1

N TP KIN THC C BN MN HO HC LP 12

1) Cu to nguyn t:
Nguyn t c cu to t nhng ht c bn no? Nu c im ca tng loi ht (khi lng, in tch)
Nu mi lin h gia cc i lng trong nguyn t (khi lng, s khi, thn,STT,s p, s n, )
Th no l nguyn t ho hc, th no l ng v? Nu cch tnh % cc ng v? Th no l obitan nguyn t.
Vit cu hnh e ca cc nguyn t c s th t sau v ion m chng c th to ra. Da vo cu hnh xc nh chu k
phn nhm? Z=11, 26, 24, 35, 29, 16, 28, 20, 30.
Da vo cu hnh e hy gii thch ti sao
8
O v
16
S thuc cng mt phn nhm chnh nhng chng li c s oxi ho
khc nhau.
Lmcc bi tp kmtheo.
2) Bng h thng tun hon:
Nu nguyn tc sp xp trong bng HTTH.
Th no l chu k, nhm. Bng h thng tun hon c bao nhiu chu k, bao nhiu nhm?
Nu s bin thin tnh kimloi, phi kim, bn knh nguyn t, m in theo tng chu k v phn nhm. Gii thch.
Nu s bin thin tnh tnh axit, baz ca oxit v hidroxit theo chu k? Gii thch v ly chu k 3 lmv d.
Pht biu nh lut tun hon.
Nu s bin thin ho tr cao nht vi oxi, ho tr vi hidro.
3)Lin kt ho hc:
So snh lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt cho nhn v lin kt ion. Vit CTCT ca CH
4
, CO
2
, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
, H
3
PO
4
, NO
2
,
CO, SO
2
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, NH
4
Cl, N
2
, NaCl, KHS, Al
4
C
3
, CaC
2
. Gii thch ti sao Al
4
C
3
thu phn cho CH
4
cn CaC
2
thu
phn cho C
2
H
2
.
Ho tr ca mt nguyn t l g? xc nh ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht trn.
Th no l lin kt hidro nu cc nh hng m lin kt hidro c th to ra.
4) Phn ng oxi ho kh:
Th no l s oxi ho?cht oxi ho, cht kh? S oxi ho, s kh? Trn mt cht oxi ho vi mt cht kh phn ng
c xy ra hay khng? Nu xy ra th theo chiu no? Phn loi phn ng oxi ho -kh. Cc cht sau y ng vai tr l
cht oxi ho hay cht kh? Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho: S
2-
, KMnO
4
, SO
2
, HNO
3
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Fe
3
O
4
, Cl
2
,
CH
3
CHO, KClO
3

Mt s cht trong phn ng ny n th tnh oxi ho nhng trong phn ng khc n li th hin tnh kh. Ly v d m
cc cht l: axit, mui, oxit baz, oxit axit, phi kim.
Ly v d m trong phn ng oxi ho kh axit ng vai tr cht oxi ho, cht kh, mi trng, va ng vai tr cht
kh va ng vai tr mi trng.
5) Tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc:
nh ngha tc phn ng. Nu cc iu kin nh hng n tc phn ng.
Mt phn ng khi tng nhit ln 10
o
C th tc phn ng tng 3 ln. Nu phn ng kt thc sau 60 pht 27
o
C th
nhit no phn ng s kt thc sau 25 pht.
Ti sao ni cn bng ho hc l cn bng ng. Nu nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng v cc yu t nh hng n cn
bng ho hc. V d cho phn ng thun nghch 2SO
2
+O
2
2SO
3
+Q. Nhit p sut cht xt nh hng th no
n cn bng trn.
tng hiu sut phn ng tng hp NH
3
ngi ta lmth no?.
6) Thuyt in ly:
Th no l s in ly, th no l cht in ly, cht in ly mnh, cht in ly yu, cht khng in ly, in ly.
in ly ph thuc vo cc yu t no?
Cho cn bng in ly CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+H
+
. Cn bng s dch chuy th no khi thm vo dung dch
HCl, dung dch NaOH, nc ct.
Th no l axit, th no l baz. Cc cht sau y th hin tnh axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh. pH ln hn, nh
hn hay bng 7 : Na
2
CO
3
, C
6
H
5
ONa, FeCl
3
, NaHSO
4
, NH
4
Cl, NaHCO
3
,NaCl, CH
3
COONa.
7) Phn bn ho hc:
Th no l phn bn ho hc? Nu cc cht dng lmphn bn
iu ch phn bn amophot dng ht 6000 mol H
3
PO
4
. Tnh th tch NH
3
(ktc) phn ng v khi lng
amophot thu c bit rng hn hp mui trong amophot c s mol bng nhau .
8) Nhm chc v cc khi nim c bn:
Th no l nhmchc, hp cht n chc, a chc, tp chc? Cho v d. Vit cc cng thc tng qut ca ru,
andehit, axit, este trong cc trng hp no, khng no, n chc, a chc.
Th no l bc ru, ru? Phn bit bc ru vi bc amin.Ly v d. Phn bit phenol v ru thm?

2
Nu th d chng minh rng gia cc nhm nguyn t trong phn t c nh hng qua li ln nhau. (cn 4 th d : gc-
gc, chc- chc, chc- gc, gc- chc)
Th no l phn ng este ho, nu c im ca phn ng este ho. Cho bit vai tr ca H
2
SO
4
trong phn ng este
ho. tng hiu sut phn ng ngi ta lmth no?
Th no l gluxit? C bao nhiu loi gluxit, nu c im tng loi. Vit CTCT mch h ca glucoz v fructoz
Th no l lipit? Ch s x phng ca cht bo l g?
9) Polime: Th no l hp cht cao phn t hay polime. Ti sao polime khng bay hi v c nhit nng chy khng
xc nh ? th no l cht do, nu thnh phn ca cht do.
Th no l phn ng trng hp, phn ng trng ngng? Nhng hp cht th no th c phn ng trng ngng?
Th no l t, c bao nhiu loi t? ti sao t pliamit li km bn trong mi trng axit v baz.
T cc monome tng ng hy iu ch cc polime sau: Xenluloz trinitrat, t axetat, cao su buna-S, cao su buna-N,
polistiren, PVC, PVA, polimetylacrylat, nha phenolfomandehit, t nilon, t capron, t enang.
T than , vi v cc cht v c iu ch: cao su buna, polivinylancol.
10) i cng v kim loi:
So snh cp oxi ho kh Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
v Ag
+
/Ag, t nu ngha ca dy in ho.
Th no l s n mn kim loi, n mn hn hp, n mn in ho? Nu iu kin c s n mn in ho? Nu cc
bin php chng n mn. Hy gii thch c ch n mn khi cho mt vt bng gang hay thp trong khng kh m .
Gii thch ti sao bo v tu bin ngi ta gn nhng tm km vo v tu.
Mt vt bng tn (st trng km) v st ty (st trng thic), nu trn b mt ca vt c vt sy st su ti lp bn
trong, hy cho bit.
Hin tng g xy ra khi vt trong khng kh m, gii thch c ch.
Tn hay st ty b thng nhanh hn.
Ti sao khi cho Fe tc dng vi dung dch HCl khi cho vi git CuCl
2
th kh thot ra nhiu hn.
Nu nguyn tc v cc phng php iu ch kim loi. Cho v d.
11) Kim loi nhm I, II:
bo v Na ngi ta ngm trong du ho. Hy gii thch.
Gii thch s to thnh thch nh trong hang ng.
Hon thnh s A
B
A
1

