1

BI GIANG MN HC: CNG NGHJ SON - VECNI

Gio vin phu trch: DUONG THE HY
Khoa Ha - DHBK D Nng
MJC LJC
Chuong I. MO DAU
Chuong II: DUNG MI MI -MI TRUNG PHN TN
Chuong III CHT LM KH
Chuong IV. BT MU
Chuong V CHT TAO MNG
Chuong VI : CNG NGHJ SAN XUT SON
Chuong VII : QU TRNH GIA CNG MNG SON
Chuong VIII: MT S PHJ GIA DNG TRONG SON
TI LIJU THAM KHAO
Nguyn Vn Lc - K thut son - Nh xut ban gio duc - 1999.
Swaraj Paul - Surface Coatings - John Wiley & Sons - 1997.
Zeno W. wicks, JR. Frank, N. Jones, S. Peter Pappas- Organic Coating - Wiley -
Interscience 1999.
Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitad - Paints, Coatings and Solvents - Wiley - VCH -
1998
Gunter Buxbaum - Industrial Inorganic Pigments - Wiley - VCH - 1998
Henry Fleming Payne - Organic Coating Technology - John Wiley & Sons, INC -
1960.
Chuong I. MO DAU
I/ Vi nt v lich su pht trin:
Vo thoi ky tru oc cng nguyn, ngu oi Ai Cp d bit trang tr tu ong, hang hc
mnh o v cc vt dung trn co so cht kt dnh l lng trng trung, sp ong, nhua cy
trn voi bt mu thin nhin.
Vi ngn nm sau d nguoi Trung Hoa d pht hin v dng mu cy son lm son phu v
keo. Tru oc dy son du oc san xut tu cc loai du thao mc, nhu du lanh, du tru, du gai, du
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dua, du hu ong du ong, du ng, du cao su...Cc loai nhua thin nhin nhu cnh kin, nhua
thng, bi tum thin nhin...Cc loai bt nhu cao lanh, oxit st.
D n th ky 20, cng voi su pht trin chung cua ngnh cng nghip ho cht, cng
nghip son tng hop ra d oi v pht trin manh, d t bit l o nhung nu oc c cng nghip ho cht
pht trin manh. Ton th gioi nm 1965 san xut khoan 10 triu tn son, nm 1975 tng ln 16
triu tn.
Trong cng nghip son ngy nay ngu oi ta su dung khoan 2700 loai nhua lm cht tao
mng, 700 loai du, 2000 loai bt mu, 1000 loai dung mi v khoan 600 cht phu gia.
Tru oc dy, son du chim uu th trong cng nghip ch tao son. Nhung trong vng 10
nm tro lai dy son tng hop d tin ln chim uu th hng d u trong cc loai son.
II/ Son l g?
Tru oc dy mt s nh nghin cuu d d ua ra mt vi khi nim nhu sau:
- Son l huyn ph cua bt mu, cht d n trong dung dich cht tao mng voi dung mi
tu ong ung (Lin X).
- Son l t hop long chua bt mu, khi phu ln nn thnh lop mong se tao thnh mng
phu khng trong sut (M).
Hai d inh nghia ny bao gm cc loai son mu duc, men (Pigment Paint)
Dang vt liu son khng chua bt mu goi l vec ni - l dung dich tao mng trong dung
mi thch hop.
D inh nghia tng qut: Son l h phn tn gm nhiu thnh phn (cht tao mng, cht
mu... trong mi tru ong phn tn). Sau khi phu ln b mt vt lin nn n tao thnh lop mng
d u d n, bm chc, bao v v trang tr b mt vt liu cn son.
Nhu vy: chuc nng cua mng son l trang tr v bao v vt liu nn.
III/ Phn loi son:
C rt nhiu cch phn loai :
- Cn cu vo ban cht cua cht tao mng:
+ Son du thun tu: Thnh phn cht tao mng chi c du thao mcnn t dngdo khng
bn.
+ Son du nhua: thnh phn cht tao mu gm du thao mc v nhua ( thin nhin, nhn
tao). Loai ny d u oc dng ph bin trong d oi sng hng ngy nhung t dng trong cc nghnh ky
thut.
+ Son tng hop: Cht tao mng l nhua tng hop (goi tn cn cu vo tn cua loai nhua:
Son epoxy, son alkyd...)
- Cn cu ban cht cua mi truong phn tn:
+ Son dumg mi mi tru ong phn tn l dung mi huu co
+ Son nu oc mi truong phn tn l nuoc.
+ Son bt khng c mi tru ong phn tn.
- Cn cu vo ung dung:
+ Son g.
+ Son kim loai
+ Men trng gm, su...
