A Vegitation General: The vegetation of the park area is classified into five types. The
dominant vegetation type is 1/mixed woodland vegetation where Combretum and
Terminalia species are abundant. The other vegetation types are 2/Riverine vegetation,
3/Seasonalwetlandvegetationand4/openwoodedgrasslandvegetationtypes,5/hillyarea
woodland areas. The riverine type of vegetation is dominated with Acacia, Ficus, Terminalia
species and other herbs, whereas the seasonal wetland area is dominated with different
types of herbs such as Hygrophila auriculata with scattered trees such as Acacia and
Terminalia and Balanites aegyptiaca trees. The open wooded grassland is characterized by
scattered trees of mainly Annogiossus leocarpa and Combretum species. The dense grass
ground cover is its main vegetation characteristics of open wooded grass land vegetation
type. Some hilly area woodland areas in ALNP are rich with diverse woody species types. It
comprises huge trees such as Ficus species and lower canopy species like Oxytenanthera
abyssinica.ItisonlyinthishabitatthatBoswelliapapyriferatreesarefoundinpatches.

2.1.6B Vegetation classification: Based on the characteristic of Ethiopian vegetation


classification, vegetation in Alatish Park is categorized largely under woodland vegetation
ecosystem. The Altaish woodland ecosystem is characterized by dense wooded area, open
woodedgrassland,riverinewoodland,seasonalwetlandwoodedareaandhillywoodedarea.
The overall park area is dominated by Combretum spp., Terminalia spp., Oxytenanthera
abyssinica, Anogeissus leocarpa, Pterocarpus lucens, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Balanites
aegyptiaca,Acaciaseyal,Dacrostachyscinerea,Ficusspp,Enatadaafricana,andotherwoody
spp.Thesearesmalltoluxurianttreesdependingonthesoilandtopographywithfairlylarge
deciduous leaves, which often occur with the lowland bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica
and other tree species forming multilayer. The under story is a combination of herbs and
grasses. The herbs include Justecia spp., Barleria spp., Eulophia, chlorophytum, Hossolunda
opposita and Ledeburia spp. The grasses include Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia, Echinochla,
Pennisetum, etc. Usually the herbs dominate the ground layer at the beginning of the rainy
season while grasses dominate toward the end of the rainy season and stay in
complementarybasesuntilthehotdryseasonprevalent.

Mainly, the vegetation of ALNP is characterized by deciduous woodland vegetation type.


However, partly, the vegetation of the park is characterized by open grasslands and thorny
plantspeciethatcouldbecategorizedintheAcaciaCommiphoraecosystem.However,itis
known for its varying soils, topography, and diverse biotic and ecological elements. These
plantspeciesarewitheithersmalldeciduousleavesorleatherypersistentones.Thedensity
of trees varies from high, in which they form a closed canopy to scattered individuals to
none at all forming open grasslands. To address in management and maintenance program
ecosystemclassificationofAlatishcomesintoaneffecthavingitsowncombinedecosystems
intomanyclassesasdescribedabove.

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BasedonWhite,1983;andWebalaetal.,2004,GirmaMengesha,2005classifiedvegetation
ofAlatishintofour(1)RiverineWoodland,(2)WoodedGrassland1040%woodyplantcover,
(3)Woodedthewoodyplantcovergreaterthan40%and(4)BambooWoodlandastheareas
dominated by lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica), 5/seasonal wetland and 6/open
grasslandarea.However,thebamboowoodlandisnotthatmuchseparatelyobservedinthe
parkarea.Sothatthereisnoanyseparatedescriptiononbamboohabitat.

ThefloristiccompositionofAlatishhasthemorestrikingandfascinatingwoodyspeciesthat
is characterized by diverse multilayered self regulating vegetation through immediate
recoveryafterruinbyfrequentfirehazardandlivestockovergrazingbylocalcommunityand
Felata nomads. Based on this rapid field assessment, 130 woody plant species of which 84
tree and shrub species and 29 herbs are found in the park area. About 17 grass species are
identifiedduringtheassessment

2.1.6CVegetationdistributionanditscharacteristics:Thedistributionofvegetationlayerand
plant species influenced by combined effects of rain fall, soil texture and color, and
topography(Smith1949).ThevegetationofAlatishgenerallydistributedinriverine,seasonal
wetland, multilayered undifferentiated composition wooded lands and scrub vegetation
patches. The vegetation distribution of ALNP is highly dependent on soil type than other
factors.Inmostcasesthevegetationtypeischangedwiththechangeofsoiltypewhenyou
go across the park. The black cotton soil area of the park is highly dominated by Acacia
species, whereas Combretum and Terminalia, some times Dalbergia melanoxylon trees are
dominatingthesandyareaofthepark.Infact,thedistributionofCombretumspeciesiswide
ranged.

Over all vegetation of Alatish is characterized by undifferentiated woody plain with distinct
faces in dry and wet season. Alatish exhibits dense and fast growing, self rehabilitating
vegetationstratathatrangesfrommultilayeredluxuriousplantinriverinewoodlandtoopen
shrubs and outcropped surfaced scattered trees in seasonal wetlands. The higher canopy
woody species in Alatish include Terminalia laxiflora, Combrretum spp. Pterocarpus lucens,
Ficusspp.Acaciaspp,andAnogiossusleocarpa.
Dalbergia melanoxylon, Intada abyssinica, Oxytenanthera abyssinica and others are
dominatingthemiddlecanopylayeroftheParkvegetation.
The lowercanopy encompasses annual grasses with 23m high, such as Sorghum versicolor.
Majorityofcanopytreespp.aredeciduousindifferenttimesoftheyear.Mostofthemshed
ether leaves before December while Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus spps leaves remain
unshed.
The most frequent large trees in riverine vegetation habitats which was formerly abundant
but now diminished are Diospyros mespliformis (Serkin), Tamarindus indica (Kumer), Ficus
spp., Acacia sieberana and in scrub and rocky habitats and Adina micncephala (Girma
Mengesha,2005).

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2.1.6DVegetationwithSoilcondition:Intheparkareawherethedominantsoiltypeisblack
cotton soil, Acacia species are dominant tree species, whereas in sandy areas the dominant
trees are Combretum species, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Annogiossus leocarpa, and
Dycrostachyscinereaspecies.Terminaliataxifloratreesarewidelyfoundindepressionareas
where the soil depth is relatively deep. However, it is Terminalia and Combretum species
which are widely distributed in the whole park area. In fact, the distribution of
OxytenantheraabyssinicaandAnnogessusleocarpaareverylarge.Oxytenantheraabyssinica
isfoundeverywhereintheparkexceptinareawherethesoiltypeisblackcottonsoiltype.

2.1.6F Rarely found tree/shrub species in the park area: The park area is rich with diverse
woody plant species including herbs and grasses. However, there are some valuable tree
species which are rarely found and that require special protection/conservation. Some of
these are Commiphora africana, Boswellia papyrifera, Grewia bicolor, Adonsonia digitata,
Gardenia ternifolia, Calatropis procera, Ximenia americana, Diospyros melpliformis, Acacia
senegal,Capparistomentosaetc.

2.1.7Socioeconomicaldescription

Alatish is not only described for its natural and biological diversity, but also for its
sociocultural and economic diversity. In this regard it has the following socioeconomic
features.

2.1.7APopulationandsocioculturalfeatures:

i) population description: it is based on the understanding that the park area is affected in
two ways, which is said to be people adjacent to the park(in the development zone) and
people which are a little bit far from the park, but will have effect on the park .With this
approach the Quara Woreda is broken down in two groups ,which includes the first 5
adjacent group of Pas and their population which have high effect and the second 14
surrounding Pas and their people which will have little effect. The total population of the
QuaraWeredain2000(2008)havereached81939(M=44334,F=37605)andamongthishouse
holds are 22702(M=19301,F=3401). Out of these total, More than 39% of the population is
inlivinginadjacentkebeles,whereas61%isinfarkebeles.InQuarathehighproportionsof
the population fall under the age group of 1564 years with 51% percent of the total
population, and another largest proportion of the age groups fall in the age group of 015
years that holds 47% percent of the total and above 64 are sharing 2 %. The population is
growing by approximately 2.63% a year naturally and 0.25% of migration rate and total
growthrateof2.92%,inpartduetohigherbirththandeathrates,butsignificantly,because
theareaisattractivetomigrantstypicallyinsearchofimprovedresourceopportunitiesThis
willhaveeffectespeciallyonparkresourcesandthisparkisveryvitaltothischallenge.The
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population size and changes expected for the next 15 and 30 years will be 1527356 and
3795099respectively.


ii) Migration: High number of the population is not native to the area. The area is highly
popularwithoutsiders.Amongthe81939totalpopulationoftheQuaraWoreda,only49190
are native people where as 32749 are migrants for settlement reasons. A considerable 40%
ofthepopulationismigrantstotheareabyGovernmentsettlementprogramsfrom1995to
1999. Only 60% are born in their village environs. Their places of origin vary considerably,
from across North and South Gondar Zone Woredas which includes Lay and Tachi Gayint,
Ebinat,Belesa,SimadaLibokemkem,Estie,WogeraAdiarkay,chilga,Metema,LayQuara,Alefa
,EastGojjam(ShebelBerenta).

Seasonal migration is high towards the park adjacent Kebele and to inside the park. More
than 1500 people are expected to arrive to these places every year. Among this figure local
migrantsareexpectedtobeupto600,andtheInterboundarymigrantswhicharesaidtobe
Fellataaccountfor900.

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iii)Socioculturalfeatures:TheAlatishparksurroundingareaandthepopulationlivinginare
characterized by the residents who are composed of Gumuz, Amhara, Agew, Kimant and
TgrieEthnicgroups.Regarding,thepercentageshare,Amharasarehighlypopulousi.e81.4%
followedbyAgew10%andGumuz6.7%

Regarding the language, the people in the area uses language, of Amharic and, Gumuz,
Dasien,Agewigna,ArabicTigrignaandothers,wherealmost95%oftheresidentsunderstand
anduseAmharic.Thespokenmothertoughlanguagesshareisshownbellow.

Concerning the religious characteristics, there are two religions faiths by the people of the
area which are Islam orthodox Christianity, and protestant Christianity. The analysis of the
surveyed data shows that 90.5% of them are orthodox Christians 7.6 % is Muslims and the
rest0.1%areProtestants

2.1.7BSocialinstitutionalservicesandinfrastructures

In the Woreda there are about 22 Primary schools on average 5 km distance and 19
alternative(Amarachi)and11juniorschoolsinthenearbyvillages.Outofthisschoolsonly8
elementary schools are around the park adjacent PAs . In 2000 E.C students served by this
elementary schools are 15506 (7987 M, 7519 F), which the enrollment is indicated by
distribution by gender. The gender share in the school is and 52% of boys and 48 % of girls
hadbeeninvolved.Thereisonlyonefirstcyclehighschoolonaverage20kmdistanceforall
students of the Woreda. Right after they finish this cycle students are subjected to other
preparatory schools out of the Woreda like Metema. In 1999 E.C students served by these
highschoolsare255(129M,122F),

The health coverage of the Woreda population is one of the determinant factors of health
status. The available information on the coverage consequently is estimated to be above
80%, although the quality of services is very poor type. Consequently, the health situation
and standard of the Woreda population is low due occurrence of different diseases, lack of
information, education and appropriate and reliable services. The existing health policy
whichfocusedmoreonpreventivethancurativemethodshasnotbeeneffectiveonreducing
the prevalence of diseases since it is too early it has been implemented. More over it has
happenedforthesourceofcompliantofthecommunitynotgettingtheappropriateservices
at local levels and the reduction of treatment services. In the Woreda,Health extension
centersthereare36personnelassignedtheyhavestartedtoawarethecommunityinbasic
health,hygieneandsanitation,reproductivehealth,andcounselingservicesonHIVAIDSand
otherrelatedissues.IntheadjacentPAsthereareabout12Agents

AccessRoadandTransport:TheQuaraareaisnotaccessibleviaatransportationnetworkof
federalnetworks.ThereisadrywhetherroadwhichhelpstoconnecttheWoredatoGonder
and Bahirdar, i.e from G/weha to Gelegu which is 125 km long. This road is not yet
accomplished, and it is not possible to be accessible during the rainy season. On the other
hand there is a road being constructed by ERA, from Durbetie to Gelegu, where the future
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43
distances from B/Dar via Shahura to Gelaegu will be about 350 KM .It is almost finished in
the and enagurated last May,although it is not functional for public transport yet. This is a
great opportunity e for the Woreda and the park since it has a direct connection to federal
roads.ThereisnoacknowledgedtransportationservicetotheWoreda,whereanynonpublic
vehiclesareusedfortransport.

ConsideringtheinternalroadofALNPoutofexpected388kminternalparkroad238kmof
which91.6kmdesignand147kmsurveyworksarecompetedbyhighlevelengineeringwork
costing about 2.7 million Birr. The road designed and surveyed are pertinent in making
Alatish accessible for scientific study, conservation and tourism. At the same time it could
serve for fire break and to control poachers. Road and additional, post site, hand dug well
and pond will be constructed in the next budget year. Estimated quantitative figure that
couldbeconstructedislimitedbyavailablewaterandefficiencyofcontractor.

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Media and Communication: The Local Quara community gets the media services mainly
broadcastedfromtheEthiopianNationalradio,radioFaunaand,localradiosbroadcastsfrom
Sudan.

On other communication services like telephone and postal services; there is only one
telephonehouse(fullofproblems),nopostoffice.

Power and Energy: Energy in Quara is not a question these days, since there is an immense
amount of fuel biomass. Wood is the most important sources of household energy. These
fuels were used for cooking and baking, with only a small amount being consumed for
lighting and other purposes. In addition there are as many 700 people who access the
electricity power service derived from generators .The electric power is mainly used for
lightingpurposesandasapowersourcesforaudiocassetteplayers,television,andcomputer
operations.

Water supply: The major sources of domestic water in Quara include both protected and
nonprotected sources. The protected sources are those used as a drinking water for the
people.humans,andtheunprotectedarethosewatersourcesforlivestock,andhumanstoo.
Theprotectedsourceswerethosehanddugwellsconstructedbythegovernmentandnon
government organization (ORDA) with full participation of the local communities. Based on
the preliminary assessment in Quara there are 121 hand dug closed wells ,3 motorized
wells, and 53 medium scale hand dug wells which serve the whole community for drinking
andsanitationpurposes.Henceitshows55%ofthepeopleareservedbythat.

Markettradeexchangeandtaxsystem:Therearemarketsandmarketrelatedinstitutionslike
cooperativesaroundtheParkareaandtheWoredawherethelocalcommunitycanexchange
their goods. They transport their goods to/from these markets carrying on shoulder and
using pack animals. Mostly there are no open markets rather small shops and quiskes are
used.Inthiscasethereareanestimated400smallshopsintheWoreda,servingthepeople.
In the park adjacent PAs there only 3 identified field markets, like Bermil, Gelegu and
Bambaho.

Moreover in terms of interborder trade and exchange there was a large involvement of
illegaltradersandFellataonweapons,andsomecontrabanditems.Currentlythereisnoany
significanttradeandexchange.ConcerningtaxtheinterboundaryseasonalmigratingFellata
donotpayanytaxtoEthiopia.

2.1.7CLivelihoodandincomegeneration:

Economic activitiesAgriculture and livestock: Crop cultivation is the first as an economic


activity, in part because good flat and fertile land is very accessible. The collected
information show every of households have crop farm; mostly sorghum and sesame (selit)
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aregrown.Foodisnotboughtandallareselfsufficient.Nexttocropfarminglivestockraring
is another source of lively hood. Levels of livestock ownership is high where on average a
householdhas7livestock,1.5chicken,and0.33equinesand0.37beehives

In terms of livelihood, the community in Quara is based on agriculture and agricultural


production where, (87%) of the income comes from crop agriculture. In this cases then the
main agricultural production is cultivating field crops like, sorghum ,oil crops like sesame
andcotton,teff,.Regardingthefarmingsystemandcropproduction,thepeopleinQuarais
exercising the usual ways of farming, which is cultivating the land, sowing local seeds ,and
usingnofertilizers.

In1999thefirstandformostcropgrownissorghum,coveringanareaof36343haor44.77
% of the agricultural land, next sesame covering an area of 30803 ha or 37.95 % of the
agriculturallandandmaize5.29%.

Animal husbandry: Raising livestock is an important economic activity in the Quara area.
livestock resource show that all types of livestock; cattle consisted of 64 %( 127553), small
ruminants 15 %( 30224), equines 4 %( 7706) and chicken 17 %( 34555) and 8335 local
Beehives. Hence, cattle are considered to be the most important livestock species due to
theirsignificantcontributionoftractionpowerforcultivation,threshing,manureforfertilizer
andfuel.Theyalsoproducethelargestproportionofmilkandmeatforhumanconsumption
and,aresoldasarevenuesourcetoo.Ontheotherhandthisabundancewillhaveeffecton
theparkinthelongrun,iffarmersarenotgoingtoexercisemoderncattlerearingsystem

Laborer:Involvingindailylaborerinagriculturalactivitiesisanothermeansoflivelyhoodfor
migrantpeople,especially.

Others; Other economic activities include running shops, kiosks, or market stalls, or selling
cooked foods. The shops are fairly small and sell basic household items. Most of the village
hasatownnature,andasignificantnumberofwomenareinvolvedinsellingtea,andbread.
Asmallnumberofpeoplehaveformalsalariedemploymentintheparkorothergovernment
departments. Table bellow shows the involvement of the labor force on maintaining their
livelihood.
Table3nvolvementofthelaborforce
SectorofEmployment Employment share
ofthesector
Agriculture(crop,livestock,production,fishing) 87%
retailtrade(pitytrade) 4%
Rentingandservices(houserenting) 0.04%
Civilservant 0.05%
Dailylaborer 9%
Source:RapidAssessmentreportofALNP,2008
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2.1.8Cultural,Historicheritageandtourismofthepark
2.1.8ASocioculturaltraditionsandcustoms

Like most parts of the region, the people in the area have got its own norms and values
which have been exercised for long time. The socio cultural norms and habits are indicated
bywedding,funereal,religiousceremoniesandotherlifestyles.

There are various religious holidays and cultural ceremonies that are expected to be
represented by each member of a community. They taught that any violation against these
maybringaboutsocialcondemnationandevenostracism.

Foodhabits:Thefoodhabitisagaindifferentfromtheethniccompositionofthearea.Both
AmharaandAgewhavethesametraditionandtheGumuzanothertradition.

In Amhara and Agew the daily meals of households have no significant food variety. It is
prepared in the form of injera and wet. The population of the project area house holds
use number of grains for the preparation of daily meals. That is Sorghum (Wodehakir), teff,
fabaabean, lentil and peas are themain ones. Livestock products such as meat ,milk, butter
arealsousedasafoodcompanions.Thesegrouparenotobservedonlookingforbushfood
i.eeithershrubsorsmallmammals.

IntheGumuz,thefoodhabitisverydifferentfromAgewsandAmharas,theyusessorghum
forforageandforinjerasometimes.Majorityoftheirfoodstuffscomefromthesurrounding
bushespeciallyintherainyseason.Thisincludesdifferentshrubvarietiessmallmammalslike
rodentsandhuntedmediummammalsmeat.

Housing, Settlement and facilities: The park area communitys dwellings and settlement are
characterized with
uniformityoftypeof
houses, which
consists constructed
mostly from grass
roof covers and
rarely from
corrugated iron.
Almost all of houses
have walls
constructed from
bamboo and
without mud plastered. 2 % percent of houses are made of corrugated iron roofs and 98 %
are covered by grass as a roof. As to settlement pattern is concerned, a certain indigenous
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numberofhousesaresettledinanareacalledavillage,mostofthetimemembersofwhich
arerelatives.Thesettlersaresettledintownstylewithcongestedvillages.

2.1.8BCommunitybasedecotourismtourism

To determine the general growth and level of Alatish park tourism, and monthly figure
obtained to calculate the seasonal fluctuations of arrivals, the past and present annual
number of tourist arrivals doesnt exist. Indeed the national park has consisted varieties of
naturalandculturalattractions,tillnowthereisnodomesticandinternationaltouristarrival.
However,since2001thenationalparkhasbeenexploredbyseveralresearchers.Inourfield
observation, provision of tourism facilities is almost nil. However, to date there is a dry
weather road connecting Mehadide, Amjalae, Aymeshmesh (Banbawoha) Mehadid Demi
Omedla with Gelegu (park head quarter) which may serve for tourists by vehicle and non
motorized cycle. There are also additional planned roads structure i.e. DemirTsequa
Ayimishmish,DemirAmidok,DemirtoAmjalae,OmedlaAmjalae
2.1.9StakeholderdescriptionoftheAlatishnationalpark

ThecaseofthisParkinvolvesalargenumberofstakeholdersatbothinternational,national,
localandcommunitylevels.

StakeholdersatNationallevel

Themainstakeholdersatnationallevelsmayinclude:
a)FederalWildlifeMonitoringand DevelopmentAuthority (Ministryof AgricultureandRural
Development): The Ministry need and want to use the Park to demonstrate and make the
parkeffectiveandEconomical.
b)Universities:UniversitieslikeBahirdarGonadarorothersinstitutionsneedtheparksinceit
hasgotasubstantialpotentialforresearchandacademics
c)The Benishangul Gumuz Regional state :The BGNRS needs this park since it is an imidate
boundaryinitsNorthernside,henceitseffectivnessisanopportunityintermsofsometurist
attractionsespeciallyinOmedlaside

Federal Environment Protection Authority: This federal government body is interested again
the effectiveness of the park, in a way it can conserve the environment and, handle an
environmentallyfriendlyandsustainableapproach

AtRegionallevel:

a) The Regional Government: The Regional Government is, the over all responsible body for
the development and prosperity of the Regional people, in this case then it is interested to
see an integrated effectiveness of the park, in a way it can promote an over all and
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enhanced development. In addition, the institutional and legal implementations are other
pointsofinterest

b) Amhara Regional state Parks Development Authority: The Authority wants the Alatish
National Park to be effective in a way it can contribute towards the development of the
regionthroughconservationofresources,andtouristattraction.

c)BureauofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment:Thisbureauisaregionalgovernmentsbody
responsiblefortheoverallruraldevelopmentaffairsoftheRegionalpeople.Inthiscasethe
Bureauhasgotaninterestwhich,isthatthereshouldbeapropermanagementoftheparkin
a way it can satisfy the agricultural production demand of the surrounding people by
contributingtoasustainableenvironment.

d) Environment and Land uses Authority: This governmental body is interested again the
effectiveness of the park, in a way it can conserve the environment and, handle an
environmentallyfriendlyandsustainableapproach

e) Others: All others like Bureau of Education, Energy authority, Food Security Disaster
preparednesscommission,Justice,policeandotherswillhavetheirowninterestonthePark
basedonthemandatesgivenbytheRegionalgovernment.

Atlocallevel(WoredaandKebele)

a)GovernmentaldevelopmentSectors:TheGovernmentaldevelopmentinterventionsystem
oftheAmharaRegionisthatwhichstartsataregionallevel,anddecentralizedtoWoredaor
district levels, and it ends at kebele levels. Hence starting from Woreda to kebele, the
government agencies are for implementation, monitoring and facilitating the government
policies, strategies, programs and activities. Hence, it is possible to say all relevant
stakeholders of this Park, are interested to benefit out of the effectiveness of the park, in a
way they can learn more, and extract knowledge of better implementation of activities and
management of resources. In addition they are interested the local communitys
developmentquestionsansweredinanintegratedmanner.

Themainstakeholdersatlocallevelmayinclude:ZonalandWoredaAdministration,Officeof
AgricultureandRuraldevelopment,OfficeofJustice,Police,OfficeofEducation,Officeofthe
WomensAffairsYouth,

b) The Quara community : After all the population of Quara especially those living in the
adjacentPAsingeneralhaveamajorstakeintheparkoutputs .In addition,theparkis
going to be applied for the people and with the people ,hence it is possible to say the
community is the owner of the intended Park interventions. More over, the community is
much more interested on the fast and reliable implementation of the park plans in a way it
canhelpthemsecuretheirlivelyhoods.
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NGOsandBilateralOrganizations:

These groups of stakeholders are again interested in the proper application of the park in
thelocalitysincemosttheparkobjectivesprinciplesarerelevanttothemissionsandvisions
oftheseorganizations,conservingresources,protectingtheenvironmentandsupportingthe
population of the local people. Around Quara there is one influential Bilateral Organization
i.etheAustrianDevelopmentAuthority.NGO,like,ACSI,andORDA,.

InternationalOrganizations:

The Park have got an attraction of international organizations like IUCN,UN organizations,
Conservationsocieties,sinceitisoneofthehopeforEastAfricaforhackingtheexpansionof
SahelSaharaDessertsandAlatishisreferredasagreengourd.

Externalstakeholders:

All the above stake holders are those which will have a positive influence and helpful
characteristicsoftheAlatishNationalPark.Neverthelesstherearealsoexternalstakeholders
which are believed to have a negative impact and influence both in the presence and
effectiveness of the Park, and the people living around the park. Among the referred ones,
thoseSudan(Felatta)andEritrian(Rubtana)Nomadsarethere.Theyhavegotanintereston
every resource including the water grass, trees wild animals for their livestock and
themselves. In these cases they have negative influence both on the resources, and lively
hoodofthecommunity.Inadditiontherearealsoothergroupswhicharethelocalmigrant
herders and investors, and they will have negative influence, since they are now with a
conflict with the adjacent community, on their resources use abuse and illtreatment of the
localcommunity
2.1.10Transboundaryissues

As the world becomes more populous and crowded, and as the pressures on natural
resourcesincrease,sothereisagrowingrecognitionoftheimportanceofprotectedareasto
thefutureofhumankind.Protectedareasarevitalforlifeonearth.Theysafeguardbiological
and cultural diversity, help to improve the livelihoods of local communities, provide the
homelands for many indigenous peoples and bring countless benefits to society in
general(Sandwith,2001).

Naturalresourceshavenointrinsicsocial,economicorpoliticalboundaries.Yettheyarevery
much bounded and crisscrossed by competing governmental authority and the claims of
diverse interest groups that hold differing values. International borders are political, not
ecological, boundaries. As such, key ecological systems and components often occur in two
or more nations and are subject to a range of often opposing management and landuse
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practices. Those Natural resources that are intersected by political boundaries are
"transboundary"resources.SimilarlythisholdstrueforAlatishNationalParkofEthiopiaand
Dindir of Sudan. share many important transboundary resources like rivers; where Ethiopia
ofHymaenterSudanandsaidtobeDindir,RiverGeleguofEthiopia,enterSudanandissaid
to be Gelegu and is tributary of . More over they share more similar plant species,
vegetationtype,wildlifelikeelephantsandecosystem.

Eveniftheseresourcesarenaturallysimilar;theirmanagement,useandprotectiontypically
arefragmentedundermultiplepoliticaljurisdictions.Theyaresubjectedtotherules,designs
and values of multiple agencies, cultures and institutions in two countries. Those rules,
designs and values are not always compatible with the integrated and sustainable
management of, or the equitable allocation of the benefits inhering in, those resources.
Incidentally, in order to ensure that future generations have sufficient access to natural
resources, the management of transboundry resources of Alatish and Dindir must become
moreparticipatoryacrosslocal,national,andinternationallevels.

AlatisandDindiraspartoftheInternationalsystemaredemandingadegreeofcooperation
amongthetwocountries.Inthisparticularinstance,EthiopiaandSudanareexpectedtodo
more on joint conservation of resources in Alatish and Dindir who shares most similar
features and resources. This joint action or what experts define transboundary natural
resource management (TBNRM) is then a necessity for safeguarding biological and cultural
diversity,helpingtoimprovethelivelihoodsoflocalcommunities,providethehomelandsfor
many indigenous peoples and bring countless benefits to both countries in general. Yet
accommodationandcollaborationoftheTwocountriesandamongstakeholdersmustoccur
soon if the rich heritage of AlatishDindir transboundary resources, are to be protected and
sustained.

The Park of Alatish till now has been, an unexplored area since it is a very recent
establishment.EventhesameistrueforDindirwhichisestablishedsince1935.Thismakesit
difficult to exactly trace out the Common features or similarities. Even so from different
littlePreliminaryinvestigationcarriedout,therearesimilarformationsofthefeatureswhich
have revealed an abundance of similar ecosystems with various species fauna and flora
similar.

In altitude range and geophysical location where in Alatish The mean altitude ranges from
500 masl around (Alga) in the northern flat plain to 900 around (Tsequa) hills in southern
part. In Dindir it Range from 515m asl at the southeastern to 100 m asl at north eastern
reaches of the park in the Sudan. Because of these geophysical locations, the Alatish and
DNP lie along the transition ecotone zone between two floristic Countries i.e the Ethiopian
highplateauandthearidSaharanSudanianbiomes.Theparksalsoliesalongtheboundary
of two major faunal realms of the world i. e the paleoartic and Ethiopian region and an
intermixing of the two faunal zones takes place, adding to the diversity of the floral and
faunalcommunities.

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Frompreliminaryinvestigationsandlocalcommunitiesinformation,Thetwoparkssupporta
number of animal species in common, such as Elephants ((Loxodonta Africana) which are
believedtomigratefromAlatishEthiopiaintothesouthernpartoftheDindirNationarpark
nearMaganaoandJebelHalawaduringtherainyseason.Othermigratoryspeciessuchasthe
tiangandroanantelopehavebeenbelievedtomoveinandoutthetwoparksfreelywhere
theyarecommonforboth.

Inaddition,whereinnDindirBaboons(Papioanubis)arefoundinlargenumbersthisistooin
Alatish.The lionandleopard(Pantherapardus)arethelargepredatorsinDindir,wherethe
same is true in Alatish. They prey on a number of game species such as the reedbuck,
waterbuck,oribi,bushbuck(Tragelaphusscriptus).

In Dindir Warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), are common and frequently tilt the soil in
searchoftubersandrootsinallcommunitiesthisistrueinAlatish.

Thetwoparksareahomeofadiversearrayoffaunaand floraofthe regionwhichsupport


biodiversitythatisnotfoundelsewhereintheregion.Withregardtolion(Pantheraleo)and
the elephant (Loxodonta africana), it is the only area in the region where such species still
exist.

DasmannhasclassifiedthevegetationofDNPintofourcategories:Woodedgrassland;Open
grassland,woodlandandriverineforest.Hakimetal(1978)andAbdelHameedetal(1996a)
recognizedthreetypesofecosystem:A.seyalBalaniteswoodlands;riverineecosystemand
themayas(Wetlands)ecosystems.WhereinAlatishalthoughitneedsfurtherinvestigationit
has three ecosystems including Riverine and Seasonal Wetland Ecosystems (RSWE), Mixed
Wooded Grassland Ecosystem (MWGE) , Shrub and Scrubland Ecosystem (SSE). Some of
these commen ecosystem features help to support similar species of vegetation in both
parks.

The vegetation of Dindir consists of typical savannah woodlands, characterized by various


Acacia species, Balanites aegyptiaca and Combretum hartmannianum. Where as in Alatish
ecosystems are characterized by having plain lands small to moderate sized trees with
luxuriousdeciduousleavesandunderstoryincludingTerminalia,CombretumandFicusspp.
VariousAcaciaspeciesarealsoaboundantinAlatish.

In general, since these natural resources have no intrinsic social, economic or political
boundaries, both Alatish and Dindir are their islands and homes. Thus from all these
justification the preservation of the parks and approaching in a transboundary way is of a
regional and global importance and the conservation of their unique floral and faunal
communitieswillserveinpreservingthebiodiversityoftheregion.