B
A
2

+B
A . Bit B l hp cht c rt nhiu trong t nhin, cc cht

A
1
v A
2
dng c tng.
Th no l nc cng, c my loi nc cng? Nu tc hi ca nc cng v cch lmmm nc cng.
12) Nhm v st:
Gii thch s ph hu mt thanh nhm trong mi trng kim.
Gii thch s nh trong nc ca phn nhm.
Nu s cn thit phi loi cc tp cht ra khi qung boxit khi sn xut nhm. Trong qu trnh sn xut nhm, ngi ta
cho thmcriolit vo hn hp nng chy. Cho bit cng thc v vai tr ca cht ny.
Nu tnh cht ho hc ca hp cht st II v hp cht st III.
Nu tn v cng thc cc qung st hc. Nhn bit chng bng phng php ho hc.
Nu nguyn tc v cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh luyn gang.
Vit cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh luyn gang thnh thp.
Nu u v nhc im ca cc phng php luyn gang thnh thp.
13) in phn:
So snh hin tng in phn v phn ng oxi ho kh thng thng:
Vit phng trnh phn ng in cc v phng trnh tng qut trong qu trnh in phn cc dung dch sau: CuSO
4
,
NaCl, AgNO
3
, NaNO
3
, CuSO
4
v KCl, FeCl
3
.
Vit cng thc ca nh lut Faraday.


HNG DN MT S TR LI
A - Ha i cng
I/- Cc khi nim c bn
1. Nguyn t l ht vi m i din cho nguyn t ha hc v khng b chia nh hn trong phn ng ha hc.
2. Phn t l ht vi m i din cho cht v mang y tnh cht ha hc ca cht.
3. Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn.
4. n cht l nhng cht ch cho mt nguyn t ha hc cu to nn, v d nh O
2
, H
2
, Cl
2
, Al, Fe, S, P, ...
5. Hp cht l nhng cht c cu to t 2 nguyn t ha hc tr ln.
6. Nguyn cht l cht gm cc nguyn t hay phn t cng loi.
180
o
C 350
o
C

3
7. Hn hp l tp hp nhiu cht ng th v khng c tng tc ha hc ha hc vi nhau.
8. Ion l nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t mang in tch:
ion dng : cation,
ion m : anion.
9. Mol l lng cht hay lng nguyn t c cha N ht vi m nguyn t, phn t, ion: N = 6,02.10
23
.
10. Khi lng nguyn t, phn t l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t, phn t tnh bng vc (n v cacbon).
11. n v cacbon l n v o khi lng nguyn t, phn t v cc ht c bn:
1 vc =
1
12
khi lng ca nguyn t cacbon = 1,67 . 10
-24
kg (=
1
12
. 1,9926 . 10
-23
).
12. Khi lng mol nguyn t (phn t) l khi lng tnh bng gam ca N ht vi m nguyn t, phn t, ion c
tr s bng nguyn t khi (phn t khi).
13. nh lut Avogar: cng iu kin nhit , p sut nhng th tch bng nhau ca cc cht kh khc nhau
u cha cng mt s phn t.
14. nh lut bo ton khi lng: Khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng khi lng cc cht thu c sau
phn ng.
15. Th hnh: cc dng n cht khc ca cng mt nguyn t gi l dng th hnh ca nguyn t . V d: oxi -
ozon, than - kim cng, pht pho - pht pho trng.
16. Hn hng l trng thi ha tan mt phn ca kim loi trong thy ngn. V d: (Al, Hg); (Cu, Hg).
17. Hp kim l vt liu thu c khi un nng chy nhiu kim loi hoc kim loi vi phi kim ri ngui. V d:
thp, gang (Fe-C), uyra (Al-Mg).
18. Axit l cht c kh nng cho proton H
+
(trong dung dch) cn dung dch axit l dung dch c cha proton H
+

19. Baz l cht c kh nng nhn proton H
+
cn dung dch baz l dung dch c cha ion OH

.
20. Mui l hp cht m phn t gm cation kim loi (hoc amoni) vi anion gc axit.
21. Cht trung tnh l cht khng c kh nng cho v nhn proton.
22. Cht lng tnh l cht va c kh nng cho proton li va c kh nng nhn proton.
23. Ha tr l s lin kt ca mt nguyn t trong phn t (ha tr l s nguyn, khng du).
24. S oxi ha l in tch ca nguyn t trong phn t gi s
cp electron lch hn v nguyn t c m in ln hn. V d 1:
Phn t CaC
2



,V d 2: Phn t HNO
3
:


25. in ly () ca cht in ly mt nng nht nh l
t s gia s phn t in ly (n') vi s phn t ban u ca n tan trong dung dch (n
o
):o =
o
n'
n

26. tan l s gam cht tan c trong 100 gam nc mt nhit xc nh to thnh dung dch bo ha.
27. ru l s ml ru nguyn cht c trong 100ml dung dch ru. V d ru 45
o
th c 45ml ru v 55ml
nc: ru =
ru ng / c
dd ru
V 100
V


II/- Cu to nguyn t





e in tch 1 khi lng: 9,1.10
-31
kg = 1/1840 vc
p in tch 1 + khi lng: 1,6727.10
-27
kg = 1 vc
n in tch 0 khi lng: 1,6750
-27
kg = 1 vc
1 = 1,6 . 10
-19
C (culng)
1 + = +1,6 . 10
-19
C (culng)
2. in tch ht nhn
in tch ht nhn = s electron (e) = s proton (p) = s th t = s hiu nguyn t.
Ca
C
C
Ca c s oxi ha +2, ha tr 2
C c s oxi ha -1, ha tr 4
N c s oxi ha +5
N c ha tr 4
N
O
O
O H
1. Nguyn t
lp v (e mang in tch m)
ht nhn
proton (+)
ntron (0)

4
3. S khi (A) bng tng s proton (Z) v tng s ntron (N): A = Z + N , trong 1 s
N
Z
s 1,5.
4. Khi lng nguyn t bng tng s khi lng ca proton, ntron v electron (xp x bng s khi, v khi
lng electron khng ng k).
5. K hiu nguyn t:


6. ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc s ntron. V d:
37
17
Cl v
35
17
Cl ;
16
8
O v
17
8
O v
18
8
O.
ng khi l cc dng nguyn t c cng s khi nhng khc s proton. V d:
14
6
C v N
14
7
.
7. Lp in t (e) c nh s t trong ra ngoi theo th t mc nng lng tng dn:
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tn K L M N O P Q
- S electron ti a trn mi lp l 2n
2
(n - s th t ca lp).
- Lp ngoi cng bt lun th t no t lp 2 n lp 7 cng ch cha ti a 8e.
8. Phn lp electron: Cc lp electron li chia ra thnh phn lp:
K (n =1) phn lp s 2e =2e
L (n =2) phn lp sp (2 +6)e =8e
M (n =3) phn lp spd (2 +6 +10)e =18e
N (n =4) phn lp spdf (2 +6 +10 +14) =32e.


