TM TT L THUYT HA V C 12

CHNG 5: I CNG V KIM LOI

Bi 18: TNH CHT CA KIM LOI DY IN HA CA KIM LOI
I./ Tnh cht vt l: Kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l chung :Tnh do - Tnh dn in - Tnh dn nhit - nh kim Tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi gy nn bi s c mt ca cc electron t do trong mng tinh th kim loi. II./ Tnh cht ha hc: Tnh cht ha hc chung ca kim loi l tnh kh (d b oxi ha) M ---> Mn+ + ne (n=1,2 hoc 3e) 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim:
t t 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 o o t t 4Al + 3O2 Fe + S 2Al2O3 FeS 2./ Tc dng vi dung dch axit: a./ Vi dung dch axit HCl , H2SO4 long: (tr Cu , Ag , Hg , Pt, Au) mui + H2. Th d: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 b./ Vi dung dch HNO3 , H2SO4 c: (tr Pt , Au ) mui + sn phm kh + nc.

Th d:

t 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Th d: 3Cu + 8HNO3 (long) o t Fe + 4HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O to Cu + 2H2SO4 (c) CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Ch : HNO3 , H2SO4 c ngui khng phn ng vi cc kim loi Al , Fe, Cr 3./ Tc dng vi nc: Li , K , Ba , Ca , Na + nc nhit thng baz + H2 Th d: 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 4./ Tc dng vi dung dch mui: kim loi mnh hn kh ion ca kim loi yu hn trong dung dch mui thnh kim loi t do. Th d: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu iu kin kim loi A y kim loi B ra khi mui : A + Bn+ + Kim loi A ng trc kim loi B trong dy hot ng ha hc +Kim loi A khng tan trong nc +Mui to thnh phi tan III./ Dy in ha ca kim loi: 1./ Dy in ha ca kim loi: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H Cu2+ Fe3+ Hg2+ Ag+ Pt2+ Au3+

K Na

Ca

Tnh oxi ha ca ion kim loi tng dn Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb

H2 Cu Fe2+ Hg Ag Pt Au

Tnh kh ca kim loi gim dn 2./ ngha ca dy in ha: D on chiu ca phn ng gia 2 cp oxi ha kh xy ra theo chiu: cht oxi ha mnh hn s oxi ha cht kh mnh hn sinh ra cht oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn.( qui tc ) Th d: phn ng gia 2 cp Fe2+/Fe v Cu2+/Cu l: Fe Fe2+ + Cu Cu2+ + Oxh mnh kh mnh oxh yu kh yu
Fe2+
Fe Cu2+ Cu

Trang 01

Fe + Cu2+ Fe2+ + Cu Tong quat: Gia s co 2 cap oxi hoa kh X /X va Yy+/Y (cap Xx+/X ng trc cap Yy+/Y).
x+

Xx+ X

Yy+ Y

Phng trnh phn ng : Yy+ + X Xx+ + Y

Bi 20: S N MN KIM LOI

I./ Khi nim: S n mn kim loi l s ph hy KL hoc hp kim do tc dng ca cc cht trong mi trng xung quanh. M ----> Mn+ + ne II./ Cc dng n mn kim loi: 1./ n mn ha hc: l qu trnh oxi ha - kh, trong cc electron ca kim loi c chuyn trc tip n cc cht trong mi trng. 2./ n mn in ha hc: a./ Khi nim: n mn in ha l qu trnh oxi ha kh, trong kim loi b n mn do tc dng ca dung dch cht in li v to nn dng electron chuyn di t cc m n cc dng. b./ C ch: + Cc m: kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn b oxi ha. + Cc dng: kim loi c tnh kh yu hn. III./ Chng n mn kim loi: a./ Phng php bo v b mt: b./ Phng php in ha: Ni kim loi cn bo v vi mt kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn. Th d: bo v v tu bin lm bng thp ngi ta gn vo nhng mt ngoi ca v tu (phn chm di nc) nhng l km (Zn).