+Son chng h.
+son cch din
+ Son chiu nhit
+ Son bn ho cht
+ Son bn kh quyn.
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- Cn cu vo phuong php son:
+ son phun.
+ Son tinh din
+ trng, ma kim loai.
- Cc dang son d t bit khc:
+ Son dn din
+ Son cam quang
+ Son pht sng
IV/ Thnh phn cua son:
Bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
- Thnh phn chnh:
+ Cht tao mng: l thnh phn chu yu quang trong nht quyt d inh cc tnh cht cua
mng son.
Cht tao mng bao gm: du thao mc, nhua thin nhin, nhua tng hop.
Di voi du thao mc th chi c loai kh (CI >130) nhu du tru, du lanh moi c kha
nng tao mng (do trong phn tu c nhiu ni di) cn loai bn kh (95 < CI <130) v khng
kh ( CI < 95) th chi dng d bin tnh nhua tng hop dng lm cht ho deo.
Nhua thin nhin, nhua tng hop du oc bin tnh d thay d i tnh cht.
+ cht mu ( bt mu, bt dn)
+ Mi tru ong phn tn
- Thnh phn phu:
+ Cht ho deo
+ Cht lm kh, dng rn
+ Cht n d inh
Ngoi ra cn c nhung hop cht d c bit nhu: cht dit khun, dn nhit, dn din, cht
pht sng, cam quang...
Chuong II: DUNG MI MI -MI TRUNG PHN TN.
Trong son, dung mi l hop phn chnh n thu ong chim khi luong lon hon so voi cht
tao mng. Mt s loai son, dung mi chim d n 80%, chi c 20% l cht tao mng nhu: son
nitro xenlulo, clo cao su...
Dung mi: l cht long d bay hoi dng d ho tan cc cht tao mng, cht ho
deo...chuyn h son vo trang thi thun loi cho vic ch bin v su dung v s bay hoi ht trong
qu trnh tao thnh mng son.
I/ Yu cu di vi dung mi.
1/ Kha nng ho tan.
- Mi dung mi chi c mt kha nng ho tan mt s cht tao mng nht d inh. Nu dung
mi v cht tao mng c d phn cuc cng ging nhau th cng d ho tan.
V du: Axetat xenlulo l mt este c d phn cuc tu ong d i nn tan trong nhung dung
mi c d phn cuc tu ong tu l cc este hoc ceton nhu axeton, etyl axetat hoc cao su l hop
cht khng phn cuc nn khng tan trong nhung dung mi khng phn cuc l cc hidrocacbon
thng hoc vng nhu xng.
-Ngoi ra kch thuoc phn tu cung c kha nng ho tan
V du: Xenlulo l hoat cht rt phn cuc, l ra ho tan trong nu oc nhung do khi lu ong
phn tu cua n qu cao nn n chi tru ong trong nu oc chu khng tan.
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- Dua vo kha nng ho tan nguoi ta chia dung mi lm ba loai:
+ Dung mi tht (dung mi hoat dng)
+ Dung mi n: ban thn n khng ha tan cht tao mng nhung hn hop cua n voi dung
mi tht lm tng kha nng ha tan so voi chi dng dung mi tht.
+ Cht pha long.
Dung mi tht di voi mt cht tao mng l nhung cht long ho tan tht su cht tao
mng d. Cn cht pha long tu mnh n khng th ho tan cht tao mng m chi gp phn lm
giam d nhot cua dung dich.
Ti l cht pha long voi dung mi thuong c mt gioi han nht d inh. Nu vu ot qu gioi
han d s lm keo kt cht tao mng, lm dung dich bi duc. Ti l su dung thuong b hon h s
keo tu K (hay chi s duc mo) sau:
Lu ong cht pha long
K = Lu ong dung mi tht
Trong thuc t K c th d at d n 0,5 0,8. Cht pha long d u oc chon phai:
+ D bay hoi hon dung mi tht
+Re tin
D dnh gi kha nng ha tan cht tao mng cua dung mi nguoi ta dng khi nim luc
dung mi:
Luc dung mi: Luc dung mi cua mt dung mi d i voi mt cht tan l kha nng phn tn cht
tan cua dung mi d. Mt dung mi c luc dung mi cuc d ai khi n c th phn tn mt cht tan
hon ton trong mt khoang thay d i nng d rng.
Nhiu phu ong php c th dng d dnh gi luc dung mi cua cc dung mi nhu phuong
php dim Kauri - butanol, dim aniline, phu ong php dimethyl sulfat d i voi hydrocacbon,
phuong php ty l pha long v hng s d nhot di voi dung mi lacquer. Mt d cc phuong
php ny rt huu dung tuy nhin cn phai nho rng cc phu ong php ny chi cung cp cc tiu
chun ngu nhin (arbitrary criteria) (nghia l dy khng phai l tiu chun thuc d dnh gi).