9. Obitan l vng khng gian chung quanh ht nhn, trong kh nng c mt electron l ln nht.
- Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2e:
s c 1 obitan s hnh cu d c 5 obitan d phc tp
p 3 p hnh s 8 ni f 7 f phc tp.
10. Nguyn l vng bn: Trong nguyn t, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao: 1s
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4f...
11. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng:
Kh him c 8 electron ngoi cng.
Kimloi c 1, 2, 3 electron ngoi cng.
Phi kimc 5, 6, 7 electron ngoi cng.
4 electron: c th l phi kim(C, Si) hoc l kimloi (Sn, Pb).
12. Electron ha tr l electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t (hoc mt phn electron lp st ngoi cng) c
kh nng tham gia to thnh lin kt ha hc.
13. m in ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ca nguyn t ca nguyn t trong phn
t ht electron v pha mnh.
Phi kim c m in ln, cn kimloi c m in nh.
III/- nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
1. Ni dung nh lut: Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht
to nn t cc nguyn t bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
2. Chu k l dy cc nguyn t xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn c cng s lp electron. u chu k l
kimloi kim, cui chu k l kh him .
3. Nhm l dy cc nguyn t nm trong ct do c s e ho tr bng nhau, tc l c ha tr cao nht i vi oxi bng
nhau.
4. S bin thin tnh cht
- Trong chu k: t tri sang phi, bn knh nguyn t gim, tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng, m in tng.
- Trong phn nhmchnh: t trn xung, bn knh nguyn t tng, tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim, m in
gim.
- STT s p s e.
STT chu k s lp e.
STT phn nhmchnh s e lp ngoi cng.
IV/- Lin kt ha hc
1. Lin kt ion lloi lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.
A
Z
X

5
- Kimloi in hnh +phi kimin hnh.
- Hiu m in ca 2 nguyn t trong phn t (A):
A > 1,7 : lin kt ion.
A <1,7 : lin kt cng ha tr c cc.
A =0 : lin kt cng ha tr khng c cc.
Hiu s m in cng ln th s phn cc cng nhiu.
2. Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt c hnh thnh bi nhng cp e dng chung.
+Khng cc : 2 nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t phi kim.
+C cc : 2 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t khc nhau.
3. Lin kt cho nhn llin kt c hnh thnh khi cp e dng chung do 1 nguyn t b ra.
V d: SO
2
: O =S O NH
4
+
:
H
|
H N H
|
H
+
(
(
(
(
(


4. Lin kt kim loi l loi lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng c trong mng
tinh th kim loi vi cc electron t do.
5. Lin kt hiro l loi lin kt ha hc gia cc phn t, lin kt nguyn t H ca phn t ny vi nguyn t c
m in ln hn nh F, O, N ... ca phn t khc. V d:
HF : ... F H ... F H ... F H ...


Nu cc nh hng m lin kt hidro to nn?
B - Ha v c
I/- Thuyt in ly
1. S in ly l qu trnh phn ly thnh cc ion tri du ca phn t cht in ly khi tan trong nc hay trng thi
nng chy.
2. Cht in ly l cht dn c in khi tan trong nc (hay trng thi nng chy).
3. in ly: o =
o
n
n
trong : n l s phn t in ly cn n
o
l tng phn t u.
Cht in ly mnh : o > 0,3 (phn ly gn nh hon ton)
Cht in ly trung bnh : 0,03 <o <0,3.
Cht in ly yu : o s 0,03 (phn ly mt phn)
4. Hng s in ly l hng s cn bng ca s in ly.
Xt phn ng in ly: XY X
+
+Y

K
a
=
| |
X . Y
XY
+
( (
v pK
a
=-lgK
a

5. Phn ng axit - baz l phn ng ha hc trong c s cho v nhn H
+
(proton):
dd axit + dd baz dd axit + oxit baz
dd axit + baz khng tan oxit axit + dd kim v.v...
6. H
3
PO
4
l axit a chc.
So snh t l:
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n a
n b
=
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n a
n b
=
1 2 3

NaH
2
PO
4
Na
2
HPO
4
Na
3
PO
4

NaH
2
PO
4

H
+
d
NaH
2
PO
4

Na
2
HPO
4

Na
2
HPO
4

Na
3
PO
4

Na
3
PO
4

OH

d
II/- Mui
1. Mui l hp cht m phn t gm cation kimloi (hoc amoni) lin kt vi anion gc axit.
Ngoi l: Ag C C Ag v CH
3
CH
2
O Na cng l mui.
2. Dung dch mui: Khi tan trong nc, mui phn ly thnh cc ion. Dung dch mui c cha cation kim loi
(amoni) v anion gc axit.
2 5
C H OH: ... H O... H O... H O...
| | |


C
2
H
5
C
2
H
5
O ... H O
CH
3
C C CH
3

O H ... O


6
3. Mu ca dung dch mui:
CuSO
4
khan : mu trng.
dd CuSO
4
: xanh lam (CuSO
4
.5H
2
O)
dd FeSO
4
: xanh lc nht (FeSO
4
.7H
2
O)
dd KMnO
4
: tml mu ca MnO
4

dd K
2
MnO
4
: xanh lc l mu MnO
4
2
.
4. Phn loi mui:
a) Mui trung ha: Trong gc axit khng cn nguyn t hiro c kh nng thay th bi kim loi .
- Mui thng: gm 1 loi cation v 1 anion.
- Mui kp: gm nhiu loi cation khc nhau kt hp vi mt loi anion. V d: KAl(SO
4
)
2
- phn.
- Mui hn tp: 1 loi cation kt hp vi nhiu loi anion khc.

V d:
O Cl
Ca
Cl

hay CaOCl
2
: clorua vi.
b) Mui axit: Trong gc axit vn cn hiro c kh nng thay th bi kim loi . Thng thng gc axit c hidro l mui axit .
Ngoi l
H O
P O
H O |
H

hay Na
2
HPO
3
l mui trung ha.
5. Tnh axit - baz trong dung dch mui
- S tng tc gia cc ion trong mui vi nc gi l s thy phn mui v thng l qu trnh thun nghch.

