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HNG DAN CAU HNH CAC TNH NANG C BAN CHO CISCO ROUTER MUC LUC
1 Khai niem ve Router .................................................................................................. 3 1.1 Nhiem vu va phan loai......................................................................................... 3 Nhiem vu: ..................................................................................................... 3 Phan loai....................................................................................................... 3
Cac khai niem c ban ve Router va c che routing............................................. 5 Nguyen tac hoat ong cua Router ARP Protocol: ..................................... 5 Mot so khai niem c ban............................................................................... 7
1.2.1 1.2.2 2
Khai niem ve cau hnh Router. ................................................................................. 13 2.1 2.2 Cau truc router. ................................................................................................. 14 Cac mode config ............................................................................................... 16
Cau hnh cac tnh nang chung cua router. ............................................................... 19 3.1 3.2 Mot so quy tac ve trnh bay cau lenh................................................................. 19 Cac phm tat can s dung khi cau hnh router ................................................... 20
3.3 Cac khai niem ve console, telnet. Cach xac nh cac ten va password cho router. .......................................................................................................................... 22 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 Console port ............................................................................................... 22 Telnet sesstion ........................................................................................... 23 Xac nh ten cho router va enable password.............................................. 24
Lam viec vi file cau hnh va IOS image. .......................................................... 26 Mot so khai niem c ban............................................................................. 26 Lam viec vi file cau hnh va IOS. .............................................................. 27
3.4.1 3.4.2 4
Cau hnh router cho ng leased line..................................................................... 32 4.1 4.2 Khai niem ve lien ket leased line....................................................................... 32 Cac bc cau hnh mot router cho lien ket leased line...................................... 34 Cau hnh cac ethernet port va serial........................................................... 34 Cau hnh protocol cho lien ket leased line .................................................. 35 Cau hnh static routing hay hay dynamic routing. ....................................... 37 Cau hnh mot so thong so can thiet khac. .................................................. 43
4.3.1 4.3.2
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
4.3.3 4.4 5
IP & IPX...................................................................................................... 50
Cau hnh router cho cac lien ket dial-up................................................................... 55 5.1 Gii thieu ve Dial-up.......................................................................................... 55 Dial-up la g? .............................................................................................. 55 Cac trng hp s dung Dial-up................................................................. 55
Cac khai niem can biet trong Dial-up ................................................................ 57 Analog ........................................................................................................ 57 Asynchronous............................................................................................. 57 Line............................................................................................................. 57 Interface...................................................................................................... 59 Quan he gia Line va Interface .................................................................. 61 Khai niem Rotary group.............................................................................. 61
Modem .............................................................................................................. 63 Modem la g? .............................................................................................. 63 Phan loai modem........................................................................................ 63 Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) ............................. 65 Hoat ong cua modem ............................................................................... 66 Cach ket noi Router Cisco va modem ........................................................ 66 Cau hnh modem ........................................................................................ 68
Cau hnh tong quan cho ng Dial-up ............................................................. 70 Cac thong so c ban cua he thong............................................................. 71 Lenh mo ta username va password............................................................ 71 Cau hnh chat script.................................................................................... 71 Cau hnh cho Interface ............................................................................... 73 Cau hnh line .............................................................................................. 82
Cau hnh router-router dial-up ........................................................................... 88 Cau hnh Back-up bang ng dial-up .............................................................. 92 Cac lenh dung e tao mot ng dial-up back-up:..................................... 92 V du: .......................................................................................................... 92
5.7.1 5.7.2 6
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
1
1.1
1.1.1
Router la thiet b mang hoat ong tang th 3 cua mo hnh OSI-tang network. Router c che tao vi hai muc ch chnh: Phan cach cac mang may tnh thanh cac segment rieng biet e giam hien tng ung o, giam broadcast hay thc hien chc nang bao mat. Ket noi cac mang may tnh hay ket noi cac user vi mang may tnh cac khoang cach xa vi nhau thong qua cac ng truyen thong: ien thoai, ISDN, T1, X.25
Cung vi s phat trien cua switch, chc nang au tien cua router ngay nay a c switch am nhan mot cach hieu qua. Router ch con phai am nhan viec thc hien cac ket noi truy cap t xa (remote access) hay cac ket noi WAN cho he thong mang LAN. Do hoat ong tang th 3 cua mo hnh OSI, router se hieu c cac protocol quyet nh phng thc truyen d lieu. Cac a ch ma router hieu la cac a ch gia c quy nh bi cac protocol. V du nh a ch IP oi vi protocol TCP/IP, a ch IPX oi vi protocol IPX Do o tuy theo cau hnh, router quyet nh phng thc va ch en cua viec chuyen cac packet t ni nay sang ni khac. Mot cach tong quat router se chuyen packet theo cac bc sau: oc packet. G bo dang format quy nh bi protocol cua ni gi. Thay the phan g bo o bang dang format cua protocol cua ch en. Cap nhat thong tin ve viec chuyen d lieu: a ch, trang thai cua ni gi, ni nhan. Gi packet en ni nhan qua ng truyen toi u nhat. Phan loai.
