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HAI BT NG THC V HNG CA MA TRN VUNG CP N

Tm tt Bi vit trnh by v hai bt ng thc v hng ca ma trn vung cp n v mt ng thc h qu c suy ra trc tip t hai bt ng thc y. y l hai bt ng thc quan trng v hng ca ma trn vung cp n.

t vn

Khi nim v hng ca ma trn c nh ngha rt k hu ht cc gio trnh i s tuyn tnh (STT). Nhng a s cng vic ca ngi hc v STT v hng ca ma trn thng l cho mt ma trn ri tm hng ca ma trn mt cch s cp: bin i a v dng bc thang hoc dng nh ngha. Rt t gio trnh hoc sch STT nu hay ch ra c hai bt ng thc ny, t ra nhu cu cho ngi hc ton chng ta phi tm hiu v nghin cu su hn v hai bt ng thc ny. Trong ti liu [3] c trnh by hai bt ng thc ny, nhng chng minh cn kh hiu v cha tng minh. Bi vit di y s trnh by khi qut v r hn v hai bt ng thc ny v mt h qu c suy ra t chnh tc gi.

Gii thiu

Trc tin ta nu mt s nh l, mnh m php chng minh c th xem trong [1], [2], [4] vi K l trng s thc hoc phc. 2.1 nh l Mi khng con ca mt khng gian vect hu hn chiu V u l khng gian hu hn chiu vi s chiu khng qu s chiu ca V . Tc l U l khng gian vect ca V th dimU dimV . 2.2 nh l Cho A v B l hai khng gian vect con hu hn chiu ca khng gian vect V . Khi , khng gian vect A + B cng hu hn chiu v dim(A B ) = dimA + dimB dim(A + B ). 2.3 Nhn xt. T 2.2, ta c: dim(A + B ) + dim(A B ) = dimA + dimB

Suy ra dim(A + B )

dimA + dimB .

2.4 nh l Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : U V . Nu V l khng gian hu hn chiu, th Kerf v Imf cng l khng gian hu hn chiu v dim(Imf ) + dim(Kerf ) = dimV . Khi , dim(Imf ) c gi l hng ca nh x tuyn tnh f , k hiu rank (f ), v dim(Kerf ) c gi l s khuyt ca f , k hiu def (f ).

2.5 Mnh . Cho nh x tuyn tnh f : U V , A = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) l c s ca V , v B = (b1 , b2 , . . . , bm ) l c s ca U . Khi , rank (f ) = rankA trong A l ma trn ca f i vi cp c s (A, B ). 2.6 B Cho f : U V l nh x tuyn tnh, L l khng gian vect con ca V . Khi dimL dim(kerf ) dimf (L) dimL

Chng minh. Xt nh x f : L V , f = f |L , tc l f () = f (a), L. Ta c Imf = f (L) = f (L), Mt khc x Kerf x L, f (x) = 0 x L, f (x) = 0 xL x Kerf

x L Kerf Vy Kerf = L Kerf . Theo nh l 2.4, ta c dim(Imf ) + dim(Kerf ) = dimL Suy ra dimf (L) = dim(Imf ) dimL V dimf (L) = dimL dim(Kerf ) dimL dim(Kerf ) Do Kerf = L Kerf = Kerf Kerf = dim(Kerf ) dim(Kerf ) (theo nh l 2.1) Vy dimL dim(kerf ) dimf (L) dimL. 2.7 B Cho : V W, : W U l nh x tuyn tnh. Khi a) rank () min{rank, rank}

b) rank () = rank dim(Ker Im) c) rank () rank + rank dimW .

Chng minh. a) p dng b 2.6 cho nh x tuyn tnh : W U vi L = Im = (V ) W , ta c dim(V ) dim ((V )) = dim()(V ) = dimIm()

Vy ta c rank() rank (1) Mt khc ta c (V ) W nn ((V )) (W ), do dim((V )) dim( (W )) theo nh l 2.4 ta c rank () rank (2) T (1) v (2) suy ra rank () min{rank, rank}. b) Xt nh x : Im U, = |Im , tc l () = (), Im Khi Ker = Ker Im v Im = (Im) = (Im) = ()(V ) = Im(), theo nh l 2.4 th dim(Im()) + dim(Ker Im) = dim(Im) 2

Do rank () = rank dim(Ker Im). c) Ta c dim(Ker ) + dim(Im ) = dimW , theo nh l 2.4 nn dim(Ker ) = dimW rank (do dim(Im ) = rank ). Bi vy theo cu (b) rank () = rank dim(Ker Im) rank dim(Ker ) = rank (dimW rank ) = rank + rank dimW.

Hai bt ng thc v hng ca ma trn vung cp n

|rankA rankB | rank (A + B ) rankA + rankB.