Mui Dung dch pH
a
m
+b
m
trung tnh 7
a
m
+b
y
Axit <7
a
y
+b
m
baz >7
a
y
+b
y
ty qu trnh cho hay nhn H
+
mnh hn ty
- Mui ca axit mnh v baz mnh khng b thy phn.
V d: NaCl ha tan trong nc, NaCl khng thy phn, pH = 7.
- Mui ca axit yu v baz mnh b thy phn to ra dung dch c tnh baz.
V d: Thy phn Na
2
CO
3
:

Na
2
CO
3
= 2Na
+
+ CO
3
2

CO
3
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3

+ OH

dung dch c OH

pH >7.
- Mui ca axit mnh v baz yu b thy phn to ra dung dch c tnh axit.
V d: Thy phn NH
4
Cl: NH
4
Cl =NH
4
+
+Cl
-

Ph.trnh ion: NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
|
+ H
3
O
+

dung dch c H
3
O
+
pH <7.
- Mui ca axit yu v baz yu b thy phn to ra dung dch trung tnh nn nhng mui ny thc ra khng tn
ti trong dung dch.
V d: AlN + 3H
2
O = Al(OH)
3 +
+ NH
3
|

Fe
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O = 2Fe(OH)
3 +
+ 3CO
2
|

Al
2
(CO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O = 2Al(OH)
3 +
+ 3CO
2
|
- Mt s trng hp c bit: Mt s mui li c kh nng thy phn hon ton trong dung dch (hu ht l do cc
cht to thnh khng phn ng c vi nhau cho phn ng thun nghch).
V d:
a) Cho dung dch Na
2
CO
3
tc dng vi dung dch FeCl
3
hoc AlCl
3
c CO
2
|
v kt ta to thnh. V:
CO
3
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3

+ OH

HCO
3

CO
2
|
+ OH

Fe
3+
+ 3 OH

= Fe(OH)
3 +

3 Na
2
CO
3
+ 2 FeCl
3
+ 3 H
2
O = 2 Fe(OH)
3 +
+ 3 CO
2
|
+ 6 NaCl
b) Cho dung dch NH
4
Cl tc dng vi dung dch NaAlO
2
to kt ta v c kh by ra.

7
NH
4
Cl = NH
4
+
+ Cl

NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
|
+ H
3
O
+

NaAlO
2
= Na
+
+ AlO
2

AlO
2

+ H
3
O
+
= Al(OH)
3 +

NH
4
Cl + NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O = Al(OH)
3 +
+ NH
3
|
+ NaCl
III/- Axit - baz
1. Axit c cc dng sau
- Phn t trung ha: HCl , HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, ...
- Ion dng: NH
4
+
, Fe
3+
, Al
3+
, ...
- Ion m: HSO
4

.
HCl + H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ Cl

HSO
4

+ H
2
O = H
3
O
+
+ SO
4
2

NH
4
+
+ H
2
O NH
3
+ H
3
O
+

Fe
3+
+ 3 H
2
O Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 H
+

To mi trng axit, lmqu tmng hng, c kh nng cho proton.
2. Baz c cc dng
- Phn t trung ha: NaOH , NH
3
, ...
- Ion gc axit yu: S
2
, SO
3
2
, CO
3
2-
, ...
To ra mi trng OH

qu tmng xanh, c kh nng nhn proton.

NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+ OH

S
2
+ H
2
O HS

+ OH

CO
3
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3

+ OH

.
3. Nhng ion trung tnh
- Ion kimloi mnh: K
+
, Na
+
, Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
, ...
- Ion gc axit mnh: Cl

, SO
4
2
, NO
3

, Br

.
4. Nhng cht lng tnh (va cho H
+
va nhn H
+
)
- Al(OH)
3
, Zn(OH)
2
, Be(OH)
2
, Cr(OH)
3
.
- Mui axit ca axit yu: NaHCO
3
.
HCO
3

CO
3
2
+ H
+

HCO
3

+ H
+
H
2
CO
3
.
- H
2
O l cht lng tnh:
H
2
O +H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH

5. pH
Nu biu din nng mol ca H
+
bng h thc [H
+
] = 10
-a
mol/lt
th s tr a c xem l pH ca dung dch, nn pH = a = -lg[H
+
].
Tng t [OH

] = 10
-b
mol/lit. Suy ra: pOH =-lg[OH].
Vi mi trng trung ha : pH =7
Vi mi trng axit : pH <7
Vi mi trng baz : pH >7
T tch s ion [H
+
] [OH

] = 10
-14
pH +pOH = 14.
IV/- Phn ng trao i
1. nh ngha : Phn ng trao i l phn ng xy ra vi s i ch cc ion.
2. iu kin phn ng trao i thc hin c hon ton:
- Sau phn ng c cht kt ta hoc kh bay ln, hoc cht in ly yu.
- Cht tham gia phn ng phi l cht tan.
3. Trng hp c bit
Mt cht tan c vn c th kt tinh trong dung dch bo ha chnh n hoc cht khc d tan hn.
V d:
* ThmNaCl vo dung dch NaCl bo ha th phn NaCl thms khng th tan c na.
* tch NaCl ra khi dung dch cha hn hp NaCl v NaOH ngi ta dng phng php kt tinh phn on.
Cht no c tan nh hn s kt tinh nhanh hn khi c cn dung dch.
Do tan ca NaCl nh hn ca NaOH nn khi c cn dung dch NaCl s kt tinh trc. Lp li nhiu ln s tch
c ht NaCl v thu c dung dch NaOH ring.
* Phn ng gia mt s mui tan trong dung dch c th l phn ng oxi ha - kh.