Bi 21: IU CH KIM LOI

I./Nguyn tc: Kh ion kim loi thnh nguyn t. Mn+ + ne ----> M II./ Phng php: 1./ Phng php nhit luyn: dng iu ch nhng kim loi (sau Al) nh: Zn , Fe , Sn , Pb , Cu , Hg Dng cc cht kh mnh nh: C , CO , H2 hoc Al kh cc ion kim loi trong oxit nhit cao.
t t Th d: PbO + H2 Pb + H2O Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 2./ phng php thy luyn: dng iu ch nhng kim loi Cu , Ag , Hg Dng kim loi c tnh kh mnh hn kh ion kim loi trong dung dch mui Th d: Fe + CuSO4 ---> Cu + FeSO4 3./ Phng php in phn: a./ in phn nng chy: iu ch nhng kim loi K , Na , Ca , Mg , Al. in phn nng chy cc hp cht (mui, oxit, baz) ca chng. Th d: 2NaCl pnc 2Na + Cl2 MgCl2 pnc Mg + Cl2 2Al2O3 pnc 4Al + 3O2 b./ in phn dung dch: iu ch kim loi ng sau Al. Th d: CuCl2 pdd Cu + Cl2 4AgNO3 + 2H2O pdd 4Ag + O2 + 4HNO3 pdd CuSO4 + 2H2O 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 AIt c./Tnh lng cht thu c cc in cc m= 96500n m: Khi lng cht thu c cc in cc A: Khi lng mol nguyn t (hay M) I: Cng dng in (ampe0 t : Thi gian (giy)
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Trang 02

n : s electron m nguyn t hay ion cho hoc nhn Chng 6: KIM LOI KIM , KIM LOI KIM TH , NHM

Bi 25: KIM LOI KIM V HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM A./ Kim loi kim:
I./ V tr trong bng tun hon, cu hnh electron: Kim loi kim gm: Liti (Li) , Natri (Na) , Kali (K) , Rubii (Rb) , Xesi (Cs) , Franxi (Fr). Thuc nhm IA Cu hnh electron: ns1 u c 1e lp ngoi cng Li (Z=3) 1s22s1 hay [He]2s1
Na (Z=11) 1s22s22p63s1 hay [Ne]3s1 hay [Ar]4s1 K (Z=19) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

II./ Tnh cht ha hc: C tnh kh mnh: M ---> M+ + e 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim: Th d: 4Na + O2 ---> 2Na2O 2Na + Cl2 ---> 2NaCl 2./ Tc dng vi axit (HCl , H2SO4 long): to mui v H2 Th d: 2Na + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + H2 3./ Tc dng vi nc: to dung dch kim v H2 Th d: 2Na + 2H2O ---> 2NaOH + H2 III./ iu ch: 1./ Nguyn tc: kh ion kim loi kim thnh nguyn t. 2./ Phng php: in phn nng chy mui halogen hoc hidroxit ca chng. Th d: iu ch Na bng cch in phn nng chy NaCl v NaOH 4NaOH pnc PTP: 2NaCl pnc 2Na + Cl2 4Na + 2H2O + O2 B./ Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim: I./ Natri hidroxit NaOH + Tc dng vi axit: to v nc NaOH + HCl ---> NaCl + H2O + Tc dng vi oxit axit: CO2 +2 NaOH ---> Na2CO3 + H2O (1) CO2 + NaOH ---> NaHCO3 (2)
Lp t l : f =

n NaOH nCO2

* f 1 : NaHCO3 * 1 f 2 : NaHCO3 & Na2CO3 * 2 f : Na2CO3 Na2CO3 + H2O * NaOH (d) + CO2 NaHCO3 * NaOH + CO2 (d) Th d: 2NaOH + CO2 ---> Na2CO3 + H2O + Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Th d: 2NaOH + CuSO4 ---> Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2 II./ Natri hidrocacbonat NaHCO3 to 1./ phn ng phn hy: 2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2./ Tnh lng tnh: + Tc dng vi axit: NaHCO3 + HCl ---> NaCl + CO2 + H2O + Tc dng vi dung dch baz: NaHCO3 + NaOH ---> Na2CO3 + H2O III./ Natri cacbonat Na2CO3 + Tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ---> 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim trong nc cho mi trng kim IV./ Kali nitrat: KNO3 Tnh cht: c phn ng nhit phn 2KNO3 ---> 2KNO2 + O2