1.1.2
Router co nhieu cach phan loai khac nhau Tuy nhien ngi ta thng co hai cach phan loai chu yeu sau: Da theo cong dung cua Router: theo cach phan loai nay ngi ta chia router thanh remote access router, ISDN router, Serial router, router/hub Da theo cau truc cua router: fixed configuration router, modular router.
Tuy nhien khong co s phan loai ro rang router: moi mot hang san xuat co the co cac ten goi khac nhau, cach phan loai khac nhau. V du nh cach phan loai cua hang Cisco c trnh bay theo bang sau:
Remote Access
Low-end router
Fix configuration router Multi protocol router Cisco 2501 Cisco2502 Multiport serial router Cisco 2520 Cisco 2521 Router/hub
Modular router
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Cisco 100x
Cisco 160x Cisco 17xx Cisco 26xx Cisco 36xx Cisco 4xxx Cisco 7xxx
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
1.2 1.2.1
Cac khai niem c ban ve Router va c che routing Nguyen tac hoat ong cua Router ARP Protocol:
Nh ta a biet tai tang network cua mo hnh OSI, chung ta thng s dung cac loai a ch mang tnh chat quy c nh IP, IPX Cac a ch nay la cac a ch co hng, ngha la chung c phan thanh hai phan rieng biet la phan a ch network va phan a ch host. Cach anh so a ch nh vay nham giup cho viec tm ra cac ng ket noi t he thong mang nay sang he thong mang khac c de dang hn. Cac a ch nay co the c thay oi theo tuy y ngi s dung. Tren thc te, cac card mang ch co the ket noi vi nhau theo a ch MAC, a ch co nh va duy nhat cua phan cng. Do vay ta phai co mot phng phap e chuyen oi cac dang a ch nay qua lai vi nhau. T o ta co giao thc phan giai a ch: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). ARP la mot protocol da tren nguyen tac: Khi mot thiet b mang muon biet a ch MAC cua mot thiet b mang nao o ma no a biet a ch tang network (IP, IPX) no se gi mot ARP request bao gom a ch MAC address cua no va a ch IP cua thiet b ma no can biet MAC address tren toan bo mot mien broadcast. Moi mot thiet b nhan c request nay se so sanh a ch IP trong request vi a ch tang network cua mnh. Neu trung a ch th thiet b o phai gi ngc lai cho thiet b gi ARP request mot packet (trong o co cha a ch MAC cua mnh). Trong mot he thong mang n gian nh hnh 1.1, v du nh may A muon gui packet en may B va no ch biet c a ch IP cua may B. Khi o may A se phai gi mot ARP broadcast cho toan mang e hoi xem a ch MAC cua may co a ch IP nay la g Khi may B nhan c broadcast nay, co se so sanh a ch IP trong packet nay vi a ch IP cua no. Nhan thay a ch o la a ch cua mnh, may B se gi lai mot packet cho may B trong o co cha a ch MAC cua B. Sau o may A mi bat au truyen packet cho B.