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2.2Resourcevaluesandbenefitsofthepark

Alatishs is endowed with natural, scenic and sociocultural systems and resources. These
ample resources that could be delineated as RVs ( ecological values of ALNP) are Broadly
classified in to four categories; Current (Use value), Option value: Pre cautionary value: and
ExistenceValue:

2.2.1Resourcevalues

2.2.1ACurrent(Usevalue):

Biodiversityiscriticallyimportantbecauseitisvalued,usedandcouldbeusedtosustainand
increase human well being. Different values of biodiversity in ALNP have been recognized
thereby, nomads, hunters, traditional ethnic groups used as a source of livelihood for a
decades.

ExtensiveareaofAlatishusedasagrazingareaforFellatanomadsasfeedsourceforgreater
than300,000cattleshoats,collectionofwildhoneybee,bamboo,fishingandhuntingwhich
use biological resources as a direct and consumptive value drives from the direct role of
biologicalresourcesinconsumptionorproduction

Photos : Felata Cattle enjoying the Park Photos : Gumuz man processing fish
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Source of Fuel wood: In the log run this park can be the source of fuel wood with legalized
andcontrolharvestingsystem.Atthemomenttherearenopeoplewhoarecollectingwood,
thereasonisbecausefirewoodisnotaproblemoritisaccessiblearoundthevillage.Overall
inthefuturetheparkwillbeanenergyreservoir,iftobemanagedwell.

Source of Cattle Pasture: Again in the future it will be a very good reserve for producing
cattlepasture.Atthemomentitisaccommodatingabout300,000Fellatalivestock,and1000
locallivestock.

Source of Medicines: The majority of shrubs have got medicinal value as identified by the
local Gumuz community, whether forest products or pharmaceuticals are bought.
Respondent state 99% of their medicines are purchased. However a significant number are
found locally, particularly in community forests. In discussions many understood the
opportunityadomesticsupplyofmedicinesmaybringfromtheforestanditwillbeareserve
formedicinalplants.

Source of Building Poles: Despite the illegality of taking cut wood from the Park Forest
reserves,someofrespondentsstatetheysourcetheirbuildingpolesfromtheforestreserves
especiallythebambootree.

SourceofCharcoal:AmajorityofrespondentsinGelegutown,statethattheybuycharcoal
ratherthanmakingitthemselves.Indiscussionsitwasindicatedcharcoalismadeoutofthe
parkregion,howeverinthelongruntheremightbedemandfromtheforestreserve.

Beekeepingandhoneyharvesting:Beekeepingisanincomegeneratingactivitythathasbeen
associatedwiththeforests.Peoplewhokeepbeesstatethattheygetmorehoneyifthehive
is in the forest because more flowers are available for
the bees. Quite a large number of Agew households
stated they kept bees inside the park. In addition to
keeping bees inside the park, there is wild honey
harvesting, both by Gumuz and Agew tribes. Rough
estimationshowtherewillbe200Quintalor(25Kgper
tree, 1 man harvests different beehives on 8 trees with
an average number of harvester per annum estimated
about 100 harvesters) of honey harvested inside the
parkeveryyear.Thewayhoneyisharvestedisanillegal
type since it ignites forest fire, and this needs to be
systematic.

Parkproductstosupplementnutritionalneedsandmeetseasonalfoodshortages:Forestsand
forest trees, and wildlife are the sources of a variety of foods that supplement and
complement what is obtained from agriculture. Forest foods are most extensively used to
help meet dietary shortfalls during particular rainy seasons. Again the local Gumuz
Photos : Honey harvested inside the park
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community uses roots, leaves, steam and fruits as a food. The abundance of this verities is
estimatedtobe13treeandshrubspecies17herbalspecies

Bush Meat: Despite the illegality of killing any wildlife inside the park, there is hunting of
small mammals by Gumuz people inside the park .This event is a threat for the Parks wild
life.

Park as a source of income: The presence of the park leads to generate employment
opportunity for people work as park rangers/guards as tourist guides and in ecotourism
activities.

Researchattractionsandactivities:Theparkwillnotonlyhavetheabovevaluesratheritwill
have attractions for research and academics in the field of Forestry, Resource Economics,
Zoology, Botany, Fishery and Aquatic studies, entomology, hydrology Medicine and
Pharmacology etc. This park have got the power of attraction since it have got a locally
identified various species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, special futures of the land, tree,
shrub ,herb and grass species, rivers, fish verities and still there are more to be identified
andneedsmoreresearchonqualifyingandquantifyingtheirvalues.

Photos : Herb leaves Kudra and Mushroom for food and Wika forage mixer

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Figures:DbuibUniversityStudentsonFieldresearchinAlatishNationalPark

CulturalValuesoftheForest:Intervieweeswereaskedwhethertheforestwasimportantto
thelocalcommunityculturally.TheresponsewasattachedtoGumuzpeoplewhohavebeen
living long time around the park. Its cultural connection to them is they have been born
around, grown inside and enjoy every ceremonies .Hence the park has got great place in
their lives and cultural make up. Other people have no or little cultural connections, since
theyrecentlycamearoundthepark.

2.2.1BOptionvalue:

It is Biodiversity, which might become available in the future. Option values of species not
currentlyindemandmaybequitehigh.Theviablepopulationofhighermammalsmayhelp
forestablishingwildliferanching,excessiveproductsale,honeybeefarming,andreptileand
help to establish hand craft industry. Some species could become important to adapt to
possible climatic changes. Biological resources particularly dense vegetation may serve as a
carbon sink thereby, the country my benefit from Carbone trade in which Alatish could
Photos : Researchers inside the park

Photos : Dbuib University Students on Field
research inside the park
Photos : Twin hills of Laydinnar and its rock hole, Diza (Adonsonia digitata) palace for Emperor
Haileselasie in 1941 &Rock hole window at the top of Lay Dinar

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provide indispensable service in this regard. Hence, the value of ecosystem components
services has become paramount in the field of biodiversity conservation and sustainable
development.CurrentlyEthiopianforestcouldearnsascarbonsinkestimated3.3billionUSD
annually(GetachewTesfay,2008)

Aesthetic and Recreational Importance: People love life, a phenomenon called biophilia. It
is easy to find evidence of our aesthetic, spiritual, and emotional affinity for other species.
Wildanimalsareasourceofbeauty,wonder,joyandrecreationalpleasureformanypeople.
Wildlife tourism (ecotourism) generates some amount of dollars in revenues each year in
Ethiopia.HoweverthewildlifetourisminEthiopiaisatitsinfantstageascomparedtoother
African countries like Kenya and Tanzania Therefore they are very important to us in many
waysanditisbettertoprotectandwiselyutilisesuchinvaluablebiologicalresources.

Opportunity for community based tourism development: In terms of tourism potential the
parkhavegotthecapacitytoattracttouristssinceitistheoriginofdifferenttouristicvalues.

Natural attraction: In Alatish National Park, there are several natural attraction such as
plants, and animals such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish as desplied in
manyphotosinthisdocument..

Spectacularlandscape:Thelandscapeismoreorlessflattrain
with very few scattered beautiful conical peaks. Natural
vegetationisanessentialaspectofthevisitorexperienceand
shouldbepreserved.ThelandscapeofAlatishNationalparkis
dominated by drywoodlandsavanna, occurs where there is
less precipitation and a prolonged dry season of about five
months.Thebaobabisthelargesttree;itiswidelydistributed
andisvaluedforitsinnerbarkanditsedibleleavesandfruits.
Other common trees are compratum species Terminalia,
Balintins their tough outer bark is fireresistant and various
speciesfromtheacaciaandfig(ficus)families.Riverineforest
andtheshapeoffewsmallpeaksintheparkcanbeapotentialattraction(see).

Historicalattraction:ABaobabtreeatOmedlavillageishistoricheritage:

In the socalled scramble for Africa, Ethiopia and Liberia remained the only African nations
notundercolonialcontrol.HaileSelassietriedtomaintainabalanceinhisrelationswithhis
powerful colonial neighbors Great Britain, France, and Italy. However, the imperialist
ambitions of the fascistItalian dictator Benito Mussolini led to Italys invasion of Ethiopia in
October1935.ItalyaddedEthiopiatoitspossessionsinMay1936.
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Haile Selassie initially led Ethiopia forces against the invasion, but he was forced to flee the
countryandtakerefugeinBritain,andHaileSelassiereturnedatoncetoAfricaandamassed
a force of Ethiopian exiles in Sudan. They joined British forces entering Ethiopia on January
20,1941,throughthehistoricvillageofOmedla.Untilhisspiesbringhiminformationeither
theEthiopianpatrioticacceptedhimorno,hestayedsevendaysinsideastemofonelivebig
Baobabtree(Adansoniadigitata)house(Photobelow),carvedbytheGumuzcommunity.The
househasoneroomprovideeightbedsforthefamilyandtwoseatingchairsattheentrance
get (door) for his special guards. After his first exciting stay in Omedla village, Haile Selassie
returnedtoAddisAbabaandwasrestoredtothethroneinMay.
Historicalattraction:ABirthplaceEmperorTewodrosIIishistoricheritage:

Emperor Tewodros was born as Kassa Hailu in Quara about 25 km East far from Gelegu
(Alatishparkheadquarter)forAtoHailuandEmmettAtitegebin1818.Hewasoneofthe

mostmagnificentEthiopianleadersandfounderofmodernEthiopiaisEmperorTewodrosII
thiscanbeapotentialhistoricalattractionforhistorianresearcherandEmperorTewodrosII
lover.

Cultural attraction: Cultural facilities and activities, such as music, dance and drams
performinggroups,culturalfestivals,theproductionpresentationandsaleofvisualartsand
crafts,andtheinterpretationoftraditionalvillagesandtheirlifestylesaretheimportantpart
of tourism attraction. The park original settler perhaps was Gumuz people and Agew from
the west side of the park, the majority of Alatish communities in Quara district were come
from different highland districts (Wello, Belesa, Adarkay and Tselemt) on resettlement
program. Those communities have their own language dialects, traditional customs, culture
and cultural dance. Traditional customs, artifacts, and legends, as a multicultural society,
Alatish community offers different types of lifestyles, customs, and traditions, including
Photo: Baobab tree (Diza) tree the Emperors 7 days Palace in Omedelanear Omedela Villages
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music,dance,ceremonies,handicrafts,andfestivalsassociatedwithlegends,offeringtourists
theopportunitytoexperiencewideculturalexposure.

Among those different tribal community Gumuz community has three fascinating cultural
dances(i.e.Abachod:playingbyusinglongkelflow,Endinga:usingkeberoandBanqer:using
crare.)WideassortmentsoftraditionaldancestylesexistinwesternSudan.Akakoisalively
dance in compound triple time (also referred to as mardom) in which, traditionally, boys
stamp their feet while girls clap their hands to accompany the singing. Dance is also a vital
part of the musical traditions of the Gumuz tribe. The Gumuz practice the moshembe da,
where three dancers, including the kujur (witch doctor), perform to the rhythms of the
bangia(lyre)andfourpenah(windinstruments).

Potentialforhandcraft:Locallyproducedhandicrafts(i.e.textilesandfibercraft,pottery,woodworks
and baboons basket) are already available, but could be improved in variety and quality, with
emphasisonmaintainingauthenticity.
Textiles and Fiber craft: There area both rawmaterials and potential community (highland
people)toproducehandmadeorweavingtextiles.Weavingisamethodofcreatingfabricby
interlacingtwosetsofyarnthreadscalledthewarpandtheweft.Thewarpthreadsformthe
base for the weaving; they are arranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a
loom. The weft is a single thread that is passed over and under the warp threads in a
systematicwaytocreateasolidorpatternedpieceofcloth.
Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other items through
weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques. Basketry and other ornamental furniture for
souvenir can also mainly produce from bamboo trees through weaving, plaiting, and coiling
techniques. In embroidery, a needle and thread are used to create designs on fabric. Many
stylesofembroideryexist.Someareusedtodecorateareasonapieceofcloth,usuallylinen;
otherstyles.
Pottery: In Bermil market we have been observed few types of pottery product which may
attract tourists. Pottery is ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand. When the
clay hardens, it is fired in a hightemperature oven to strengthen it. To make the object
Photo: Local Gumuz Girls on the Market for saling crafts-Bermil Omedela
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waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again. A potter must have
accesstoakiln,useofwhichisgenerallysharedbyagroupofworkers.

Woodworking:There is also a potential to produce wood products because the park has
consists the famous carving woody species dalbergia melanoxylon. Wood carving is another
craftthatbothbeginningandadvancedwoodworkerscanenjoy.Spoons,bowls,andtoysare
itemsthatcanbecreatedfromapieceofwoodwithonlyasaw,gouges,amallet,files,and
sandpaper.

2.2.1CPrecautionaryvalue:
Indirect or nonconsumptive use values of the genetic diversity that may contribute on the
stability of the ecosystem particularly in the face of climatic changes at global or regional
level.InthisregardAlatishcouldbeusedasAGreenGuardforeastwardexpansionofSahara
desert. The value of conserving the genetic resources of a range population of a species of
established socio economic importance may also be grater in the context of expected
climatic changes. Particular interest attaches to the edge of a species natural range, where
the local populations may be adapted to more extreme environmental stresses in ecotone.
AlatishhasapotentialtoconserveendangeredspeciesofwildlifesuchasAfricanElepantand
a huge tree peculiar to the area Deza Adonsonia digitata and Bedeno Balaentus,
B.aegyptica,KeyGerarA.seyalwhichcouldmaintainstheecologicalstatusoftheprevalent
biome.Thewaterbalanceandregenerationofplantsforfeedindryseasonsupportsvarious
speciesoffaunaexistence.Asawholeoptionvalueservesforecologicalbenefits.

2.2.1DExistenceValue:

Valueofrareandmorepreciouswildlifespeciesandtheirhabitatthatismostvulnerableto
genetic improvement or even toextinction thorough intensive harvesting without adequate
managementandattentiontotheconservationofgeneticresource.Alatishanditsbiological
resources are among a few areas of the country nearly natural state which could serve a
varietyrareandendangeredspeciesthebiomecouldexist.ConservationofAlatishwhichhas
diversanduniquebiologicalcouldbepreservedandsustainablyusedforpresentandfuture
Photo: Local Gumuz Girls on the Market for saling crafts-Bermil Omedela
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generation. Hence, existence of divers biological resources and in various ecosystems and
their components serves to earn millions of dollar through tourism industry which
extensively generated by existence of diversified biological resources and physical settings
thathavehighattractions.Multilingualandculturalethnicgroupwitharearesourcescould
maintainecotourismvalueoftheparkwhichensuressustainableparticipatorymanagement
ofbiophysicalresourcesofthepark.
2.2.2AGeneralResourcebenefits
The above stated values will result the following major benefits categorized into ecological,
economicalandpoliticalbenefits;

Ecologicalbenefits
Preventsexpansionofdesertification
Ecologicalbalance
Conservebiodiversity
Climate(Temperature)balance

Economicbenefits
IncomesfortourismforGovernmentaswellasforthelocalcommunity
Employmentopportunitieslikescoutsandconstruction
Experiencesonhowtoconservetheenvironment
Asanincomesourceforresearchandscience
Benefitsfromecotourism
Socialbenefits
International and community experience sharing specially useful cultures and
traditionsonbiodiversityconservation
Infrastructuredevelopmentlikeroads,school,vetpasts
Ecotourismcooperatives
Culturalmedicinesreserved
Politicalbenefits
As it is situated at boards with Sudan it will have a benefit on international
boundarypeace
Illegalhunting,tradeonwildlifeandforestproductsconserved
Developsthecountriesshareinpreventingdesertification
ItcanbeTransboundaryNationalpark.
2.2.2BBenefitsfromthevegetation(Majorsocioeconomicusesoftree/shrubspecies)

Thesocioeconomicuses/benefitsoftree/shrubsareroughlycategorizedintodifferentparts.
These are: 1/Timber trees mainly used for construction purpose, 2/ Fruit trees/shrubs
3/Medicinalplants,4/Beeforage,and5/InsenceandGumproducingtrees.Listofsometree
speciesusedfordifferentmajorusesarelistedinthetablebelow.

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Table4ListofMajortree/shrubspeciesintheparkareaandwhichusedfordifferentsocio
economicuses
Trees/shrubspecies
mainlyusedfor
construction
Fruittrees/shrubs Beeforage
Dalbergiamelanoxylon
Annogiossusleocarpa
Pterocarpuslucens
Diospyrosmespliformis
Oxytenantheraabyssinica

Balanitesaegyptiaca
Ziziphusmucronata
Ziziphusspinachristi
XimeniaAmericana
Tamarinduindica
Ficussur
Piliostigmathonningii
Diospyrosmespliformis
Adansoniadigitata
Grewiabicolor

Acaciaseyal
Combretummolle
Dalbergiamelanoxylon
Dichrostachyscenerea

Medicinalplants IncenseandGum
Producingtrees

XimeniaAmericana
Grewiavillosa
Calotropisprocera
Acaciapolyacantha
Balanitesaegyptiaca
Borassusaethiopum
Combretumcollinum
Combretummolle
Dalbergiamelanoxylon
Dichrostachyscinerea
Entadaabyssinica
Stereospermum
kunthianum
CommiphoraAfricana

Acaciaseyal
Acaciasenegal
Boswelliapapyrifera
Acaciapolyacantha
Acaciasieberiana
Commiphoraafricana

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2.3Exceptional(Distinct)featuresofthePark

AlatishFirstEverTransboundaryParkinEthiopia:andwithnationalandinternationalsignificance
: Alatish National park shares boundaries with in the west to Sudan (Dinder National Park)
about74km(arial)boarderdistance,inthesouthtoBenshangulGumuzNationalRegionalState
with Ayima river,and where these are those which makes it the first ever transboundary
NationalparkhavingmostsimilaritieswithfeaturesofDindirNationalParkofSudan.

ALNP national and international significant arises from its geophysical feature believed to be
green guard to protect east ward expansion of Sahara Desert relatively at slow rate in the
westernEthiopiaandeastSudanduetodensegreenbiomassandwettestregion.Ithasagreat
potentialasatransboundaryparkofDinderAlatshpark.ItrepresentsSudanGunieBiomeand
foundalongthetransitionalEcotonbetweentwofloristicregionsbeingatthefoothillsofNorth
western highlands of Ethiopia and south east of Semi arid Sahara Sudanian Biome. Alatish is
alsofoundalongtheboundaryoftwomajorfaunalrealmsthatisPalearcticandEthiopianafro
alpineregionstosouthwestofSimienMountainmissives.

The vegetation cover of Alatish is undifferentiated Sudanian and Ethiopia woodland type that
penetratestotheEthiopianhighlands(GirmaMengesha,2005).Alatishisalsobelievedtobea
flyway,restingorbreeding.sitesofnorthsouthmigratorybird.Withthesetheprotectionofthe
parkisglobalimportanceandtimelytakenmeasureasithostsdiversbiophysicalresourcesand
refuges for large number of migratory birds and protects rare, endangered and conservation
dependant species which reside in the region are paramount inhabitants that provide
significantroleinecologicalandecotourismservices.

AlatishwithdistinctecosystemsthanotherNationalParksinEthiopia:Themajordistinctfeature
ofAlatishecosystemsandtheircomponentsarecharacterizedbyseasonalextremevariability
oftheirsituation,humanandthreatsintervention.Featureofeachecosystemexhibitdifferent
behavioralmanifestationlargelydependonextremeclimaticfascinatingfeatureand
human/livestockpressureindryseason.Naturalclimaticchangeisoneofnaturalecological
uniqueprocessofbiophysicalentitiesofwhichcouldbeecologicalaspectoftheparkand
verifiesecologicalprocessasoptionalvalue.InwetseasonAlatishremainnaturalanditistime
ofselfrecovery.Nothreatinducedbyhumaninthisseason.Felattanomadsexpelordriveout
theirgreaterthan300000cattlefromAlatishinJunebecauseofnaturalforceinducedby
animaldiseasescausedbytsetsefly.

In the same way threats cause by forest honey collectors, hunters, bamboo and other wood
productcollectorsandfishermenarenotenterintoAlatishasitprotectswithhugevegetation
biomass creating inaccessibility. The forest products in wet season are not reaching at
harvestablelevelcoupledwithseasonalworkoverlapofthepeopleastheyaremoreengaged
onfarmactivitiesinwetseason.However,allsituationsin wetseason completelyreversedits
statusintooppositefaceindryseason.
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Most of green biomass lost in dry season due to excessive heat. Rivers and seasonal wetlands
remain with scanty of water through evaporation and sinking under river beds. Changes and
lose of huge biomass in dry season rehabilitates within short wet season (May to October)
whichmakesecosystemsofAlatishasselfrecoveryecosystem.

Reverine and Seasonal Wetland Ecosystems of Alatish with huge green biomass and dense
groundcoverwhichcomprises1520%oftotalareaoversaturateswithriverflowandflooded
water in wet season eventually completely 80100% dries out from the surface of land in dry
season.Thisassiststomaintainanddriveoutgroundwaterwithfewmetersdepthontheriver
bedandfloodplainsindryseason.Residualmoistureandextractedwaterfromsandyriverbed
causes high habitats competition during dry season by different species of animal as it is the
onlywatersourceinthecentralandlowercourseofAlatishindryseason.

Alatishendowedwithavarietyofspectacularresourcesandsites:Alatishisgenerallylowlaying
areaoccupiesalmost97%ofthetotallandareaoftheparkinflatplain.Itissointerestingto
watch the flat plain area stretched from Amjale (North) to Omedela (south) and from Dass
(Amrakuba)EasttoKetef(Amitish)andMenta(Amdok)whenitsviewedfromhilltopsofDass
(Amerakuba) and Laydinnar. It seems as a green mat and like a well designed sport field with
patches of amazing mountain cliffs scattered throughout the field. It is easy to enjoy with
different strata of vegetation and faces vivid by golden color of sandy and marbled areas and
radishsoilcliffsanddeepblackseasonalwetlandfloodplainwhicharetheresultsofsoiltype,
the available soil moisture, rivers and wet lands decorated with seasonal over flow of Alatish
outofitsrivercourseanditstributariesonopenlandofplainmat.

Most of the seasonal wetlands and other sources of water are found in the flat plain area as
wellitistheplaceforlargemammalslikeElephant,Greaterkuduandlionsandaquaticanimals
likefishandothers.

ALNPisendowedwithavarietyofspectacularsitesamongwhichscatteredhillsthatservesfor
resource monitoring, tourism, scientific study and to look attractions and various faces of the
park vividly. Hills are scattered in different parts of the park and largely used as
view/observation points. There are 17 most spectacular hill and could be used as viewpoints
areDasTerara(Amerkuba),LaydinarandKetf(Hamitish)inthenorth;Albid,Bemure,Berenta,
Nigela and Abamerafa in the east; Demir, Mulugeta Terara, and Tsequa in the central; Menta
(Amdok),AlmetaandOmedilainthewestandBalankure,AbuntaandAybezainthesouth.

Some of these hills have special attraction in their historical and scenic value. Amdok and
Dinnarwhicharelocatedwestandnorthoftheparkrespectivelyhavesattractionsinthatyou
can enjoy twins of mountains situated on the flat plain area. Another historical site is the
OmedelafoundinsouthwestboarderoftheparkborderingBeshangulGumuzRegionalState,
Sudan and Ethiopia. It is the place where Emperor Haile Selassie II stayed for 7 days in 1941
duringhisbacktomotherland(Ethiopia)fromexileinEnglandviaSudanduringtheItalianwar.
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Theemperorstayedforsevendaysinasinglelivetreehewedtreeabout9msizedroom. This
historical tree is now exiting with clearly observed scripts in Amharic called Ke. Ha. Se. are
abbreviated name of the Emperor on the tree known as Diza (Adonsonia digitata) globally
threatenedspecies.InadditionOmedilawastheplace,nationalpolicementrainingcenterand
servingascenterofcustomofficebetweenEthiopiaandSudan(19421974)andithadprimary
schooluntil2002.

Thenameofthefederalpolicesportclubcalledwiththishistoricalandpoliticalmemorialsite.
After 1974 all infrastructures had destroyed and its power dismantled and the importance of
Omedealforthetime.Nowitisproposedasoneofsuitablepostsiteanditsmountaintopfor
bothcampobservationpoints.

AstoTourismpotentialandAlatishsignificanceintheecotourismindustrybesideswildlifeand
scenicbeautyoftheparkthepresenceofmulticulturalactivitiesofindigenous(Gumus,Amhara
andAgew)ethnicgroups,immigrantsfromhighlandsofdifferentpartsoftheregionandtrans
boundary socioeconomic activities are sources fascinating attractions heritages which has
indispensablepotentialfortourismexpansion.Theirtraditionalcultures,linguisticcomposition
(Amharic, Gumuz, Agew, Arabic and Datsen) with their tribal culture of natural resource
utilizationandexploitationarethemoststrikingsocialentitiesofAlatishanditsvicinities.

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Table5ERVsofAlatishNationalPark

Rank Category ExceptionalResourceValues(ERVs)


1 Natural Lowlandmosaicundifferentiatedscatteredwoodedgrasslands
2 Natural LargestterrestrialanimalAfricanElephantpopulationandvarietyofungulates
3 Natural Lowermammalsofrodents,insectivoreandreptiles
4 Natural Greenguardforexpansionofdesert
5 Natural BiogeographicallyrepresentsGuineaSudanBiomeSavannahRegion
6 Natural Seasonallyfascinatingriverineandseasonalwetlandhydrologicalsystems
7 Natural CombretumTerminalea wooded land ecosystem components and diverse
habitats
8 Scenic Extensivevegetationcoverplainwithviewingscatteredhilltop
9 SocioCultural Economicplants,bamboo,frankincense,acaciaandfoodandmedicinalplants
10 Natural SeasonalmovementofanimalsacrossinternationalboarderAlatishDinder
11 SocioCultural Transregional(ANRSBGRS)andtransboundaryparkasAlatishDinder(Ethiopia
andSudan)
12 SocioCultural Constructionofwaterwellundersandyrivercourseanddrinkingtrough
13 Scenic SinkingofwaterunderbroadsandyriverbedofAlatishindryseason
14 Natural Rocky wooded lands of vantage points for prey, predators and terrestrial
reptiles
15 Natural Escarpment,caves,rockholesandcolorfullgravels
16 Scenic Occupationofdifferentcolorfulbirdspeciesindifferenthabitats
17 SocioCultural OmedilaandnearbyWoodhewnpalaceforEmperorHaileSelaseiein1941
AndBirthplaceforEmperorTewodrosII
18 SocioCultural Diverse ethnic and multilingual communities Gumze, Amhara, Agew, Arab and
Datsen,Tegeregna
19 SocioCultural Constructionoftraditionalfishinggearandfishingsystems

Natural Scenic
Socio-Cultural
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2.4Analysisofissues&problems:ProblemsandThreatstotheEcosystemsand
BiodiversityinALNP

2.4.1Threatsfromnaturalprocess

Threats on the ecological setup of ALNP exhibited from two directions. First, from natural
processwhichcouldbeadversethenormalfunctioningofnaturalprocessderivedfromnatural
forces. For instant, seasonal flooding in wet season and water shortage in the dry season and
selfremovalofhugewetbiomassandrecoveringafterashortshowerofrain.Sandyriverbed
sinkswaterfordryseasonstorage.Selflaughingdeepblacksoilsupportsdifferentlifeformsin
different season. These natural phenomena are a measure of natural balance which describes
the fascinating process of ecosystem components valued as Alatish natural regeneration
featureofexistencevalue.

2.4.2Threatsfromhumanactivities

The second devastative and deliberate mechanism is emanated from the evil think and act of
human being which haphazardly destroys the sustainable and interdependence fashion of
natural ecological process through poaching, overgrazing, hunting, habitat fragmentation and
fairing. This consecutively creates migratory route cut, incomplete ecosystem, habitats
competition, unviable population and end up with habitats and ecosystem destruction. These
threatsinAlatishareincurred99%byFalatanomadsfromSudanindryseason,indigenouslocal
people Gumuz, Amhara and Agew mainly on buffer zone uses the park resources for grazing,
bamboo for construction and sale, forest honey, hunting and beehive construction. Hence,
suitableinterventioncouldbedesignedandimplementeddependingoncorrectinvestigationof
cause and effect relationship as discussed below. Such interweaved system of hazard has
narrow opportunities and requires huge investment to reveres the situation. Analysis of
ecological threats in Alatish targeted to affected ecosystems with possible solution and
opportunities.

Over all Ecosystem threats of ALNP are factors resulted directly or indirectly from human
activitiesthatcausesforwildlife,vegetationandtheirhabitatsdestruction.Ithasapotentialto
impair and degrade ecosystem partially or the whole. The priority threats that need call on
urgentmanagementdecisionidentifiedare:

Poaching and encroachment (illegal hunting, deforestation, collection of wild plant


andanimalsanddisturbance)
Over and Illegal fishing by local communities and outsiders: The local community
illegallyoverfishbypoisoningthefish
Seasonal overgrazing (Fellata, Arab and Binamir nomads access the area for grazing
Octobertomay)
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HabitatCompetition(forwaterandearlyregrowingtimeforfeedcompetitionwith
humananddomesticstock)
Incomplete Ecosystem (Ayima and Gelegu rivers half river bank to the direction of
adjacenttoBGRS)
Cutting of wild animals seasonal local migration or internal movement route ( By
NomadsandPoachers)
Recurrentfire(Bushandhumaninducedfire)
Unviable population Size ( very low population or rarely seen wild animals due to
habitats destruction, Low Number of Threatened species of higher mammals
population)
Deforestation ( Extraction of Bamboo Forest, Phoenix Leaves, Removal of Acacia
BarksandExpansionofArableLand)
SeasonalWaterShortage(Wooded,GrasslandsandScrubVegetationzonearesuffer
fromwatershortageindryseason)
Moreexplained;

The issue of Fellata Nomads: The issue of Fellata is what the


RegionalandNationalGovernmenthavetotakeadecisionas
longastheyarethegroupwhoare99%threatsoftheparkat
the moment .Unless this is to be given a solution; they will
create and provoke unnecessary competition with the local
community

Hunting Wild Animals: Despite the fact that hunting is illegal,


quiteanumberofhouseholdsadmittedthattheydidtakeplaceandtheeffectofthepeopleis
manifestedonhuntingwildanimalsinsidethepark.Duringtheassessmentpeoplewereasked
whypeoplearehuntingandonwhichtypeofanimalstheyareinvolvedandwhoisinvolvedin
hunting.Followingquestionstheresponseforhuntinganimals;inducingcropraidingisalmost
zero. The main reason for hunting is to destroy large carnivorous mammals like lions and
leopard, either for dignity and respect, since these animals hunt their livestock, or the skin
hides and ivory of these animals is smuggled to neighboring Sudan. Some animals like
antelopes, bush pigs porcupines, and small mammals are hunted for bush meat i.e for food
purpose.

Thetypeofpeopleinvolvedonkillinglargemammals
likelions,elephants,andleopardsaremostlyAmhara
and Agews and Felatas. Whereas mostly porcupines,
and small mammals are hunted for bush meat by
Gumuzpeople.HencethehuntingstyleoftheAgews,
Amahara and Felats is in away to destroy large
mammalswhichareeitherendemicorfewinnumber
inside the park. Hence th Gumuz are relatively
harmless as compared to the above group. Birds like
Python killed by Felatas fro skin
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GuinifowlandfrancolinarealsohuntedbyAmharaandAgew.

GrazingofLivestock:Grazingpastureandfeedisnota
question right now on the adjacent PAs except few
PAslikeBermil.Hencethegrazingeffectisminimalbe
them. Nevertheless local seasonal migrants have got
effect right now and high in the near future. This is
duetothegrazingpotentialfromhighlandslikeChilga
and Metema is being exhausted and this will help
seasonal migrants to come to the park. These
migrants are to come almost with about 2000 cattle
inside the Park. The adjacent Peoples livestock
observed inside the park are mostly goats especially
inBermilPeasantAssociaion.