Bi 26: KLK TH V HP CHT QUAN TRNG CA KIM LOI KIM TH

Trang 03

A./ Kim loi kim th

I./ V tr cu hnh electron: Thuc nhm IIA gm cc nguyn t sau: beri (Be) , magie (Mg) , canxi (Ca) , stronti (Sr) , bari (Ba). Cu hnh electron: u c 2e lp ngoi cng Be (Z=4) 1s22s2 hay [He]2s2 Mg (Z=12) 1s22s22p63s2 hay [Ne]3s2 Ca (Z= 20) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 hay [Ar]4s2 II./ Tnh cht ha hc: C tnh kh mnh (nhng yu hn kim loi kim) M ---> M2+ + 2e 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim: Ca + Cl2 ---> CaCl2 2Mg + O2 ---> 2MgO 2./ Tc dng vi dung dch axit: a./ Vi axit HCl , H2SO4 long mui v gii phng H2 Mg + 2HCl ---> MgCl2 + H2 b./ Vi axit HNO3 , H2SO4 c mui + sn phm kh + H2O Th d: 4Mg + 10HNO3 ( long) ---> 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O 4Mg + 5H2SO4 (c) ---> 4MgSO4 + H2S + 4H2O 3./ Tc dng vi nc: Ca , Sr , Ba + H2O baz v H2. Th d: Ca + 2H2O ---> Ca(OH)2 + H2

B./ Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi:

I./ Canxi hidroxit Ca(OH)2: + Tc dng vi axit: Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl ---> CaCl2 + 2H2O + Tc dng vi oxit axit: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ---> CaCO3 + H2O (nhn bit kh CO2) + Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2NaOH II./ Canxi cacbonat CaCO3:
t CaO + CO2 + Phn ng phn hy: CaCO3 + Phn ng vi axit mnh: CaCO3 + 2HCl ---> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ---> Ca(HCO3)2 + Phn ng vi nc c CO2: III./ Canxi sunfat: to Thch cao sng: CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.H2O Thch cao nung: CaSO4.H2O Thch cao khan: CaSO4 C./ Nc cng: 1./ Khi nim: nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ c gi l nc cng. Phn loi: a./ Tnh cng tm thi: gy nn bi cc mui Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2 b./ Tnh cng vnh cu: gy nn bi cc mui CaSO4 , MgSO4 , CaCl2 , MgCl2 c./ Tnh cng ton phn: gm c tnh cng tm thi v vnh cu. 2./ Cch lm mm nc cng: Nguyn tc: l lm gim nng cc ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ trong nc cng. a./ phng php kt ta: * i vi nc c tnh cng tm thi: t Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O + un si , lc b kt ta. + Dng Ca(OH)2 , lc b kt ta: Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 ---> 2CaCO3 + 2H2O + Dng Na2CO3 ( hoc Na3PO4): Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3 ---> CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3 * i vi nc c tnh cng vnh cu v ton phn: dng Na2CO3 (hoc Na3PO4) Th d: CaSO4 + Na2CO3 ---> CaCO3 + Na2SO4 b./ Phng php trao i ion: 3./ Nhn bit ion Ca2+ , Mg2+ trong dung dch: Thuc th: dung dch cha CO32- (nh Na2CO3 )
o o

Bi 27: NHM V HP CHT CA NHM

A./ Nhm:
I./ V tr cu hnh electron:

Trang 04

Nhm IIIA , chu k 3 , th 13. Cu hnh electron: Al (Z=13): 1s22s22p63s23p1 hay [Ne]3s23p1 Al3+: 1s22s22p6 II./ Tnh cht ha hc: C tnh kh mnh (yu hn kim loi kim, kim th) Al --> Al3+ + 3e 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim : 2Al + 3Cl2 ---> 2AlCl3 4Al + 3O2 ---> 2Al2O3 2./ Tc dng vi axit: a./ Vi axit HCl , H2SO4 long: 2Al + 6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3H2 b./ Vi axit HNO3 , H2SO4 c, nng: Th d: Al + 4HNO3 (long) ---> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
t Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O 2Al + 6H2SO4 (c) Ch : Al khng tc dng vi HNO3 c ngui v H2SO4 c ngui 3./ Tc dng vi oxit kim loi ( P nhit nhm) to Th d: 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe 4./ Tc dng vi nc: khng tc dng vi nc d nhit cao v trn b mt ca Al ph kin mt lp Al2O3 rt mng, bn v mn khng cho nc v kh thm qua. 5./ Tc dng vi dung dch kim: 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O ---> 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 IV./ Sn xut nhm: 1./ nguyn liu: qung boxit (Al2O3.2H2O) 2./ Phng php: in phn nhm oxit nng chy Th d: 2Al2O3 pnc 4Al + 3O2
o