Hnh 1.1 Trong mot moi trng phc tap hn: hai he thong mang gan vi nhau thong qua mot router C. May A thuoc mang A muon gi packet en may B thuoc mangB. Do cac broadcast khong the truyen qua router nen khi o may A se xem router C nh mot cau noi e truyen d lieu. Trc o, may A se biet c a ch IP cua router C (port X) va biet c rang e truyen packet ti B phai i qua C. Tat ca cac thong tin nh vay se c cha trong mot bang goi la bang routing (routing table). Bang routing table theo c che nay c lu gi trong moi may. Routing table cha thong tin ve cac gateway e truy cap vao mot he thong mang nao o. V du trong trng hp tren trong bang se ch ra rang e i ti LAN B phai qua port X cua router C. Routing table se co cha a ch IP cua port X. Qua trnh truyen d lieu theo tng bc sau: May A gi mot ARP request (broadcast) e tm a ch MAC cua port X. Router C tra li, cung cap cho may A a ch MAC cua port X. May A truyen packet en port X cua router.
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Router nhan c packet t may A, chuyen packet ra port Y cua router. Trong packet co cha a ch IP cua may B. Router se gi ARP request e tm a ch MAC cua may B. May B se tra li cho router biet a ch MAC cua mnh. Sau khi nhan c a ch MAC cua may B, router C gi packet cua A en B.
Hnh 1.2 Tren thc te ngoai dang routing table nay ngi ta con dung phng phap proxy ARP, trong o co mot thiet b am nhan nhiem vu phan giai a ch cho tat ca cac thiet b khac. Qua trnh nay c trnh bay trong hnh 1.3.
Hnh 1.3: Phan giai a ch dung proxy ARP. Theo o cac may tram khong can gi bang routing table na router C se co nhiem vu thc hien, tra li tat ca cac ARP request cua tat ca cac may trong cac mang ket noi vi no. Router se co mot bang routing table rieng biet cha tat ca cac thong tin can thiet e chuyen d lieu. V du ve bang routing table (bang 1.2):
Flags U U U
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Bang 1.2: v du ve routing table. Trong bang 1.2 dong au tien co ngha la tat ca cac packet gi cho mot may bat ky thuoc mang 10.1.2.0 subnet mask 255.255.255.0 se thong qua port ethenet 0 (eth0) co a ch IP la 10.1.2.1. Flag = U co ngha la port trong trang thai hoat ong (up). 1.2.2 Mot so khai niem c ban.
Path determination:
Nh a c e cap phan tren, router co nhiem vu chuyen d lieu theo mot ng lien ket toi u. oi vi mot he thong gom nhieu router ket noi vi nhau, trong o cac router co nhieu hn hai ng lien ket vi nhau, van e xac nh ng truyen d lieu (path determination) toi u ong vai tro rat quan trong. Router phai co kha nang la chon ng lien ket toi u nhat trong tat ca cac ng co the, ma d lieu co the truyen en ch nhanh nhat. Viec xac nh ng da tren cac thuat toan routing, cac routing protocol, t o rut ra c mot so o goi la metric e so sanh gia cac ng vi nhau. Sau khi thc hien viec kiem tra trang thai cua cac ng lien ket bang cac thuat toan da tren routing protocol, router se rut ra c cac metric tng ng cho moi ng, cap nhat vao routing table. Router se chon ng nao co metric nho nhat e truyen d lieu. Cac thuat toan, routing protocol, metric se c trnh bay chi tiet trong phan sau. Switching
Qua trnh chuyen d lieu (switching) la qua trnh c ban cua router, c da tren ARP protocol. Khi mot may muon gi packet qua router cho mot may thuoc mang khac, no gi packet o en router theo a ch MAC cua router, kem theo a ch protocol (network address) cua may nhan. Router se xem xet network address cua may nhan e biet xem no thuoc mang nao. Neu router khong biet c phai chuyen packet i au, no se loai bo (drop) packet. Neu router nhan thay co the chuyen packet en ch, no se bo sung MAC address cua may nhan vao packet va gi packet i. Viec chuyen d lieu co the phai i qua nhieu router, khi o moi router phai biet c thong tin ve tat ca cac mang ma no co the truyen d lieu ti. V vay, cac thong tin cua moi router ve cac mang noi trc tiep vi no se phai c gi en cho tat ca cac router trong cung mot he thong. Trong qua trnh truyen a ch MAC cua packet luon thay oi
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
nhng a ch network khong thay oi. Hnh 4 trnh bay qua trnh chuyen packet qua mot he thong bao gom nhieu router.