Based on the assessment 99% of the parks resources including the grazing feed is accessed
onlybyFellataandtheir300,000estimatedlivestockandthisshowhowtheyareachallengeto
themanagementofthepark.

Over and Illegal (poisoning) fishingby local communities and outsiders: The local community
illegally over fish by poisoning the fish . A great mess for fishes is poisoning them, in the
perennialriver(AymaRiver).AsmallpitadjacenttheriverusedtolbemadebyGumuzpeople,
then a poisoning plant (Combertum molle) bark, which the size of its breaks in to pieces after
poundingontherocksurface,andwillbemixedwithwaterandleaveforacertaindaystobe
mixed.Thenthepoisoningjuicejoinstothepondtointoxicatethem.Hugenumberofgrowing
fishes has been observed died and floats over the surface of the water (see Fig 20). This
indiscriminate size of fish killing has a great impact on the viability and productivity of fish,
unlesssustainableuseoftheresourceisdesigned.

Photo: Goats grazing in side the park


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The issue of farmland and Buffer zone: As stated in the rapid assessment of 2008 there was a
confusionandoverlapbetweenthesettlersfarmlanddemarcationandthebufferzoneonpark
delineation. These needs to be solved, otherwise this will give hint to the adjacent people to
abusetheparkterritorieswiththenameofpropertyrights.

LandAcquisition/Tenure/:andFarminginsidethePark:Thepopulationeffectisdirectlyrelated
to the land holding system and tenure in the
park adjacent PAs. At the moment the average
landholdingisabout2hasperhh.Nevertheless,
due to the high migration rate and the
population increase more land is demanded.
The expectation of the fulfillment of the
demand by the people is on expanding farm
lands to buffer zones. Currently there are
roughlyabout75farmerswhohavebeenhaving
farmlandsinsidetheparkandaroundthebuffer
zone,whichisillegal.

The main reason they mention why they are


doingthisis;whentheycometosettlementthelanddistributedtothemwaseitherinsidethe
buffer zone or a type of land which is not comfortable to agriculture due to its soil make up.
Moreover there is no regulated control mechanism on farmers actions on holding land inside
thepark,andagainthereisnocensusonthenumberofhouseholds,landholdingandtheplace
oftheirfarmland.Thesefactorsencouragelocalcommunitiestohavethedesiretoutilizethe
resourcesinsidethepark.
Photo: Process of fishing by poisoning
Photo: Farming going on around the park-200 meters away

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ThreatsonAlatishVegetation:
ThemajorthreatoftheParkvegetationcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories.Thefirstandmost
detrimental factor goes to human and livestock interference. The second important factor is
naturalcauses.Understoryandgroundcovervegetationisbeingdestroyedannuallybyfirein
dry season. The main cause of forest fire in the park is both intentional and non intentional.
Sometime,farmersusedfireforagriculturallandexpansionbyclearingthegroundvegetation
through burning. In some cases, forest fire started suddenly when farmers used the fire for
cookingofwildrootcropsinthepark,particularlybyGumuzpeople.

Theothermostimpressingthreatoftheparkvegetationislivestockintrusion.Mostofthelocal
community freely grazes their livestock mainly in the park buffer and development zones,
whereas some farmers are still entering into the core area with their livestock. The strong
problemofovergrazingiswhennomadicpeoplearecomingfromneighboringdistricts,regions
and country Sudan. The big threat goes to the Felata nomadic pastoralists who come from
SudanandotherwesternAfricancountries.TheFelatapeoplewiththeirmanycattlehavebeen
attractedtotheareawheretheycontinuedtoremainduringthedryseasontotaptheavailable
luxuriantvegetationinwetseasonforgrazing.

The other important factor is unwise utilization of the forest vegetation for construction, fire
wood, charcoal making, etc. The surprising part of the unwise utilization is expressed when
farmersusetheforestforfencingandfirewood.Thenaturalfactorswhicharebeingimpacting
the forest vegetation are flooding and sedimentation. The natural regeneration of seedlings is
highlyaffectedbyintensivefloodingandsedimentation.Theothernaturalfactoristhelongdry
season of the area. Some naturally regenerating seedlings couldnt stay live for this long dry
season.Thelongdryperiodisaggravatingthefirehazardwhichisayeartoyearphenomenon
inthepark.

The combined effect of both human and natural factors causes habitats fragmentation and
deteriorationofthenaturalfaceandunviablenumberofhigherfaunainallecosystems.

Forest fire: The vast majorities of the parks


vegetation fires are humancaused, and take
place in every direction of the park. They are
the result of the increasing human population
pressure on these areas where fire is being
used extensively as a land treatment tool, e.g.,
for conversion of forested lands into
agricultural lands; for maintaining grazing
lands;andforfacilitatingtheutilizationofnon
wood forest products of the seasonal forests
and savannas. Mostly forest fire is initiated by
Felatassincetheyareusingfireandburningthe
bush as a tool to protect reptiles, lions and
Fire around the Park
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leopards,andformaintainingthegrazingfeeds..

Respondents explain that the forest fire starts around December and waits until the end of
May.Inaddition,burningofforestsandothervegetationoftheparkthefiremayexertimpacts
at different levels on trees, herbs, any sort of wild life and flora and fauna. Smoke from large
scale fires also reduces safety of air, land; and may cause problems to human health. The
volume of the effects of the fire needs further study for it to be estimated in to monetary
values.

WatersheddegradationandErosion: ThemainenvironmentalchallengeintheEasternNileSub
basin is land degradation, which has major implications for agricultural productivity, water
quality, and biodiversity conservation. The most degraded parts of the Eastern Nile Basin are
theEthiopiahighlands.AlatishNationalparkisavictimofthisproblem.Landdegradationinthe
catchmentareasandrepeatedfiresincreasedratesoferosionandeventualsiltationofbedsof
seasonal wet lands (Mayas) of the Alatish National Park. Mayas (wet meadows) or natural
water collection points function as silt trapping sites since wetlands minimize the damage
duringthefloodstimeespeciallyduringhighfloodsi.e.thefloodplainhasahighrateofwater
retention.

It has been also observed as much soil erosion and sedimentation occurs in rivers of the park
dueprobablytodeforestationandrelatedfactorsinthecatchments.
Thisexcessiveerosionandsedimentationhavehadeffectontheecologyoftheparksuchas:
decreaseintheamountofriverdischarge
deterioration of the seasonal wetlands(Mayas) causing many of them to silt up to
almostcompletedryness
decreaseofthewaterandfoodsupplyavailabletowildlife

High Evapotranspiration /Water demand and low water development works: Alatish National
Parkislocatedinlowlyingarea,themeanaltituderangingfrom500maslaround(Alga)inthe
northernflatplainto900around(Tsequa)hillsinsouthernpartandthemaximumtemperature
Photo : The burned (left) and unburned (right) feature of woodland vegetation, Amijalla
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as high as 41.10 .The climate is characterized by two extremes moist cloudy wet (May to
October)andhotdry(DecembertoApril)seasons.
Ithasbeenobservedthatthereishighshortageofwaterintheparkduringthehotdryseasons
inthepark.Themajorityoftheriversandstreamgetdry.Thishasbeenidentifiedasamajor
challengetothepark,particularlyowningtothehighwaterdemandinthearea.Theproblemis
more chronic in the central part of the park as the smaller pools along the Alatish River and
othersmallerstreamsgetcompletelydryinMarchandApril.

Theavailabilityofawatersupplyadequateintermsofbothquantityandqualityisessentialfor
ahealthyconditionoftheparkthroughouttheyear.

Weak institutional and legal stabilization and implementation on resources conservation


management and control: This issue is manifested in its effects observed around the buffer
zone,andinsidetheparktosomeextent;forexample,peopleareobservedhavingfarmlands
aroundisinawayresourceswillbedepletedsoon.Inadditiontheguidelinesandprinciplesof
the park management applied now are not effective in a way the resources can be managed
sustainable. The legal framework and implementation is not again in away it can teach the
community and punish the people committing crime on resources .There is no a concrete
institutional guide line as to how to treat the external stakeholders like the Felata Nomads ,
andlocalherders,aslongastheyhaveanegativeeffect,andovercompetitionofresources.

The makeup and capacity of the institutional and legal framework of the Alatish Park office is
not again in a way it can control and manage the Park .So the grass root community is not
promoted towards the appropriate integrated conservation and use patternsalthough there
are efforts. All this verify, the institutional and legal frame work are not in a position to hand
over duties and responsibilities related to the park .hence the reformulation, and capacitating
oftheinstitutionalandlegalbodiesandstakeholderswillbevital

Weak institutional linkages and capacity of stakeholders: This is one of the critical issues that
need immediate intervention. The legal and institutional sectors are not clear on their
mandatesonthemanagementoftheparkandalsoWeakinstitutionallinkagesandcapacity.at
everylevelatworedaandkebelelevel

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Threatssummarized:

Table6Ecologicalunitsconservationtargets,threatandecologicallevels

No Ecological units
Conservationtargets
Threats Severity Scope Ranking Ecological
Levels
Poachingandovergrazing V.High V.high V.High
Habitatfragmentation V.High V.High V.High
Recurrentfire High V.High V.High
Seasonalwatershortage High V.High V.High
Habitatscompetition High High High

Ecosystemprocess
andanimals
movement
Cutoffmigratoryroute V.High V.High V.High
Hightemperatureindryseason High High High
Clear ground vegetation in hot
season
High High High
Riverinehabitatscompetition High V.High High
Nosurfacewaterindryseasonal V.High V.High V.High
Inaccessibleinwetseason Low Low Low
2
Seasonalvariabilityin
featuresofnatural
habitats
Extensivefloodinginwetseason Low Medium Low
HabitatCompetition V.High V.High V.High
Habitatfragmentation V.High V.High V.High
Poaching V.High V.High V.High
Overgrazing V.High V.High V.High

Riverineandseasonal
wetlands
Fire V.high High V.High
Fire V.High V.High V.High
Overgrazing V.High V.High V.High
Hunting V.High V.High V.High
Seasonalwatershortage V.High V.High V.High
Expansionofagriculturallands High Medium High

Woodedgrasslands
Deforestation High Low High

Ecosystems
Fire V.High V.High V.High
Seasonalwatershortage High High High
Habitatcompetition Medium Low Medium

Shrubandrocky
outcrophabitats
Deforestationandovergrazing High Medium High
Fire V.High V.High V.High
Smuggling Medium Low Medium
Poaching V.High High V.High
6 Foresthoneybee
Deforestation High V.High V.High
Fire V.High High High
Deforestation High Medium High
Overgrazing V.High V.High V.High

MixedBambooforest
Smuggling High Medium High
Fire V.High V.High V.High
Overgrazing High High High
Hunting High High High
Expansionofagriculturallands High Medium Medium
8 woodedgrassland
Deforestation High Low High
Fire V.High High High
Deforestation High Medium High
9 Adonsoniadigitata
Diza(Baobao)
Overgrazing V.High V.High V.High
Community

ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

75
No Ecological units
Conservationtargets
Threats Severity Scope Ranking Ecological
Levels
Smuggling High Medium High
Poaching V.High High V.High
Habitatcompetition V.High V.High V.High
unviablepopulation V.High V.High V.High
Overgrazing V.High V.High V.High

10

AfricanElephant
Fire V.High V.High V.High
Poaching V.High V.High V.High
Seasonalwatershortage V.High V.High V.High
Overgrazing V.High V.High V.High
Fire Medium High High

11

Ungulates
unviablepopulation V.High V.High V.High
Fire High High High
Smuggling Medium Low Medium
Deforestation Low Low Low

12
Boswelliapapyrifera
andAcaciaSpp.
Overuse Low Low Low
Unimprovedfishingtechniques High Medium High
Unselectivefishing V.High High V.High
Smuggling High High High
Lowincome V.High High High
13 Fish
Lowfoodhabit High High High

Species
key
Threatlevel(Overall) Veryhigh High Medium Low
Severity (level of
damage)
Destroy or illuminate
ecologicalcomponent
Seriously degrade
ecological
components
Moderately Degrade Ecological
Components
Slightly Impair
Ecological
Components
Scope(SpatialExtent) Very widespread or
prevalenceon75%of
thepark
Widespread on 50
75%ofthepark
Localized in distinct and limited
spot
Verylocalized

Source:Ecologicalanalysisreportoftheteam

ReasonsforsomeoftheProblemstohappen:

Population pressure: The adjacent areas and PAs to Alatish National Park , are amongst the
mostpopulatedareasatthemomentandwillbehighlypopulatedduetomigrationandnatural
increase effects As explained in the population section the people will about 81939 from the
current status with out considering the migration rate ,hence including 0.25 % migration the
people will be 1544644 in 2015 and 5429242 in 2030. The 1994 population census indicated
densitiesat0.043people/hainQuara,Thesedensitieswhichwereveryminimalandbellow1
hascometo0.101/harightnowandwillbe1.91/hain2015,and7/hain2030

The population growth especially related to migration is due to the highly fertile soils and
climatethatenablefarmingtotakeplacehighvaluecashcropstobeharvestedeachyear.This
demand is going to result on expansion of farm lands both in the buffer zone and inside the
park.

ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

76
As population increases, land and other essential resources will become scarce, causing the
dependence of the people on the park resources to increase. This willled to an increased and
unsustainable use, through legal exploitation in forest reserves and illegal access in national
parks, of resources such as bush meat, timber, poles and stakes, fuelwood, honey and
bamboo.
Nearby villagization: During the settlement undertaken from 1995 to 1999, the parks actual
demarcationwasnotundertaken.Thishascausedeithertheretobeanoverlappingwithfarm
lands and the demarcated buffer zone or the park, or the villages to be very near by to the
villages.ForinstancevillageBermillisonly25Kmradiusesfromthepark.Thiswillhaveeffect
peopletosimplyflowtotheparktoaccessresources;thisisactuallyhappeningrightnow.On
theMarwehaPA,thereisstillthiskindofproblem,andhencetheyhavingfarmlandsinsidethe
park.

Monetary reasons: People in the adjacent PAs and the International nomads are affecting the
parkformonetaryreasons.Someoftheexamplesareskinsandhidesoflionsandleopards,and
reptiles, ivory of the elephant, eggs of the ostrich can be sold with high price especially to
Sudan.Thesepromotethemtodoso.

Demand and Collection of Forest Products: In addition to wildlife, forest trees products are
needed .Some of these are bamboos for house constructions, Oxytenanthera abyssinica stick
(shimel), Lalu fruit is sold to Sudan, and some other products too are demanded this promote
themtoaffectthepark.

Lack of a Homogenous Community: In analyzing the population figures, large and growing
percentageofthepopulationaremigrants(39%)ishighlysignificanttothisstudyonanumber
of levels. It illustrates that the community is not homogenous, being made up of people
throughout the Woreda, and implies that the majority migrant population do not have a
historicalclaimtothearea,onlyarecentone.ItsuggeststhatwhilsttheParkforestsmayhave
been well conserved in the past by the Gumuz people , that the arrival of people without a
historicalconnectiontothelandislikelytoleadtoareducedinterestinconservingthearea

Lack of Training and Awareness: Whichever forest park regime is developed for a given area,
whetheracommunitymanagementaspectisagreed,orwhethercommunitiesarerequiredto
becomebettercustodiansofthepark,acontinuedprogrammeofparkconservationeducation
andawarenessrisingwillbeessential.

Educationlevelsamongstthemajorityofthecommunitiesunderstudyaretypicallyofprimary
school level or illiterates. Therefore, any education campaign needs to take into account the
levels of knowledge and skills required to clearly present the complex issues around forest
management,maintaininglevelsofbiodiversity,conservingexistingecologiesandhydrology.

The current level of awareness regarding park conservation is generally limited to basic
understanding for many as the majority of community members are farmers by chosen
livelihood activity rather than foresters. Where it is expected that communities, or
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

77
representatives of communities, are to become forest managers, part of patrol teams, or
committee members responsible for giving environmental education themselves, it is
reasonable to expect that training will be required by experienced technical staff via the park
office, government or NGOs. Clear targets should be set to make Parkadjacent communities
awareofthebenefitsandvaluesoftheforest,aswellasmanagementtechniques.

Lackoflegalstabilizationandlawenforcement:Thiscauseisbelievedtohelpillegalactorson
theparktocontinueastheyweredoingbefore.Henceifitwillhavewellestablishedlegaland
enforcementsystem,thiswillhelptostopillegalactionsontheparktosomeextent.

Table7Ecosystemthreatsanalysisandmitigatingmeasures

Source:Ecologicalanalysisreportoftheteam
No Threats Dominantly
affected
(ecosystem
components)
Spatial
coverage
(ThreatZone)
Coststo
rehabilit
ate
Solution/Controlling
mechanisms
Opportunity Trends
(Threat
status)
1 Poaching
and
encroachme
nt
RSWE,SSEand
MWGE
Allareasofthe
park
V.high Minimizinghuman
intervention
SelfRegulating
/Rehabilitant
ecosystems
Increasin
g
2 Seasonal
overgrazing
MWGE,RSWE Allareasofthe
park
High ProhibitingFellata
nomadsfromentrance
Seasonal
entrance(in
October)
Slightly
decreasi
ng
3 Habitats
competition
RSWE CentralAlatish
Indryseason
High Diggroundwaterin
differentareas
Presencesof
near
underground
water
Increasin
g
4 Incomplete
Ecosystem
Riverinehabitats AlongGelegu
andAyima
V.high Establishingtransregional
boundarypark
Interestof
Villagersin
Beshanegul
Gumuz
Increase
5 Migration
routecut
MWGE Centraland
Northern
High Blockingentranceroute Knownand
definitetimeof
entrance
Slightly
decrease
6 Recurrent
Fire
RSWE,SSEand
MWGE
Allareasofthe
park
High DevelopFirebreak Establishedroad
designedand
reducefuelload
Increase
d
7 Unviable
population
size
HigherMammals
andplants
Allparts High Minimizehumanand
domesticstock
intervention
Fast
Rehabilitationof
habitatsand
reproduction
rate
Slightly
decreasi
ng
8 Deforestatio
n
MWGE,SSE Nearvillages High Rehabilitateonbuffer
zone
Sustainableuse
ofbufferzone
Increase
d
9 Seasonal
water
shortage
MWGE,SSE Woodedand
scrublands
V.High Driveoutgroundwater Neardistanceof
availableground
water
Increasin
g
10 Foresthoney
collection
SSE,MWGE Easternand
central
High Haneybeerearingin
bufferzone
Similarhabitat
forhoneybee
Increasin
g
11 Hunting SSE,MWGE,SSE Allpartofthe
park
V.High Minimizehuman
interference
Education,
Monitoring
Patrol
Slightly
decrease
d
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2.5CurrentmanagementstatusofALNP

Atthemomentthereisnomanagementorstrategicplan.Whatisbeingdoneissimplyhaving
yearly plans having a sort of activities like monitoring, awearing the local community and
implementing in a way it can help the conservation of resources. . All these activities and the
parkmanagementaresolelyimplementedbyALNPOffice,locatedinGelegu,andbyassistances
formtheWoredaInstitutionsandANRSPaDPA.

Alatish National Park Office: The Alatish National Park Office is established on June 1998 EC
(2006) , for executing every duties and responsibilities of the Park. The park officially
inaugurated in June 2006 employing not more than 30 workers. Currently ALNP has a total of
62working forcesthatcompriseof45maleand17female.73employeeswereplannedtobe
recruitedin2009/2010budgetyearoutof82employsproposedasrequiredatvariouslevelson
entirecarrierstructureofparkoffice.Theparkhasawarden,onetechnicalteamleader,three
field biologists and, one planner, legal officer, one chief, six scout and forty field guards. The
administration staff comprised one administrator, one audit, one finance expert, one casher,
one store man and one driver. Due to remoteness and uncomforted climate the park office is
sufferfromexpertsturnover.Among17employeesin2007/2008tenareleaved.

Currently,theparkmainofficehasrentaltwoblockswitheightofficesandadequatefurniture.
Its own two block ground plus one main park office construction sits at Gelegu given to
contractorandexpectedtobefinishedinthenext10months.Theparkofficeisguidedbyclose
supervision and follows up from PaDPA regional authority and Quara Woreda administration
council.PaDPAistryingtorecruitadditionalhumanpowerandarrangesthenecessarybudget
hopefully at the end of 2008. One expert has got long term training in Austria in park
management in postgraduate level. One expert returned from Tanzania wildlife one year
training and hopefully the available man power can execute wildlife monitoring and senses,
abundance,migratoryroutsandseasonalviabilityassessmentanddevelopmentactivities.

In terms of facility, the new main office with ground plus one two block buildings are now
under construction at Gelegu capital of Quara. . It has one single cup Toyota pick up car,2
electric generators ,2 desktop computers a laptop , and office furniture, 5 radio
comunicatoion,4handdugwaterwells,4scouthousesand43guns.

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Park Warden
Finance
&Purchasing
WildlifeDevt,
Protection and
Utilization Team
Plan and
Programme
HRD head
Wildlife Utilization Finance
Administration
Taxidermist
Officer Cashier Purchaser Wildlife Devet an
d Protection
Legal Officer
Wildlife health
Officer
Scout Head
Ecologist
Zoologist
Community
Devt Officer
Scout and
Field Gourds
Reception
Fig:CurrentadministrativestructureofALNP

The Kebele institutional framework around the park: The capacity and efficiency of the
administrative and political structures to undertake development programs, conservation of
resources,goodfiscalmanagementandservicedeliverysystemsatkebelelevelisbasedonthe
kebele Administration system as a head and other sectoral nominees at kebele level as a
development facilitator which is adopted from Woreda decentralized way of administration.
Henceatkebelelevel,themaininstitutionalentityincludes;theKebeleAdministrationwhichis
thesuperiorstructureandresponsibleforallpolitical,economic,socialandotherdevelopment
responsibilities.ItisadecentralizedstructureoftheGovernmentsadministrativesystemwhich
is next to the Wordeda administration. It is based on the cabinet system, of which the Kebele
cabinet members are Chair person of the Kebele , vice chair(head of rural Development),
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

80
Information head, Youth and sports head, Womens Affairs, Health ,capacity building and
,JusticeandSecurityAffairshead.

Fig: Current Organizational


structureofAlitashNationalPark
Office

The leading role and the day to


day routine and technical tasks
oftheparkmanagementislied
on the adjacent Kebele
administrations mobilized by
scoutsinthenearbyofthem

Park Management taskforce: In


addition to the government
entities, the park office has
formulated the task force both
attheWoredaandKebelelevelwhichisbelievedtoassistanorganizedparkmanagementand
sharingresponsibilities.

TheWoredaparkmanagementtaskforceincludes
- WoredaAdministration
- OfficeofAgricultureandruraldevelopment
- WomenandyouthAffairsOffice
- Justice,andAdministration
- Police
- MilitiaOffice
- InformationOffice
- Supremecourt
TheKebeleparkmanagementtaskforceincludes

KebeleAdaptation
- 2Developmentagents
- WomenandyouthAffairsrepresentative
- Justice,andAdministration
- Elderlyrepresentative
- Religiousleader
- Schoolclubs
The primary task of these taskforce is to directly involve on planning, and implementation of
theparkandtakinganyactionsrelatedtotheiroriginalresponsibility.


TheALNPOffice
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PARTTWO:THEALATISHNATIONALPARKGENERALMANAGMNETPLAN








































PARTTWO
THEALATISHNATIONALPARKGENERALMANAGMNETPLAN






THEMES

INTRODUCTION
GMPPLANVISIONANDOBJECTIVES
THEGMPPLANNINGMETHODS
GENERALGUIDINGPRINCIPLESFORMANAGINGTHEALNP
ZONATIONOFALNP
THEGMPMANAGEMENTPROGRAMMES
NaturalResourcesdevelopmentManagementProgramme
o WildlifeResourcesManagementsubProgramme
o VegetationResourcesManagementsubProgramme
o WaterResourcesManagementsubProgramme
EcosystemsandBiodiversityConservationprogramme
TourismculturalheritageandrecreationManagement
Programme
CommunityDevelopmentManagementProgramme
Supportsystemsprogramme
CrosscuttingissuesManagementProgramme

OBJECTIVE:
TodisplaythemainManagementprogrammes,strategiesandactions
asabasisfortheManagementandconservationofALNPResources

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I.INTRODUCTION

1.1VisionofAlatishnationalpark

The vision is a prediction of what the Park will look like in the long term future, as a result of
effective management. It is ambitious, extending well beyond the 10 year span of the
ManagementPlanofALNP,butitisnotoutofreach.Itisbasedonthespecialqualitiesofthe
National Park and takes account of the objectives, strategies and guiding principles outlined.
ThereforethevisionsfortheAlatishNationalParkwillbe;

Inthecomingnearfuture,allassociatesofALNPwanttoandwillsee:

TheAlatishNationalPark:
StandingasapremierexampleofnaturalEthiopia;
A sanctuary for a diversity of nationally and internationally, and transboundarly
importantnativeplants,animalsandnaturalfeatures.
The place where important natural resources are well protected with threatened flora
and fauna species and associated habitats continuing to receive special protection as
necessarytomaintainviablepopulations.
Ahealthyecosysteminwhichresidentsandvisitorsenjoyavarietyoflifestylesthathave
minimalimpactonnatural,cultural,social,andeconomicresourcesandvalues.
Afuturevisitorwillfindalargeuntrackedsubalpinelandscapewherenaturalprocesses
continuetooperate.
AconservedandenhancedParkwherethenaturalbeautyandqualityofitslandscapes,
itsbiodiversity,tranquility,culturalheritageandthesettlementswithinitcontinuetobe
valuedfortheirdiversityandrichness.
ALNP will be a welcoming Park where people and stakeholders from all parts of the
worldhavetheopportunitytovisit,appreciate,understand,enjoy,andbenefit,fromits
specialqualities.
1.2Objectivesofmanagement
1.2.1GeneralObjectives

The primary management objective for Alatish National Park has been defined as: To
conserve, preserve manage and enhance the natural, physical, ecological and cultural
resources of Aatish National Park for the benefit of present future, generations; and
local,RegionalNationalandInternationalcommunities.
I: INTRODUCTION
ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

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1.2.2ParkSpecificObjectives

Management objectives in ALNP are specifically defined in five broad groups, Environmental
(conservation) Economic, Communitybased, .and Access/utilization administration,
objectives

1.Environmentalobjectives:
To preserve in their natural state, as far as possible, the landscapes, indigenous
ecosystemsandnaturalfeaturesofAlatishNationalPark.
Maintaining current biodiversity, and restoring former species if appropriate habitats
canbeavailable
Assuringsustainablehabitatsforcurrentpopulationsofwildlife
RegeneratingfloraconsumedbyNomadscattleandwildfireinthePark
Protectthenaturalresourcesfromillegaluse
Ensurethatlegaluseofnaturalresourcesissustainable
Developaneffectivewatermanagementplanwhichhelpsthewildanimals
Developandimplementanappropriatefiremanagementplan
Enhancemonitoringandresearch

2.Economicobjectives:
Finding revenue streams to support park management expenses and improvement of
localcommunities
Improve the quality of life in the development areas by encouraging and advising
communitiesontourismdevelopmentswiththeirareas
Enable local people to benefit from the areas natural resources by allowing controlled
andregulatedaccess.
3.Communitybasedobjectives:
Topromoteopportunitiesfortheunderstandingandenjoymentofthespecialqualities
bythepublic.
Involvinglocalpeopleinmanagement
Sharingtourismrevenuewithlocalcommunitiestoenhancetheirlifestyles
Educating local people on the value of Alatish National Park as a national global
resource
encouragementofpublicuseandenjoymentofreservesandeducationinandaproper
understandingandrecognitionoftheirpurposeandsignificance
4.Access/utilizationobjectives:
Institutinginfrastructureandregulationstoprotectthepark
Improvingvisitingexperiencesanddisseminationofinformationonconservationofthe
parksfloraandfauna
DisseminatinginformationonALNPsspeciesandresourcemanagement

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5.Administrationobjectives:

Ensurethatstaffinglevels,expertiseandmotivationareadequate
Provideappropriateinfrastructureandequipmentforeffectivemanagementofthearea
ImprovecommunicationsatVillage,DistrictandRegionallevels
1.3Theplanningprocessandapproach:
ThisisdeltinpartoneofthisGMP,andcanbereferredonsection1.5partI
1.4Managementdirections&guidingprinciplesformanagingtheALNP

The Management directions are the guiding principles that the Park has to follow for proper
managementofthenatural,social,economicandculturalresources.Theyhavebeenprepared
intermsoftheestablishmentactNoNo38/2005andotherlegislationlistedinthisGMP.More
over the preparation is based within the context of the GMP plan as a whole. The content of
this guiding principles show some of them are promoting, some others discouraging or
prohibiting.Theyhavebeendesignedthiswayforamatterofconservationandsustainabilityof
theALNP. Overall,theseKeyPrincipleswhattheAlatishNationalpark managementplanscall
have been developed to provide a set of guiding ideals to which all relevant partners and
stakeholders can sign up. These lists displayed below are not comprehensive rather they are
startupsandneedsfurtherinclusionasnecessaryduringimplmentation.

TheMajormanagementdirectionsareoutlinedbelow.

Managementprinciplesfornaturalresourcesvaluesconservation
GeneralPrinciples

Naturalprocesses,includingcompetition,predation,recruitmentanddisturbance,shall
be protected to ensure an overall benefit to the biodiversity and variety of ecological
communitiesinAlatishNationalPark.

Identified threats to the park shall be minimised through addressing the outcomes of
ongoingmonitoring,riskassessmentand,wherefeasible,complementaryadjacent,and
transboundrymanagement.

Compliance with legislated provisions that prohibit extractive activities, including over
fishing, will be ensured through education, information, interpretation, community
support,andimprovedsurveillanceandenforcement.

Impacts of changes to water resources shall be minimised through cooperation with


catchmentsmanagersandnaturalresourcespecialistsandotherrelevantagencies.

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Researchandmonitoringtoimprovethescientificbasisformanagement,includingbase
line data collection habitat mapping and threat assessment, shall be undertaken as
outlinedinthisGMPofALNP

SpecificPrinciples
IndigenousPlantsandwildlife
Preserveindigenousplantsandanimals,asfaraspossible,intheirnaturalstate.
Undertake intensive management and implement predator control and similar
measures, where required, to protect and enhance the survival of threatened species
whileensuringthattheparksnaturalandhistoricvaluesarenotundermined.
Acknowledge the cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association of the Gumuz
society and others when managing indigenous plants and animals have particular
regardtotheresources

IntroducedPlantsandAnimals
Eliminateorcontrolallwillbeintroducedplantslikelytomodifythenaturalvegetation
oranynaturalfeatureofthepark.
Conductregularweedsurveillancewithinthepark.
Eliminate or control animal pests in and adjacent to the park in accordance with GMP
context,asthosemethodsareconsistentwiththeobjectivesandstrategiesofthisplan.
Permit and actively encourage the termination or control of animal pests in the park
through the concessions process to the extent that the methods of control are
consistentwiththeobjectivesandpoliciesofthisplan.

Activelyseektopreventtheintroductionorfurtherspreadofplantandanimalpestsin
thepark.

DomesticAnimals

Excludedomesticanimalsentranceespeciallyinthebiodiversityandrecreationzoneof
theparkotherthanthoseauthorisedforspecialpurposes.
FisheryManagement:
Over, illegal, and traditional fishing shall be changed in to modern and proven
techniquesforbetterconservationofthespecies.