8
2 FeCl
3
+ 2 KI = 2 FeCl
2
+ I
2
+ 2 KCl
2 FeCl
3
+ H
2
S = 2 FeCl
2
+S
+
+ 2 HCl.
* Mt s kt ta c kh nng to phc tan nh: Cu(OH)
2
, Zn(OH)
2
, AgCl.
Cu(OH)
2
+ 4 NH
3
= [Cu(NH
4
)
3
](OH)
2

AgCl + 2 NH
3
= [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl
V/- Phn ng oxi ha - kh
1. nh ngha: Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc trong nguyn t hoc ion ny nhng electron cho
nguyn t hoc ion khc.
Cht kh l cht cho electron Qu trnh oxi ha l qu trnh cho electron.
Cht oxi ha l cht nhn electron Qu trnh kh l qu trnh nhn electron.
2. Bn cht ca phn ng oxi ha - kh: C s thay i s oxi ha.
3. Chiu phn ng: Cht oxi ha mnh + cht kh mnh cht oxi ha yu + cht kh yu.
4. Phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha - kh:
- Phng php electron.
- Phng php ion - electron.
- Phng php i s.
VI/- n mn kim loi v chng n mn kim loi
1. S n mn kim loi
a) nh ngha: S ph hy kim loi hoc hp kim do tc dng ha hc ca mi trng xung quanh gi l s n
mn kimloi.
- n mn ha hc l s ph hy kim loi do kim loi phn ng ha hc vi cht kh hoc hi nc nhit cao.
- c im ca n mn ha hc l khng pht sinh dng in. Nhit cng cao th tc n mn cng nhanh.
- Bn cht ca n mn ha hc l qu trnh oxi ha - kh, trong cc kim loi nhng electron cho cc cht trong
mi trng.
- n mn in ha l s ph hy kim loi do kim loi tip xc trc tip vi dung dch cht in ly to nn dng
in.
* Cc iu kin n mn in ha:
- Cc in cc phi khc cht nhau, trong kim loi c tnh kh mnh s l cc m v d b n mn.
- Cc in cc phi tip xc trc tip hoc gin tip.
- Cc in cc cng tip xc vi mt dung dch in ly.
* C ch ca s n mn in ha: <XemSGK 12 - trang 97>.
2. Cch chng n mn kim loi
- Cch ly kimloi vi mi trng.
- Dng hp kim chng g (hp kim inox).
- Dng cht chng n mn (cht kmhm) - urotropin.
- Dng phng php in ha.
VII/- iu ch kim loi
1. Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi: Kh ion dng kim loi thnh kimloi t do: M
n+
+ne =M
o
.
2. Cc phng php iu ch kim loi: c 3 phng php sau:
a) Phng php thy luyn: Dng kimloi t do c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi khc trong dung dch
mui.
Phng php ny dng iu ch cc kim loi trung bnh v kimloi yu (t Zn Ag).
Zn + CuSO
4
= ZnSO
4
+ Cu.
b) Phng php nhit luyn: Dng cht kh nh CO , H
2
, C , Al kh ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao.
Phng php ny iu ch cc kim loi t Zn Cu.
CuO + H
2

o
t
= Cu + H
2
O.
c) Phng php in phn: Dng dng in mt chiu trn catot (cc m) kh ion kim loi trong hp cht.
Phng php ny iu ch c hu ht cc kim loi.
* Phng php in phn nng chy dng iu ch cc kim loi mnh t K Al.
2 NaCl
khan

pnc
2 Na + Cl
2

2 Al
2
O
3

3 6
pnc
Na AlF
4 Al + 3 O
2
.

9
* Phng php in phn dung dch dng iu ch cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu nh cc kim loi
t Zn Ag .
CuCl
2

pdd
Cu + Cl
2

4 AgNO
3
+ 2 H
2
O = 4 Ag +4 HNO
3
+ O
2

3. S in phn l qu trnh oxi ha - kh, xy ra trn b mt in cc, di tc dng ca dng in mt chiu chy
qua cht in ly dng dung dch hoc dng nng chy.
- Cht in phn l cht c kh nng phn ly thnh cc ion tri du trong dung dch hoc trong cht nng chy.
- Cng thc Faraday: m =
AIt
nF
s mol =
m It
A nF
=
trong : m- khi lng n cht thu c in cc (g);
A - khi lng mol nguyn t = s khi = M;
I - cng dng in (Ampe);
t - thi gian (giy);
F - hng s Faraday ; F = 96500;
n - s e trao i.
q = It : in lng (culng).
VIII/- Nc cng
1. nh ngha: Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
.
2. Cc loi nc cng: c 3 loi nc cng:
- Nc cng tm thi: l nc cng c cha HCO
3

(ca mui Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
).
- Nc cng vnh cu: : l nc cng c cha Cl

, SO
4
2
.
- Nc cng ton phn: : l nc cng c cha ng thi HCO
3

v SO
4
2
hoc Cl

,NO
3
-
...
3. Nguyn tc lm mm nc cng: Lmgim, hoc loi b nng cc ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong nc bng cch to
thnh cc cht kt ta.
* Phng php ha hc lm mm nc cng:
- i vi nc cng tm thi: c th un nng hoc dng nc vi:
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

o
t
= CaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
= 2 CaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O.
- i vi nc cng vnh cu hoc ton phn c th dng dung dch Na
2
CO
3
:
MgSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
= MgCO
3 +
+ Na
2
SO
4

Mg(HCO
3
)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
= MgCO
3 +
+ 2 NaHCO
3
.
* Phng php ionit.
IX/- Gang
1. nh ngha: Gang l hp kim ca Fe c cha t 2-6% C v mt s tp cht khc c hm lng rt nh nh Si
(1-4%), Mn (0,5-3%), P (0,1-2%), S (0,1-1%).
2. Phn loi gang: Ngi ta phn bit ra 3 loi gang: Gang xm, gang trng, gang c bit.
a) Gang xm: c sn xut nhit cao, thnh phn cacbon t 3,4-6%, Si t 1,5-4%. Khi c ha rn chm,
cacbon tch ra dng than ch lmgang c mu xm.
Gang xmcng, gin, khng ko si, dt mng c nn thng dng ch to li cy, ph tng
b) Gang trng: c ch to nhit cao vi thnh phn C t 2-3,5%, Si rt t, khi c lmlnh nhanh, nhng
tinh th xmetit Fe
3
C c hnh thnh lmgang c mu trng.
Gang trng cng, gin, khng dng c, ch dng luyn thp.
c) Gang c bit cha nhiu nguyn t Mn, Cr, W, Si gi l Ferromangan, Ferrocrom, ... c trn vi gang
thng luyn thp qu.
3. Nguyn tc sn xut gang t oxit st
Nguyn tc chung: dng oxit cacbon (CO) kh oxi ca oxit st.
a) O
2
ca khng kh c sy n 900
o
C tc dng vi than cc thnh CO
2
. nhit cao (2000
o
C) CO
2
bin thnh
CO: C + O
2
= CO
2

CO
2
+ C = 2CO.
b) Kh oxi ca oxit st:
3 Fe
2
O
3
+ CO = 2 Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
|

Fe
3
O
4
+ CO = 3 FeO + CO
2
|

FeO + CO = Fe + CO
2
|
.
c) Fe sinh ra kt hp vi C, Si, Mn trong l khi nng chy to ra gang.