Hnh 1.4: qua trnh truyen d lieu qua router. Thuat toan routing: Muc ch va yeu cau: o Tnh toi u: La kha nang chon ng truyen tot nhat cua thuat toan. Moi mot thuat toan co the co cach phan tch ng truyen rieng, khac biet vi cac thuat toan khac, tuy nhien muc ch chnh van la e xac nh ng truyen nao la ng truyen tot nhat. Tnh n gian: Mot thuat toan oi hoi phai n gian, de thc hien, t chiem dung bang thong ng truyen. On nh, nhanh chong, chnh xac: Thuat toan phai on nh va chnh xac e bao am hoat ong tot khi xay ra cac trng hp h hong phan cng, qua tai ng truyen Mat khac thuat toan phai bao am s nhanh chong e tranh tnh trang lap tren ng truyen nh hnh 5 do khong cap nhat kp trang thai ng truyen. S linh hoat: Tnh nang nay bao am s thay oi kp thi va linh hoat trong bat c moi trng hp xay ra trong he thong.
o o
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Phan loai:
Thuat toan routing co the thuoc mot hay nhieu loai sau ay: o Static hay dynamic.
Static routing la c che trong o ngi quan tr quyet nh, gan san protocol cung nh a ch ch cho router: en mang nao th phai truyen qua port nao, a ch la g Cac thong tin nay cha trong routing table va ch c cap nhat hay thay oi bi ngi quan tr. Static routing thch hp cho cac he thong n gian, co ket noi n gia hai router, trong o ng truyen d lieu a c xac nh trc. Dynamic routing dung cac routing protocol e t ong cap nhat cac thong tin ve cac router xung quanh. Tuy theo dang thuat toan ma c che cap nhat thong tin cua cac router se khac nhau. Dynamic routing thng dung trong cac he thong phc tap hn, trong o cac router c lien ket vi nhau thanh mot mang li, v du nh cac he thong router cung cap dch vu internet, he thong cua cac cong ty a quoc gia. o Single-Path hay Multipath.
Thuat toan multipath cho phep viec a hp d lieu tren nhieu lien ket khac nhau con thuat toan single path th khong. Multi path cung cap mot lu lung d lieu va o tin cay cao hn single path. o Flat hay Hierarchical.
Thuat toan flat routing dung trong cac he thong co cau truc ngang hang vi nhau, c trai rong vi chc nang va nhiem vu nh nhau. Trong khi o thuat toan hierachical la thuat toan phan cap, co cau truc cay nh mo hnh phan cap cua mot domain hay cua mot cong ty. Tuy theo dang he thong ma ta co the la chon thuat toan thch hp. o Link State or Distance Vector.
Thuat toan link state (con c goi la thuat toan shortest path first) cap nhat tat ca cac thong tin ve c che routing cho tat ca cac node tren he thong mang. Moi router se gi mot phan cua routing table, trong o mo ta trang thai cua cac lien ket rieng cua mnh len tren mang. Ch co cac thay oi mi c gi i.
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Thuat toan distance vector (con goi la thuat toan Bellman-Ford) bat buoc moi router phai gi toan bo hay mot phan routing table cua mnh cho router ket noi trc tiep vi no theo mot chu ky nhat nh (Hnh 1.6) Ve mat ban chat, thuat toan link state gi cac bang cap nhat co kch thc nho en khap ni trong mang, trong khi thuat toan distance vector gi cac bang cap nhat co kch thc ln hn ch cho router ket noi vi no. Thuat toan distance vector co u iem la de thc hien, de kiem tra, tuy nhien no co mot so han che la thi gian cap nhat lau, chiem dung bang thong ln tren mang. Ngoai ra no cung lam lang ph bang thong do tnh chat cap nhat theo chu ky cua mnh. Thuat toan distance vector thng dung trong cac routing protocol: RIP(IP/IPX), IGRP (IP), RTMP(AppleTalk) va thng ap dung cho he thong nho. Thuat toan link state co u iem la co toc o cao, khong chiem dung bang thong nhieu nh thuat toan distance vector. Tuy nhien thuat toan nay oi hoi cao hn ve bo nh, CPU cung nh viec thc hien kha phc tap. Thuat toan link state c s dung trong routing protocol: OSPF, NLSP va thch hp cho cac he thong c trung va ln. Ngoai ra con co s ket hp hai thuat toan nay trong mot so routing protocol nh: IS-IS, EIGRP. Cac so o c ban trong thuat toan routing:
