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Vn u t pht trin ca JICA c hai loi. Mt loi cho vay lin quan n chun b
c s vt cht, v loi kia cho vay phc v cho nhng cng vic lin quan n th
nghim, l loi tin xut ra va bo him n va cho vay lin quan n nhng s
nghip c tnh tin phong v kh khn nh thc hin vic ci tin k thut ca
doanh nghip. [9]
Trong trng hp doanh nghip Nht u t ra nc ngoi, vi danh ngha cao c l
c quan thc y hp tc v pht trin c tnh quc t, JICA s s dng loi vn
th 2 m nhim vai tr pht hin mc tiu, nghin cu v xut cc d n cho
vay u i ODA i vi quc gia mc tiu, chun b v mt tri thc v quan h cho
cc doanh nghip Nht.
Cc d n cho vay ODA c im qua trn u do JICA m nhim khu u tin:
nghin cu, vit d n, thuyt phc nc s ti, vn ng hnh lang... nhm t n
mc ch cho h vay ODA.
Mu cht ca binh php ODA nm qu trnh thuyt phc con mi. Nh phn tch
ca gio s Sumi Kazuo, h to ra v duy tr mt nhu cu vin tr gi to [10],
hng n li nhun cho doanh nghip Nht [11] v a nhim ca Nht ra
nc ngoi [12]
Thnh t th ba l chnh ph. Chnh ph m ng cng vic kt ni tt c cc u
mi trong nc v quc t, m bo s vn hnh thng sut ca gung my ODA.
Ta hy th hnh dung cch vn hnh ca th trn ni trn trong mt trn nh c
th ca h.
Sch ODA v cuc sng ca ngi Nht Bn trnh by din bin v kt qu ca
d n ODA trng rng ng bc Thi Lan t 4/1992 n 3/1997. D n ny c t
tn l Hp tc quc t v mu xanh, nhng kt qu cui cng l bin vng ng bc
Thi Lan thnh vng cung cp... g bch n sn xut giy cho Nht Bn.
Kho st din bin ca trn nh ny, ta s thy r cch thc hot ng ca th
trn b ba Chnh ph JICA Gii t bn trong qu trnh vn hnh ca mt d n
ODA.
Cu chuyn bt u t nhu cu ca Nht Bn. Ngi Nht tiu th giy th 4 th gii
(trung bnh mt ngi 245 kg/1 nm), ngnh cng nghip giy ca Nht sn xut 3000
vn tn giy/ nm (s liu nm 1996). Tuy vy, t nhng nm 80, khi chnh sch bo
v mi trng c xit cht, cc doanh nghip giy Nht bt u tng cng mua g
bch n nc ngoi, c bit l ca Thi Lan.
V v th, mt d n ODA c vch ra gii t bn giy Nht c th khai thc ti
nguyn g ca Thi Lan vi gi r.
JICA lp tc xut hin. Bo co nghin cu v k hoch trng rng vng ng bc
Thi Lan ra i nm 1992. Bo co m u bng nhng li tt p:
Thi Lan, 20 nm tr li y, dn s tng nhanh, t nng nghip c m rng,
nhu cu g pht trin, cho nn vng ng bc Thi t l che ph rng nm 1961 l
40% th nay gim cn 14% [13]
Trn c s , JICA xut mt k hoch trng rng cho vng ng bc Thi. Chnh
ph Thi ng v mt ch trng v yu cu cc c quan chc nng thc hin. JICA
lin xut mt k hoch trng rng m tn gi th ht sc tt p, Hp tc quc t
v mu xanh, nhng ngi Thi ch nhn ra ci by ca n sau khi d n c trin
khai 7 nm, khi m khng cn c th tng tng rng vng ng bc Thi tng l
vng quc ca rng na.
K hoch JICA xut vi Thi Lan gm 3 vic:
- Vin tr khng hon li 3 t Yn xy dng 4 trung tm trng cy ging, cy non
quy m ln, xy dng cc c s hun luyn, cung cp xe c v cc phng tin cn
thit khc.
- Gi n Thi Lan cc chuyn gia lm nghip ca Nht hun luyn sn xut cy
ging v ch o vic trng rng.
- Phi n on thanh nin Hp tc Quc t ca Nht Bn khai sng cho
nng dn Thi thc v tm quan trng ca rng v vic trng rng (Khai sng
l t h dng trong nguyn vn)
Khng r nhng thanh nin Nht Bn kia khai sng cho nng dn Thi Lan iu
g, nhng nng dn Thi ch thch trng bch n v l loi cy bin thnh tin, v
khng r 4 trung tm sn xut cy ging kia to ra loi cy g, nhng t 1992 n
1995, mt trm triu cy ging c pht min ph cho nng dn Thi Lan h t
trng rng, v trong , hu ht l cy bch n sn xut giy.
Khi c mt vng ng bc trng bch n, th mt mt, gi bch n y s v cng
r, v mt khc, ngun nc v ngun dinh dng ca t b hy hoi nghim trng.
[1]
ODA1999
(Fuke Yousuke, Fujibayashi Yasushi, Satake Youko, Moriyama Hiroshi, Nagase Riei,
Miyauchi Taisuke, Ishikawa Kiyoshi, ODA v cuc sng ca ngi Nht Bn,
NXB Komonzu, 1999)
[2] Nh trn, p. 215 219
[3] Nh trn, p. 206
[4] Nh trn, p. 207 208