SurfaceWaterUse
PreventandcontrolanyirrigationschemesonriversborderingandcrossingthePark,
andusethemonlyfordrinkingwaterschemes
FireControlandPrevention
Makeeveryefforttopreventorextinguishallfireswithinorthreateningthepark,other
thanthosepermittedbythenationalparkbylaws.
Prohibitthelightingofopenfiresinthepark,ifsohavestronglegalmeasures

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ManagementprinciplesforSocioculturalandHistoricResourcesvaluesconservation
The Traditional and local community cultural tradition, interests and rights in the park
andaspirationsforthepark,shallbereflectedintheparksplanningandmanagement,
andimplementation,inaccordancewithlegislationandpolicies.
Research into indigenous and historic cultural heritage of the park, including places,
objects and cultural wisdom will be encouraged and supported as appropriate in
conjunctionwiththerelevantindigenousandwidercommunities.
Historic relics, objects, sites, and sites of significance, including the Emperor Haile
Silasies Diza palace shall be conserved by protecting them from damaging or
inappropriateactivities.
Indigenous cultural tradition relating to local community especially the Gumz shall be
respected,promotedandinterpretedinaccordancewiththenorms.

Managementprinciplesforparkvisitors
GeneralPrinciples
Visitorswillhaveopportunitiestolearnabouttheparkanditsspecialvalues.
Visitorunderstandingandappreciationoftheparksnaturalandculturalvaluesshallbe
enhanced by a range of information services and interpretation and education
programs.
Historic cultural values and places, including the emperors Diza Palace, will be
interpretedtoreflectthehistorictheme
Visitors will be encouraged to adopt minimalimpact techniques and to adhere to
industrydevelopedstandardsappropriatetotheiractivity.
SpecificPrinciples
Access
Publicaccessanduseoftheparkconsistentwith:thepreservationandprotectionofthe
parks landscapes, natural features, biological processes and plant and animal life shall
befostered;
Conflict between different visitor groups shall be minimized and safely visit have to be
organized;

The appropriateness of the facility development for the visitor management setting
shouldbeconsidered;
RecreationalActivities
recreationalactivitiestotheextentthattheyareconsistentwiththepreservationofthe
park,theobjectivesandotherpoliciesofthisplan,relevantlegislationandparkbylaws
havetobeAllowed
arangeofvisitorfacilitiesthatenablevisitorstoexperienceandappreciatethenatural
andhistoricfeaturesandculturalvaluesoftheparkhavetobeProvided.
Interpretation
Visitorinformation,Interprettheparksnatural,culturalandhistoricresourcesina
mannerthatpromotesrespectforparkvaluesandtheconservationmanagement
activitiesundertakenbytheALNPhavetobeprovided.
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87
Sightseeing,PicnickingCampingandVehicles
Camping in the park, in accordance with park bylaws, except within areas where
camping must be prohibited ( in core zone) to avoid the deterioration of the parks
natural, historic and cultural resources, or within intense interest sites have to be
permitted.
huts shall be permitted in exceptional circumstances which may include, long based
researches:
Prohibittheuseofvehiclesintheparkotherthanallowedforspecialpurposes

GuidingGeneral:
Considerapplicationsforguidingconcessionswithintheparksubject,butnotlimitedto,
atoneguideperguidedgroupshouldholdarelevantguidesability,whererelevant,to
provideaccurateinterpretationonparkvalues.

ManagementprinciplesforStructuralfacilities:Privateandcommercialactivities

CustomaryUseandAccessibility
Customaryuseortakeofindigenousplantsandanimalswillnotbepermittedfromthe
park unless for scientific purposes, and they have been proven as they are very
abundant

PromotionalActivitiesandFilming
All filming within the park for commercial purposes requires a special consideration by
authoritiesbasedonthelegislation

ResearchandVisitorMonitoring
All research to be undertaken within the park requires permit other than that
specificallyforparkmanagementpurposes
Undertaking research, in accordance with relevant legislation, for the benefit of park
management and/or knowledge in general, provided that such research does not
detractfromtheprotectionoftheparksnatural,historicandculturalvalueshavetobe
encouraged.

GrazingandStockFencing
TheparksnaturalandhistoricresourceshavetobeProtectedfromanyadverseeffects
ofgrazinghencegrazingshouldbeprohibitedinsidethepark
MiningOperations
Mining Operations will not be applied as they will have serious effect on Natural
resources.
DonotPermitgravel,sandandrockremovalfromsiteswithintheparkfortheessential
constructionandmaintenance
UtilitiesandEasements

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No private Utilities and Easements ,buildings should be allowed inside the park for the
parkssafety
NewandExistingBuildings
Ensure that, where buildings are necessary in the park, they are compatible with and
appropriate to the landscape and visitor management setting in which they are to be
located.
Requirenewpublicbuildingsadjacenttoparkroadstoprovideaccessandbasicfacilities
forthedisabled.
Roading
roadworksshouldbebuiltwithintheparkwheretheadverseeffectsareassessedtobe
minimalrealignments
ManagementofAdverseEffects
Avoid,remedyormitigatetheadverseeffectsofactivitiesanddevelopmentscarriedout
withintheparktoensurethattheprimaryobjectivestheplanareachieved.

ManagementprinciplesforNeighborhoods

BoundariesandLandAdditions
Ensure that park boundaries remain consistent with the requirements of the ALNP
establishmentactNoNo38/2005
RecognisethatotherlandsadjoiningtheparkespeciallytheBenishangulGumuzsideare
ofhighconservationvalueandcouldbesuitablenationalparkadditions.

ManagementprinciplesforWorkingwithstakeholders

GeneralPrinciples
Friends, volunteers, indigenous and other community groups will be encouraged and
supportedtoparticipateinareasofparkmanagementthatrelatetotheirinterests.
An awareness and understanding of the park and its management, and a sense of
custodianship,willbeencouragedamonglocalcommunitiesandvisitors.
A strong collaborative relationship will be developed with the relevant indigenous
communities to facilitate the reflection of their cultural wisdom, and interests, rights
andaspirationsintheparksplanningandmanagement.
Strong relationships will be developed and maintained with people, groups and
communities with strong connections with or interests in the park, as a basis for
encouragingappropriateparticipationintheparksmanagement.
There will be ongoing opportunities for individuals, groups, communities and
governmentagenciestodiscussaspirationsandissuesofmutualconcernrelatingtothe
park.
Collaborativepartnershipswillbeestablishedwithrelevantagenciestoensureongoing
complianceandfutureprotectionofthepark

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SpecificPrinciples
StakeholdersRelationship
Establish and maintain effective working relationships with those organizations that
have a permissible role and those organizations, local communities and the general
publicwheretheywillplayaroleinpreservationandprotectionofnatural,historicand
landscape
AdjacentUses
To liaise with and seek the cooperation of adjoining landowners, the BGRS, Dindir
national Park to cooperate and minimise the impact of activities that may be
detrimentaltothepark.
ManagementprinciplesforimplementingtheGeneralManagementPlan
Consider management frameworks and guidelines in terms of new information on a
continuousbasisandamendasnecessary.
Reviewthismanagementplannotlaterthan10yearsfromitsdateofapproval.

Usepublicrelationtoolsincludingnewsletters,publicnoticesandareaofficeopendays
toensurethattheparkresourcesspecialqualitiesarekeptwellinformed.


























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1.5managementZonationofALNP

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The diversity of natural heritages, complex management techniques, multiplicity of economic
andcommunityaswellasnaturalnessimpactsaretheprincipalmanagementissuesinthepark.
These principal governing issues lead develop functional zoning dividing the area in different
protection.ALNPzoningindifferentregionshelptoresolveparkhumanconflictandimproves
implementationofsuitableandeffectivemanagementactionsandactivities.

The main zoning features identifiedduring fieldassessmentwere functional zoning identifying


areas of consecutive coverage and suitability for decision making. Spatial intervention to
implement activities desired to apply within and around the park through participatory
approach. This zoning system helps to develop frameworks that guide to address diverging
management and utilization needs of biodiversity conservation (Ervin.J.2003). It also helps for
sustainableregulation,utilizationandpromotingtourismvaluesforlocalcommunities.Itlargely
assists localcommunityand parkauthorities todevelop suitable and agreed management and
sustainableutilizationtechniques(Abrahametal2008).

Basedonprotected`areasthatpermittoconservebiodiversity,infrastructuredevelopmentand
sustainable resource use three management zone categories have been identified for
applicationinALNPaspartofmultiplezoningschemedefinedasbiodiversityconservationand
recreation, buffer zone and development zone. Delineated management zone are used to
improveERVsofthepark.
1.5.1Biodiversityconservationandrecreationzone(BDCRZ)
This management zone incorporate areas presently referred to as the core area of ALNP that
comprises 2,665.7 Sq km. It is set aside primarily for the conservation of biodiversity and for
tourism use. This zone includes ERVs need to be strictly protected. It is owned by park
authorities designated for protection and conservation of biological and physical resources,
used for recreational (tourism), scientific research, ecological, economical and social benefits
withnotmorethan10%oftheareausedforinfrastructureandfacilities(road,postsites,camp
sites and recreational view points and water sources) construction on sites that are carefully
selected.Thisinsuresmanagementandutilizationeffectivenessinbiodiversityconservationfor
sustainable use in tourism. This zone is managed to attain IUCN protected area category II
managementobjectives.
1.5.2Bufferzone(BZ):
This zone comprises an area between biodiversity conservation and recreation zone and
developmentzonedelineatedasintegratedresourceusezone.Itcoverstwotofivekilometers
away from biodiversity conservation and recreation zone (core area) boarder. It is protected
for sustainable resource management and utilization collaboration with the communities. The
utilization and management systems are decided by park authorities, communities and other
relevant stakeholders with collaborative efforts and consensus according to a set of both
conservationanddevelopmentorientedguidelinesandprescription.

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Major activities going on in this management zone are sustainable grazing, forest honey
collection, dried bamboo, frankincense, gum, grasses, construction and farm implement
materials collection, wild animal ranching and related community based ecotourism centers
including private lodges. Moreover, it serves as the demonstration site for natural vegetation
and indigenous plants aforestation schemes education site for proper protection and
utilization.

BufferzonesinALNPpresentlyfoundonlyinSouthEast,East,NorthEastandNorthpartsofthe
park.AyimaRiverisborderingsouthandsoutheastcoreareaoftheparkwithBeshangulgumuz
Regional State which may have possible extension in this side to include complete riverine
ecosystemwithrequiredbufferzone.WesternpartisdirectlyboardedwithDNPinSudan.
1.5.3Developmentzone(DZ):

Thismanagementzonereferredascommunityusezone.Itisfoundnexttobufferzone.Mainly
involvesthewholeKebeleborderingtheparkandresidences.Thiszoneisentirelyusedbylocal
communities and owned for crop, animal, fruits, agro forestry practices and commercial
farmingsitesincludingsitesforsettlementandcommunalgrazing.Utilizationandmanagement
system is exclusively decided by the community as well as the individual he/she owned that
plot of land. Park authorities support the community livelihood maintenance that can reduce
their impact on the park. Major activities in this management zone are community awareness
creation schemes, sustainable tourism options, and ecotourism facilities, traditional and
economical contribution and overall value of the park disseminated for the local communities
andtheircontributionforthewellbeingoftheparkcouldbeshown.

Buffer and development zone are not found in park areas bordering Beshanegul Gumze and
Sudan. These areas could be delineated as transitional zone negotiation with BGRS and for
Transboundary Natural Resources Management Area as Alatish Dindir with Sudan. These
national and regional boarder areas are directly linked with core areas of the park.
ImplementationoftheseoptionsasTransRegionalandTransboundaryhelpsfortheattainment
ofconservationobjectivesoftheparkandcontributeforERVsprotectioneffectiveness.

These management zones require prescriptions and guidelines for each of those zone types
developed by the planning team. The final listing of prescriptions for the zones and complete
demarcation of buffer and development zones and transregional and transboundary requires
thecommunityconsultationandnegotiationwithBGRSandDNPofSudan.Thiswillbedonein
thefirsttwotothreeyearsduringtheimplementationofmanagementplan.

Management targets that are especially important in each zone and the management
prescriptionsandguidelinesdesignedtofulfillthesetargetsaredescribedasdevelopedinthis
GMPthefollowingway;

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Table8Prescriptiveguidelineforcollaborativemanagementzones
Permissible Permissibleundercertaincondition Prohibited
BiodiversityConservation
andRecreationzone
(BDCRZ)
BufferZone(BZ) DevelopmentZone(DZ)
Areas or features of management
zone
CoreareaofALNPthat
comprises2,665.7Sqkm
delineatedforbiodiversity
conservationandtourism
withassociatedfacilities
andinfrastructure
Naturalareasfound
betweenBDCRZ)and
BZ.Itcovers15km
awayfromBDCRZ
(corearea)Withno
settlementand
cultivation
Villagesaroundthebuffer
zoneBayiwa,Bambahoo,
BemurDerahasen,
Mehadid,Geraram,
Bermel,GumzWuha
Marwuhaandvicinities.
Entirelyusedbythe
community
Managementguidelinesprescription
Usesandmanagementtargets BDPRZ BZ DZ
Tourism and recreation with
associatedinfrastructures

Investmentintourismfacilities

Research

Settlement
Construction of social services
(Schools,clinicwater)

Traditional/ Cultural ceremonial
places

Bamboocollection
Gumandfrankincensecollection
Cattlegrazing
Cuttingandcarryingofgrassesduring
dry(Drought)season

Construction of water ponds water
harvest

Commercial cattle rearing by local
community

Farming
Firewoodcollection Domestic

Collection of row materials wild fruits


andbarks
notcommercial

Collectionofmedicinalplants

Collectionofsandsandgravels
Wildhoneycollection
Charcoalmaking
Afforestation (Indigenousspecies)

Hunting
Wildliferanching
Fishing subsistence

Beekeeping
Preventionofdiseaseandvaccine

Firing withprescription


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II.THEGMPMANAGEMENTPROGRAMMES











































II.THEGMPMANAGEMENTPROGRAMMES

MP1:NATURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME
MP2:ECOSYSTEMSANDBIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME
MP3:TOURISMCULTURALHERITAGEANDRECREATION
MANAGEMENTPROGRAMME
MP4:COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME
MP5:SUPPORTSYSTEMSPROGRAMME
MP6:CROSSCUTTINGISSUESPROGRAMME

The primary Programme Management objective for Alatish National Park


has been defined as: To conserve ,preserve manage and enhance the
natural,physical,ecologicalandculturalresourcesofAatishNationalPark
forthebenefitofpresentfuture,generations;andlocal,RegionalNational
andInternationalcommunities.

GeneralProgrammesobjective

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MP1NATURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME








































MP1NATURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENTPROGRAMME

SUBPROGRAMMES
WildlifeResourcesManagementsubProgramme
VegetationResourcesManagementsub
Programme
WaterResourcesManagementsubProgramme








To improve the structure, function, and spatial distribution of the park
vegetation and maintain the forest ecosystem healthy and productive, and
contributetotheattainmentofthegoaloftheparkmanagementplan.
To realize, monitor, manage and conserve Diversity, distribution and relative
abundanceofmajorwildanimalswiththeirecologicallinkageandprocessesof
theANPbyalleviatingmajorthreatsandensurecontinuingsustainabilityofthe
ecosystem.
To develop the sustainable and integrated use of water and related natural
resourcestopursuetheoverallobjectiveofthepark.

GeneralProgrammeobjectives

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1.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND

while all comprehensive details are explained in part one as a background for this GMP; for
thesakeofquickreferenceandstartupofobjectives,strategiesandactionsinthisProgramme
someofthesummarizedideas,issues,andopportunitiesarebroughthere.Thisapproachwill
beappliedfornextprogrammestoo.

TheALNPhaveavarietyoffaunaandflorawhichrequireconservation.Alatishisespeciallyrich
in reptile diversity like , African rock python, Monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, Black mamba &
Blanding tree snake are some. It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata
africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant
Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros. The vegetation type in general is
undifferentiatedmosaicscatteredwoodedgrasslands.Themaintreespeciesintheareainclude
Cobmretum spp, Gardenia ternifora, Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia spp, Balanites aegyptica,
Adonsonia digitata, Intada Africana and Terminalia laxiflorous and common grass species like
Hyperrheniaspp,SorghumsppandPennisitumspp.

ALNPconsistsofnaturalvegetationtype,whichischaracterizedbyvarioustypesofwoodlands
with undifferentiated vegetation cover. Alatish has unique biotypes which are not included in
any of protected areas of the country that consist of Sudan Guinea Biome. Permanent rivers
borderingtheparklikeAymaandGeleguprovide,waterandhabitatforfisheryresourcestothe
localcommunitiesbesidesbeingthemainwatersourcesofpeopleandanimals.

Regardless of ALNP consists of natural or near natural vegetation type, which is characterized
by various types of river sides, valleys, woodlands, fauna and flora ,I t does not have any
managementplanandstrategyforconservationofsuchvaluableresources.Therefore,itneeds
close management attention and to develop cooperative management systems with different
stakeholdersforresourcesthatAlatishNationalParkcomprisesthatcrossesnationalboundary
and extending to Sudans Dinder National Park. This programme is then designed for effective
conservationandsustainableutilizationoftheseresources.












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1.1WILDLIFERESOURCESMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME
1.1.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies

Managementthemes
NativegeneticdiversityoffaunaandtheirhabitatsProtectionandmaintenance
Managementofendangeredspecies(ManagingAfricanElephant)
Animalinventoryandmonitoring
Wildlifethreatsreduction(deltinecosytemsProgramme)
Wildliferesearchesandmonitoring(treatedincrosscuttingprogrammes)

Overallobjectives
To realize, monitor, manage and conserve Diversity, distribution and relative
abundanceof major wild animals with their ecological linkage and processes of the
ANP by alleviating major threats and ensure continuing sustainability of the
ecosystem.

Issues and opportunities for vegetation management: In its wildlife, Alatish is rich in zoological
resources,andisahomeofvarioustypesofwildanimalslisted.37mammalianspeciesofwhich
8 are not recently (last 15 years) seen, more than 160 bird species of which 143s species
diversityandabundanceisstudied,23speciesofrodents,6speciesofinsectivoresand7types
of reptiles and amphibians with various species are found in Alatish. It is especially rich in
reptile diversity like , African rock python, Monitor lizard, Egyptian cobra, Black mamba &
Blanding tree snake are some. It also harbors endangered and rare species like Loxodonata
africana, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo and also lower risk but conservation dependant
Tragelaphus imberbis and Tragelaphus strepsiceros. The vegetation type in general is
undifferentiatedmosaicscatteredwoodedgrasslands.Themaintreespeciesintheareainclude
Cobmretum spp, Gardenia ternifora, Boswellia papyrifera, Acacia spp, Balanites aegyptica,
Adonsonia digitata, Intada Africana and Terminalia laxiflorous and common grass species like
Hyperrheniaspp,SorghumsppandPennisitumspp.

Inplanningthewildliferesourcesdevelopment,itwouldhavebeenbettertodealwithspecial
treatments like; Large and small mammals management, Reptiles and invertebrates
management, Birds management, Rare and endangered species management, Ranching and
Utilization. Yet, in this GMP, it comes difficult to make it this way, since there is a need of
furtherexplorationoftheresourceandcleardemarcationoftheminhabitatsandsubhabitats.
Althoughwecannotdothisway,thisGMPhavegivenemphasisfortheresourcesconservation
based on the following general and useful management themes, objectives ,strategies and
actions.

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1.1.1ThemesspecificObjectives,StrategiesandActions
Theme1:NativegeneticdiversityoffaunaandtheirhabitatsProtectionandmaintenance
ManagementObjectives
Tomaintainatleastthepresentlevelofthepopulationofwildanimalsandabandonin
thefuture
To maintain the diversity of animal species and populations of noteworthy animal
species
ToprotectThehabitatsofallspecies,especiallythosewithspecifichabitatrequirements
(suchasfeedingareasformigratoryandbreedingsites)
Tomonitor.Thepresenceanddistributionofpotentiallysensitivespecies
Toenhancethelongtermsurvivalprospectsofthreatenedorsignificantspecies.
Increase knowledge of the parks threatened and significant fauna species and faunal
habitats.

ManagementStrategies

Continue to develop and implement a native animal survey program on identifying


threats,bothonparkandoffparkwithappropriateresponsesandsolutions
WorkonRetainingPopulationsofspeciesbyinvestigatingtheirhabitatandstatus
MonitortheconditionofknownhabitatsandpopulationnumbersofALNP
Protectriparianhabitatfromdisturbancewherepossible.
Monitor breeding sites and populations of special care needing species in the Park,
andprotectsitesfromdisturbancebyvisitorsandpoachers.

Actionsandactivities
Conductanimalsurvey
Habitatmonitoring
Habitatprotection
Breedingsitesmonitoring
WildlifeAnimaldiseasessurveillanceandaction

Theme2.Managementofendangeredspecies(especiallyManagingAfricanElephant)

Managementobjectives
TohavesufficientinventorydataonAfricanelephantsanddistincthomerange
Todelineatethreatsandpossibleviablepopulationestablishmentsystems
To implement effective conservation systems and sustain desired home range by
reducing habitats fragmentation, hunting and over domestic grazing and habitats
competition
Toensuresuitableexistenceofcooccurringspecies

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ManagementStrategies
Monitoringextentofhomerangeandrequirement
Implementsuitablepriorityconservationsystem
Developing awareness to poachers on sustainable use of African elephant and
associatedspeciesandfeedsourcescompetition

Actionsandactivities
Conduct a study to better understand the migration movement and population
dynamicsandthreatsonAfricanelephant
Support and facilitate the resources for monitoring and protection departments to
protectAfricanelephantmigrationagainsthabitatsdisturbanceandpoaching
AdvocateandcollaboratewithcommunitiesandneighbouringBGRSandDinder(Sudan)
forprotectionofmigration,feedingandrestingsitesinitswidehomerange
Monitor other species and their feed and prey bases with in the large home range of
elephant
Promote the natural interdependence of different species indicator species eg. Papio
anubis, Numida melegris help other animals to show water points and alarm for
enemies
Protectexistingpopulationfrompoachingthreats
Investigate the status and design any possible reintroduction option for unviable
populationspecieswithassociatedrestorationtechniques

Theme3.Animalinventoryandmonitoring
Managementobjectives
Toidentifydifferentspeciesindifferenthabitats
Todelineateecologicallyimportantspecies
ManagementStrategies
Conductingidentificationanddiversityanalysis
Implementdifferentinventoryandmonitoringtechniques
Organizedatabaseatdesiredlevel
Actionsandactivities
Conductwildanimalinventoryatdifferenthabitats
Developpopulationmonitoringplanovertimeindifferentseason
Delineate an ecologically dominant species with particular emphasis to rare and
endangeredspecies
Conductmonitoringonsizeandagestructureofthepopulation
Identifystable,decliningandincreasingrateusingsuitablemethods

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1.2VEGETATIONRESOURCESMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME
1.2.0Subprogramthemes,objectives,andstrategies
Managementthemes
Localhotspotsitesmanagement
Restoration/threatenedandrarelyfoundwoodypantspeciesmanagement
Economicforestzonemanagement
Farmforestry/agroforestrydevelopmentandmanagement
Overallobjectives
To improve the structure, function, and spatial distribution of the park
vegetation and maintain the forest ecosystem healthy and productive, and
contributetotheattainmentofthegoaloftheparkmanagementplan.
Generalstrategies
Biosphere approach will be employed to properly implement the vegetation
managementplan.
The strategy is solely dependent on some principles of ecosystem approach:
1/maintain the functional relationship and processes within ecosystems,
2/optimize socioeconomic and environmental benefits, 3/use adaptive
management practices, 4/carrying out management actions at the appropriate
scale.
The forest vegetation in all three zones will be managed in participatory forest
managementapproach(PFM).Thisapproachisintendingtoestablishcommunity
based institutions, and build the capacity of the local community in managing
theresource.
Themanagementanddevelopmentplanoftheparkvegetationshouldfocuson
three major actions. These actions are: protection, maintenance, and
developmentmeasures.

Issuesandopportunitiesforvegetationmanagement:
Diverseresourcebase/Speciesdiversity:Theparkareainparticularandthesurroundingareain
generalarerichwithmanyplantspecies.Theparkcomprisesveryvaluablewoodyplantspecies
bothsocioeconomicallyandenvironmentally.Gumandincenseproducingtreespeciessuchas
different Acacia species, Comiphora africana,and Boswellia papyrifera are found in the park
area.Balanitesaegyptiacaanevergreentreeinthedryclimateoftheparkisfoundinthepark
area.DifferentFruitproducing,medicinalandbeeforagespeciesarewidelygrowinginthepark
area.Theparkanditssurroundingareasareendowedwithveryvaluabletimbertreessuchas
Dalbergia melanoxylon, and Pteriocarpus lucens. The area is highly rich with lowland bamboo
(Oxytenantheraabyssinica)whichdoeshavemultipleusesforlocalcommunityandsurrounding
markets.

Above all ALPN is found in one of the 34 international local hotspotsites called Eastern
Afromontanelocalhotspotarea.Thesignificanceoftheparkareainimprovingthebiodiversity
resource is very vital. In addition, the large woodland vegetation in the ALNP and its
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surrounding area can be considered as good carbon sink area just at the Saharan desert
boarder.

Extensive utilization of forest resources: The forest resource in and around ALNP area is being
highlyexploitedbythelocalcommunity.Differentwoodyplantshavebeenclearedinsearchof
wood and crop land. Trees are being unwisely used for unnecessary fencing, charcoal making
and other non economical activities. As if trees do not have any other indirect
environmental/ecological benefits, one cane observed much bunch of wood laid down in
homesteadsandfarmboundariesbeingdecayed.

Threatened or rarely found tree species in the ALNP: There are woody plant species which are
highlyexploited,rarelyfoundandmismanagesspecies.Eventhough,therearenoplantspecies
whichareunderthelistofIUCNendemicwoodyspeciesinEthiopia.Infactsomewoodyplant
species are locally threatened that require special protection measures. Boswellia papyrifera,
DalbergiamelanoxylonandPteriocarpuslucens.

Silvicultural systems in managing the vegetation resource: The silvicultural system can be high
forest systems or coppice systems. In the park area there is no any silvicultural practices that
have been carried out. There in no any methods adopted to obtain new regenerations. There
arenoanythinningandpruningactivitiestooptimizeforeststandsandcanopycoverageofthe
forestvegetation.Old,diseased,anddamagedtree/shrubspeciesarenotcutoutanddiscarded
fromthearea.Thismayredirecttheecologicalsuccessionoftheforestareafromvaluabletree
species habitat to unwanted and weedy plant species. Unless proper silvicultural practices are
in place, we may lose very valuable and rarely found tree/shrub species. In the park area
diffused high forest regeneration system needs to be employed, whereas in some local
hotspotsitesconcentratedregenerationsystemmaybeappropriate.
1.2.1ThemesspecificObjectives,StrategiesandActions
Theme1:Localhotspotsitesmanagement
ManagementObjectives
To identify and characterize sites which are rich in biological diversity, but highly
threatened
Todesignsprotectionstrategyforthelocalhotspotsites
To restrict any socioeconomic activities from identified local hotspotsites and
improvetheirbiologicaldiversity

Managementstrategies
Genuinecommunityparticipation
Awareness creation on the importance of local hotspotsites in the park buffer and
developmentzonesforbiologicaldiversityconservation
ParticipatoryGIStechniquetocharacterizelocalhotspotsites
Employingparticipatoryforestmanagementapproach
MajorActivities
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Conductbiologicaldiversitystudy
Identify and delineate possible local hotspotsites in the buffer and development
zoneofthepark
Prepareadetailmanagementstrategyforselectedlocalhotspotsites
Developcommunitybylawsforlocalhotspotsitesmanagement
Carryoutdifferentsilviculturalpracticessuchasthing,pruning,sitepreparationthat
encouragenaturalregenerationincludingweedingandcultivation,etc
Conductingworkshopstofinalizelocalhotspotsiteselection
Providing trainings on local hotspotsite management for community
representatives,DAsandworedaexpertsincludingparkofficestaffs

Theme2:Restoration/Threatenedandrarelyfoundwoodypantspeciesmanagement

ManagementObjectives
To bring back the natural vegetation of some habitats such as riverine vegetation,
andhilltopareasintotheiroriginalforestvegetationtype
Toimprovethediversityandspatialdistributionoftheforestvegetationandcreate
a conducive environment for other life forms such as wild animals harboring river
sidesandhilltops
Managementstrategies
Employingecosystemapproachtoacceleraterestorationprocess,suchasdesigning
a strategy of interconnectivity among fragmented habitats and in creating
reproductioncorridors
Undertaking community discussions particularly with elders to characterize the
previousnaturalvegetationofsites
Analyzingindicatorspeciesgrowinginthearea
Employingprinciplesofrestoration
EmployingPFMapproach
Capacitybuilding

Majoractivities
Identifyingwoodyspeciesforrestorationbasedonindicatorspeciesandbackground
information
Nurserysiteestablishmentandmanagement
Seedlingproductionofselectedindigenousspecies
Seedlingplanting
Encouraging natural regeneration of selected woody species through canopy
management,weedingandcultivationandothersilviculturalpractices
Avoidanceofanyhumanandanimalinterference
Providingnurseryinputs

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Theme3:Economicforestzonemanagement
ManagementObjectives
To diversify and maximize production from forest trees and ensure sustainable
utilization
Todevelopsenseofownershipamongthecommunityand
Reducetheintensepressureonpossibleprotectionforestssuchaslocalhotspotand
restorationsites

Managementstrategies
Identify and demarcate possible economic forest zones such as fruit tree zones,
bambooareas,andotherforesttypes
Economic forest zone management is the management of economic forest area in
buffer and development zones only, it doesnt include the biodiversity and
recreationzonearea
EmployingaPFMapproach
ProvingapriorfocusforNTFP
Capacitybuildingofthecommunityandothersupportivestakeholders
Employingactivecommunityandotherstakeholdersparticipation
Majoractivities
Conductingforestinventorytoqualifyandquantifytheforestresource
IdentifyandquantifypossibleNTFPinthewholeparkarea
Identify and demarcate possible economic forest zones based on forest inventory
reportandcommunityparticipation
Developing a manual on the management and utilization of NFTP and provide
trainings on the production and marketing of NTFP and over forest management
systems
Proving necessary materials and equipment (forest inventory and tapping
equipments,etc)
Establish PFM groups by considering the management of other forest sites such as
hotspot,restorationandagroforestrysites.

Theme4:Farmforestry/agroforestrydevelopmentandmanagement
ManagementObjectives
To diversity the source of forest products and reduce the intense pressure of the
communityonnaturalforest
To integrate the production of agricultural crops with forest trees and maximize
productionand
Toimprovethelandusesystemofthearea

Managementstrategies
Implementingtheregionallandusepolicyisthefirstandmostimportantstrategyto
implement agro forestry practices. This may reduce the impact of free grazing on
landuseandmanagementsystems
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Compromising the speciessite match requirement and community needs in
selectingagroforestryspecies
Provide a prior focus for multipurpose tree/shrub species that can provide fruit for
food,fodderforbothlivestockandbees,andenvironmentallyfriendlyspecies

Majoractivities
Identificationofmultipurposespeciesthatsuitthelocalenvironment
Multipurposetree/shrubseedlingproduction
Identify possible agro forestry practices, such as backyard tree planting, farm
boundaryplantationandwoodlotdevelopment,scatteredtreesoncropland,which
canbeeasilyadaptedbythelocalcommunity
Providingtrainingsonagroforestryforcommunityrepresentatives,DAs,andexperts
ofworedalineofficesandparkofficestaffs

1.3WATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME:
1.3.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies

Managementthemes
ThewaterresourcesissuesfacingtheParkaresupposedtobebothmanyandvaried.Basedon
the brief field survey and information of the park personnel, following are identified as
significantissues/themesrelatedtowaterresourcesmanagementinthePark.
WaterResourcesdevelopment
WatershedManagement
Wetlandandriparianresourcemanagement
DevelopingWaterResourcesInformationDatabase
GeneralObjective:
To develop the sustainable and integrated use of water and related natural
resourcestopursuetheoverallobjectiveofthepark.
SpecificObjectives:
Insure that water resources are available to wildlife, aquatic organisms, and plants
(riverine)inquantitiesandofaqualitythatpromotetheexistenceandwellbeingof
theseorganisms.
providesafeandadequatequantitiesofwaterforvisitorsandparkpersonnel
Recognize importance of healthy watersheds, and in doing so promote efforts to
reduceerosionandsedimentproductioninsideandoutsideparkboundaries.
Recognize importance of seasonal wetlands, and initiate seasonal wetland
delineationstudies
Identify water related transboundary issues and maximize the use of cooperative
relationshipswithDinder(SudanSide)NationalPark.
DevelopaWaterResourcesInformationDatabaseofthepark

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Generalstrategies
Constructionofadditionalwells
Implementingwaterharvestingstructures
Encourage the seasonal wetlands /intermittent rivers to have longer water
availabilityperiods
Issues and Opportunities for management: Alatish National Park is currently predominately an
undeveloped condition (with few roads, limited occupancy, sparse use, etc. This condition
presentsbothproblemsandopportunitiesforresponsiblemanagementofthewaterresources.
The water resources management plan is in line with the nation's policy of management of
water resources and part of other management plans of the Alatish national park. This Water
Resources Management Plan is designed to serve as a management action plan to guide the
waterrelatedactivitiesoftheParkoverthenext10years.