Metric la so o cua thuat toan routing e t o quyet nh ng i toi u nhat cho d lieu. Mot thuat toan routing co the s dung nhieu metric khac nhau. Cac metric c ket hp vi nhau e thanh mot metric tong quat, ac trng cho lien ket. Moi thuat toan co the s dung kieu s dung metric khac nhau. Cac metric thng c dung la. o Path Length: La metric c ban, thng dung nhat. Path length trong router con c xac dnh bang so hop gia nguon va ch. Mot hop c hieu la mot lien ket gia hai router. o Reliability: La khai niem ch o tin cay cua mot lien ket. V du nh o tin cay c the hien thong qua bit error rate Khai niem nay nham ch kha nang hoat ong o nh cua lien ket. o Delay: Khai niem delay dung e ch khoang thi gian can e chuyen packet t nguon en ch trong he thong. Delay phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: khoang cach vat ly, bang thong cua lien ket, ung o, tranh chap ng truyen. Chnh v the yeu to nay la mot metric ong vai tro rat quan trong trong thuat toan routing. o Bandwidth La mot metric quan trong e anh gia ng truyen. Bandwidth ch lu lng d lieu toi a co the truyen tren lien ket. o Load
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Load nham ch phan tram network resource ang trong trang thai ban {busy). Load co the la lu lng d lieu tren lien ket, la o chiem dung bo nh, CPU Routed protocol va Routing Protocol Phan biet gia hai khai niem:
Routed protocol quy nh dang format va cach s dung cua cac trng trong packet nham chuyen cac packet t ni nay sang ni khac (en tan ngi s dung) V du: IP, IPX Routing protocol: cho phep cac router ket noi vi nhau va cap nhat cac thong tin cua nhau nh cac bang routing. Routing protocol co the s dung cac routed protocol e truyen thong tin gia cac router. V du: RIP (Router Information Protocol), IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) Routing protocol quyet nh: o o Router nao can biet thong tin ve cac router khac. Viec cap nhat thong tin nh the nao.
Cac routing protocol tieu bieu: Cac routing protocol c trnh bay trong bang 1.3.
Ten RIP IGRP OSPF EGP BGP IS-IS EIGRP NLSP RTMP
Ten ay u Routing Information Protocol Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Open Shortest Path First Exterior Gateway Protocol Border Gateway Protocol Intermediate System to Intermediate System Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol NetWare Link Services Protocol Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
Routed Protocol ho tr TCP/IP, IPX TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP TCP/IP IPX/SPX AppleTalk
Di ay chung toi xin trnh bay mot so routing protocol tieu bieu. o RIP: RIP la ch viet tat cua Routing Information Protocol, la 1 trong nhng routing protocol au tien c s dung. RIP da tren thuat toan distance vector, c s dung rat rong rai tuy nhien ch thch hp cho cac he thong nho va t phc tap. RIP t ong cap nhat thong tin ve cac router bang cach gi cac
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
broadcast len mang moi 30 giay. RIP xac nh ng bang hop count (path length). So lng hop toi a la 15. o IGRP: La loai routing protocol hien nay ang thng dung nhat, c phat trien bi Cisco, co cac ac iem sau:
Dung c che advanced distance vector. Ch cap nhat thong tin khi co s thay oi cau truc. Viec xac nh ng c thc hien linh hoat thong qua nhieu yeu to: so hop, bang thong, o tr hoan, o tin cay Co kha nang vt gii han 15 hop. Co kha nang ho tr cho nhieu ng lien ket vi kha nang can bang tai cao. Linh hoat, thch hp cho cac he thong ln, do da tren c che link state ket hp vi distance vector.
OSPF. La loai routing protocol tien tien, da tren c che link-state co kha nang cap nhat s thay oi mot cach nhanh nhat. S dung IP multicast lam phng phap truyen nhan thong tin. Thch hp vi cac he thong ln, gom nhieu router lien ket vi nhau.