B./ Mt s hp cht ca nhm

I./ Nhm oxit A2O3: l oxit lng tnh Tc dng vi axit: Al2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Tc dng vi dung dch kim: Al2O3 + 2NaOH ---> 2NaAlO2 + H2O II./ Nhm hidroxit Al(OH)3: Al(OH)3 l hidroxit lng tnh. Tc dng vi axit: Al(OH)3 + 3HCl ---> AlCl3 + 3H2O Tc dng vi dung dch kim: Al(OH)3 + NaOH ---> NaAlO2 + 2H2O iu ch Al(OH)3: AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O ---> Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl Hay: AlCl3 + 3NaOH ---> Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl III./ Nhm sunfat: phn chua : K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O hay KAl(SO4)2.12H2O IV./ Cch nhn bit ion Al3+ trong dung dch: + Thuc th: dung dch NaOH d + Hin tng: kt ta keo trng xut hin sau tan trong NaOH d.

Bi 31: ST (Fe=56)
I./ V tr cu hnh electron: St th 26, nhm VIIIB, chu k 4 Cu hnh electron: Fe (Z=26): 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 hay [Ar]3d64s2 Fe2+: [Ar]3d6 Fe3+: [Ar]3d5 II./Tnh cht vt l : St c tnh nhim t kh b nam chm ht.Dn in km v gim dn :Ag>Cu>Au>Al>Fe II./ Tnh cht ha hc: C tnh kh trung bnh Fe ---> Fe+2 + 2e Fe ---> Fe+3 + 3e 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim:
t t t FeS 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 Th d: Fe + S 2./ Tc dng vi axit: a./ Vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long mui Fe (II) + H2 Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 Th d: Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 b./ Vi dung dch HNO3 v H2SO4 c nng: to mui Fe (III) Th d: Fe + 4 HNO3 (long) Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
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t Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O 2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c)

Trang 05

Ch : Fe khng tc dng vi axit HNO3 c ngui v H2SO4 c ngui 3. Tc dng vi dung dch mui: Fe kh c ion ca cc kim loi ng sau n. Th d: Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu 4./ Tc dng vi nc: nhit thng st khng kh nc nhit cao:
< 570 Th d: 3Fe + 4H2O t Fe3O4 + 4H2 t o >570 o Fe + H2O FeO + H2
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Bi 32: HP CHT CA ST
I./Hp cht st (II) Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca hp cht st (II) l tnh kh (d b oxi ha) 1./ St (II) oxit: FeO to Th d: 3FeO + 10HNO3 (long) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O to Fe2O3 + CO 2FeO + CO2 2./ St (II) hidroxit: Fe(OH)2 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O ---> 4Fe(OH)3 3./ Mui st (II): 2FeCl2 + Cl2 ---> 2FeCl3 Ch : FeO , Fe(OH)2 khi tc dng vi HCl hay H2SO4 long to mui st (II) Th d: FeO + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + H2 Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl ---> FeCl2 + 2H2O II./ Hp cht st (III): Hp cht st (III) c tnh oxi ha. 1./ St (III) oxit: Fe2O3 - L oxit baz: tc dng vi axit to mui st (III) v nc. Th d: Fe2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe2O3 + 6HNO3 ---> 2Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2O - B CO, H2 , Al kh thnh Fe nhit cao:
t Th d: Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 iu ch: phn hy Fe(OH)3 nhit cao.
o

t Fe2O3 + 3H2O Th d: 2Fe(OH)3 2./ St (III) hidroxit: Fe(OH)3 Tc dng vi axit: to mui v nc Th d: Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 ---> Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O iu ch: cho dung dch kim tc dng vi mui st (III). FeCl3 + 3NaOH ---> Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl 3./ Mui st (III): C tnh oxi ha (d b kh) Th d: Fe + 2FeCl3 ---> 3FeCl2 Cu + 2FeCl3 ---> 2FeCl2 + CuCl2