1.3.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1:WaterResourcesDevelopment

Waterresourcefacilitiesareverylimitedin/aroundthepark.Anumberofhanddugwellshave
been constructed in/around the park solely for the park personnel. There are no any sorts of
waterfacilitiesasregardstothewatersupplyforvisitorsandwildlifeinthepark.
ManagementObjectives
providesafeandadequatequantitiesofwaterforvisitorsandparkpersonnel
Insure that water resources are available to wildlife, aquatic organisms, and plants
(riverine)inquantitiesandofaqualitythatpromotetheexistenceandwellbeingof
theseorganisms
Managementstrategies
Constructionofadditionalwells
Implementingwaterharvestingstructures
Encourage the seasonal wetlands /intermittent rivers to have longer water
availabilityperiods

Actionandactivities
a.Provisionofadditionalwellsforparkpersonnelandvisitors
To adequately supervise and monitor the park, 21 post sites are to be erected in/around the
park.Figbelowshowsthe20postsiteserectedand/ortobeerected.
Ascurrentactivitiesbytheparkoffice,atotalof12wellshavebeenplanned,ofwhich8wells
havealreadybeenconstructed.Therefore,other4wellsremaintobedeveloped.Butstillthere
needtobeadditional9wellstobedevelopedtofullymakewateravailableforthe21posts.So
forthisplan,followingwaterresourcesdevelopmentworksareproposed.
Constructionof8handdugwellsfortheindicatedpostsitesonFigurebelow
Constructionoftwoboreholes(Oneforvisitorsatentrance,oneatDemir)

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FromthesuperficialsurveyofthesiteatDemir,groundwatermaynotbeavailable
at shallow depths, although this has to be verified with detail studies before
construction.Thatiswhyboreholeissuggestedhereandattheentrance.

Tsequa and Amdoke post sites are felt that they require the provision of boreholes
anddetailedinvestigations.Therefore,inthefiveyearplan,thisactivitymaynotbe
realizedandbetterreconsideredafterfiveyears.

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b.Provisionofwateringpointsforwildlife
Forthewildlife,constructionofwaterharvestingstructures/pondsanddevelopmentofthe
selectedwetlandsaremainstrategiesrecommended.

Figure: Location of installed/proposed water development points for the park personnel and visitors
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Figure: Location of proposed watering points for the wildlife in the park
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Thesiteselectionismainlybasedonthefollowingconsiderations
Availabilityofstreams/drainagelinesforpondconstructiontoeasilycollectrunoff
Possibility of existence of seasonal wetlands with good areal extent/ location of
identifiedseasonalwetlands(wetmeadows).
Establishmoreorlessgooddistributionofwateringpointsinthepark/

The eastern and northern peripheries of the park are expected to be relatively easy for water
availabilityofwildlife,becausethereareHyimaandGeleguRiversaswatersources.
Duringdryperiods,theproposedwetlandhastobesupplementedbyprovisionofwaterfrom
thewellstobeconstructedneartheselectedwetlands.Moreexplanationisgivenbelowonthe
waterprovisionsystemssection.

Thewellsproposednearthewetlandmaynotencountersignificantproblemstoextractwater
fromthegroundasobservedforthewellscurrentlydeveloped.
However,itshouldbenotedthatfurtherinvestigationsneedtobestillcarriedoutonsuchand
other sites to determine the engineering and economic feasibility, particularly to those
proposedattheentranceandcentralpartofthepark.
The engineering and economic feasibility study would determine whether or not these water
sources could be developed economically. Adequate geological, hydrological, and raw water
qualityinformationshallbeobtainedpriortoconstruction.

Typesofwellsandwaterprovisionsystems:
Watersupplywellsmaybecharacterizedasshallowordeep.
Shallowwellsarethosethatarelessthan100ftdeep.Suchwellsarenotparticularlydesirable
for municipal supplies since the aquifers they tap are likely to fluctuate considerably in depth,
makingtheyieldsomewhatuncertain.Shallowwellsmaybedug,bored,ordriven.Thewellsso
farconstructedin/aroundtheparkareshallowwellsandhanddugwells.
Deep wells tap thick and extensive aquifers that are not subject to rapid fluctuations in water
level and that provide a large and uniform yield. Deep wells are the usual source of
groundwaterformunicipalities.
Asregardstothewellstobeconstructedneartheseasonalwetlandssolelyforthewildlife,the
wells can be shallow wells provided other hydrological and hydrogeological conditions are as
required. The purpose of these wells is basically to supplement the seasonal wet lands when
theyaredrybypumpingwatertosuchareasfromthewellsandrefillingthepoolssothatwater
isavailabletowildlifethroughouttheyear.Theproblemhereishumaninterferencewhichmay
not be desirable for wildlife. To reduce this problem, the wells can be constructed some 11.5
kms(thiscanbebetterdecidedbasedonsomeassessmentsandstudiesinthepark)awayfrom
such pools and the water from the wells can be delivered to the pools by laying appropriate
pipes.
The well that is to be constructed for the visitors and related purposes have to be reliable
throughouttheyear.Hence,itisadvisabletoprovideadeeperwell,waterstoragefacilitiesand
minimumtreatmentarrangements.
Otherwellscanbeshallowhanddugwellsiftheothersiterequirementsareadequate.

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Waterharvestingstructures
Artificialpondshavetobeconstructedasadditionalwateringpointsforthewildlifeinthepark.
This is particularly vital for the central part of the park where there are limited seasonal
wetlandsandlimitedmajorrivers.Thesesitesareindicatedonfigureabove.

Theme2:WetlandandRiparianResourceManagement

ManagementObjectives

Tomaintain/improvethewetlandfunctionsintheAlatishNationalParkecosystems

Thepoolsandsuchdepressionareasfunctionassilttrappingsites.Theflooddepositsiltevery
year on such pools(wetlands) which decreases the bed and the amount of water stored , and
formingdrierMayas(wetmeadows).
Humanactivitiesifnotregulatedcansignificantlydamagedriparianareasalongthemainriver
coursesandthewetlandsin/aroundthepark.Inupstreamareas,grazingactivitieshavecaused
severe erosion. Down cutting forming a deep channel throughout much of the major river
coursesandtributarieshasbeenobserved,preventingestablishmentofriparianvegetation.
RepeatedfiresanduncontrolledgrazingbytheFellatasandlocalcommunitiessurroundingthe
parkduringdryseasonsintheparkmayendangertheseasonalwetlands.
toestablishadequatewetlandandriparianbaselineinformation
Wetlands have not been well characterized within the park (no adequate information on the
extent, condition and significance of this scarce resource in the park). A number of wet
meadowshavebeenobservedduringthelimitedfieldvisit,butparkstaffsareawareofseveral
otherseeps,springsandseasonallyfloodedareasthatrequiredocumentation.
Complete delineation of wetlands and riparian areas throughout the entire park would assist
managers in setting facilities and managing visitor use to avoid affecting sensitive plant and
wildlifespeciesandrunotheractivitiesvitaltothesustainabilityofsuchresources.

Managementstrategies
increasethestoragecapacityofthewetlandpoolswhennecessary
Monitorthesedimentmovementalongthemajorriverchannels
monitortheprocessofannualriverbankerosionalongthemajorriversinthepark
Conductadditionalandthoroughinventoryofriparianareasandwetlands

Actionandactivities
The objectives and strategies outlined above may not be realized in this five year planning
period and even some may need the involvement of other parties other than the park,
especially to reduce highland erosion. However, following activities help to mitigate some of
theadverseeffectsandlaythefoundationforotheractivitiestofollow.
Asthefirstactivity,alltheseasonalwetlandsandriparianresourceshavetobefullylistedout
including their extent, duration of time they remain wet, identification for potential
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development of recreational activity for tourists, documentation of plant and animal species
distribution,etc.
Basedonthestudydata,theseasonalwetlandscanbeselectedforfurtherinterventionsoas
to increase the storage capacity and make duration of water availability longer. The major
activityhereistoexcavatethechosenwetmeadowsandpossiblechannelingworkforrunoff
tocollectinsuchdepressions.
In the long run, at appropriate places on the major river courses, smaller water storage
structurescanbethoughtofsoastoregulatetheriverflowsandincreasewateravailabilityand
attainwellmaintainedriverineecosystemthroughouttheyear.

Theme3:WatershedManagement

Theconditionofwatershedsinandupstreamoftheparkisofgreatconcern.Giventheamount
of historic and prehistoric occupation of this area, numerous sites are threatened by the
advance of erosion. Continued erosion will result in the mobilization and transport of large
amountsofsoil.Asaresult,theparkisbecomingavictimofthisproblem.

ManagementObjectives

Attainahealthyriverineecology(improvementontherivermorphology)
maintainbetterwaterandfoodsupplyavailabilitytowildlife
Improvetheconditionofseasonalwetlandsbyreducingsiltation
Improvementinthequalityofwater,especiallysurfacewater
Managementstrategies
Implementwatershedconservation

Actionandactivities

Watershedconservationactivitiesareverydiverseandperhapsmaygooutofthescopeofthe
park objective, since the watershed areas of the rivers found in the park are very big and the
greatestshareofthewatershedareasarefoundoutoftheparkboundary.However,thereare
opportunities where the park can work cooperatively with other concerned bodies. To this
effect;thefollowingpartnerscancometofront.
DinderNationalPark
EasternNileWatershedManagementProject
DinderNationalparksharesthebenefitsofthewatershedmanagement,andthetwoparkscan
cooperate in resources utilization, technical assistance, data exchange, etc activities so as to
reducetheerosionhazardsfromtheuppercatchments.
Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (ENTRO) has its own activity on Eastern Nile Watershed
Management with the objective of increasing the adoption of sustainable land and water
managementpracticesinselectedmicrowatershedsintheEasternNileSubbasin.
Effortshavetobemadeparticularlytosecurefundsfromtheofficefortheworkstobecarried
outontheidentifiedwatershedsoftheriversoftheparks,becausethewatershedsarepartof
the eastern Nile Watershed. Hence, in this regard the two park activities can be mainly on
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development of selected watershed management proposals and initiation of the involvement
ofthecommunityforthewatershedmanagement.

Theme4:DevelopingWaterResourcesInformationDatabase

Many water resource activities are longterm, complex in nature and require a consistent and
extensiveknowledgebase.Hence,acquiringdatabaseofthisvitalresourcein/aroundthepark
isofparamountimportance.

ManagementObjectives
determinetheamountandtimelydistributionofrainfallin/aroundthepark
understand the amount and the timely variation of run off /discharge of major rivers
in/aroundthepark
Properlyplanwaterresourceactivitiesinthepark
understandmajoraquifersandthegroundwaterpotentialofthepark
easilyretrieveanddisplaythewaterresourcesinformationoftheparkwhenneededby
visitorsoranyconcernedbodyespeciallyforthoseinterestedtoconductresearch
To monitor trends of change on the major water sources (wetlands, rivers, streams,
groundwater,wellconditions,etc)withtimeanddifferentactivities.
promotewaterconservationthroughsustainabledesignandpubliceducation
Managementstrategies
installationofprimarymetrologicalstation
Installationofstaffgagesforobservingwaterlevelsinmajorrivers
Installationofgroundwaterobservationwells
Assess the Structure and Function of the major River Corridors Ecosystem , ground
wateraquifers,etc

Actionandactivities
Primarymetrologicalstationsshallbeinstalledin/aroundtheparkonselectedareasasthereis
no any metrological station in the Woreda. Once the installation is completed, continuous
observation and recording of the basic climatic elements is an important task. Gathered data
hastobeinterpretedandstoredasclimaticdatabank.
Like metrological data, hydrological data (data on river discharges, flow depth, ground water
levels,etc)canbeobtainedfromstaffgaugesandgroundwaterwellobservations.
PrepareAnnualWaterResourcesReportswhichinclude
Summaries (i.e., graphs, tables) of various hydrologic data using appropriate data
managementsoftwaretoprovide.
A comparison of historical and current hydrologic data to identify trends and/or
anomalies.
Geographic Information System maps depicting isopleths for water stage and
concentrationsforspecificwaterqualityparameters.
Narrative which summarizes any hydrological trends or anomalies (water quality or
quantity).

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MP2ECOSYSTEMSANDBIODIVERSITYCONSERVATIONMANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME
































MP2ECOSYSTEMSANDBIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATIONMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME

SUBPROGRAMMES
Ecosystemcomponentandprocessesconservation
Firemanagementandmonitoring
Maintaininghydrologicalcycles
Habitatsconservationandrestoration
AuthorisedparkResourcesuses

To asses , all ecological threats of ALNPs key ecological components


and processes, communities, species and mitigate associated
problems,therebyecologicalprocesses,speciesandotherbiophysical
resources are protected and conserved to ensure longterm viability
ofthesystem.

GeneralProgrammesobjective
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2.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND

ALNP was established to protect and preserve the environment, biotic and abiotic resources.
Theparkisinclinedtoassisttomaintainthediversityofecosystemanditscomponentsspecies,
genetic, varieties, physical resources (habitats, water and landscape) and ecological processes
in its natural state. These are indispensable to support life in it and the improvement of local
communities.Managementofecologicalprocessesatdifferentlevelusingpossiblesystemsfor
sustainability reconciles the continuity of natural process and human demand from it. It helps
to maintain rare and endangered species and their habitats to have viable population. It also
preventsexpansionofdesertasgreenguard.Maintainingorrehabilitatingallnaturalandsocio
cultural resources helps to put indispensable resources for future use that could be
implemented by coming inhabitants for various purposes which is not currently applied.
However, the park has been suffered from encroachment and destructive resource use from
Fellata nomads and local communities mainly in the long dry season. Reducing constraints for
ecologicalrestorationhugeandtimelytaskwerelaidontheparkanddistrictauthorities,local
communities and relevant regional, national and international stakeholders contribution.
Biodiversityconservationandecologicalrestorationeffortontimewhichisnowatactivestage
inregionalandlocallevelrequirestheguidingdocument(EcosystemManagementProgramme
in General Management Plan) that serves for stepwise improvement of natural, human and
physical resources. As a result, ALNP will be one of dependable recreational and economic
sourcesforlocalandnationallevelintourismindustryandcenterforbiophysicalresources.
2.1ECOSYSTEMCOMPONENTANDPROCESSESCONSERVATIONSUBPROGRAMME

2.1.1Themes,managementobjectives,conservationstrategiesandopportunities

Managementthemes
Conservationofpriorityecosystemcomponents
Maintenanceofecosystemprocess
Controllingencroachmentandecologicaldegradation

Overallobjectives
To improve the desired status of PECs through reducing causes for inimical human
activitiesthroughactivemanagement
Toensuresustainableecosystemprocessandfeaturescontrollingencroachmentand
ecologicaldegradation

Generalstrategies
Minimizinghumaninterventionthatdestroysprincipalecosystemcomponents
Monitor and develop control systems on the entrance route, seasonal occupation of
park,resourcesextractorsandpoachers

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Issues and opportunities of management : Priority ecosystem component and processes
conserved in line with National Biodiversity Conservation and Research Policy (1998), Wildlife
Development, Conservation and Utilization Policy (2005) and Amhara National Regional State
Parks Development and Protection Authority Establishment Proclamation (2003), the
ecosystem management programme will seek to minimize human induce impact on natural
ecosystem and components dynamics. In particular, this will involve ensuring the complex
ecological processes and preservation of rare, endangered, conservation dependant species,
and their habitats inside the park. It also develop systems initiating cooperation wherever
possiblewithotherstoensurethepreservationoftheirpopulation,preferredseasonalhabitat
changesandmigrationroutes,breedingandfeedingsitesinsideandoutsidethepark.

2.1.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1.Conservationofpriorityecosystemcomponents

Managementobjective:
ToreducehumanassociatedthreatsonPECofALNPdevelopingsuitabletechniques
To sustain desired ecological status for long term with cooccurring ecosystem
components
Totocontroloreradicateintroducedspeciesthatthreatenbiodiversity

ManagementStrategies
Delineatespecificecologicalsystemstogetherwithlocalcommunity
Applingselectedconservationactivitiesontherighttimeandmanner
Implementing restorative actions on degraded priority principal ecological components
thatpromoteshealthyfuturefortheentirebioticandabioticresources
Regular surveillance and monitoring on aborting introduction of non native species
especiallyweeds

Actionsandactivities
ConductregularmonitoringonthestatusofPECtoprioritizeandimplementimmediate
actionsofpreventingundesiredhumanimpact
Developactivityplanforconservationtechniquesatspatialandtemporalscale
Provide ecological inputs to support actions in conservation of PEC such as priority
action,human,materialandfinancialsupport
Ensure conservation activities on PEC to sustain ERVs ecological perspective at their
desiredstateandKEAs
Prioritized conservations in respect to positive and negative effect in the long run or
duringimplementation
UsePECforprincipalparkobjectivessoastoattainthefinalgoalofecologicalresource
utilizationforsustainabletourism,homeforbiodiversityandscientificresearch
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Minimize human and domestic stock intervention and implementation of agreed
systems

Theme2.Maintenanceofecosystemprocess

Managementobjective:
Tomaintainecosystemcomponentstemporalandspatialchanges
Tosustainhealthyhabitatsandwildlifepopulationminimizinghabitsrequirement
TomaintainnaturalsettingsatitsdesireddynamicprocessandneedsofPEC

ManagementStrategies
Showing the exceptional resource values (ERVs) of the ALNP as the key features that
characterizetheareaandmakeitnationalandinternationalsignificance.
Appling selected conservation activities that maintain the natural process of PEC
dynamicity

Actionsandactivities
Conduct a research to better understand of the ecosystem process pattern effect on
principalecosystemcomponents
Investigateoptionsformaintainingecologicalprocessimpactoftourismdynamicityand
featureviewing
Update monitoring plan based on detrimental ecological process on PEC for better
integrityofecologicalprocessandhumanneedswithfacilitatedsystemfortourism
AssessuitabilityofPECasabasefortheecologicalmanagementprogramme

Theme3.Controllingencroachmentandecologicaldegradation

Managementobjective
Toreducepoachingandexpansionofagriculturallands
Tomaintaincollaborativemanagementofecosystemcomponents
TodevelopsuitablerestorativeactionforPECandtheirecologicalattributes

ManagementStrategies
ProhibitingFellatanomadsandseasonalgrazersfromentranceintoconservationzone
Monitor and develop control systems on the entrance route, seasonal occupation of
park,resourcesextractorsandpoachers
MobilizingcommunityforeffectiveprotectionofPEC
Developingsystemtoreducesdrivingforcesforecologicaldegradation

Actionsandactivities
Monitor and protect hunting and illegal extraction of park resources with regular
monitoringandmechanisms
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ProhibittheentranceofFellatanomadstocontrolovergrazinganddevastationofnative
speciesthroughuseoftheareabyoverstockingandwildanimalsproductextraction
Developing means of bridging the growing gap between people and nature in damage
andrecoverableecologicalintegrity
Minimizeorilluminatethepoacherfromonesideofincompleteecosystem,whichisnot
includedasaparkterritory
Developsuitablemonitoringandcontrolsitesonpoachersandotheradverseeffecton
PEC
Establishwellequippedforcesandfacilitatedsystemstocontrolillegalactsofpoachers
ontime
Collect data on PECs, KEA and threats as per monitoring plan and priority setting for
betterecontrolandilluminationofundesiredthreats.
Support the resource protection and monitoring division to protect and control loss of
PECbyanyillegalacts
2.2.FIREMANAGEMENTANDMONITORINGSUBPROGRAMME

2.2.1Themes,managementobjectives,conservationstrategiesandopportunities

Managementthemes
Firemonitoringandsupervision
Firepreventionandcontrolmechanisms
Overallobjectives
Toidentifypossiblecausesforfire
Topredictsuitableconditionsandhazardsoffire
Tocontrolanddevelopeffectivemanagementsystemsoffire
Toestablishfirecontrolfacilitiesandcommunityawareness

Generalstrategies
Preparingfirepredictionsystemsandmanagementplan
DevelopingfirebreakandclearingofroadnetworkwithminimumimpactonPECs
Developingearlywarningonfirethroughcommunityparticipation
Mobilizecommunityfiremonitoringandcontrolcommitteewithfacilitatedsystem

Issuesandopportunitiesoffiremanagement:FiremanagementinALNPiscriticalissue.Fireis
devastatingallecosystemsPECandincreasetemperatureandmoisturelossindryseason.Fire
in ALNP ignites for settlement, growing new grasses and leaves, for honey collection, hunting
and removal of insects and reptiles. While, around ALNP fire ignites for settlement, expansion
of farmlands and clearing vegetation grown with and after precursor crops. Fires are usually
ignitedduringthedryseasonandbeforecultivation.Duetotheabsenceoffirebreaklines,they
may continue burning for days. The devastative effects of fire are manifested in the severe
damage of perennial grassland ecosystem. In case of Alatish, fire is being ignited largely by
humanstilltherewerenorecognizednaturalcasesoffire.Humaninducedcausesoffireareto
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makeareasvisibleforhuntingtargetspeciesandtokillgrassinducedcattleparasiteofticksand
protect damage from reptiles. Honey bee hunters, poachers, seasonal nomads ignite fires in
every part of the park. Conversely, fire plays a crucial role in shaping ecosystems. Therefore,
ALNP management will seek to bring under control and minimize the damage caused by fire
and to promote the use of prescribed fire for respective ecological components management
purpose.

2.2.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1.Firemonitoringandsupervision

Managementobjectives
Toinvestigatepossiblecausesoffireandcontroltechniques
Toestablishregularfiremonitoringgroupfromthecommunity

ManagementStrategies
Mobilizingcommunitytoshareexperiencesonhistoricalfireoccurrence
ShowingbenefitsandhazardsoffireonPECandthecommunity
Reconcilingcommunityutilizationsystemoffireandscientificprescriptivesystem

Actionsandactivities
Conductregularmonitoringoffireandoptionspriortoignitebydifferentreason
Develop awareness of the community on fire hazard through sharing historical
experiences
Developfirecontrolsystemsandimplementationbydifferentgroupsofthecommunity
Incorporate effective fire control mechanisms of the community with scientific
management system to be effective in controlling ahead of fire start by minimizing
drivingforces.
Identifythemostandleastdevastativeformoffiring,extent,frequencyandintensityat
differenthabitats
Burningtoclearroadsafterestablishingfirelineandinrestrictedmodetootherareas
asamanagementtoolnoburningonslops,riverandstreambanks
Clearingandwideningofadministrativeroadsshouldconductedimmediatelyafterrainy
season

Theme2.Firepreventionandcontrol
Managementobjectives
To mobilize fire monitoring and control groups from different community and village
group
Toestablishfirecontrolimplementationplanthatwillbeagreedwithdifferentgroups
To develop awareness, skill and attitude of the community on uncontrolled fire
devastationandpreventionontime
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To develop regular monitoring and control plan on proposed manner to prevent
devastativeeffect

ManagementStrategies
Arrangingsuitablefirepreventionandcontroltimeandfacilitiesatrequiredlevel
Establishing regular time of communication and discussion with concerned groups on
firehazardsandsuitablepreventionandcontroltechniques
Delineatingareassuitabletostopignitedfireatgroundlevel
Providingincentivesforeffectiveparticipantsinpreventionandcontrolfire

Actionsandactivities
Prohibit people moving with fire and fire causes moving along natural areas in
biodiversityandrecreationandbufferzonesofthepark
Constrict firebreak by clearing ground vegetation at early dry season (September to
October)withreducedimpactonPECandKEAs.
Implement fire protection or control mechanisms developed to reduce extent,
frequencyandintensitywithindifferenthabitatsandlandunits
Facilitateparkroadnetworkandbroadsandyrivercoursetouseasafirebreak
Ifnecessaryusefiringatearlydryseasonforgroundclearingtocreateaccessibilityand
firebreaktominimizehazardsofcomingadditionalfireignites

2.3.MAINTAININGHYDROLOGICALCYCLESUBPROGRAMME
2.3.1Themes,managementobjectives,conservationstrategiesandopportunities
Managementthemes
Managinghydrologicalsources
Controlofhydrologicalresourcesdegradation

Overallobjectives
Toextendsurfacewatertothedryseason
Toreducemigrationandhabitatcompetitionofdifferentwildspecies
Tomaintainnaturalfeatureandecosystemcomponentsscenicbeauty
Tosatisfywaterdemand,requiredtemperatureandmoisturelevelofPEC
Toattainnaturalfeatureofbiologicalresourcesatspatialandtemporalscale

Generalstrategies
o Preparingsuitablesystemstomaintainnaturalcoverofforests
Restorenaturalintegrityandconnectivityofhabitatstodesiredstate
Controlofpoaching,encroachmentandnaturalhabitatsfragmentation
Integrate natural systems of maintaining hydrological cycle and human induced water
development
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Mobilizingthecommunitytoparticipateonactivitiesimprovinghydrologicalsources

Issues and opportunities of water source management: ALNP management will insure the
integrity of riverine and seasonal wetland systems and associated forest cover. Permanent
water sources with intermittent flowing and ponds, springs, floodplain and water sank under
sandyriverbedwithparticularfocusonwateravailabilityatcentralriverine,woodedlandand
wooded grassland ecosystems in which water resources are critical through conservation of
hydrologicalcycleelementsoftheecosystem.ALNPssurfacewaterwill\onlybewithdrawnfor
consumptive if absolutely necessary during exceptional condition (e.g. drought) and provide it
doesnotsignificantlyalternaturalprocessesandecosystems.Theonlyyearroundintermittent
permissibleuseofsurfacewaterislimitedtopartiallyincludewithinparkAyimaRiverinsouth
andsoutheastandAlbed,Sholawuha,Kumer,Kunzit,BerentaandDokmitintermittentstreams
in the eastern escarpments and down flatlands. Maintaining dense frosts and ground cover
throughminimizedfiring,overgrazing,deforestationandpoachingareecologicalapproachesto
maintainhydrologicalcyclesandavailabilityofwaterforlongterm.

2.3.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1:Managinghydrologicalsources

Managementobjectives
Toextendsurfacewatertothedryseason
Toreducemigrationandhabitatcompetitionofdifferentwildspecies

ManagementStrategies
Preparingsuitablesystemstomaintainnaturalcoverofforests
Restorenaturalintegrityandconnectivityofhabitatstodesiredstate

Actionsandactivities
Often require firing will be implemented considering minimized moisture loss due to
hotnessandfuelload
Monitorandcontroltheincidenceoffireandmaintainfirebreaks
Develop awareness of the community on connectivity of natural vegetation and
hydrology
Developsustainablereservationandrecreationtofishandotheraquaticspecies
Prohibit all forms of fishing activities in the breeding sites and species that are
threatened
Apply fishing during excess population at the end of wet season on carefully selected
pondsatAymariverandseasonalwetlands

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Theme2.Controlofhydrologicalresourcesdegradation

Managementobjectives
Tomaintainnaturalfeatureandecosystemcomponentsscenicbeauty
Tosatisfywaterdemand,requiredtemperatureandmoisturelevelofPEC
Toattainnaturalfeatureofbiologicalresourcesatspatialandtemporalscale

ManagementStrategies
Controlofpoaching,encroachmentandnaturalhabitatsfragmentationandovergrazing
Integrate natural systems of maintaining hydrological cycle and human induced water
development
Mobilizing the community to participate on activities improving hydrological sources
throughoveruseandovergrazingwaterpoints

Actionsandactivities
Clean and broaden the water ponds so as to increase surface water quantity and
promoteshadingsoastominimizeevapotranspirationfromsoilandopenponds
Developcleananddrinkingwatersourcesforthecommunityaroundtheirsettlementto
minimize time and resource wastage to look for water in dry season and reason for
entrancetotheparkwiththeircattle
Include complete system of riverine forests of Ayma and Gelegu rivers as a protected
area
Reduce impact of road network and other infrastructure on riverine and seasonal
wetlands
Reduceovergrazingandpoachingaroundwaterpointsandcriticalwatersources
Constructhanddugtemporarywaterwellandbroaden/orremovesiltssoastoincrease
waterholdingcapacityofnaturalponds
2.4HABITATSCONSERVATIONANDRESTORATIONSUBPROGRAMME

2.4.1Themes,managementobjectives,strategiesandopportunities
Managementthemes
Habitatsconservationandrestorationofwildlifepopulation

Overallobjectives
Tohavesufficientdataonpopulation,conditionandthreatsonspecificspecies
Rehabilitatenaturalfeatureofhabitatsatdesiredlevelforanimals
Reduceorilluminateinimicalactivitiesonsustainabilityofwildlifeintheirnaturalstate
Generalstrategies
Intensivecommunityawarenesscreationonwildlifeandtheirusewhiletheyareintheir
naturalrange
Mobilizecommunityparticipationincontrollingillegalactsandwildlifepoaching
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Issues and opportunities: ALNP ecosystem management programme will strive to realise the
National Biodiversity Conservation policy of protecting all genetic types native to plant and
animalpopulationandtheirhomerange.Thiswillbeimplementedintheparkbyperpetuating
natural evolutionary processes and minimizing human interference with evolving genetic
diversity. The need to maintain viable population and genetic diversity will guide decision on
what action to take to manage unviable population of species or to enhance populations of
threatened and endangered species in order to perpetuate the natural distribution and
abundances.ALNPecosystemmanagementwillcontroluseofcriticalwildlifehabitatsforthese
speciesandstrictaccesstosuchareasfreeentryexceptforresearch,recreationalvisitthrough
viewpointandofficialpurpose.

The manipulation or human induced restoration native plants may be carried out in selected
areasinamannerdesignedtorehabilitateorenhancethefunctioningoftheplantandanimal
community of which endangered species are a natural part, provided it does not alter the
natural major processes and key values. On the other hand, the introduction of new exotic
species will be prohibited and efforts will be taken to eradicate (transferred where it is
economically feasible) all exotic species with in the park, especially those threaten park
resourcesandpublicanddomesticstock.