3.1 nh l (Bt ng thc th nht) Cho A, B M(n, K). Khi

Chng minh. - Th nht ta chng minh rank (A + B ) rankA + rankB

Gi s f, g l hai phn t ca End(Rn ) c ma trn A, B tng ng trong cng mt c s E = (i ), i = 1, n. Khi f + g c ma trn A + B (xem [1] trang 89 - 90) Ta c y Im(f + g ) = x Rn sao cho y = (f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x) = y Imf + Img Vy Im(f + g ) Imf + Img . Suy ra dim(Im(f + g )) xt 2.3) dim(Imf + Img ) dim(Imf ) + dim(Img ) (theo nhn

Theo nh l 2.4 ta c rank (f + g )

rankf + rankg . rankA + rankB .

Theo mnh 2.5 ta suy ra rank (A + B ) - Th hai ta chng minh |rankA rankB |

rank (A + B )

Tht vy p dng phn mi va chng minh c trn ta c rankA = rank (A + B B ) rank (A + B ) + rank (B ) = rank (A + B ) + rankB = rankA rankB rank (A + B )

(3)

Tng t ta cng c rankB = rank (A + B B ) rank (A + B ) + rank (A) = rank (A + B ) + rankA = rankB rankA rank (A + B ) rank (A + B ).

(4)

T (3) v (4) ta suy ra |rankA rankB | Vy |rankA rankB | rank (A + B ) 3

rankA + rankB

3.2 nh l (Bt ng thc th hai - Bt ng thc Sylvester) Cho A, B M(n, K). Khi ta c rankA + rankB n rankAB min{rankA, rankB }.

Chng minh. Xt f, g End(Rn ), xt ma trn A, B ln lt l ma trn ca f v g trong cng c s E = (i ), i = 1, n. Khi f g c ma trn tng ng trong cng c s E l AB . ( xem [1] trang 89 - 90) Cng nh trn ta cn chng minh hai iu - Th nht ta chng minh rankAB min{rank (f ), rank (g )} min{rankA, rankB } hay chng minh rank (f g )

iu ny d dng c suy ra t b 2.7 phn (a) vi f = , g = , V = W = Rn . - Th hai ta chng minh rankA + rankB n rank (g ) n rank (f g ) rankAB hay chng minh rank (f ) +

iu ny cng d dng c suy ra t b 2.7 phn (c) vi f = , g = , V = W = Rn , dimW = dimRn = n. Vy rankA + rankB n rankAB min{rankA, rankB } Khi ti nghin cu v hai bt ng thc ny, khi thay i cc tnh cht ca A v B , cng thu c mt s kt qu kh hay. 3.3 H qu. Cho A, B M(n, K), B kh nghch. Khi ta c rankA = rankAB v rankA = rankBA

Chng minh. u tin ta c B kh nghch nn rankB = n. p dng bt ng thc rankA + rankB n rankAB min{rankA, rankB } =rankA + n n rankAB min{rankA, n} =rankA rankAB rankA iu ny chng t rng rankA = rankAB . Bng cch i vai tr cho A v B ta cng thu c rankA = rankBA. 3.4 Nhn xt. T h qu 3.3 ta suy ra rankAB = rankBA vi B kh nghch. 3.5 Nhn xt. T hai bt ng thc trn ta cng suy ra c rank (A + B ) rankA + rankB rankAB + n.

Trao i xung quanh vn ny chc cn nhiu nhiu iu hay v mi m, t m thm v p ca cc bt ng thc trn, chng ta s tm hiu su hn qua cc v d sau y.

Cc v d

4.1 V d. (Olympic Ton sinh vin nm 1994) Chng minh rng nu A l ma trn vung cp n vi A2 = E, E l ma trn n v cng cp, th rank (A + E ) + rank (E A) = n. Gii. p dng bt ng thc v hng ca ma trn nhn xt 3.5 ta c rank (A + E + E A) rank (A + E ) + rank (E A) rank (A + E )(E A) + n rank (2E ) rank (A + E ) + rank (E A) rank (A A2 + E A) + n n rank (A + E ) + rank (E A) rank 0 + n = n iu ny chng t rank (A + E ) + rank (E A) = n. 4.2 V d. (Olympic Ton sinh vin nm1997) Chng minh rng vi mt ma trn vung bt k cp n cho trc trn trng s thc, u tm c mt s nguyn n0 sao cho rankAk = rankAk+1 , k n0 . Gii. Ta p dng bt ng thc rankAB rankA (c suy ra trc tip t bt ng thc rankAB min{rankA, rankB }) Cho B = A ta c rankA2 rankA. Khi ta c n rankA rankA2 rankA3 ... 0 (5)

V rankAt N nn t mt s n0 no tr i, cc du trong (5) tr thnh ng thc, ngha l rankAk = rankAk+1 = . . . = 0, k n0 .