10
4. Sn xut gang t qung hmatit (Fe
2
O
3
): Xem3.
5. Sn xut gang t cc qung
Trc ht: C + O
2
= CO
2
(1)
CO
2
+ C = 2CO (2)
Sau : 4 FeS
2
+ 11 O
2
= 2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 SO
2
|
(3)
v 3 Fe
2
O
3
+ CO = 2 Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
|
(4)
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO = 3 FeO + CO
2
|
(5)
FeO + CO = Fe + CO
2
|
(6)
- Nu dng qung Hmatit (Fe
2
O
3
) th dng cc phn ng 1, 2, 4, 5, 6.
- Nu dng qung Manhetit (Fe
3
O
4
) th dng cc phn ng 1, 2, 5, 6.
Nhng qung dng ph bin l Hmatit v Manhtit. Ngi ta t dng loi qung Pirit luyn gang v hm
lng S cn li trong gang vt qu mc cho php, lm gim cht lng ca gang, v nht l cht lng ca thp c
luyn t gang ny.
X/- Thp
1. nh ngha: Thp l hp kim ca Fe v C v mt s cc nguyn t khc trong hm lng C t (0,01-2%).
2. Phn loi thp v ng dng:
a) Thp thng: cha t C, Si, Mn hn gang, cn P, S th rt t. C tnh ca thp thng ph thuc vo hm lng
C.
b) Thp mm: dng ch to cc b phn chi tit my, buloong, inh c.
c) Tho cng: dng trong xy dng.
d) Thp rt cng: dng sn xut c, bo, phay, ... Nu thp c nhiu S th d rn, nhiu P th d gy, cng nhiu C
th cng cng.
e) Thp c bit: cha Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, W.
- Nu c Si: thp c tnh n hi (dng lmnhp xe).
- Nu c Mn: tng tnh nht, chu ma st (dng lmmy nghin , t st).
- Nu c W: tng tnh cng (dng lmmi khoan).
3. Nguyn tc luyn thp t gang:
Nguyn tc chung l ly ra khi gang 1 phn ln C, Si, Mn v hu ht S, P. Ngi ta cho gang nng chy v ly
nhng cht cn loi ra.
Trc ht oxi ha Si: Si + O
2
= SiO
2

Phn ng ny kmtheo chmtia la rt sng.
Sau oxi ha Mn, C: 2 Mn + O
2
= 2 MnO
C + O
2
= CO
2

O
2
+ C = 2 CO
Lc ny nhit trong l ln n 2000
o
C, trong l thy c ngn la mu xanh. Mt phn S, v P s b oxi ha
tip.
S + O
2
= SO
2

4 P + 5 O
2
= 2 P
2
O
5
.
Phn ng cui cng ny ta nhit v a nhit t 1200
o
C 1600
o
C. Cc kh CO
2
, CO, SO
2
bay ra khi h.
SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
tc dng vi MnO thnh cc mui silicat, photphat ni ln trn kimloi nng chy gi l x.
Sau khi s oxi ha tp cht kt thc, lc ny n Fe b oxi ha:
Fe +
1
2
O
2
= FeO
Lc ny ming l xut hin m khi nu dy c. Ngi ta ngng oxi ha v thmvo l mt t gang giu C
loi tp cht v mt lng nh Mn th:
FeO + Mn = MnO + Fe.
4. Luyn thp t st vn cha Fe
2
O
3
v gang: Trong l xy ra cc phn ng oxi ha cc cht trong gang bng
Fe
2
O
3
lmgim lng tp cht :
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 C = 2 Fe + 3 CO
2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 Si = 4 Fe + 3 SiO
2

Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 Mn = 2 Fe + 3 MnO.
XI/- Nhit phn
1. Mui amoni:
NH
4
Cl
o
t
NH
3
+ HCl
|


11
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

o
t
2 NH
3
|
+ CO
2
|
+ H
2
O
NH
4
HCO
3

o
t
NH
3
|
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
NH
4
NO
2

o
t
N
2
|
+ 2 H
2
O
NH
4
NO
3

o
t
N
2
O
|
+ 2 H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
S
o
t
= 2 NH
3
|
+ H
2
S
|

(NH
4
)
2
SO
3
= 2 NH
3
+ H
2
O + SO
2

NH
4
HSO
3
= NH
3
+ H
2
O + SO
2

2. Mui nitrat:
+Mui NO
3

ca kim loi mnh (K, Na, Ca, Ba) nhit phn to thnh mui nitrit v gii phng oxi:
2 KNO
3

o
t
2 KNO
2
+ O
2

Ba(NO
3
)
2

o
t
Ba(NO
2
)
2
+ O
2

+Mui NO
3

ca kim loi trung bnh (Mg Cu) khi nhit phn to ra oxit kim loi v gii phng hn hp kh
NO
2
, O
2
:
Cu(NO
3
)
2

o
t
CuO + 2 NO
2
+ O
2
.
(Ch : 2Fe(NO
3
)
2
0
t

Fe
2
O
3
+ 4NO
2
+
2
1
O
2
)
+Mui NO
3

ca kim loi yu (Ag, Hg) khi nhit phn to ra kim loi v gii phng hn hp kh NO
2
, O
2
:
2 AgNO
3

o
t
2 Ag + 2 NO
2
+ O
2

3. Mui ca kim loi kim:
3KClO
o
t
KClO
3
+ 2 KCl
4KClO
3

o
t
3KClO
4
+ KCl
2KClO
3

o
t
2KCl + 3 O
2

2NaHCO
3

o
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2NaNO
3

o
t
2NaNO
2
+ O
2

2KMnO
4

o
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ 2O
2
+ 2MnO
2

4. Mui v cc cht cha kim loi kim th:
CaCO
3

o
1000 C
CaO + CO
2

Ca(HCO
3
)
2

o
t
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|

CaSO
3

o
t
CaO + SO
2

2CaOCl
2

o
t
2 CaCl
2
+ O
2

2 Ca(NO
3
)
2

o
t
2 Ca(NO
2
)
2
+ O
2

Ca(OH)
2

o
t
CaO + H
2
O
5. Mui v cc cht cha Al, Fe:
2 Al (OH)
3

o
t
= Al
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
Fe(OH)
2

o
t
= FeO + H
2
O

12
2 Fe(OH)
3

o
t
= Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
FeCO
3

o
t
= FeO + CO
2

4 FeCO
3
+ O
2

o
t
2 Fe
2
O
3
+4 CO
2

4 Fe(NO
3
)
3

o
t
2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 12 NO
2
+ 2 O
2


Ha hu c
I/- Cc khi nim c bn
1. ng ng l nhng hp cht hu c c cu to ha hc tng t nhau, tnh cht ha hc ging nhau nhng thnh
phn cu to ca phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm metylen ( CH
2
).
V d: CH
4
; C
2
H
6
; ...
HCOOH ; CH
3
COOH ; C
2
H
5
COOH ; ...
2. ng phn l nhng cht hp cht hu c c cng CTPT nhng CTCT khc nhau nn tnh cht ha hc khc
nhau.
V d: CH
3
CH
2
OH v CH
3
O CH
3

- ng phn hnh hc:




- ng phn cis: Nu 2 nhmhoc 2 nguyn t cng ln hoc cng nh lin kt vo 2 nguyn t C ca lin kt i
nm cng mt pha vi lin kt i.
- ng phn trans: Nu hai nhm hoc 2 nguyn t cng ln hoc cng nh lin kt vo 2 nguyn t C ca lin kt
i nm v 2 pha i vi lin kt i.
V d:





3. Nhm chc l nhmnguyn t gy ra nhng phn ng ha hc c trng cho hp cht hu c.
* Hp cht n chc l nhng hp cht ch c mt nhm chc trong phn t. V d: C
2
H
5
OH ; CH
3
COOH ; ...
* Hp cht tp chc l nhng hp cht c hai hay nhiu nhm chc khc nhau. V d: NH
2
CH
2

COOH; HOCH
2
(CHOH)
4
CHO (glucoz).
* Hp cht a chc l nhng hp cht c 2 hay nhiu nhm chc ging nhau. V d: C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
; C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
; ...
II/- nh ngha mt s hp cht hu c
1. Parafin (ankan) l nhng hirocacbon mch h, ch c lin kt n trong phn t, c CTTQ C
n
H
2n+2
(n > 1).
2. Olefin (anken) l nhng hirocacbon khng no, c mt lin kt i, mch h, c CTTQ C
2
H
2n
(n / 2).
3. iolefin (ankaien) l nhng hirocacbon khng no, mch h, c 2 lin kt i, c CTTQ C
n
H
2n- 2
(n > 3).
4. Ankin l nhng hirocacbon khng no, mch h, c mt lin kt 3, c CTTQ C
n
H
2n-2
(n > 2).
5. Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t ca chng c nhm hiroxyl lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t
cacbon ca vng benzen.
V d:

C
6
H
5
OH


6. Amin l nhng hp cht hu c sinh ra do nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay bng gc
hirocacbon. Ty theo s nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay th ta c amin bc 1, bc 2, bc 3.
V d:
CH
3
NH
2
: metylamin (bc 1) : trimetylamin (bc 3)
C
6
H
5
NH
2
: phenylamin hay anilin (bc 1)
CH
3
NH CH
3
: imetylamin (bc 2)
a c
C =C
b b
vi
a = b
c = d
H H
C =C
CH
3
CH
3


cis buten - 2
H CH
3

C =C
CH
3
H

trans buten - 2
OH
CH
3
o - crezol
OH
CH
3

m- crezol
OH
CH
3

p- crezol
CH
3
N CH
3

|
CH
3


13
7. Anehit no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm chc anehit
H
C
O
| |
|
|
\ .
lin kt vi gc
hirocacbon no.
8. Axit cacboxylic no n chc l hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm cacboxyl (COOH) lin kt vi gc
hirocacbon no.
Axit cacboxylic khng no n chc l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt nhm cacboxyl lin kt vi
gc hirocacbon khng no (c lin kt i hoc lin kt ba).
V d: CH
2
=CH COOH : axit acrylic
: axit metacrylic



CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH =CH (CH
2
)
7
COOH : axit oleic
9. Ru l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.
10. Lipit (cht bo) l nhng este ca glixerin vi cc axit bo.
V d:
2
2
CH OCOR
|
CH OCOR'
|
CH OCOR"

Axit bo: C
15
H
31
COOH : axit panmitic (no)
C
17
H
35
COOH : axit stearic (no)
C
17
H
33
COOH : axit oleic (khng no).
11. Gluxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, c cha nhiu nhm hiroxyl (OH) v c nhmcacbonyl
\
C O
/
| |
| =
|
\ .

trong phn t. C nhiu loi gluxit:
6 12 6
glucoz
monosaccarit
C H O fructoz

12 22 11
saccaroz
isaccarit
C H O mantoz

( )
6 10 5
n
tinhbt
poli saccarit
C H O xenluloz

12. Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca chng c cha ng thi nhm chc amino
(NH
2
) v nhmchc cacboxyl ( COOH).
Tn gi cc aminoaxit = axit + (o, |, ...) amino + tn axit tng ng.
V d:
2
2
CH COOH
|
NH


3
2
CH CH COOH
|
NH


axit aminoxetic axit o - aminopropionic.
13. Protit: Phn t gm cc chui polipeptit hp thnh. Thnh phn ca protit gm c C , H , O , N ; ngoi ra cn
c S , P , Fe , I
2
, ...
14. Hp cht cao phn t (hay polime) l nhng hp cht hu c c khi lng phn t rt ln (thng t hng
ngn ti hnh triu vc) c cu to t nhng mt xch lin kt vi nhau.
V d: | |
2 2
n
CH CH
: PE
2
3
n
CH CH
|
COOCH
(
(
(

: PVA

2
n
CH CH
|
Cl
(
(
(

: PVC | |
2 2
n
CH CH CH CH = : cao su buna.
15. Cht do l nhng vt liu c kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit , p sut v vn gi c s
bin dng khi thi tc dng.
Thnh phn ca cht do gm polime, cht ha do, cht n, cht ph to mu, cht chng oxi ha, cht dit trng,
...V d: PE , PS , PVC, PP, ...
CH
2
=C COOH
|
CH
3


14

o
3 3
xt,t
2 2
3 3
n
CH CH
| |
nCH C CH C
| |
COOCH COOCH
| |
|
| =
|
|
\ .

(polimetylmetacrylat - thy tinh hu c (plexiglat))
16. T l nhng polime thin nhin hoc tng hp c th ko thnh si di v mnh.
- T thin nhin c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm, len, bng, ...
- T ha hc l t c ch bin bng phng php ha hc, bao gm t nhn to v t tng hp.
T nhn to c sn xut t polime thin nhin (t xenluloz) iu ch t visco, t axetat, ...
T tng hp c sn xut t polime tng hp (t poliamit, t polieste).
- iu ch t nilon: n H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2
+ n HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH
o
t

[NH (CH
2
)
6
NH CO (CH
2
)
4
CO ]
n
+ 2n H
2
O
nilon - 6,6
- iu ch t capron:

| |
o
t ,p
2 5 2 5
n
NH
n(CH ) | CO (CH ) NH
CO
caprolactam capron


- iu ch t enang:
n H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
COOH
| |
o
t ,p
2 6
xt n
NH (CH ) CO + n H
2
O
- iu ch t axetat:
[C
6
H
7
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 2n CH
3
COOH
xt
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)(OCOCH
3
)
2
]
n
+2n H
2
O
xenluloz iaxetat
[C
6
H
7
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 3n CH
3
COOH
xt
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OCOCH
3
)
3
]
n
+3n H
2
O
xenluloz triaxetat
17. Cao su l cht c tnh n hi cao, d bin dng di tc dng ca ngoi lc, khi ngng tc dng th tr li
dng ban u. Cao su c tnh khng thm nc, thm kh.
C 2 loi cao su: - Cao su t nhin - Cao su tng hp.
- Cao su t nhin c trch t m (nha) cy Hva, ging nh sn phm trng hp ca isopen.
Cng thc:
2 2
3
n
CH C CH CH
|
CH
= (
(
(