2.4.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions
Theme1.Habitatsconservationandrestorationofwildlifepopulation

Managementobjectives
Toidentifypriorityhabitatsforconservation
Restorationofviablepopulationatrequiredlevel
Minimizedisturbancesatsignificantlevelthatcanensuretohaveviablepopulation

ManagementStrategies
Mobilizingexpertgroupsforintensivestudyandarrangenecessityinputs
Developsystemsforviablepopulationrestorationandminimizeddisturbancebasedon
differentspecies
Monitor and control illegal acts (hunting, encroachment and disturbance) on wild
animalsandtheirhabitats

Actionsandactivities
Prioritize critical habitats and areas for protection and feeding at different ecosystems
components
Identifyandpreserveadequateareasofdryseasonfeedingandpreybasefordifferent
higherspecies
Preventingfirebyinstitutingfirebreaksandfirerotationandmaintainingwatersources
Minimizeroadscrossingcriticalwildlifehabitatsandshouldstopatanaturalbarrier
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Extendorincreaseprotectiontomigrationcorridoroutsidethepark
Developacontrolsystemthatmakesitdifficultforwildanimalstobeillegallycaptured
andusedandusedintradeasdomesticstock
Develop system that works on critically endangered species recommended for
considerationinbreedingprogramme
Plots with suitable tree species in the buffer zone should be demarcated for honey
productionunderstrictinconservationzoneensuringnottobecut
Avoid fire in the breeding sites of birds, reptiles, lower mammals and slow moving
animals
Controltheextentofutilizationoffishresourcesbythegamescoutsandcommunity
2.5AUTHORISEDPARKRESOURCESUSES
2.5.1Themes,managementobjectives,strategiesandopportunities

Managementthemes
AuthorizedparkResourcesuses

Overallobjectives
Tofacilitateauthorizedandmonitoredresourceusesforexcellentharmonizationof
thecommunityandthepark
Generalstrategies
Undertakeguidingprincipleswhichstateitwillbepossibletoacesssomeresources
like fish,water,bamboo ,apiculture in buffer zone with full monitoring of the park
officials

Undertake guiding principles where appropriate harvesting of excessive resources


wilbeundertakeninthecorezone,fullymonitored,andcarefultransportationdone
forcommunityusesandasasourceofincomeforthepark

Issuesandopportunities:ThefactthatALNPisendowedwithampleresources;ithasbeenthe
focus of attraction of the surrounding community, national and international neighbors. Some
prominentresourceswhicharehighlydemandedarefish,water,grazinggrassandleaf,mines,
andforestproductslikebambooandwoodlots,andhoney.Despitethesesresourcesarethere;
on the one hand full and uncontrolled authorization will let the park biodiversity collapse and
on the other hand total prohibition will be nonsense since we can not deny resources are for
people and people are for resources. Hence this GMP have delivered some monitored and
restricted use of resources in the buffer zone and restricted harvesting in the biodiversity and
recreationzonemonitoredandadministeredbyparkofficials.

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2.5.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions
Theme1.AuthorisedparkResourcesuses

Managementobjectives
Tofacilitateauthorizedandmonitoredresourceusesforexcellentharmonizationof
thecommunityandthepark
ManagementStrategies
Undertakeguidingprincipleswhichstateitwillbepossibletoaccesssomeresources
like fish ,water, bamboo ,apiculture in buffer zone with full monitoring of the park
officials
Undertake guiding principles where appropriate harvesting of excessive resources
will be undertaken in the core zone, fully monitored ,and careful transportation
doneforcommunityusesandasasourceofincomeforthepark

Actionsandactivities
MonitoredFishaccessinbufferzone
Monitoredwater
Monitoredbamboo
Monitoredapicultureinbufferzone
fullymonitoredharvestingofexcessiveresourcesbyALNPoffice

























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MP3 TOURISMCULTURALHERITAGEANDRECREATIONMANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME








































MP3TOURISMCULTURALHERITAGEANDRECREATION
MANAGEMENTPROGRAMME

SUBPROGRAMMES
Culturalheritagemanagementsubprogramme
Recreationandtourismsubprogramme
TourisminfrastructureFacilitiesandAccesssubprogramme






Toprovidelocalemploymentandgenerateadditionalincomethroughthesale
of agricultural products, artifacts and infrastructure development, by
identifyinganumberofspectacularsitesthatwillattractpeopletotheparkin
differentseasons,
Tofacilitatepartnershipsbetweentraditionalcommunity,AlatishNationalpark
management, Dinder National Park management and commercial entities to
providefacilitiesandservicesforvisitors,
To contribute both to local and national economy through domestic and
internationaltourism,
Todevelopvisitoraccommodationandinformationcenter,thatwillencourage
visitorstovisitAlatishNationalPark
To encourage local tourism in the effort to appreciate and enjoy both the
culturalandhistoricaldiversityaswellasthenaturalendowmentoftheregion,
To provide tourist facilities in accordance to the above stated objectives in
close cooperation with the Amhara Regional state tourism Bureau and
EthiopianTourismCommission

GeneralProgrammeobjectives
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3.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND

Apartfromofbeingnotusedasatouristattractionssofar;Importantculturalheritagesites
arepresentontheparkandthelandscapeandnaturalfeaturesareanintegralcomponentof
theoverallculturallandscapeofthearea.

IntheAmharaNationalregionalstatetourismisconcentratedatSimenMountains,LakeTana,
and Blue Nile falls as wall as Gondar and the historical route to Aksum and Lalibela. Alatish
National park is also not for from the historic rout Bahirdar to Gondar in correspondence to
thesetrendstheregionisenlargingtheairportinGondartobefitforinternationalarrivalsand
the asphalt road from Khartoum to Gondar is also the best tourism development opportunity
especially for cross country over land passenger or travelers from Europe through Spain
throughMoroccotoSouthAfrica.

Protected area visitors expect to find facilities, recreational and learning opportunities within
the park, but in Alatish National park not all demands can be met, as some of these
expectations may be not found yet. In this management plan the park rules and regulations
clearlydefinedandinuse,touristmovementandactivitieswillbemonitored.Followupwillbe
regularlyconductedforimprovedservicesandbettermanagement.Restrictionorregulationof
accessmaybecomenecessary,dependingontheincreaseoftouristnumbers;however,before
restricting the number of visitors in the park, further study is recommend to park carrying
capacityduringtheimplementationofthisGMP.

3.1CULTURALHERITAGEMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME

3.1.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies

Managementthemes
CIndigenousculturalheritageconservation
Indigenousculturalheritagepromotion
Overallobjectives
To properly identify, conserve and promote Alatish Heritages and cultural heritage
sitesliketheEmperorsDizapalacewithtraditionalaffiliationswithinthearea
Generalstrategies
InvestigateallopportunitiestoProtect,careandpromoteforallIndigenousplaces
,objects,andcultureinpartnershipwiththeLocalcommunityandstakeholders

IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement:Apartfromofbeingnotusedasatouristattractions
sofar;Importantculturalheritagesitesarepresentontheparkandthelandscapeandnatural
featuresareanintegralcomponentoftheoverallculturallandscapeofthearea.Theseneeds
tobewellplannedandusedastouristattractions;aslongtheyaregoodpotentials.
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3.1.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions
Theme1:Indigenousculturalheritageconservation

ManagementObjectives
ToProtectIndigenousculturalheritagefrominterferenceordamagingactivities.
To conserve places of historic and cultural significance specifically the Emperors
DizaPalace,whereappropriate,interprettheseforvisitors.
Managementstrategies
EnforceprovisionallegislationandbylawstoProtectandcareforallIndigenous
placesandobjects
RespectIndigenousculturalwisdomandbuildconfidenceoftheTraditional
Communitytoholdandconserveitasanimportantresource
AssessandidentifyIndigenousculturalheritagesuitableforpromotionand
interpretationforthebenefitofthecommunity
ManagehistoricplacesincludingEmperorsDizaPalaceofhistoricandcultural
significanceinaccordancewiththeiroriginalstatus
Inconsultationwiththetraditionalcommunity,submitculturalsitesandstoriesthat
relatetotheparkforinclusionandbeconsideredasaheritageresource.

Actionsandactivities:
Enforcementofbylaws(documentation(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystems
programmes)
Communityawareness(tobeimplementedwithCommunitydevelopment
programme)
Heritageandculturalassessment

Theme2:Indigenousculturalheritagepromotion
ManagementObjectives

TofosterIndigenousculturaltraditionrelatingtothepark.
Toencouragelearningaboutandunderstandingofthehistoricheritageofthepark
andwhereappropriate,interprettheseforvisitors.

Managementstrategies

Respect Indigenous cultural wisdom and build confidence of the Traditional


Communitystoholdandconserveitasanimportantresource
Inconsultationwiththetraditionalcommunity,submitculturalsitesandstoriesthat
relatetotheparkforinclusionandbeconsideredasaheritageresource.
Assess and identify Indigenous cultural heritage suitable for promotion and
interpretation,incollaborationwiththeTraditionalcommunity
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Encourage research into heritage values associated with the park, and incorporate
information gained into management programs and information, interpretation
awarenessprograms.
Actionsandactivities:
Communityawareness(Tobeimplementedbycommunitydevelopment
programme)
Heritageandculturalassessment,researchanddocumentation(Tobeimplemented
onCrosscuttingprogrammes)
Heritageandculturalpromotiondocumentation(TobeimplementedonCross
cuttingprogrammes)

3.2RECREATIONANDTOURISMSUBPROGRAMME
3.2.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions
Managementthemes
Visitoruseandsafety
Information,interpretationandcommunication
PromoteequalaccesstobenefitsforlocalecoTourismactors
Overallobjectives
To have encourage naturebased recreation where Visitors can enjoy safe
recreation and knowledge, without disturbing other visitors or compromising the
conservationvaluesofthepark.
Generalstrategies

Develop a recreation and safety guideline with ALNP on the promotion and use of
parkRecreationareas
Minimize the probability of visitor injuries and assaults through updated safety
signage, safety messages in brochures, verbal messages in the information centre
andlawenforcement.

IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement:Apartfromofbeingnotusedasatouristattractions
sofar;Importantculturalheritagesitesarepresentontheparkandthelandscapeandnatural
featuresareanintegralcomponentoftheoverallculturallandscapeofthearea.Thesearethe
source of tourist attractions and recreation. Hence to change these resources in to use value
tourism and recreation have to be planned with out disturbing and compromising the
conservationvaluesofthepark.

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Theme1:Visitoruseandsafety:

ManagementObjectives

Upgrade the park for public and tourist use and satisfaction of in a way that is
compatible with the conservation of natural and cultural resources and public
safety.
Toallowforarangeofrecreationalactivities,solongasitissafeforcustomersand
whileprotectingnatural,culturalandotherrecreationalvaluesismaintained.
Topromotevisitorsafetyandawarenessofsafetyissuesandriskswithinthepark.
Managementstrategies
DelineatetypeofrecreationsandwheretobeinALNP
Ensure that recreation guidelines are maintained and comply with the ALNP Act
andRegulationswhenrecreatinginsidethepark
Encourage the use of minimal impact, and Monitor the impacts of visitor use, to
ensure the protection of natural and cultural values, and implement low
enforcementasnecessary.
Promoteandobservesafepractices,andestablishemergencyservices.
Actionsandactivities:
Recreationtypeidentificationandapproval
DevelopingandapprovingRecreationandsafetyguidelines(Tobeimplementedon
supportsystemsprogrammes)
establishemergencyservices(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystemsprogrammes)
UpdateParksafetyinformationtopublic(TobeimplementedonCrosscutting
programmes)

Theme2:Information,interpretationandcommunication

ManagementObjectives

To Promote and encourage visitors discovery, enjoyment and appreciation of the


parks natural and cultural values in a safe and appropriate manner through
information,interpretationandawareness.
Toprovideopportunitiesforvisitorstolearnaboutandunderstandtheculturaland
spiritualsignificanceoftheparktoIndigenouspeopleandtheindigenouspeopleto
thepark.
Managementstrategies
Ensure that previsit information about the park is available via short Notes,
pamphlets, brochures, audios, video pictures in ALNP offices, local tourist
informationcenters,andothersrelated
establish information signs at key locations, including post sits, ALNP office and in
someotherstobedevelopedlater
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Provide visitor information, interpretation on the parks recreational opportunities,
minimalimpacttechniques,visitorsafety,parkvaluesandthreateningprocesses

Promote greater public understanding and appreciation of, and respect for,
IndigenousculturebyincorporatinginformationaboutIndigenousculturaltradition,
placesandobjectsininformation,interpretationandawarenessprograms,
Work collaboratively with local educational provider like schools s, community
groups,andotheragenciestoimproveknowledgeandunderstandingofALNP
PrepareandavailNecessaryinformationsuchas,simpleandinformativeparkguide
books, brochures, leaflets, post cards, maps and guideline at park headquarters,
park gates and tourist information centers (i.e. Gondar, Bahirdar, Simen Mountains
National Park and Dinder National Park in Sudan), Where, the information also
providescamping,walkingrouts.

Actionsandactivities:
Availvisitorinformation(TobeimplementedonCrosscuttingprogrammes)
establishinformationsignsatkeylocations(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystems
programmes)
Provideinterpretation(TobeimplementedonCrosscuttingprogrammes)
Promotegreaterpublicunderstandingandappreciation(Tobeimplementedby
communitydevelopmentprogramme)
Theme3:PromoteequalaccesstobenefitsforlocalecoTourismactors
ManagementObjectives
To generate equal access for all Alatish Community members to benefit from the
tourismindustry
Managementstrategies
OrgnizetrainingforlocalCommunitymembersbasedontheirinterestandpotential
inserviceprovidisionandmarketingskills
Promote Tourism actor capacity building training for all interested bsed on the
capacity of the ALNP office and stakeholders in fields like guide training, cooking
and upgrading in the use of English, , in traditional cultural performance, screen
printing for souvenir teeshirts, weaving, handicraft production and tourism
management.
establishingecotourismsocietyinallbufferzonevillagesandeveninGelegu
Actionsandactivities:
SkillTraining
Capacitybuildingandawearnesscreation
Ecoturismsocityestablishment

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3.3TURISMINFRASTRUCTUREFACILITIESANDACCESSSUBPROGRAMME
3.3.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Managementthemes
DevelopTurisminfrastructure
TouristAccess
TouristFacilities
Overallobjectives

Todevelopappropriateinfrastructure,thiswillfacilitateaccesstotheparkforvisitor
use and management purposes while protecting the parks natural and cultural
values.
Generalstrategies
Ensuring infrastructures, facilities and access assisted by stockholders and upto
dateinformation
Issues and Opportunities for management: It is recognized that the park is new and visitor
requirementsmayalterovertime.Hencedevelopmentoinfrastructures,furtherdevelopment
ofvisitorfacilitieshavetobeconsidered

Theme1:DevelopTourisminfrastructure

ManagementObjectives
To construct Adequate infrastructure such as tourist accommodation, community
lodge
To facilitate step by step formation of infrastructure including Transportation
facilities and services, water supply, electric power, solid waste disposal, toilet,
telecommunications
To constructe Camping sites in all fifteen proposed out post tourist campsite with
minimumfacilities(wastedisposalspits,portablewater,campingfireplace,suitable
groundtofixtents,shelterforporter,andponyorandpackanimals)

Managementstrategies

To ensure if ecotourism infrastructure combine in with the surroundings, use


predominantly renewable energy sources and manage sewage and food waste
withoutdamagingthesurroundingenvironment.

To ensure if the proposed camping site with in the National Park, is easily, safely
and, effectively used by the visitors and employees (i.e. scouts, guides, cooks); and
will have minimal impact of visitor use and infrastructure development upon the
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surrounding environment; and planed infrastructure in accordance with the
determinedcapacityofthenaturalareatoreceiveadefinednumberofvisitors.

Actionsandactivities:
Constructinfrastructures(basedondemand)includingTransportationfacilitiesand
services,watersupply,electricpower,solidwastedisposal,toilet,
telecommunications(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystemsprogrammes)
Constructcampingsites(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystemsprogrammes)

Theme2:TouristAccess

ManagementObjectives
Provideandmaintainappropriateservicesandaccesstotheparkforvisitoruseand
managementpurposeswhileprotectingtheparksnaturalandculturalvalues.

Encourage the provision of safe tourism services to improve the quality and range
of recreational experiences in the park, consistent with maintaining its natural and
culturalvalues.

Managementstrategies

Ensure that access like car(vehicle) and walk street to the park are enhanced and
integrated with visitor demands and ,rules, guidelines and regulations .;protecting
theparksnaturalandculturalvalues
Liaise with the government infrastructure builders like Telecommunications, Road
authoritytoensurethatsafeaccessismaintained.
Ensurethatallfuturetouroperatorsusingtheparkarewelltrained,accreditedand
licensed.
Encourage relevant Indigenous communities to develop and deliver guided tours
that enhance the experience of visitors and are compatible with the protection of
parkvalues.

Actionsandactivities:
Standardserviceprovisionlikeparking,(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystems
programmes)
Accessfacilitationroadandwalkstreet(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystems
programmes)
Touroperatorselectiontraining

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Theme3:TouristFacilities

ManagementObjectives
Provide sustainable camping areas and visitor sites that offer opportunities for
publicenjoymentinawaythatpreservestheparksnaturalvalues.

Provideforthecollectionofentryandcampingfeestoassistwiththecostofvisitor
servicesmaintenance.

Managementstrategies
Designate and manage sustainable camping areas and day visit areas to provide
visitors with a quality experience while preserving natural and cultural values,
consistentwiththezoningoftheparkinthismanagementplan.
Monitorcampingareasandmaintainthemtoavoidunacceptableimpactsbyeither
settinguselimitsorbyrotatingsitestoallowforregeneration.
Maintainselfregistrationstationsatstrategiclocationsintheparkfordisseminating
visitorinformationandcollectingentryandcampingfees.
Prepareandavailnecessaryinformationsuchas,simpleandinformativeparkguide
books, brochures, leaflets, post cards, maps and guideline at park headquarters,
park gates and tourist information centers (i.e. Gondar, Bahirdar, Simen Mountains
National Park and Dinder National Park in Sudan). where, the information also
providescamping,walkingrouts.

Actionsandactivities:
Designateandmanagesustainablecampingareasanddayvisitareas
Maintainselfregistrationstationsatstrategiclocations
Prepareandavailnecessaryinformation(Tobeimplementedonsupportsystems
programmes

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MP4COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME











































MP4COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME

SUBPROGRAMMES
Communityparticipation:involvementManagement
CommunityawarenessManagement
CommunityrelationsManagement
Localeconomiescommercialactivitiesandemployment
Management










Toempowerpeopleandlocalcommunityinitiativestoengageinparkconservation
andmanagementduties
To increase accountability to resident groups and local communities on Alatish
Nationalpark
conservationobjectives
ToMinimiseconflictsbetweenparkvaluesandsurroundingland.

GeneralProgrammeobjectives
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4.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND

Thecommunity:PeopleandCommunitiesinAlatisharethoselivingadjacentwithintothepark
who holds 39%(31733) with most priority and those in other sides nearby of (50207)Quara
Woredawhowillhaveeffectonthepark.MoreoveritisaboutGumuz,Amhara,Agew,Kimant
andTgrie/Communities/Ethnicgroups.TheyareanintegralpartoftheAlatishNationalPark.
These Residents from within and nearby and visitors from further are also part of this park.
Communities are diverse, and different people at different stages in their lives want different
thingsfromtheirenvironment

4.0programmethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies

Managementthemes
Communityparticipation:involvementManagement
CommunityawarenessManagement
CommunityrelationsManagement
LocaleconomiescommercialactivitiesandemploymentManagement

Overallobjectives

Toempowerpeopleandlocalcommunityinitiativestoengageinparkconservationand
managementduties
ToincreaseaccountabilitytoresidentgroupsandlocalcommunitiesonAlatishNational
park

Generalstrategies

o Developing confidence and trust amongst communities so that everyone sees and
expectsaheartyresponsetoParkconservation.
o Tappingintoexistingcommunitydevelopmentactivitiesandadoptingnewones
o Motivatingyoungpeopleandprovidingthemwithsupportinyouthactivities
o Workingwithschoolsandyouthgroupstohelpdevelopdiversionaryactivities.
o Developing mixed age/gender groups(clubs) and activities to strengthen and build the
communityinvolvement
o Providingfunding,training,skillsandguidancetosupportexistingandnew
o Rewarding responsibility by providing incentives for those who respect their
neighborhoodsandcommunity

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IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement:

Involving the communityCommunity participation: Managing the Alatish National Park needs
partnerships and cooperative arrangements, and developing the sense of ownership. This
requires the development of substantial working relationships with local communities. The
involvementandparticipationofcommunitygroupsandindividualsintheparksmanagement
is pivotal in effective longterm planning, use and care of the parks values. Volunteers and
community groups make valuable contributions to park management and conservation of
resources.

Community involvement provides a positive direction for the shared development,


maintenance and management of the ALNP Park and help to manage the park in accordance
with the objectives of this plan. ALNP actively encourages broad community participation in
park management through the development of opportunities linked to the skills and interests
ofthem.

Community awareness: The level of awareness of the ALNP community is at a level which is
lowerthanexpectedtobe.Hence,raisingthecommunitysawarenessoftheparksvaluesisan
essentialsteptodevelopitssenseofcustodianshipfortheparkandengagementintheareas
management.Thecommunityismorelikelytodevelopasenseofcustodianshipfortheparkif
its views and values are respected and parkrelated social networks are encouraged and
supportedandtheyaremoreaware.Increasingawarenesswithinthecommunitywillreducea
number of key threatening processes to the parks values and can assist in minimizing the
potentialofthemforfurtherimpacts.

Community relations: The Alatish National Park has different communities of a range of sizes
locatedclosetoitsboundaries,includingGumuz,Agew,Amhara,andsomeotherminoritieslike
Tgrie. The Park administration and management needs the very good relation of these
communities in terms of the Resource Management monitoring and day to day follow up
.Hence consultation and establishing of a well integrated community is important in order to
achieveeffectivemanagementoftheParkandpublicsupportforthatmanagementregime.

LocalEconomiesCommercialActivitiesandemployment:Farmingemploysthelargestnumberof
peopleonAlatishcommunityi.emorethan87%oftheworkforce,followedbydaylylabourer
9%)andthenretailandpityIGAsTherelativeimportanceofthesesectorsintheeconomyhas
beengrowinginrecentyears.MostofthebusinessesintheNationalParkandthesurrounding
townsareofthattypewhichcanbeclassifiedassmallbusinesses.Respectively,differentsmall
andmicrocommercialactivitieshavebeenobservedinAlatishNationalParkcommunitywhich
supports them and reduce their effects on the park. They are used and recommended to
improvevisitorservicesandfacilitieswithintheparks.Commercialactivitieswillbeconsidered
where such activities enhance better management of the park and do not conflict with the
objectivesoftheALNPandthisplan.

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Buildingcloseeconomiclinksbetweenthesebusinessesandwithlocalconsumersensuresthat
moneyisretainedinthelocaleconomy,localservicesaresupported,andtheeconomyhasthe
opportunitytobecomemoreselfreliant.

The presence of Alatish national park can have beneficial spinoffs to the local community,
particularly in terms of bringing tourism and the associated income to an area. The
management of the Park can therefore have an impact on the economy of surrounding
communities,

CommunitiescanalsohaveeffectsontheParkbyexpectingthepreviousinvolvementcausing
impacts through commercial use and income generating meanness, Activities inside the park,
particularly having farmlands, can therefore have adverse effects on the conservation of
resources. Hence the remedy of minimizing these effects is both by promoting the alternative
income generating activities outside the park and by enabling the park support the economy
hence,ItisimportantfortheGMPtofosteraconstructiverelationshipwiththesecommunities
throughpromotionofincomegeneratingactivities.
4.1COMMUNITYINVOLVEMENTMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME:

ManagementObjectives
To Encourage and support voluntary contributions of the local community to
biodiversityandparkmanagementprograms.
To actively assist the parks management by participating local community and
promotingcontributetheirknowledgeandskills.
ToestablishworkingrelationshipswithQuarapeoplewhohaveatraditionalassociation
withthelandandenvironmentcomprisingtheAlatishNationalpark.

Managementstrategies
Encourage and facilitate the involvement of the local community in conservation and
parkmanagementprograms.
Involve especially the Gumuz community in preservation of their good tradition
indigenousculturalabilitiesonmanagingtheALNPvegetation.
Consult the local community to explore the benefits of partnership arrangements that
will support future decisions on issues of common interest and promote economic
developmentintheregion.
Talk to communities; listen to ideas and solutions being suggested. Act on good ideas
andshareinformationtoavoidunnecessaryrepetitionofconsultation.
Encourage and support community groups that use or have an interest in the park to
worktogetherfortechnicalsupport,managerialsupportandfinancialsupport
Work to establish a strong and collaborative relationship with the relevant Indigenous
communities,andexploremeanstoinvolveandworkwiththecommunitiesinreflecting
cultural wisdom, interests and aspirations in the management of the park, as
appropriate
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Actionsandactivities:
Conduct a clear and continuous dialogue between the National Park Authority and the
community
Involvemorepeopleintheparkmanagementprocess
Createconservationgroupsandorganizepromotionactivities
4.2COMMUNITYAWARENESSMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME

ManagementObjectives
Increase the communitys awareness and understanding of the parks values and
managementactivities.
Build a sense of shared ownership and custodianship for the park among community
groupsandindividuals.

Managementstrategies
Increasepublicawarenessandunderstandingofsignificantparkmanagementactivities,
throughIECtechniqueslike,advocacies,sensitizationand.brochures
haveregularCommunicationwiththecommunity

Actionsandactivities:
Constantsensitizationofparkissues
UpdateParkinformationtopublic
Communityrelations

4.3COMMUNITYRELATIONSMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME

ManagementObjectives

To establish and maintain a constructive relationship with local communities and


associatestopreservethenaturalvaluesoftheParkandretainopportunitiesforthem
tobeinvolvedinParkmanagement.

Managementstrategies

Meet with local communities, associates and key stakeholders on a regular basis with
regardtotheimplementationofthismanagementplanwiththeirconcernsincluded
Ensure that an effective community consultation programme is developed and
implemented.
Assist local people to participate actively and positively in decisions which deliver the
kindofenvironmenttheywish,toliveinlandhowtheycanequallyact

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Actionsandactivities:

Conductaclearandcontinuousdialogueandconsolationsamongthecommunityhow
equallytheycanbeconcernedforthepark
Formingconflictresolvingmethods
4.4LOCALECONOMIESCOMERCIALACTIVTIESANDEMPLOYMENTMANAGEMENTSUB
PROGRAMME

ManagementObjectives
Topromotesustainableeconomicgrowthandwellbeing,particularlyofthesurrounding
communitybygeneratingandexpandingemploymentopportunities
To increase in the proportion of self employed residents working within the Alatish
economicareatherebyincreasingtheeconomicselfsufficiencyofthelocality
to generate an economy which supports the local community so that they can
contributeforbetterconservationofthepark

Managementstrategies
promotebusinessandemploymentopportunities
encouragesustainablewealthcreation
improvetheeffectivenessofexistingbusinesses,
encouragingthedevelopmentofcreativeartsandskills
initiateandrunvariousschemesthathelplocalbusinesspeople
Identifyandaddressskillsshortages
Encourage a wide variety of opportunities for employment and support for local
businesses.
Provide and offer Business support through market intelligence, training and small
capital grants to local residents (particularly young people) who wish to start new
smallbusinesseslocatedintheNationalPark
Supporting Businesses to raise the quality of their products, services and
environmentalperformance
Actionsandactivities:

FacilitationofEconomicdiversityandinnovation
Provisionofbusinessinfrastructure
Skilltrainings
Businessadvice
Initiateandrunvariousschemes
Marketingsupportandadvice
Capitalformationandgrantsprovision


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MP5 SUPPORT SYSTEMS PROGRAMME



























MP5SUPPORTSYSTEMSPROGRAMME
PROGRAMME

SUBPROGRAMMES
Parkadministrationandlowenforcementmanagement
SupportandaccessibilityManagement












To administer the Park effectively in line with legislation, the BPR , the General Policy
for National Parks, other General Policies and this management plan.
To provide services and facilities to assist in efficient management of the park and
contribute to the safety of park visitors ,researchers and neighbors
To Install and maintain infrastructure and built assets necessary for effective park
management as required in ALNP

GeneralProgrammeobjectives
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5.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND

InALNP,thecurrentmanagementoftheresourcesissupportedbytheexistingadministration,
infrastructureandfacilities.Inthecoming10yearsalsothemanagementneedsthemcritically
.as a result, this plan addresses the support systems needed to implement the management
programs. These include Administration comprisingstaffing, staff training, welfare and
remuneration, and accessibility support funding sources and financial management, capital
developmentandequipmentneeds.AsAlatishNationalParkisaverynewParkandhaslimited
resourcestherearedeficienciesinalloftheseareasthatneedattention.

Theadministration:TheAlatishNationalParkisadministeredprimarilyundertheNationalParks
Act No 38/2005; Management of the Park requires a range of administrative activities which
enable the Alatish National Park office in Gelegu and the PADPA to carry out its legislative
obligationsandtoimplementthismanagementplanandstrategies.

SofartheparksmanagementhavebeensupportedandadministeredbyAlatishNationalPark
Office.CurrentlyALNPhasatotalof62workingforcesthatcompriseof45maleand17female.
73 employees were planned to be recruited in 2009/2010 budget year out of 82 employs
proposedasrequiredatvariouslevelsonentirecarrierstructureofparkoffice.Theparkhasa
warden, one technical team leader, three field biologists and, one planner, legal officer, one
chief, six scout and forty field guards. The administration staff comprised one administrator,
one audit, one finance expert, one casher, one store man and one driver. Due to remoteness
anduncomfortedclimatetheparkofficeissufferfromexpertsturnover.Among17employees
in2007/2008tenareleaved.

TheAlatishNationalParkofficeinGeleguandthePADPAisintheprocessofputtinginplacea
BPR system which will improve the management of the ALNP based on this General
ManagementPlan.

Management Support and access: In ALNP, the management of the resources is supported by
the existing infrastructure including one single cup Toyota pick up car,2 electric generators ,2
desktopcomputers,andofficefurniture,radiocomunicatoion,5hand dugwaterwells,4scout
houses ..The Park does not have any working office building, although it is on the way to
constructitsown.

TheseexistinginfrastructuresservethemanagementofALNPthroughsupportingtheassigned
personnel and facilitating visiting and monitoring. Further upgrading, rationalisation and
relocationofinfrastructurehavetocontinueasappropriate.

Theparkmanagementisstillatinfantlevelwhereitdemandseffectiveandefficientworkforce,
and Provision of suitable services and facilities for its proper management. In addition to
facility; provision demands like Park infrastructure, Roads, Communication equipment, Energy
supply, Water supply are required too. Most staff requires a broad range of skills and
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competenciesincludingabasicunderstandingofecosystemvaluesandfunctions,visitorneeds
and aspirations, infrastructure maintenance standards and requirements, community issues
andcrossculturalawareness.

In ALNP the existing infrastructurewhich is too small, infant and weak serve the management
ofALNPthroughsupportingtheassignedpersonnelandfacilitatingvisitingandmonitoring.The
parkmanagementdemandseffectiveandefficientworkforce,andProvisionofsuitableservices
and facilities for proper management. in addition provisions like Park infrastructure, Roads
,Communicationequipment,Energysupply,Watersupplyarevital.Moststaffrequiresabroad
range of skills and competencies including a basic understanding of ecosystem values and
functions, visitor needs and aspirations, infrastructure maintenance standards and
requirements, community issues and crosscultural awareness. Further upgrading,
rationalization and relocation of infrastructure have to continue as appropriate to implement
thisGMP.

Thus this General Management Plan will help to improve the management of the ALNP by
assistingtheadministration;andtheGeneralManagementPlan(GMP)willbesupportedbythe
BPRprocessandimprovedfacilities.

IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement:Sofartheparksmanagementhavebeensupported
andadministeredbyAlatishNationalParkOffice.Thisadministrationunitisbackedupbythe
WoredaAdministrationatLocallevelandbyPaDPAatRegionallevel.TheAlatishNationalPark
office in Gelegu and the PADPA is in the process of putting in place a BPR system. Hence this
General Management Plan will help to improve the management of the ALNP by assisting the
administration; and the General Management Plan (GMP) will be supported by the BPR
process.

In ALNP the existing infrastructurewhich is too small, infant and weak serve the management
ofALNPthroughsupportingtheassignedpersonnelandfacilitatingvisitingandmonitoring.The
parkmanagementdemandseffectiveandefficientworkforce,andProvisionofsuitableservices
and facilities for proper management. in addition provisions like Park infrastructure, Roads
,Communicationequipment,Energysupply,Watersupplyarevital.Moststaffrequiresabroad
range of skills and competencies including a basic understanding of ecosystem values and
functions, visitor needs and aspirations, infrastructure maintenance standards and
requirements, community issues and crosscultural awareness. Further upgrading,
rationalization and relocation of infrastructure have to continue as appropriate to implement
thisGMP.

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ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions
5.1PARKADMINISTRATIONANDLAWENFORCEMENTMANAGEMENT

ManagementObjectives
ToadministertheParkeffectivelyinlinewithlegislation,theBPR,theGeneralPolicyfor
NationalParks,otherGeneralPoliciesandthismanagementplan.

Managementstrategies
WorktoManagetheParkinlinewithrelevantlegislation,GeneralPolicies,theBPRand
thismanagementplan.
CarryoutlawenforcementactivitiesintheParkinlinewiththeNationalParksActand
otherrelevantlegislation.
Provide for the passing of any bylaws necessary to enable the implementation of
policieswithinthismanagementplan.
Ensurethatstaffinglevels,expertiseandmotivationareadequate
Provideappropriateinfrastructureandequipmentforeffectivemanagementofthearea
ImprovecommunicationsatVillage,DistrictandRegionallevels
Ensurestaffhasuptodateskillsandcompetencies.
Providetrainingopportunitiestoenhancestaffabilitiesandcareeradvancement.

Actionsandactivities

Revisingandunderstandinglegislation,GeneralPolicies
Carryoutlawenforcementactivities
Processandpassanybylawsnecessaryforthemanagementofthispark
Fulfillqualityandquantityofthestaffandemployees
Provideappropriateinfrastructureandequipment
Regularcommunicationwithupperandlowerauthorities(TobeimplementedonCross
cuttingprogrammes)
5.2SUPPORTANDACCESSIBILITYMANAGEMENT:

ManagementObjectives
To provide services and facilities to assist in efficient management of the park and
contributetothesafetyofparkvisitors,researchersandneighbors
To Install and maintain infrastructure and built assets necessary for effective park
managementasrequiredinALNP

Managementstrategies
Ensure that all park infrastructure is appropriate to the chosen setting of the park
section,andis
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inaccordancewiththeparkzoningscheme.
Apply appropriate environmentally sustainable design principles to all infrastructures,
withinreasonablefinancialandtechnicalconsiderations.
Investigate options for expanding office/interpretive facilities ,and the park
infrastructure
facilitatetheconstructionofthealreadydesignedaccessroadandpostsitehouses
Prepareoperationalguidelinesfortheconstructionofroadsandvehicleswithinzoning
scheme
Graduallyupgradeexistingradiocommunicationssystemstousenewtechnologies
Train all park staff to ensure effective use of the communications systems used in the
park.
Investigatealternativepowersuppliesandenhancementofenergyefficiencyforuseon
thepark
Maximizeefficientuseofwaterinservicesandfacilitiesonthepark.

provideandmaintainappropriatefacilitiestosupportthescientificresearchprogram;

Actionsandactivities

Buildingaccessroadswiththedesireddesignandstandard
Fulfillofficebuildingfacilitiesandtouristinformationcenter
Fulfilltelecommunicationsinsidethepark
Buildpostsitehouses
Buildwateringpoints
Stafftrainingonmanagementofparkinfrastructures



















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MP6 CROSSCUTTINGISSUESMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME







































MP6CROSSCUTTINGISSUESMANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME

SUBPROGRAMMES
StakeholderinvolvementManagement
TransboundaryissuesManagement
Adjoining neighbors and areas complementary
management
Publicrelationsinformationandcommunication







To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The rights and
interests of Indigenous peoples are recognized and the Parks Conservation is
ensured
Toencouragescientificresearch,whichaddstoknowledgeoftheParksresources
Toconservetransboundaryresources,henceconservationvaluesaremaintained
To promote Transboundary Collaboration for better management of the
transboundaryresources
ToHelptheAdjoiningBenishangulGRegionalStateandlocalcommunitiestobe
awareoftheireffectsonALNPandconvertthemtobesupportiveoftheALNP

GeneralProgrammeobjectives
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6.0MANAGEMENTPROGRAMMEBACKGROUND

Running through the Management Plan Ambitions involves a number of crosscutting themes
that are of particular importance in ensuring a sustainable future for Alatish National Park.
Despite the crosscutting themes can not be delt independently, they are catalysts in every
other programmes . The success of major programmes can not happen unless they are
implemented.HencethisGMPgivesdueemphasistothemasexplainedbelow.

Someofthesecrosscuttingissuesareincludedthefollowingway;
Working with partners (stakeholders): there are list of Authorities, organizations and
communities, who are stakeholders operating within the Alatish national park which is
importanttoitspropermanagement.

All the community, stakeholders and the management are important actors in the proper
management of the park and conservation of resources. Hence they have to be planned and
actionhastobetakenaccordingly.

DealingTransboundaryissues:AlatishNationalparkofAmharaRegionEthiopia,coversanarea
of land, which is more than 266,570 hectares (2,665.7 Km
2
)and shares boundaries with in the
west to Sudan (Dinder National Park) about 74km (arial) boarder distance . ALNP consists of
natural or near natural vegetation type, which is characterized by various types of river sides,
valleys,woodlands,faunaandflora,wherethesameisobservedintheDindirside.Thus,Alatish
and Dinder are a continuous ecosystem from western Ethiopian highland plateau and crosses
intothearidregionsofCentralSudan.Althoughitisacontinuoussystem,itisbisectedbythe
international boundary of Sudan and Ethiopia. This requires the management of both sides of
theboundarytobebroughttothesameleveltoconservetheecosystemforassustainability.

The Alatish National park preserves significant landscapes, funa and flora which are similar to
the Dindir national Par of Sudan. However, the joint protection and conservation of these
ecosystemsinthenationalparkisnotyetstartedtoensurethelongtermviabilityofecosystem
diversityandprocesses.Theretentionandconservationoftheecosystemslinkingthetwoparks
isnotonlydesirablebutvitalifthetwonationalparksaretoretaintheirconservationvalueand
scenicappeal.

Dealing Complementary management of adjoining neighbors and areas: Beyond the


transboundaryNeighborhoodwiththeDindirNationalpark;theAlatishNationalParkneighbors
includethefarmsaroundthedevelopmentzoneresidingintheeasttoBambahoandGelguand
inthenorthtoMehadid,Brermel,GumzWuhaandMosabademapeasantassociationsofQuara
Woreda,andinthesouthtoBenshangulGumuzNationalRegionalStatewithAyimariverthat
is the Omedla community . The park is owned by Amhara National Regional state, and
surrounded by the BGRS who hold a number of concerns and effects in relation to the
managementofthepark.

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Some residential community members and farmers both from Amhara NRS and BGNRS have
encroachedonparklandlookingforhoney,bambooandfarmlandscausingfire,killordisturb
native animals. Surrounding farm lands is a source of weeds and domestic animals and can
present a fire risk to the park. This impact is clearly seen on the Northern side of the park.
Overall neighborhoods can be responsible for undesirable impacts on the park which are of
management concern which includes as sources of nonnative plants that do not naturally
occur in the area, fire, pest and hunting and killing wild animals. Consequently Developing
support from local communities and neighbors for park management activities is highly
desirableandrequiresanongoingconsultationandhastobeplannedandproperlymanaged.

6.1WORKINGWITHPARTNERS(STAKEHOLDERS)SUBPROGRAMME
6.1.0SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies

Managementthemes

StakeholderinvolvementManagement
ScienceandResearchManagement

Overallobjectives

To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The rights and
interestsofIndigenouspeoplesarerecognizedandtheParksConservationisensured
Toencouragescientificresearch,whichaddstoknowledgeoftheParksresources

Generalstrategies
o Establish formal links with stakeholders with a view to comanage and conserve the
ALNPresources;Recognizingtheresponsibilities,interestsandaspirationsofIndigenous
peoplesandotherstakeholders

IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement:Stakeholderparticipationisanessentialelementof
ALNP management. Although initially it may require a considerable financial and time
investment, it ensures that key individuals, groups and organizations are involved in an
equitable,democraticandeffectivenaturalresourcemanagementprocess.

Furthermore,TheManagementofALNPshouldnotbegoingwithoutundertakingresearchand
investigationontheeffectsofproposeddevelopments.

Scientificresearchisvitaltoaddingtoknowledge,tomanagementoftheParksresourcesand
to interpretation of the Parks values to the community. Some research creates physical
disturbance. It is important to recognize this and manage such disturbance in a responsible
mannerscientificallyandinawaythatdoesnotdetractfromthevaluesofthePark.
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It is for these reasons that it is important that research is fostered, understood and taken
accountofinthepreservation,protectionandpresentationoftheParkanditsvalues

5.1.1ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1:StakeholderinvolvementManagement:

ManagementObjectives
To promote the involvement and support of stakeholders so that The rights and
interestsofIndigenouspeoplesarerecognizedandtheParksConservationisensured

Managementstrategies
Recognisetheresponsibilities,interestsandaspirationsofIndigenouspeoplesandother
stakeholders
Establish formal links with stakeholders with a view to comanage and conserve the
ALNPresourcesespeciallywiththeBenishangulGumuzRegionalstate
Establish a capacity for conflict resolution between the management and external
stakeholders.
ProvokestakeholderstodevotetheirresourcesbasedontheirinterestssothatthePark
conservationcanbeenhanced

Actionsandactivities

Stakeholdernetworking
StakeholderforumforFundraising
stakeholderMonitoringandevaluation

Theme2:ScienceandResearchmanagement
ManagementObjectives
Toencouragescientificresearch,whichaddstoknowledgeoftheParksresources

Managementstrategies
establish a research program coordinating committee comprising Bahirdar,Gondar or
otherNationalUniversitiesandotherstakeholdersincludingthecommunity,
conductperiodicreviewsofscientificresearchbeingundertaken;
maintain an inventory and library of the resources of the Park and relevant literature
thatisaccessibletostaff,researchersandthepublic;

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Actionsandactivities
Conduct Research programs on: Ecosystem, NRM, Wildlife ,Birds ,Reptiles ,Water
resources,Vegetation,Socioeconomics
Presentationofresearchresults
Applyingtheresultonparkconservation
6.2TRANSBOUNDARYISSUESSUBPROGRAMME:
6.2.1SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies
Managementthemes
TransboundaryissuesManagement

Overallobjectives
Toconservetransboundaryresources,henceconservationvaluesaremaintained
To promote transboundaryCollaboration for better management of the transboundary
resources
Generalstrategies
FormtransboundrycollaborationbasedonContinuousinvestigationandAssessmentof
resources,opportunities,threatsandmeasures

IssuesandOpportunitiesformanagement:TheAlatishNationalparktransboundedbyDindrNP
preservessignificantlandscapes,faunaandflorawhicharesimilartotheDindirnationalparkof
Sudan.However,thejointprotectionandconservationoftheseecosystemsinthenationalpark
is not yet started to ensure the longterm viability of ecosystem diversity and processes. The
retention and conservation of the ecosystems linking the two parks is not only desirable but
vital if the two national parks are to retain their conservation value and scenic appeal. This
requires the management of both sides of the boundary to be brought to the same level to
conservetheecosystemforassustainability.
6.2.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1:TransboundaryissuesManagement
ManagementObjectives
Toconservetransboundaryresources,henceconservationvaluesaremaintained
To promote transboundaryCollaboration for better management of the transboundary
resources
Managementstrategies
Continuous investigation and Assessment of the conservation value and status of the
transboundaryparks
Continue dialogue and negotiations with Dindir National park on develop a
managementplaninaccordancewiththetransboundaryissues
Formadiscussiongroupwithrepresentativesfromtwoparks

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Actionsandactivities
Resourcesinvestigation
Networking
Forumformationandconsultations
Collaborationonenforcingexistinglaw

6.3ADJOININGNEIGHBORSANDAREASCOMPLEMENTARYMANAGEMENTSUBPROGRAMME:
6.3.1SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies
Managementthemes
Adjoiningneighborsandareascomplementarymanagement

Overallobjectives
ToHelptheAdjoiningBenishangulGRegionalStateandlocalcommunitiestobeaware
of their effects on ALNP and convert them to be supportive of the ALNP conservation
objectives
Tominimiseconflictsbetweenparkvaluesandsurroundingland.

Generalstrategies
Cooperate with adjoining landholders , the local administration ,and the neighboring
BG Region ;based on awareness raising ,law enforcement and Good Neighbourhood
relationship

Issues and Opportunities for management: Beyond the transboundary location, The Alatish
NationalParkisboundedbyneighborsincludethefarmsaroundthedevelopmentzoneandthe
Benshangul Gumuz National Regional State .The park is owned by Amhara National Regional
state, and surrounded by the BGRS who hold a number of concerns and effects in relation to
themanagementofthepark.

Some residential community members and farmers both from Amhara NRS and BGNRS have
encroachedonparklandlookingforhoney,bambooandfarmlandscausingfire,killordisturb
native animals. Surrounding farm lands is a source of weeds and domestic animals and can
present a fire risk to the park. Neighborhoods can be responsible for undesirable impacts on
theparkwhichareofmanagementconcernwhichincludesassourcesofnonnativeplantsthat
donotnaturallyoccurinthearea,fire,pestandhuntingandkillingwildanimals.Consequently
Developing support from local communities and neighbors for park management activities is
highly desirable and requires an ongoing consultation and has to be planned and properly
managed.

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6.3.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1:adjoiningneighborsandareascomplementarymanagement

ManagementObjectives
ToHelptheAdjoiningBenishangulGRegionalStateandlocalcommunitiestobeaware
of their effects on ALNP and convert them to be supportive of the ALNP conservation
objectives
Tominimiseconflictsbetweenparkvaluesandsurroundingland.

Managementstrategies

Continue to deliver formal advice and awareness to local farming communities


regardingfuturedevelopmentsandexpansionoffarmlandonadjoiningornearbyland
whicharelikelytohaveanimpactontheparkslandscapeandscenicvalues.
Encourage sound conservation and farm land management practices on farm land
adjoiningthepark
Develop local bylaws which they will be governed by and have good consequences for
parkmanagement.
Form a discussion group with representatives from Benishangul Gumuz Regional State
andlocalneighboringWoredaandlocalconservationgroups
Apply and encourage the application of the Good Neighbour program to management
issuesonornearboundariesoftheparkespeciallywiththeBenshanguelGumuzregion
andsurroundingGumuztribes
Consolidate Park boundaries where possible i.e clear demarcation of the development
andbufferzone.
Encourage consistent application of the National park act, determinations and
guidelines for, for enabling efficient management of the area and controlling access to
thepark.
Cooperatewithadjoininglandholdersandthelocaladministrationtomanageboundary
andadjacentlanduseissues.

Increase awareness and support of park management activities including prescribed


burning, pest plant and animal control and visitor management activities within
neighbors.

Actionsandactivities

Continuousadviceandmonitoring
Regulardiscussionwithneighbors
Parkboundaryconsolidation
Implementinglawsandbylaws

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6.4PUBLICRELATIONSINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSUBPROGRAMME:
6.4.1SubprogrammethemesGeneralObjectives,andStrategies

Managementthemes
IECsupportedParkadvocacy
Overallobjectives
ToenhanceproperimplementationoftheGMPusingpublicrelationtools.
To make ALNP recognisable, popular, with accessible information about parks nature
andculturevalues

Generalstrategies
ToenforceInformationaducationandcommunicationtechniques

Issues and Opportunities for management: No organization can exist and work effectively
withoutappropriateexposuretothepublic.PulicrelationsthroughappropriateIECencourage,
the participation of society, and stakeholders to, understand, know, decide and act of the day
to day mangment of the park.In ALNP ,there is no significant public relation works done
sofar.This subprogramme will therefore help more for the park to be well known and have
differentassistances.

6.4.2ThemesspecificObjectives,Strategiesandactions

Theme1:IECsupportedParkadvocacy

ManagementObjectives
Toadvocateeveryfactsoftheparksothatitwillbewellmanagmed
Managementstrategies
UseIECtechniquestoproducedifferentadvocacyduties
Workwithstakeholdersforeffectiveexposureofthepark

Actionsandactivities
ProductionofIECMaterialsaboutNaturalresourcesmanagement
Continuousadvocacyoftheparkconservationandbenefitsforthecommunity
DistributionofIECmaterials
UndertakingMonthlyCommunityConversation
CelebrationofALNPParkday
Continuousadvocacyoftheparkconservation,potentialsandbenefitsfortouristsand
stakeholders
InstallinformationcentreinGeleguandatParkget
Produceinformativenationalparkmapsincludingtheresourcesmaps

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PARTTHREE:THEALNPGMPPRIORITIESFORACTIONOPERATIONALPLANand
IMPLEMENTATIONMODALITY












































PARTTHREE
THEALNPGMPPRIORITIESFORACTIONOPERATIONAL
PLANandIMPLEMENTATIONMODALITY







THEMES
PRIORITYACTIONS
FIVEYEAROPRATIONALPLANFORPRIORITYACTIONS
IMPLEMENTATIONANDRESOURCINGTHEPLAN
MONITORING,REVIEWANDREPORTING

OBJECTIVE:
To display the main priority actions & activities for the next first 5
years and the General implementation modality for effective
implementationoftheGMP
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I.PRIORITYACTIONS


This GMP is intended to guide the management of the ALNP over the next 10 years, by laying
out the vision, general objectives for ALNP and the strategies by which that vision might be
considered and objectives achieved. In addition to providing this longterm vision, objectives
andstrategy,thisGMPmustalsobedirectlyapplicabletothedaytodaymanagementneedsof
ALNP and the people who are primarily responsible for its implementation. A fiveyear rolling
implementation plan will be prepared for the Park to ensure efficient implementation of this
Plan.Prioritiesformanagementareidentifiedalsoasaninitialstepinthisprocessthese5year
actionplanshavethereforebeendesignedtoprovidefurtherdetailedactivitiesthatneedtobe
accomplished as part of the overall identified action. This structuring should help facilitate
understandingandimplementationofbothparkmanagersandotherstakeholders.

The summary of all activities proposed for this GMP is depicted under the annex section.
Among those summary of actions, believing that those with high priority should be
implementedfirstandtheothersfollow,thefollowing5yearOperationalplanisformulated.

II.FIVEYEARSOPERATIONAL

The overall ALNP management and action plan will have various activities and outputs which
will help to attain different objectives and the overall objective of this GMP. Despite they are
many, this section deals only on the major priorities for the coming first five years. The rest
shouldbeconsideredaftertheimplantationofthefirstpriority.

2.1priorityActivitiesoftheALNP(20102014)

i) Activities:Theplanwillhavethefollowingmajoractivitiesasapriority;

II.FIVEYEARSOPERATIONALPLAN
I.PRIORITYACTIONS
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Table9priorityActivities
ACTIVITY
NATURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME
WILDLIFERESOURCESMANAGEMENT
NativegeneticdiversityoffaunaandtheirhabitatsProtectionand
maintenance
Managementofendangeredspecies(especiallyManagingAfrican
Elephant)
WildlifeAnimalsinventoryandmonitoring
Conductwildanimalinventoryatdifferenthabitats
VEGETATIONRESOURCESMANAGEMENT
Localhotspotsitesmanagement
Restorationorrarelyfoundspeciesmanagement
Economicforestzonemanagement
Agroforestrydevelopmentandmanagement
WATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENT
Waterinfrastructuredevelopment(wells)
Wetlandandriparianresourcemanagementactionplan
developingwaterresourcesinformationdatabaseactionplan
2 ECOSYSTEMSANDBIODIVERSITYCONSERVATIONMANAGEMENT
Conservationofpriorityecosystemcomponents
Controllingencroachmentandecologicaldegradation
Firemonitoringandsupervision
Managinghydrologicalresources
Habitatsconservationandrestoration
AuthorisedparkResourcesuses
3 TOURISMCULTURALHERITAGEANDRECREATIONMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME
Developtourismpromotionandregulationstrategy
Promoteequalaccesstobenefits
4 COMMUNITYDEVELOPEMNTPROGRAMME
LOCALECONOMIESCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESANDEMPLOYMENT
MANAGEMENT
COMMUNITYINVOLVEMENT,AWARENESSANDRELATIONS
MANAGEMENT:
5 SYSTEMSSUPPORTOFALNP
Parkhumanresourcedev't
BuildandmentainParkassistingInfrastructures
TurismInfrastructuredevelopment
Installtrekkingsignpostsandsitemaps
Facilities
LEGISLATIVEANDLAWENFORCEMENTMANAGEMENT
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6 CROSSCUTTINGISSUESMANAGEMENTOFALNP
STAKEHOLDERINVOLVEMENTandTRANSBOUNDRYMANAGEMENT
Networking
PUBLICRELATIONSANDCOMMUNICATIONMANAGEMENT
IECsupportedParkadvocacy
RESEARCHPROGRAMS
7 MONITORINGEVALUATION

ii)Outputs:Therespectiveoutcomeoroutput/targetontheimplementationofeachmajorand
minor activity will be revised in the table attached under the annex section. The out puts her
simplywillbethetargetaccomplishmentofeachplanactivity.
2.2ResourcingandimplementingthePlan
i)ResourcingthePlan:
Theresourcesneededtoimplementtheselectedactivities,inadditiontotime,includevarious
human(withthespecialskills,consultantstocomefromdifferentstakeholderoffices),financial
(budget) ,material, equipments(ICT ,equipment, transportation) and organizational inputs.
TheseResourcescancomefromanycombinationofthemeasureswhichare;restructuringthe
government budget; restructuring and increasing donor support; and from the community
itself.

The budget reflects 5 year of costing for the measure concerned and clearly distinguish items
and activities Budgets indicate: expenses allocated to plan activities which needs financial
resources.:

In ultimate sense, all the resources will be listed out and converted in to financial terms and
formulatesabudgetbreakdown.Theestimatedbudgetbreakdowncoversaperiodof5years.
Tentatively the plan is expected to commence on Next year 2010 and The total for the
implementation of the first round five year activities (excluding road and other buildings) is
estimatedtobebirr9,139,000
,whichisequivalentto815982.00USDassuminganexchangerateof1USD=11.20EthBr.

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Table10Costsummary:
No Programmedescription Unit
5 years
Totalcost
1 Naturalresourcesdevelopmentmanagementprogramme Birr 1,520,000
2 Ecosystemsandbiodiversityconservationmanagement Birr 810000
3 Tourismculturalheritageandrecreationmanagementprogramme Birr 520000
4 Communitydevelopmentprogramme Birr 1199000
5 supportSystemsProgramme** Birr 3940000
6 Crosscuttingissuesmanagementofalnp Birr 1150000
Birr 9,139,000

** Note: This does not include cost for those activities which needs huge investment like roads .Since they
demandexactengineeringestimatebasedonthedesign.

BudgetAllocationandsources:Thebudgetsourcesfortheimplementationoftheseactivitiesis
expected to be ; restructuring the government budget; restructuring and increasing donor
support;andfromthecommunityitself.Inthesecasesthecommunityscontributionwhichcan
beeitherincashandinkind,labourwillcovertoa1%estimate.

ii)ImplementingthePlan
Implementing the plan is crucial as long as it is a process for ensuring the goal and objectives
canbeattained,andultimatelytheGMPcanbeinsuredinALNP.Neverthelessthiswillhappen
as long as there will be a correct adoption of strategies designed in this GMP and launching
appropriate participatory management structure to follow up the day to day implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of the plan. In this regard the management plan will be entirly
implemented by ALNP office in Gelegu with full assistance of the PaDPA and stakeholders listed. The
roleofthesurroundingcommunityinimplementationinvolvementisatthefirsttoppriority.

ParticipatoryManagementStructure
ThisALNPGMPhasgotdifferentprogrammesandactivities,consequently,therewillbemany
preparatoryworkstobedonetoinvolvetheperspectivestakeholdersandforittoproducean
out put to the Resources. Thus the proposed plan would have different stakeholders and it
wouldbelogicaltoestablishacommonplanmanagementstructure.

The over all management of the implementation of the plan will be done based on the
structuretobeformulatedonALNPOffice,andstakeholderlinks.Thedaytodaymanagement
of the implementation of the plan will be done both by the ALNP office and by the respective
stakeholdersespeciallythecommunity.
Implementation schedule/Timing/: The 5 year plan will be implemented based on the
scheduleshownintheappendixsection.
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2.3Planamendment

Duringthe10yearlifeoftheplan,amendmentstotheplanmaybenecessaryandcanbemade
bytheALNP.AmendmentsmaybemadeSinceTheobjectives,strategiesandactionsoutlined
inthisdraftplanarenotrigidratherdynamic.Amendmentsmaybemadeasaresultofpublic
submissions, changing circumstances or better information resulting from research and
monitoring activities, community consultation. More specifically it will be following an
authorizedprocesswhichincludes
the results of monitoring or research, management experience or new information
(such as greater understanding of new threatening processes) which indicate the need
forachangeinmanagementdirection
significantchangesinvisitationoruse
achangeinpolicythatcallsintoquestionplanobjectives
newlegislation(suchassignificantboundarychanges).
The plan may also be amended if an activity, development or use which conflicts with the
provisionsoftheplanisapprovedbygovernment

III.MONITORINGANDEVALUATION

The realization of the objectives envisaged by this plan partly depends on both the
establishmentandoperationalefficiencyofmonitoringandevaluationsystems.

The primary purpose of monitoring and evaluation is to assist the stakeholders and plan
management in the implementation of the program through the provision of relevant and
timelyinformation.InadditiontheseM&Ewillbeusefultodeterminewhetherkeycomponents
relatedtothesuccessoftheplanareputinplaceasandwhenrequired.

ThepurposesofundertakingM&Einthisplanare

Toidentifyunforeseenconstraints
Tomeasureactualimprovementsandcomparewithtargets
Toprovideadviceonworkablesolutiontoovercomeconstraints
To provide information on successful measures and strategies for the future design
ofsimilarplans,projects,andprogrammes.
TothisendactivitiesofM&Etobeundertakenwillbe;
III.MONITORINGAND EVALUATION PLAN
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Specificreportingformatswillbedevelopedforeachactivitybasedontheseformats
each party starting from the community park development taskforce to the ALNP
office.Theywillpreparethenecessary,quarter,biannualandannualreports.
Regular meetings about the implementation progress of the plan will be done by
eachparty:Thatis
Monthlyatkeblelevel
QuarterlyatALNPlevel
BiannuallyattheALNPlevel
Thefocusofthemeetingwillbeon
Reviewingtheprogressoftheimplementation,
Clarifying the achievements, problems tackled, successes recorded
suggestionandrecommendationsforimprovement

Close supervisions will be made to the beneficiaries (actual site) to see the implementation
procedures, give assistances and avoid obstacles timely. This will be done frequently by Park
officers.

The Alatish community will do the day to day follow up of activities and will give good feed
backsforbetterdecisionandwillalsoinvolveinthedecisionmakingprocess.

In generalmajor monitoring activities such asassessment of activities progress, assessment of


technical standards of the interventions, assessment of effectiveness in the release and
utilizationofinputsandassessmentofstakeholdersopinionswillbeheld.Ongoingevaluation
andmidtermevaluationwillbemade.





