Bi 34: CROM V HP CHT CA CROM

I./ V tr cu hnh electron: th 24, thuc nhm VIB, chu k 4 hay [Ar]3d54s1 Cu hnh electron: Cr (Z=24): 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 II./ Tnh cht ha hc: tnh kh mnh hn st, cc s oxi ha thng gp ca crom l: +2 , +3 , +6 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim: to hp cht crom (III)
t t t 2Cr2O3 2Cr + 3Cl2 2CrCl3 2Cr + 3S Cr2S3 Th d: 4Cr + 3O2 2./ Tc dng vi nc: Crom (Cr) khng tc dng vi nc bt k nhit no 3./ Tc dng vi axit:HCl v H2SO4 to mui Cr+2 Th d: Cr + 2HCl ---> CrCl2 + H2 Cr + H2SO4 ---> CrSO4 + H2 Ch : Cr khng tc dng vi HNO3 c ngui v H2SO4 c ngui. III./ Hp cht ca crom: 1./ Hp cht crom (III): a./ Crom (III) oxit: (Cr2O3) l oxit lng tnh Cr2O3 + 6HCl ---> 2CrCl3 + 3H2O Th d: Cr2O3 + 2NaOH ---> 2NaCrO2 + H2O b./ Crom (III) hidroxit: (Cr(OH)3) l mt hidroxit lng tnh. Th d: Cr(OH)3 + NaOH ---> NaCrO2 + 2H2O Cr(OH)3 + 3HCl ---> CrCl3 + 3H2O Ch : mui crom (III) va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh. Tnh OXH: 2CrCl3 + Zn ---> 2CrCl2 + ZnCl2 Tnh kh: 2NaCrO2 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH ---> 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 4H2O
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Trang 06

2./ Hp cht crom (VI): a./ Crom (VI) oxit: CrO3 L oxit axit. C tnh oxi ha mnh: S , P , C , C2H5OH bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3 b./ Mui crom (VI):C tnh oxi ha mnh Th d: K2Cr2O7 + 6FeSO4 + 7H2SO4 ---> 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O

Bi 35: NG V HP CHT CA NG
I./ V tr cu hnh electron: th 29, thuc nhm IB, chu k 4. hay [Ar]3d104s1 Cu hnh electron: Cu (Z=29) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 II./ Tnh cht ha hc:L kim loi km hot ng, c tnh kh yu. 1./ Tc dng vi phi kim: to to Th d: 2Cu + O2 2CuO Cu + Cl2 CuCl2 2./ Tc dng vi axit: a./ Vi axit HCl v H2SO4 long: Cu khng phn ng b./ Vi axit HNO3 , H2SO4 c, nng:
t CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O Th d: Cu + 2H2SO4 (c) to Cu + 4HNO3 (c) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O to 3Cu + 8HNO3 (long) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O III./ Hp cht ca ng: 1./ ng (II) oxit: - L oxit baz: tc dung vi axit v oxit axit. CuO + H2SO4 ---> CuSO4 + H2O t Cu + H2O - C tnh oxi ha: d b H2 , CO , C kh thnh Cu kim loi. : CuO + H2 2./ ng (II) hidroxit: - L mt baz: tc dng vi axit to mui v nc. Cu(OH)2 + 2HCl ---> CuCl2 + 2H2O t CuO + H2O - D b nhit phn: Cu(OH)2 Chng 8: PHN BIT MT S CHT V C Bi 40: NHN BIT MT S ION TRONG DUNG DCH I./ Nhn bit mt s cation trong dung dch: 1./ Nhn bit cation Na+: Phng php: th mu ngn la 2./ Nhn bit cation NH4+: Dng dung dch NaOH hoc KOH : to kh NH3 c mi khai. 3./ Nhn bit cation Ba2+: Dng dung dch H2SO4 long: to kt ta BaSO4 trng 4./ Nhn bit cation Al3+: Dng dung dch NaOH hoc KOH: to kt ta keo trng tan trong kim d 5./ Nhn bit cc cation Fe2+ , Fe3+ , Cu2+: a./ Nhn bit cation Fe3+: Dng dung dch NaOH , KOH hoc NH3: to kt ta Fe(OH)3 mu nu b./ Nhn bit cation Fe2+:Dng dd NaOH , KOH hoc NH3: to kt ta Fe(OH)2 c mu trng hi xanh. c./ Nhn bit cation Cu2+:Dng dung dch NaOH , KOH hoc NH3: to kt ta xanh tan trong NH3 d. II./ Nhn bit mt s anion trong dung dch: 1./ Nhn bit anion NO3-:Dng kim loi Cu trong dung dch H2SO4 long: to dung dch mu xanh, kh NO khng mu ha nu trong khng kh. 2./ Nhn bit anion SO42-: Dng dung dch BaCl2: to kt ta BaSO4 khng tan. 3./ Nhn bit anion Cl-: Dng dung dch AgNO3: tao kt ta AgCl trng 4./ Nhn bit anion CO32-: Dng dd HCl hay H2SO4 long: si bt kh khng mu lm c nc vi trong. Bi 41: NHN BIT MT S CHT KH 1./ Nhn bit kh CO2: Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hay Ba(OH)2: to kt ta trng 2./ Nhn bit kh SO2: Dng dung dch nc brom: lm nht mu dung dch brom Ch : SO2 cng to kt ta trng vi Ca(OH)2 v Ba(OH)2. 3./ Nhn bit kh H2S: Dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 hay Cu(NO3)2: to kt ta en. 4./ Nhn bit kh NH3: Dng giy qu tm thm t: qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh.
o o o