.
- Cao su tng hp: cao su buna v cao su isopen.
n CH
2
=CH CH =CH
2

| |
o
t ,p
2 2
Na
n
CH CH CH CH =

o 2 2 2 2
t ,p
xt
3 3
n
nCH C CH CH CH C CH CH
| |
CH CH
= = = (
(
(

.
- S lu ha cao su: Qu trnh a lu hunh vo mch polime
ca cao su nhit nht nh. Kt qu l cc nguyn t S tr thnh
cc cu ni isunfua S S ni cc i phn t polime li vi nhau
to dng cu to mng li trong khng gian bn cht
III/- Cc phn ng ha hc
1. Phn ng trng hp: Qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t
nh (monome) to thnh phn t ln (polime) c gi l phn ng trng hp.
iu kin cc cht tham gia phn ng trng hp l phi c lin kt bi (lin kt i, ba).
V d: CH
2
=CH
2
; C
6
H
5
CH =CH
2
; CH
2
=CHCl ; CH
2
=CH CH =CH
2

Phn ng ng trng hp l phn ng kt hp nhiu monome ca nhiu loi monome khc nhau to polime.
V d:



S
S
S
S
S
S
n CH
2
=CH CH =CH
2
+n
o
p,xt
t
[ CH
2
CH =CH CH
2
CH CH
2
]
n


Butadien 1, 3 Styren Cao su buna - S
CH =CH
2


15



2. Phn ng trng ngng: Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime)
ng thi gii phng phn t H
2
O c gi l phn ng trng ngng.
V d: n H
2
N CH
2
COOH
o 2
t
n
HN CH C
||
O
(
(
(

+ n H
2
O.
iu kin cc cht tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phi c t hai nhm chc tr ln:
H
2
N CH
2
COOH ; H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2

HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH ; NH
2
(CH
2
)
5
COOH ; ...
V d: n H
2
N CH
2
COOH | |
o
t ,p
2
xt n
NH CH CO + n H
2
O.
n HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH
p xt
o
t , ,
| |
n 2 2
O CH CH +n H
2
O
Phn ng ng trng ngng l phn ng kt hp nhiu monome ca 2 loi monome khc nhau to ra polime v
gii phng H
2
O.
V d: n HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH +n H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2

| |
2 4 2 6
n
CO (CH ) CO NH (CH ) NH +2n H
2
O
nilon 6,6
3. Phn ng th l phn ng trong c mt nguyn t (hay mt nhm nguyn t) ny c thay th bi mt
nguyn t (hay mt nhm nguyn t) khc m cu to ca mch cacbon khng thay i.
V d: CH
4
+ Cl
2

as
CH
3
Cl + HCl
C
6
H
6
+ HONO
2

2 4
H SO
C
6
H
5
NO
2
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
5
OH + Na C
2
H
5
ONa +
1
2
H
2

4. Phn ng hp nc (hirat ha) l phn ng cng nc vo hp cht c lin kt t (C =C) to ra mt sn phm.
V d: CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2
O
2 4
H SO l
C
2
H
5
OH
5. Phn ng este ha l phn ng kt hp gia axit hu c hoc axit v c v ru. Trong phn ng ny, axit gp
nhmOH, ru gp H linh ng tch ra phn t H
2
O. Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch.
V d: CH
3
COOH + H OC
2
H
5

2 4
H SO
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O.
Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng xy ra ng thi theo hai chiu ngc nhau trong cng mt iu kin.
6. Phn ng thy phn l phn ng dng nc phn tch mt cht thnh nhiu cht khc trong mi trng axit
hoc baz. Phn ng ny xy ra chm v l phn ng thun nghch.
V d: CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
2 4
H SO l
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH.
Cc cht tham gia phn ng thy phn l: dn xut halogen, este, saccaroz, mantoz, tinh bt, xenluloz, cht bo
(lipit), protit.
V d: C
2
H
5
Cl + H
2
O

OH
C
2
H
5
OH + HCl
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
+
H
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
+
H
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

Saccaroz Glucoz fructoz
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
+
H
2C
6
H
12
O
6

Mantoz Glucoz
(C
6
H
10
O
5
) +n H
2
O
+
H
n C
6
H
12
O
6

Tinh bt hoc xenlucoz Glucoz

16

2 1
2
2 3
CH COOR
|
CH COOR
|
CH COOR

+ 3 H
2
O
+
H

2
2
CH OH
|
CH OH
|
CH OH

+
2
2
CH COOH
|
CH COOH
|
CH COOH

Lipit
[ NH (CH
2
)
5
CO ]
n
+ n H
2
O n NH
2
(CH
2
)
5
COOH
Protit
7. Qui tc th vng nhn benzen:
- Khi vng nhn benzen c sn nhm th ankyl hoc OH, NH
2
, Cl, Br (nhmth y e) phn ng th xy
ra d hn v u tin th vo v tr ortho, para.
- Khi vng nhn benzen c sn nhm th SO
3
H, NO
2
, CHO, COOH (nhm th ht e) phn ng th xy ra
kh hn v u tin th vo v tr meta.
V d: * benzen o bromonitrobenzen









* benzen m- bromonitrobenzen













8. iu ch cc hp cht hu c
a) Nguyn liu:
- Than (C), vi (CaO).
- Tinh bt, xenluloz, v bo, mn ca (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
.
- Du m (C
4
H
10
).
- Kh thin nhin (CH
4
).
b) Cc hp cht hu c cn iu ch
- Nha: PE, PVC, PP, PS, PVA, phenol fomanehit.
- Cao su buna, cao su isopren.
- Este: Polimetyl metacrylat (thy tinh hu c plexiglat)
3
2
3
n
CH
|
CH CH
|
COOCH
(
(
(
(
(

.
- Polimetyl acrylat
2
3
n
CH CH
|
COOCH
(
(
(

.
- Glixerin.
- Axit: axit axetic, axit acrylic, axit metacrylic.
+Br
2

o
Fe
t
+ HBr
Br
+HO NO
2

2 4
o
H SO
t
+ H
2
O
Br Br
NO
2
+HO NO
2

2 4
o
H SO
t
+ H
2
O
NO
2
+Br
2

o
Fe
t
+ HBr
NO
2
NO
2

Br

17
- Phenol (axit phenic), anilin, axit picric, TNT, 666, (o) bromnitrobenzen, (m) bromnitrobenzen.
- T: t nilon 6,6, t capron, t enang, t axetat.