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Cau hnh router la s dung cac phng phap khac nhau e nh cau hnh cho router thc hien cac chc nang cu the: lien ket leased line, lien ket dial-up, firewall, Voice Over IP trong tng trng hp cu the. oi vi Cisco Router thng co 03 phng phap e nh cau hnh cho router: S dung CLI:
CLI la ch viet tat cua Command Line Interface, la cach cau hnh c ban ap dung cho hau het cac thiet b cua Cisco. Ngi s dung co the dung cac dong lenh nhap t cac Terminal (thong qua port Console hay qua cac phien Telnet) e nh cau hnh cho Router. S dung Chng trnh ConfigMaker:
ConfigMaker la chng trnh ho tr cau hnh cho cac Router t 36xx tr xuong cua Cisco. Chng trnh nay cung cap mot giao dien o hoa va cac Wizard than thien, c trnh bay di dang Question Answer, giup cho viec cau hnh router tr nen rat n gian. Ngi s dung co the khong can nam vng cac cau lenh cua Cisco ma ch can mot kien thc c ban ve he thong la co the cau hnh c router. Tuy nhien ngoai han che ve so san pham router ho tr nh tren, chng trnh nay cung khong cung cap ay u tat ca cac tnh nang cua router va khong co kha nang tuy bien theo cac yeu cau cu the ac thu. Hien nay version mi nhat cua ConfigMaker la ConfigMaker 2.4. S dung chng trnh FastStep:
Khac vi chng trnh ConfigMaker, FastStep c cung cap da tren tng loai san pham cu the cua Cisco. V du nh vi Cisco router 2509 th co FastStep for Cisco Router 2509 Chng trnh nay cung cap cac bc e cau hnh cac tnh nang c ban cho tng loai san pham. Cac bc cau hnh cung c trnh bay di dang giao dien o hoa, Question Answer nen rat de s dung. Tuy vay cung nh chng trnh ConfigMaker, FastStep ch mi ho tr cho mot so san pham cap thap cua Cisco va ch giup cau hnh cho mot so chc nang c ban cua router. Tom lai, viec s dung CLI e cau hnh Cisco Router tuy phc tap nhng van la cach cau hnh router thng gap nhat. Hieu biet viec cau hnh bang CLI se giup ngi s dung linh hoat trong viec cau hnh va de dang khac phuc s co. Hien nay viec s dung CLI co the ket hp vi mot trong 02 cach cau hnh con lai e ay nhanh toc o cau hnh router. Khi o, cac chng trnh cau hnh se s dung e tao cac file cau hnh tho, phng phap CLI se c s dung sau cung e tuy bien hay thc hien cac tac vu ma chng trnh khong thc hien c. Trong tai lieu nay cac hng dan cau hnh eu la phng phap CLI phng phap dung dong lenh.
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
2.1
Cau truc router la mot trong cac van e c ban can biet trc khi cau hnh router. Cau truc cua router c trnh bay trong hnh 2.1. Cac thanh phan chnh cua router bao gom: NVRAM:
NVRAM (Nonvolatile random-access memory) la loai RAM co the lu lai thong tin ngay ca khi khong con nguon nuoi. Trong Cisco Router NVRAM thng co nhiem vu sau: Cha file cau hnh startup cho hau het cac loai router ngoai tr router co Flash file system dang Class A. (7xxx) Cha Software configuration register, s dung e xac nh IOS image dung trong qua trnh boot cua router.
Flash memory:
Flash memory cha Cisco IOS software image. oi vi mot so loai, Flash memory co the cha cac file cau hnh hay boot image.. Tuy theo loai ma Flash memory co the la EPROMs, single in-line memory (SIMM) module hay Flash memory card: Internal Flash memory: o o Internal Flash memory thng cha system image. Mot so loai router co t 2 Flash memory tr len di dang single in-line memory modules (SIMM). Neu nh SIMM co 2 bank th c goi la dual-bank Flash memory. Cac bank nay co the c phan thanh nhieu phan logic nho
Bootflash o o Bootflash thng cha boot image. Bootflash oi khi cha ROM Monitor.