4.3 V d. (Olympic Ton sinh vin nm 2002) Cho P v Q l hai ma trn vung cp n tho iu kin P 2 = P, Q2 = Q v I (P +Q) kh nghch, I l ma trn n v cng cp. Chng minh rng rankP = rankQ. Gii. p dng h qu 3.3 ta c rankP = rankP (I (P + Q)) = rank (P P 2 P Q) = rank (P Q) rankQ = rank (I (P + Q))Q = rank (Q P Q Q2 ) = rank (P Q) T (6) v (7) ta suy ra rankP = rankQ. 4.4 V d. (Olympic Ton sinh vin nm 2009) Cho A, B, C l cc ma trn vung cp n sao cho C giao hon vi A v B , C 2 = E (ma trn n v cng cp) v AB = 2(A + B )C . a) Chng minh rng AB = BA. b) Gi s A + B + C = 0, chng minh rank (A C ) + rank (B C ) = n. Gii. a) Theo gi thit ta c AB = 2(A + B )C AB = 2AC + 2BC = 2AC + 2CB (do C giao hon vi A, B ) AB 2AC 2CB = 0 AB 2AC 2CB + 4C 4 = 4C 4 = 4E (do C 2 = E ) 1 1 (B 2C ) = E (A 2C ) 2 2 5 (6) (7)

Suy ra

1 1 (A 2C ) v (B 2C ) l nghch o ca nhau nn chng giao hon: 2 2 1 (A 2C ) 2 1 1 (B 2C ) = (B 2C ) 2 2 1 (A 2C ) = E 2

Nhn phn phi li v n gin ta c AB = BA. b) Nhn xt: Ta c A + B + C = 0, C 2 = E = C kh nghch = rankC = n v (A C )(B C ) = AB AC CB + C 2 = AB AC BC + C 2 = AB (A + B )C + C 2 = 2(A + B )C (A + B )C + C 2 = (A + B )C + C 2 = AC + BC + C 2 = (A + B + C )C = OC = O p dng bt ng thc nhn xt 3.5 ta c rank (A C + B C ) rank (A C ) + rank (B C ) rank (A C )(B C ) + n rank (3C ) rank (A C ) + rank (B C ) rankO + n n rank (A C ) + rank (B C ) n iu ny chng t rank (A C ) + rank (B C ) = n. 4.5 V d. ( d tuyn Olympic Ton sinh vin nm 2012 - HGTVT) Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2012 tho iu kin A2 = O v tn ti mt ma trn B sao cho AB + BA = I . Chng minh rng rankA = 1006. Gii. p dng bt ng thc rankA + rankB Cho A = B, n = 2012 ta c 2rankA 2rankA 2rankA rankA2 + 2012 rankO + 2012 2012. rankAB + n.

(8)

Mt khc, do AB + BA = I nn ta c 2012 = rankI = rank (AB + BA) rankAB + rankBA 2min{rankA, rankB } 2rankA. T (8) v (9) suy ra 2rankA = 2012 hay rankA = 1006. 4.6 V d. ( thi chn i tuyn Olympic SV 2012 HSP Tp HCM ln 1) Cho A, B, X M (n, R), n 2 tho AB = A + B , rankX = 1, rankA n 1. Chng minh rng B + X suy bin. Gii. 6

(9)

T gi thit AB = A + B suy ra (A I )(B I ) = I nn A I kh nghch hay rank (A I ) = n. Mt khc, t AB = A + B = (A I )B = A = rankA = rank ((A I )B ) = rankB n 2 (do h qu 3.3). T y ta c rank (B + X ) rankB + rankX n 1 hay ma trn B + X l ma trn suy bin.

Thay cho li kt

Bt ng thc ma trn l mt vn hay thu ht s quan tm ca nhiu ngi, c bit l nhng ai am m STT v cc bn n luyn chun b cho k thi Olympic ln th XXI sp ti ti trng i hc Duy Tn ( Nng). Hy vng y l ti liu hu ch cho i tuyn Olympic trng ta. Cc qu thy c v cc bn thn mn ! Chc hn cn nhiu vn m v hay vn cn cha c khm ph v bi vit chc khng th trnh nhng sai st, rt mong c s chia s v gp ca qu thy c v cc bn.

Ti liu
[1] Nguyn Hu Vit Hng. i s tuyn tnh.NXB i Hc Quc gia H Ni. Nm 2000. [2] M Vinh Quang. Ti liu n thi cao hc. Nm 2005 [3] Phan Huy Ph, Nguyn Don Tun. Bi tp i s tuyn tnh. NXB i Hc Quc gia H Ni. Nm 2001 i s tuyn Tnh, (tp bi ging). Tin Giang, 2011. [4] H Cng Xun V Y.