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160
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1. BalieMountainsNationalPark,GeneralManagementPlan20072017,Ethiopia
2. KahurangiNationalParkManagementPlan,20012011SA
3. KemeriNationalParkManagementPlan20022010Latvia
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9. UNEP/GEF,2004managementplanforDindernationalpark.UNEP/GEF,DNP,KartumSudan.
10. WestlandTaiPoutiniNationalParkManagementPlan20012011NewZealand










ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

164
APPENDICES
1.1Specificactivitiestobeimplementedinthenext5years

ACTIVITY Units Targets


Budget 2010 2011 2012
2013 2014
1
TURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTMANAGEMENTPROGRAMME


WILDLIFERESOURCESMANAGEMENT

NativegeneticdiversityoffaunaandtheirhabitatsProtectionand
maintenance

Conductanimalsurvey
Round 2 50000

Habitatmonitoring Round
10

Habitatprotection Round
**

Breedingsitesmonitoring Round
10

Managementofendangeredspecies(especiallyManagingAfricanElephant)

ConductastudytobetterunderstanddynamicsandthreatsonAfrican
elephant No 1 50000

AdvocateandcollaboratewithneighbouringtoconserveAfrican
elephant Round **

Monitorotherspeciesandtheirfeedandpreybaseswithinthelarge
homerangeofelephant Round
**


Protectexistingpopulationfrompoachingthreats Round
**


WildlifeAnimalsinventoryandmonitoring

Conductwildanimalinventoryatdifferenthabitats No 2 100000

VEGETATIONRESOURCESMANAGEMENT

Localhotspotsitesmanagement

IdentificationofLocallocalhotspotsitesintheparkbufferand
developmentzones
Sites 3 45000

Conductaworkshoponlocalhotspotsiteselection,demarcationand
management
No 3 45,000

Restorationorrarelyfoundspeciesmanagement


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165

Identificationofrarelyfoundandoverexploitedtree/shrubspecies Per
study
1 20000

Identifysitesforrestoration Sites 3 45,000



Sitesalongriversandstreams Sites 3

Sitesonhilltopsandsurroundingareas Sites 3

Othersites Sites 3

Encouragingnaturalregenerationsthroughlandpreparationandseed
broadcasting
Sites 3 125000

Implementationofsilviculturalpracticesonrestorationsites Sites 3

ThinningandPruning(canopymanagement) Sites 3 9000



WeedingandCultivation Sites 3 9000



Economicforestzonemanagement

Conductingdetailforestinventoryandcharacterizingthestructureand
functionoftheeconomicforest
Per
study
1 100000

Identifyinganddemarcatingthepossibleeconomicforestzones Sites 3

DemarcatetheEFZ Sites 3 9000



IdentifyingandquantifyingpossibleNTFP Sites 3 30000



DevelopthemanualandguidelinestomanageEFZsites Sites 3 30000



EstablishmentofPFMgroups(legalinstitute) PFM
groups
7 70000

Agroforestrydevelopmentandmanagement

Introduceandpromotemultipurposetree/shrubspeciesinthebuffer
anddevelopmentzoneofthepark
1

BackyardagroforestrypracticesCommunityactivities Ha 30

RoadsideplantingCommunityactivities km 10

FarmboundaryplantingCommunityactivities km 5

WoodlotdevelopmentCommunityactivities Ha 50

WATERRESOURCESMANAGEMENT

verificationofproposedSitesforthepossiblewaterresources
developmentworksthroughdetailedstudyandinvestigation(hydrology,
geology,etcparameters)10wells,3waterharvestingponds,and2
wetlands
no ** 45000

constructionofshallowwells(max.20m) no 4wells 160,000




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166

Constructionofwaterharvestingstructures(ponds) no 2 30,000

constructionofshallowwells(max.20m) No 4 160,000

constructionofshallowwells(max.20m)(2(nearwetlands) No ) 80,000

installationofpipearrangementstotransferwatertotheselectedpools
forwildlifeForimproving2wetlands
No 8000

Constructionofremaining2wellforvisitors&centralpartofpark
,storageandminimumtreatmentfacilitieswhennecessarydeepwells
(borehole)
No 2 400,000

Wetlandandriparianresourcemanagementactionplan

Furtherinvestigationsontheseasonalwetlandstofullydocumentthe
wetlands
No 1

Identificationofpotentialwetlandsforrecreationalandtouristvalue No 1


conductingstudiesonmajorrivercoursesforconstructionofpossible
smallstoragestructuresandimprovementoftheriverineecosystem
No 1

developingwaterresourcesinformationdatabaseactionplan

SiteselectionforinstallationofprimaryM.Station,groundwater
monitoringwellsandstaffgaugesforwaterlevelrecordingatGelegu,
Alatish&HyimaRivers
No 1

InstallationofprimaryM.Station No 1 300000

AssesstheStructureandFunctionofthemajorRiverCorridors
Ecosystem,groundwateraquifers,etc
No 1 10000

Installationofgroundwatermonitoringwells No 1 50000

InstallationofstaffgaugesatGelegu,Alatish&HyimaRivers No 1 50000


2
ECOSYSTEMSANDBIODIVERSITYCONSERVATIONMANAGEMENT


Conservation of priority ecosystem components

Conduct regular monitoring on preventing undesired human impact No
4/per
year


Develop activity plan for conservation techniques at spatial and
temporal scale No 1

Provide ecological inputs Bulk *

Prioritized conservations in respect to positive and negative
Docum
ent 1

Minimize human and domestic stock intervention * *

Investigate options for maintaining ecological process impact of Docum 1

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167
tourism ent
Controlling encroachment and ecological degradation

Monitor and protect hunting and illegal extraction * *

Prohibit the entrance of Fellata nomads * *


Developing means of bridging the growing gap between people
and * *


Minimize or illuminate the poacher from one side of incomplete
ecosystem * *


Develop suitable monitoring and control sites on poachers and
other adverse effect
Docum
ent 21 sites 210,000


Establish well equipped forces and facilitated systems to control
illegal acts of poachers on time Team 7 village


Support the resource protection and monitoring division to
protect and control loss of PEC Team 1

Fire monitoring and supervision

Conduct regular monitoring of fire and options prior to ignite * *

Develop awareness of the community on fire hazard * *

Develop fire control systems and implementation
Docum
ent 1

Identify the most and least devastative form of firing * *


Burning to clear roads after establishing fire line and in restricted
mode to other areas as a management tool no burning on slops, river
and stream banks * *


Clearing and widening of administrative roads should conducted
immediately after rainy season No 5 200,000

Fire prevention and control


Prohibit people moving with fire and fire causes moving along
natural areas in biodiversity and recreation and buffer zones of the
park * *


Constrict firebreak by clearing ground vegetation at early dry
season (September to October) N0 5 200,000


Implement fire protection or control mechanisms developed to
reduce extent, frequency and intensity within different habitats and
land units * *

Facilitate park road network and broad sandy river course to use * * 100,00

ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

168
as a fire break
Managing hydrological sources

Monitor and control the incidence of fire and maintain fire breaks * *


Develop awareness of the community on connectivity of natural
vegetation and hydrology * *


Develop sustainable reservation and recreation to fish and other
aquatic species * *


Prohibit all forms of fishing activities in the breeding sites and
species that are threatened * *


Apply fishing during excess population at the end of wet season
on carefully selected ponds at Ayma river and seasonal wetlands * *

Control of hydrological resources degradation


Clean and broaden the water ponds so as to increase surface
water quantity No 5sites 100000


promote shading so as to minimize evapo-transpiration from soil
and open ponds * *


Include complete system of riverine forests of Ayma and Gelegu
rivers as a protected area * *


Reduce impact of road network and other infrastructure on
riverine and seasonal wetlands * *


Reduce overgrazing and poaching around water points and
critical water sources * *

Habitatsconservationandrestoration

Prioritizecriticalhabitatsandareasofdifferentecosystemscomponents ** **

Extendorincreaseprotectiontomigrationcorridoroutsidethepark ** **

Developsystemthatworksoncriticallyendangeredspecies
recommendedforconsiderationinbreedingprogramme
** **

Avoidfireinthebreedingsitesofbirds,reptiles,lowermammalsand
slowmovinganimals
** **

Controltheextentofutilizationoffishresourcesbythegamescoutsand
community
** **

AuthorisedparkResourcesuses

MonitoredFishaccessinbufferzone ** **

Monitoredbamboo ** **

Monitoredapicultureinbufferzone ** **


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169
3
TOURISMCULTURALHERITAGEANDRECREATIONMANAGEMENT
PROGRAMME

Developtourismpromotionandregulationstrategy 300000

Tourismactorcapacitybuilding

CarryoutdetailtourismpotentialsurveyinandaroundAlatishNational
park
No 1 30000

Identifypeopleengagedinartifactproductionandworkwiththemto
understandqualityrequirements
No **

Carryouttrainingneedsassessmentandidentifymethodstomeetthose
needs
30000

Designandimplementappropriatetrainingprovision,usingmarketsand
skillsontouristserviceandfacilities
NoT 3 20000

Ensurethatproductmarketingdoesnotcauseunsustainableresource
use
Round **

Facilitateformationoflocaloutletsandproducerstoaccessallmarkets No **

Promoteequalaccesstobenefits

Produceguidelinetoestablishcommunitybasedecotourismsociety No 50000

Facilitatevillageconferencetodiscusspotentialgovernancestructures
ofecotourismsocietieswithcommunities
NoC 3

Discusspotentialbenefitsharingarrangementsthatdonotdisadvantage NoD 3

Participatemarginalizedgroupsontourismactivities ** **

Facilitatecommunitiesgroupstoestablishecotourismsocietiesusing
PRAmethodology
** **

Supportecotourismsocietiestoestablishbenefitsharingmechanisms ** **

Facilitateexperiencesharingvisitstoothercommunityenterprises
SMNP,Baleandotherareas
NoES 3 40000
Recreationtypeidentificationandapproval No **

Ecotourismsocietyestablishment
No **

Touroperatorselectiontraining
NoT 3 50000

Designateandmanagesustainablecampingareasanddayvisitareas
No **

Maintainselfregistrationstationsatstrategiclocations


4 COMMUNITYDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMME

LOCALECONOMIESCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESANDEMPLOYMENT
MANAGEMENT



ALNPDRAFTGMP20102019 Bahirdar,Ethiopia

170

SurveyonpotentialIGAsandtrainingneedassessment Nos 2
20000

Conductanumberofspecificmarketdemandstudiesforvarioussectors NoS 2
20000

Skilltrainingforlocalcommunityentrepreneurson No

marketing NoT 5
25000

Businessmgt NoT 5
25000

Creationandmanagementofsmallbusinessesanddevelopmentofskills NoT 5
25000

Familyincomegenerationandsaving,andbusinessmanagementtraining NoT 5
25000

Transformskillsintoaction

creditschemeandDisbursementoftheloan NoR 2
1000000

Provisionofbusinessinformation ** **

Linkemployableskilltrainingwithestablishmentofbusiness(Involve
manytouristattractingbusinesson)
** **


Pottery
NoB 1000


Weavering
2000


Handicrafts
2000

Promotemodernhoneyharvestingandmarketing ** **

Hotelandservicing 100

Promoteincomegenerationbytourism

Createcommunitiesdancegroups ** **

Establishhandcraftmen&womengroups ** **

Selecthistorytellerfromcommunityelder ** **

Facilitiesgroupstoopensouvenir ** **

Facilitatecommunitytoproducearts ** **

Createbasketmakinggroups ** **

Establishcommunitiesserviceprovidergroups ** **

Facilitatetheestablishmentofcommunitylodge ** **

Toestablishsystemhowtocollect&sharerevenues ** **

Facilitatetrainingforcommunitiesleaderhowtomanagingrevenues&
fundingpriorities
** **

Decideandsetuptheentrancefeeandotherserviceprice ** **

Facilitatetouristguidestrainingon:attractionmanagement,wildlife
resources,servicestandardsandcustomercare,languageskill,firstaid
** ** 20000
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171
andhygienestandards

Identifyinterestedlocalcookerandfacilitatetrainingon:howtocook
differentfooditemssanitation&hygiene
** **

COMMUNITYINVOLVEMENT,AWARENESSANDRELATIONSMANAGEMENT:

ConductaclearandcontinuousdialoguebetweentheNationalPark
AuthorityandthecommunityContinuousawareness


Establishregularcommunitydiscussionforums ** **

Conductcommunitydiscussionon

parkresources,managementsystems,laws,bylaws,and
enforcement,resourcetreatment,effectsofpoachinghunting,and
encroachment,Cultureandheritagemanagement
NoD 60

Parkstatusconference NoC 4

Involvemorepeopleintheparkmanagementprocess

FormationofcommunityParkconservationandmonitoring
taskforce
NoTF 12

FormationofParklovingcommunityteams ** **

Formationofparkawarenessandconservationschoolclubs ** **
10000

FormationandcelebrationofALNPdayonceayear NoCD 4
10000

Incentiveforbestperformingschoolclubs NoI **
3000

Incentiveforbestperformingcommunitygroups NoI **
10000

Awardingofbestactingcommunitygroups NoCG 12
3000

Awardingofbestactingpersons NoP 12
3000

Communityrelations

ExperiencesharingbetweenParkadjacentPAscommunity NoES 12
0

Applylocalconflictresolvingmethods ** **
0

5
SYSTEMSSUPPORTOFALNP

Parkhumanresourcedev't

RecruitanddeployexpertsandstaffforALNP No **

Establishrolesandresponsibilitiesforexperts ** **

EstablishParkSteeringcommittee NoC 5
0

BuildtheEfficiencyandcapacityofexpertsthroughLocal(abroad)trainingon
differentParkrelateddisciplines



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172

Shortterm NoE 20
60000

Longterm NoE 5
300000

BuildandmaintainParkassistingInfrastructures

ConstructMainparkaccessroadswiththedesireddesignand
standard
kms 1000
NEE

Consult&motivatetheroadauthoritytoconstructandimproveall
weatherroadfromSheidtoGelegu


Buildpostsitehouses No
NEE

Buildwateringpoints No
Participa
nt

ALNPofficebuilding No 1
NEE

establishinformationsignsatkeylocations No 3

TourismInfrastructuredevelopment 150000

Constructcampingsitestouristinformationcenter No 3

Constructsuitablecommunitylodgeinselectedvillageandcampingsites No **

Developenvironmentallysustainableinfrastructuredesignsincluding
toiletprovision
** 1

Installdrywastedisposal No **

Installbarbecuesiteandenvironmentalfriendlyproperseats No ** **

Installsafecampingfiresitefornightenjoymentsinallproposedout
post
No

Createanddevelopcoolshowerinalloutpost No **

Encourageprivatesectortoprovideminibus ** **

Createawarenessforpublictransportationworkerregardingtotourism ** **

Providepackanimalsforparktrekker ** **

Improvewirelesscommunication&linktothePADPAandother
NationalParkbothinEthiopiaandDindernationalpark
** **

Installinternetserviceatparkoffice&encourageprivatesectorprovide
internetaccessforvisitor
** ** **

Installtrekkingsignpostsandsitemaps 30000

Needassessmentfortodeterminethemaximumnumberofsignposting
installationonroads&insideparkboundary
No

Installdirection/informationalsignpostinkeyareas ** **
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173

Installparkregulationsignpostsinallcampingsite/outposts

Facilities
3000000

FulfillofficefacilitiesOfficefurnitureandequipment ** **

FulfillOfficeusable/expendables/ ** **

Dataprocessingequipmentsandservicesintheoffice ** **

IECTechnicalequipmentsandsupplies ** **

Fieldmaterialsandequipments ** **

Vehiclescar No 2

Vehiclesmotorbycles) No 4

LEGISLATIVEANDLAWENFORCEMENTMANAGEMENT
400000

FamiliarizationoftheexistingParkestablishmentLegislation,national
andregionalconservationlawtodifferentstakeholders
NoP

Localstakeholders Round 10

Community Round 20

assessmentofcurrentlegislationsbeforenewlawsareintroduced No 1

ProductionofParkconservationandmanagementbylaws(On
Conservation,managementanduseincludingcultureandheritages)
No 1

DevelopingandapprovingRecreationandsafetyguidelines No 1

Printinganddistributionoflegislationandbylawstoworedaandkeble
Com&SH
NoD **

ContinuoussensitizationofexistingandnewParkestablishment
Legislation,nationalandregionalconservationlawtodifferent
stakeholders
Rounds **

Workstowardsenforcementoflawsbyprovidingrulesandregulations
throughformalandinformalstructures
** **


6
CROSSCUTTINGISSUESMANAGEMENTOFALNP

STAKEHOLDERINVOLVEMENTandTRANSBOUNDRYMANAGEMENT
300000

ThroughNetworking

NetworkingamongParksidePAs ** **

networkingamongTwoParkofficials(ALNP&DiNP) Rounds 10

networkingamongStakeholders Rounds 10

ExperiencesharingandExposurevisitofALNPinotherNationaland
InternationalParks
NoVisits 5


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174

networkingALNPinotherNationalandInternationalParks

Local NoVisits 5

Abroad NoVisits 5

TransboundryResourcesinvestigation No 1

RegulardiscussionwithneighborsofBGRon NoD 5

RegulardiscussionwithneighboringDNPon NoD 5

PUBLICRELATIONSANDCOMMUNICATIONMANAGEMENT
500000

IECsupportedParkadvocacy

ProductionofIECMaterialsaboutNaturalresourcesmanagement

Tshirts NoA **

magazines NoA **

Producebrochures&postcards ** **

leaflets(informative&easilyunderstandableleaflets) ** **

Productionofdocumentaryfilm No 3

Formationofclubsinschools

Menimediaanddermaclub NoC **

NaturalResourcesclub NoC **

Wildlifeclub NoC **

Productionandpresentationoflocalschooldramas NoD **

Continuousadvocacyoftheparkconservationandbenefitsforthe
communitythrough


DistributionofIECmaterialsleaflets NoA **

UndertakingMonthlyCommunityConversation NoA **

CelebrationofALNPParkday NoD 4

Provisionofminutesregistrationbooksforprogressmeasurement No 30

Continuousadvocacyoftheparkconservation,potentialsandbenefitsfor
touristsandstakeholdersthrough
NoA **

Familiarizationworkshoponparkresources,managementsystems,law,
bylaws,resourcetreatmentandpotentials
NoW 2

PrintingandDissimilationofIECmaterials NoA **

documentaryfilm NoA **

Tshirts NoA **


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175

magazines NoA **

Producebrochures&postcards

leaflets(informative&easilyunderstandableleaflets) NoA **

UpdateParksafetyinformationtopublic ** **

Availvisitorinformation ** **

Promotegreaterpublicunderstandingandappreciation ** **

tourism(relatedadvocacy)

InstallinformationcentreinGeleguandatParkget ** **

Preparetouristguidehandbooks ** **

Produceinformativenationalparkmapsincludingtheresourcesmaps ** **

Installsmallmuseumatinformationcenter ** **

Advertisetheparktourismpotentialusinglocalandnationalmedia ** **

RESEARCHPROGRAMS
200000

ConductResearchprogramson:Ecosystem,NRM,Wildlife,Birds,Reptiles
,Waterresources,Vegetation,Socioeconomics,tourismandheritage
management
NoR 10

Presentationofresearchresults NoR 11

Applyingtheresultonparkconservation NoR 12

MONITORINGEVALUATION
150000

RegularProgrammeimplementationreviewmeetingsBiannually NoM 10

Supervision No 20

DevelopParkMIS(ManagementInformationSystem) No 1

Formulationofdifferentdataprocessingformats No **

FormulationofdifferentReportingprocessingformats No **

Designandestablishsystemsformonitoringandmitigatingthe
environmentalandsocioculturalimpactsoftourismfacilitiesand
activities
No **

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176
1.2Actualbirdspeciesidentifiedduringthesurvey

No CommonName Scientificname Localstatus Remark


1 Abdim'sStork Ciconiaabdimii uncommon
2 AbyssinianRoller Coraciasabyssinica Common
3 AfricanHarrierHawk Polyboroidestypus Uncommon
4 AfricanMourningDove Streptopeliadecipiens Common
5 AfricanOpenbill Anastomuslamelligerus Common
6 AfricanParadiseFlycatcher Terpsiphoneviridis Common
7 AfricanPiedWagtail Motacillaaguimp Common
8 AfricanSilverbill Euodicecantans Abundant
9 BeautifulSunbird Cinnyrispulchellus Uncommon
10 BlackbilledBarbet Lybiusguifsobalito Uncommon special
11 BlackheadedGonolek Laniariuserythrogaster Common special
12 BlackheadedHeron Ardeamelanocephala Common
13 BlackrumpedWaxbill Estrildatroglodytes Uncommon
14 BluespottedWoodDove Turturafer Frequent
15 BrownThroated(Plain)Martin Ripariapaludicola Common
16 BroadbilledRoller Eurystomusglaucurus Uncommon special
17 Bruce'sGreenPigeon Treronwaalia Common special
18 CattleEgret Bubulcusibis Common
19 ChestnutCrownedSparrowWeaver Plocepassermahali Common
20 CommonBulbul Pycnonotusbarbatus Common
21 Cutthroat Amadinafasciata Abundant
22 DarkChantingGoshawk Melieraxmetabates Uncommon
23 EasternPlantaineater Criniferzonurus Common
24 EgyptianGoose Alopochenaegyptiacus Common
25 EgyptianPlover Pluvianusaegyptius Uncommon special
26 FantailedRaven Corvusrhipidurus Uncommon
27 ForktailedDrongo Dicrurusadsimilis Common
28 FourbandedSandgrouse Pteroclesquadricinctus uncommon special
29 FreckledNightjar Caprimulgustristigma Uncommon
30 GiantKingfisher Megacerylemaximus Common
31 GlossyIbis Plegadisfalcinellus Uncommon
32 GrasshopperBuzzard Butasturrufipennis Uncommon
33 GrayKestrel Falcoardosiaceus Uncommon
34 GrayheadedSparrow Passergriseus Abundant
35 GreyheadedKingfisher Halcyonbadia Common special
36 GreaterBlueearedGlossyStarling Lamprotornischalybaeus Abundant
37 GreenWoodhoopoe Phoeniculuspurpureus Frequent
38 GreenBacked(Striated)Heron Butoridesstriata Uncommon
39 GreybackedCamaroptera Camaropterabrevicaudata Frequent
40 Hamerkop Scopusumbretta Frequent
41 Harwood'sFrancolin??? Francolinusharwoodi Frequent EndemicVulnerable
42 HelmetedGuineafowl Numidameleagris Frequent
43 LaughingDove Streptopeliasenegalensis Common
44 LesserHoneyguide Indicatorminor Uncommon
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45 LittleBeeeater Meropspusillus Uncommon
46 LittleGreenBeeeater Meropsorientalis Uncommon
47 LongcrestedEagle Lophaetusoccipitalis Common
48 LongtailedCormorant Phalacrocoraxafricanus Uncommon
49 LongtailedNightjar Caprimulgusclimacurus Uncommon
50 MalachiteKingfisher Alcedocristata Uncommon
51 NamaquaDove Oenacapensis Abundant
52 NorthernCarmineBeeeater Meropsnubicus Common
53 OlivaceousWarbler Hippolaispallida uncommon
54 OliveThrush Turdusolivaceus Frequent
55 PiedKingfisher Cerylerudis frequent
56 RedbilledHornbill Tockuserythrorhynchus Common special
57 RedbilledOxpecker Buphaguserythrorhynchus uncommon
58 RedbilledQuelea Queleaquelea Abundant
59 RedcheekedCordonbleu Uraeginthusbengalus Abundant
60 RoseringedParakeet Psittaculakrameri Common special
61 Rueppell'sGlossyStarling Lamprotornispurpuropterus Abundant special
62 SacredIbis Threskiornisaethiopicus Common
63 SenegalCoucal Centropussenegalensis Frequent
64 SenegalThickknee Burhinussenegalensis Frequent
65 SpeckledMousebird Coliusstriatus Common
66 SpeckledPigeon Columbaguinea Abundant
67 SpottedThickknee Burhinuscapensis Uncommon special
68 SpurwingedPlover Vanellusspinosus Frequent
69 SquaccoHeron Ardeolaralloides Frequent
70 StonePartridge Ptilopachuspetrosus Uncommon/rare special
71 Swainson'sSparrow Passerswainsonii Common
72 TawnyflankedPrinia Priniasubflava Uncommon
73 ThreebandedPlover Charadriustricollaris Common
74 TropicalBoubou Laniariusaethiopicus Common
75 VillageIndigobird Viduachalybeata Common
76 WhiteHelmetShrike Prionopsplumatus Common
77 Whiteheaded(Cretzschmar's)Babbler Turdoidesleucocephalus Common special
78 WhitethroatedBeeeater Meropsalbicollis Frequent
79 WoollyneckedStork Ciconiaepiscopus Uncommon
80 YellowfrontedCanary Serinusmozambicus Uncommon
81 YellowfrontedTinkerbird Pogoniuluschrysoconus Uncommon

Note:special=birdswhichareuniquetotheareaandtheirdistributionismostlyrestricted;someareendemicto
thearea
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1.3 Large mammals identified during the survey time(May 2009)
The actual observations of animals during the field survey are categorized as follows: DO= directly observed; IO= indirectly
observed(thepresenceofspeciesjustifiedbyIndirectmethods);NO=notobserved(thespeciesisexpectedtobepresentbut
notactuallyobservedbydirectandindirectmethods);NI=noinformationastothepresenceofthespecies.

Family Commonname Scientificname Observation


Galagidae Galagos/Bushbabies Galagossenegalensis NI
Cercopithecidae Savanna(common)Baboon Papiocynocephalusanubis DO
Vervet(Green)Monkey Ceropithecuspygerythrus DO
PatasMonkey Erythrocebuspatas DO
Suiformes CommonWarthog Phacochoerusafricanus DO
Giraffidae Giraffe Giraffacamelopardalisti. NI
Bovidae Africanbuffalo Savannabuffalocaffer NI
Greaterkudu Tragelaphusstrepsiceros IO
Bushbuck Tragelaphusscriptus DO
RoanAntelope Hippotragusequinus NI
Waterbuck Kobusellipsiprymnus NI
BohorReedbuck Reduncaredunca NI
Hartebeest Alcelaphusbuselaphustora NI
Tsessebe,topietc. Damaliscuslunatustiang NI
Oribi Ourebiaourebi DO
klipspringer Oreotragusoreotragus DO
Common(Grey)Duiker Sylvicapragrimmia NO
Elephantidae SavannaElephant LoxondontaAfricanaaf IO
Canidae Golden(common)Jackal Canisaureus NO
StripedPolecat(Zorilla) Ictonixstraitus NI
HoneyBadger(ratel) Mellivoracapensis NO
Viverridae AfricanCivet Civettictiscivetta NO
Abyssiniangenet Genettaabyysinica NO
Herpestidae Slendermongoose Galerellasanguinea DO
Largegreymongoose Herpestesichneumon NO
Water(Marsh)mongoose Atilaxpaludinosus NO
Whitetailedmongoose Ichneumiaalbicauda NO
Hyaenidae Spottedhyaena Crocutacrocuta IO
Stripedhyaena Hyaenahyaena NO
Felidae Cheetah Acinonyxjubatus NO
Leopard Pantherapardus NO
Lion Pantherleo IO
Africanwildcat Felissilvestris NO
Serval Leptailurusserval NO
Caracal Caracalcaracal NO
Procaviidae Tree/Rockdwellinghyraxes Dendrohyraxarboreus/d NO
Orycteropodidae Aardvark Orycteropusafer IO
Manidae Groundpangolin Manistemmincki NI
Erinaceidae Hedgehogs Atelerixalbiventris NO
Leporidae Capehare Lepuscapensis NO
Sciuridae Groundsquirrels Xeruserythropus DO
Africanporcupines Hystrixcristata IO
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1.4TreeandshrubspeciesofALNP,LocalusesandEcologicalDistribution
No. Amharic
Name
ScientificName GumezName ArabicName Agewgna
Name
LocalUses PlantCategory Distribution MajorHabitat
1 Kumer Tamaridusindica Degu Ardeva Food/Fruit Tree Rare Riverine/Wetland/s
crubland
2 Serkin Diospyrosmespliformis Terege Yekan Foodfruit/construction Tree Rare Riverine
3 Enkoy Ximeniaamericana Hie Enkowoyie Food/fruit tree Rare Scrub
4 Arka/Gaba Zizipusspinachrist Sere Nebege Fruitforfood Shrub/Tree Abundant Riverine/Wet
5 Wanza Cordiaafricana Gengi Genbel Zanie Fruitforfood Tree Rare Woodland
6 Bamba Ficussycomorous Feke Jemiza Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub
7 Chibha Acacianilotica Yesie Jemiza Tree Rare Riverine
8 Abeterie Ziziphusmauritiana Hango Nebegelfel Fruitforfood,construction Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub
9 Selen/Zemba
ba
Borassusaethiopum Denkor Dome Handcraft/All Shrub/Tree Abundant Riverine
10 WaliaMeker Boswelliapapyrifera Ketie Gefel Frankincense Tree Abundant Scrub
11 Shemel Oxytenantheraabyssinica Enetie Algena Simti Handcraft,Construction
/Stem
Grass Abundant Scrub/Wooded
12 Dokima Syzygiumguineense Sewi Dokmi Food/Fruit Tree Rare/Ayma
Albid
Riverine/Scrub
13 Chameda Combretumaculeatum Senk Senk Chamini Furniture/Forage Tree Abundant AllEcosystems
14 Zobi Dalbergiamelanaxylon Zhengir Babuns Zoba Construction Tree Abundant Scrub/Wooded
15 Zana Stereospermum
kunthianum
Pur Pur Zani WoodAshforpottery Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub
16 Wonbela Piliostigmathonninyi Gefela Behur Wanbli Construction/Cosmetic
smoke/stem
Tree Abundant Woodedland
17 Abalo Comretummolle Bore Egum SmokingMilking
materials/stem
Tree Abundant Woodedland
18 Chariya Pterocarpuslucens Mire Chari Construction/Forage
stem/leaf
Tree Abundant Scrub/Riverine
19 Kirkira Anogiossusleocarpa Sege Silk Construction/Forage
stem/leaf
Tree Abundant Riverine/Woodedla
nd
20 KeyGirar Acaciaseyal Telih Telih Gayira Charcoal/stem/
Constructionbark
Tree Abundant Wooded/Wetland
21 Fora Combretum
harotomannianum
Forah Forahi Osmotic/smoke Tree Abundant Wooded
22 Sumaya/Sefa Grewiabicolor Bishem Bshem Sumi Construction,handle/stem Shrubs/tree Rare Scrub/Riverine
23 Dawuda Piliostigmathonningii Meche Abhamir Food/Fruit,
Construction/bark
Tree Abundant River/Wooded
24 Darelie Sterculiaafricana Muu SitesforBeehive, Tree Abundant Riverine/Scrub
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construction/bark
25 Folla Lanneafruticosa Kuts Bibiloti Kelanbu Food/RootforElephant Tree Abundant Wooded
26 Lenkuata Grewavillosa Gedie Medicinal/bark Shrub Abundant Wooded
27 Goregoro Dichrostachyscinecrea Egume Construction/Stem Shrubs Abundant Scrub/woodland
28 Warka Ficusvasta Shade/Leaf Tree Rare Riverine/Scrub
29 Sholla Ficussur Shade/Food/Fruit Tree Rare Riverine/Scrub
30 Diza` Adonsoniadigitata Diza Construction
Equipment/Food/leaf
Tree Rare Scrub/Riverine
31 Abalo/Beden
o
Balantitesaegyptiaca Lalo Fruitforfood,
Shed/Forage/Fishing
Tree Sufficient Woodedland
32 Birbira Millttiaferruginea Fishing Tree Rare Riverinealong
Ayima
33 Gumoro Capparistomentosa Forage Shrubs Rare Scrub/Riverine
34 Eshe Mimusopskummel Food/fruit Tree Rare Riverine
35 Kontir Acaciasenegal Forage Tree/Shrub Rare Wood/Scrublands
36 Tobia Calotropisprocera Medicineforanimals Shrub Rare Scrubandriverside
37 Dulata Intadaafricana Enktse ForageElephant Tree Abundant Wooded/Scrub
38 Gerar AcaciaPolyacanths Forage Tree Rare WoodedGrassland
39 Kerira Anogeissusleiocarpa Forage Tree Abundant Wooded/Scrub
40 Girar Acacianilotica Forage Tree Abundant Seasonalwetland
41 Ankua Commiphoraafricana Forage Tree Abundant Scrubland
42 Wulkefa Dombeyaquingueseta Construction Shrub Rare Riverine
43 Korch Erythrinabrucei Construction Tree Rare Scrubland
44 Chameda Combretumcollinum Forage Tree Abundant Wooded
45 Aballo Combretummolle Forage/Milking Tree Abundant Wooded
46 Warka Ficusglumosa Forage/Fruit Tree Abundant Riverine
47 Gambilo Gardiniaternifolia Fuel Tree Abundant Scrub/riverine
48 YekolaWanza Gardeniaternifolia Forage/Edible Tree Rare Woodland
49 Afetete Kigeliaaethiopium Forage Shrub Rare Shrub/wooded
50 Dengayie
seber
Vangueriaapiculata Food/fruit Tree Rare Riverine
51 Hamija Lanchocarpuslaxifiora Forage Tree Abundant Wooded
52 YekokEnchet Allophylusmacrobutrys Forage Tree Abundant wooded
53 Mok/ekema Terminaliabrownii Construction Tree Rare Scrubland
54 Duduna Lanneachimperi Forage Tree Abundant Scrubland
55 Chibah Ficusthonningi
56 Gemarda AcaciaPolyacanta Nek Kakmot Gemardie Gum/Byproduct Tree Abundant Wooded/Scrub
57 Embaba Haphanaethebaica Furniture Rare
58 Gekila Sefir Sefir Gebeli Construction/Furniture Tree Abundant Wooded
59 Aiiguangua Bedange Agemo
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60 Guza Gieye Gungusies Food/Frut Tree Abundant
61 Lejlej Kota Laloba
62 Lifa
63 Kodi Abangewi Handle/StemFruit/food Shrubs/tree Rare Scrub/Riverine
64 Yekestinchet PePe Handleforspear/steam Shrubs Abundant Riverine/Wetland
65 Beteremusie Mijamo Food/Fruit/handle/spear Shrub Abundant Wooded
66 Enekure Derub Derub Anekuarie Construction/Stem Tree Abundant Wooded
67 Rohu Food/Fruit Tree Abundant Wooded
68 Melela Sefera ForageforAntelopes/leaf Shrub Abundant Wooded
69 Ashama Huyie Esheman Ashamie Food/Fruit Shrubs/Tree Rare Riverine
70 Degunguna Terchenga Tree Rare Wooded
71 Ayimie Farmimplement Tree Abundant Riverine
72 Enkolib Abhamid Food/Fruit Shrub abundant Wooded
73 TekurGerar Algeded Algered/Lunut Medicine/Lubricant/Fruit Tree Rare Scrub/Wooded
74 Aub Dibker Cosmeticshed/Leaf Tree Abundant Wooded
75 Cheb Shade Shrubs Abundant Scrub/Wooded
76 Gird Food/Fruit Shrubs Abundant Wooded
77 Surie Food/Fuit Shrubs Abundant Wooded
78 Shishina Kelinbi ToothBrush(Shoot/stem) Shrub Abundant Wooded
79 Temenahi Terbiqo Abuli Detergent/Bark Tree Rare Scrub/Riverine
80 Fef Fruitforwashingcooking
materials
Shrub
81 Genkila Sirer Construction/Termite
resistant
Rare
82 Befefi MedicineforEpilepsies
/Root
Shrub Rare Wooded

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