A. NHN BIT CHT KH

Trang 07

Kh SO2 NH3 CO2

Thuc th
- Qu tm m - dd Br2, dd KMnO4 - nc vi trong -

Hin tng
Ha hng Mt mu Lm c

Phn ng
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4
SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4

SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O NH3 + HCl NH4Cl CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

H2S

Qu tm m Ha xanh kh HCl To khi trng nc vi trong Lm c qu tm m Ha hng khng duy tr s chy Qu tm m Ha hng O2 Cl2 SO2 Kt ta vng FeCl3 KMnO4

2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl 3H2S+2KMnO42MnO2+3S+2KOH+2H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO42MnSO4+5S+K2SO4+8H2O

- PbCl2

Kt ta en

H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS+ 2HNO3

B. NHN BIT ION DNG (CATION)

Ion
Na+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Mg
2+

Thuc th
t trn ngn la v sc
2 dd SO2 4 , dd CO3

Hin tng
Ngn la mu vng ti trng xanh, tan trong dd NH3 d trng trng hi xanh , ha nu ngoi khng kh

Phn ng
2+ 2 Ba2+ + SO2 4 BaSO4 ;Ba + CO3 BaCO3

dd NH3

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 Mg2+ + 2OH Mn(OH)2 + 2OH Fe(OH)2 Fe2+ 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 2Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ Al3+ Cu2+ + + +

Fe2+ Fe3+ Al
3+

dd Kim

nu keo trng tan trong kim d xanh NH3

3OH Fe(OH)3 3OH Al(OH)3 2OH Cu(OH)2

+ 2H2O Al(OH)3 + OH AlO2

Cu2+ NH + 4

NH + 4 + OH NH3 + H2O

C. NHN BIT ION M (ANION)

Ion
Cl
CO 2 3

Thuc th
AgNO3 BaCl2

Hin tng
trng trng trng

Phn ng
Cl + Ag+ AgCl (ha en ngoi nh sng)
2 CO3 + Ba2+ BaCO3 (tan trong HCl) 2 + Ba2+ BaSO3 (tan trong HCl) SO3

SO 2 3

Trang 08

 SO 2 4

trng
Pb(NO3)2

+ Ba2+ BaSO4 (khng tan trong HCl) SO2 4

S 2
CO 2 3 SO 2 3

en
Si bt kh

S2 + Pb2+

PbS

2 + 2H+ CO2 + H2O (khng mi) CO3 2 + 2H+ SO3

HCl

Si bt kh Si bt kh Si bt kh

SO2 + H2O (mi hc) H2S (mi trng thi)

S 2
HCO 2 3

S2 + 2H+
0

t 2 2 HCO3 + H2 O CO2 + CO3

t 2 SO2 + SO3 + H2 O 2 HSO3 NO3 + H+ HNO3 3Cu + 8HNO3 2Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO+4H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2
0

un nng

HSO 3

Si bt kh mi hc Vn Cu, H2SO4 Dung dch mu xanh v kh khng mu ha nu trong kk

NO

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