Flash memory PC card hay PCMCIA card. Flash memory card dung e gan vao Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) slot. Card nay dung e cha system image, boot image va file cau hnh. Cac loai router sau co PCMCIA slot: o o o o Cisco 1600 series router: 01 PCMCIA slot. Cisco 3600 series router: 02 PCMCIA slots. Cisco 7200 series Network Processing Engine (NPE): 02 PCMCIA slots Cisco 7000 RSP700 card va 7500 series Route Switch Processor (RSP) card cha 02 PCMCIA slots.
DRAM:
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) bao gom 02 loai: Primary, main, hay processor memory, danh cho CPU dung e thc hien Cisco IOS software va lu gi running configuration va cac bang routing table. Shared, packet, or I/O memory, which buffers data transmitted or received by the router's network interfaces.
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Tuy vao IOS va phan cng ma co the phai nang cap Flash RAM va DRAM. ROM
Read only memory (ROM) thng c s dung e cha cac thong tin sau: ROM monitor, cung cap giao dien cho ngi s dung khi router khong tm thay cac file image khong phu hp. Boot image, giup router boot khi khong tm thay IOS image hp le tren flash memoty.
Router#show version
Router#show flash
Router#show interface
PROGRAMS
OPERATING SYSTEM
INTER FACE
Hnh 2.1
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
2.2
Cisco router co nhieu che o (mode) khi config, moi che o co ac iem rieng, cung cap mot so cac tnh nang xac dnh e cau hnh router. Cac mode cua Cisco router c trnh bay trong hnh 2.2. User Mode hay User EXEC Mode:
ay la mode au tien khi ban bat au mot phien lam viec vi router (qua Console hay Telnet). mode nay ban ch co the thc hien c mot so lenh thong thng cua router. Cac lenh nay ch co tac dung mot lan nh lenh show hay lenh clear mot so cac counter cua router hay interface. Cac lenh nay se khong c ghi vao file cau hnh cua router va do o khong gay anh hng en cac lan khi ong sau cua router. Privileged EXEC Mode:
e vao Privileged EXEC Mode, t User EXEC mode go lenh enable va password (neu can). Privileged EXEC Mode cung cap cac lenh quan trong e theo doi hoat ong cua router, truy cap vao cac file cau hnh, IOS, at cac password Privileged EXEC Mode la cha khoa e vao Configuration Mode, cho phep cau hnh tat ca cac chc nang hoat ong cua router. Configuration Mode:
Nh tren a noi, configuration mode cho phep cau hnh tat ca cac chc nang cua Cisco router bao gom cac interface, cac routing protocol, cac line console, vty (telnet), tty (async connection). Cac lenh trong configuration mode se anh hng trc tiep en cau hnh hien hanh cua router cha trong RAM (running-configuration). Neu cau hnh nay c ghi lai vao NVRAM, cac lenh nay se co tac dung trong nhng lan khi ong sau cua router. Configurarion mode co nhieu mode nho, ngoai cung la global configuration mode, sau o la cac interface configration mode, line configuration mode, routing configuration mode. ROM Mode
ROM mode dung cho cac tac vu chuyen biet, can thiep trc tiep vao phan cng cua router nh Recovery password, maintenance. Thong thng ngoai cac dong lenh do ngi s dung bat buoc router vao ROM mode, router se t ong chuyen vao ROM mode neu khong tm thay file IOS hay file IOS b hong trong qua trnh khi ong.
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Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Hng dan cau hnh cac chc nang c ban cua Cisco router
Bang 2.1 trnh bay cac mode c ban cua Cisco router va mot so ac iem cua chung:
Cach thc truy cap Log in. T user EXEC mode, s dung lenh enable.
Cach thc thoat logout command. e tr ve user EXEC mode, dung lenh disable.. e vao global configuration mode, dung lenh configure terminal.
Global configuration
Router(config)#
e ra privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh exit hay end hay go Ctrl-Z. e vao interface configuration mode, go lenh interface.
Interface configuration
Router(configif)#
e ra global configuration mode, dung lenh exit e ra privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh exit hay go Ctrl-Z. e vao subinterface configuration mode, xac nh subinterface bang lenh interface
Subinterface configuration
Router(configsubif)#
To exit to global configuration mode, use the exit command. To enter privileged EXEC mode, use the end command or press Ctrl-Z.
ROM monitor
T privileged EXEC mode, dung lenh reload nhan phm Break trong 60s khi router khi ong Dung lenh boot system rom.
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Bang 2.1