Chng khng cung cp d uoc gi tri luc dung mi tuyt d i cua mt dung mi no d khi su
dung d ha tan hn hop cc nguyn liu son m loai nguyn liu c th thay d i theo tung loai
son.
Chi s dung mi l mt tiu chun tt d dnh gi luc dung mi, c th p dung n d i
voi bt ky dung mi hoc h son no.
Chi s dung mi bng ty s giua d nhot cua son trong dung mi tiu chun v d nht
cua son trong dung mi d.
Do nhung dung mi tt thuong tao ra dung dich c d nhot thp nn nu dung mi d tt
hon dung mi chun th chi s dung mi lon hon 1, nguoc lai th nho hon 1. Phuong php ny
c uu dim l c th do d u oc luc dung mi cua mt dung mi no d d uoc thm (hoc thay th)
vo h son. Ngu oi ta c th tin hnh do voi nhiu gi tri nng d khc nhau cua cht ha tan
sau d thit lp d thi.
Gi tri Kauri - butanol (k hiu l KB) d uoc xc d inh bng cch chun d 20 gam dung
dich kauri - butanol 33% bng dung mi hydrocacbon cho d n khi hn hop tro nn d uc d n ni
khng th doc du oc mt trang in khi nhn xuyn qua dung dich ny. Mt s gi tri KB cho o
bang 4, 5 trang 258.gi tri KB dng d dnh gi luc dung mi cua hydrocacbon rt tt. Tuy
nhin kha nng ha tan cua dung dich nhua kauri trong cc dung mi ny c th khc voi kha
nng ha tan cua cc loai cht tao mng khc trong cc dung mi hydrocacbon d.
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Phu ong php thu dimetylsunphat chi ra phn trm cua hydrocacbon thom hoc
hydrocacbon bo khng no trong dung mi hydrocacbon. Do hn hp hai cht ny c lc
dung mi cao hon hydrocacbon bo no nn th nghim du oc thuc hin d dnh gi kha nng
ny. Tuy nhin hin tai phu ong php ny khng dng nhiu do dimetylsunphat rt d c.
Ty l pha long dng chu yu d dnh gi luc dung mi cua cc cht pha long loai
hydrocacbon d uoc dng trong nitroxenlulo lacquer thinner (cc cht bay hoi nhanh). Th nghim
cung c th chi ra luc dung mi tu ong di cua cc dung mi tht. V du mt dung mi c th
pha long nhiu hon bng toluen s l dung mi tt hon so voi dung mi cho php pha long
bng toluen t hon. Nhu d bit lacquer l hn hop cua dung mi tht, cht pha long v dung
mi n. Cc hydrocacbon thom c th dng lm cht pha long voi ty l cao hon so voi cc
hydrocacbon bo. Ty l pha long l ty l giua cht pha long v dung mi tht d va to ra
s dc trong dung d|ch nitroxenlulo c nng d cui cng l 10% (tc l ti dim to ra s
dc th nng d cua dung dich nitroxenlulo l 10%). Cc gi tri tiu chun ha l do o nng d
ny cn thuc t c th do o cc gi tri nng d khc. Nhu vy s c nhiu gi tri v ty s pha
long phu thuc vo nng d dung dich nitroxenlulo. Tu d c th thit lp d thi v c th
ngoai suy tu d thi v dy l quan h du ong thng. Trong mt s tru ong hop cn dung dich
nitroxenlulo c nng d 8%. Tt nhin phu ong php xc d inh chi voi nitroxenlulo l cht tan
duy nht. Thuc t lacquer thu ong mai c chua cht ha deo v mt s loai nhua khc m loai v
lu ong c th thay d i. Do nhiu cht pha long c th l dung mi d i voi cc cht ny nn ty l
pha long trong thuc t c th khc so voi tiu chun. Tuy nhin kinh nghim cho thy rng c
th su dung ty l pha long d thit lp don so b cho cc lacquer.
Thng thuong dim dung cua php chun d rt kh xc d inh, n phu thuc vo su pht
trin cua su d uc tu su kt tua ban d u cua cc cu tu rn. V vy cn phai hiu rng ty l pha
long du oc xc d inh tu dim cui cua php chun d chu khng phai d mu sau mt thoi gian
moi doc kt qua (v khi d theo thoi gian th s c mt s tru ong hop kt tua tan ra cn mt s
tru ong hop th kt tua pht trin manh hon).
Phu ong php d nhot khng di dnh gi hn hop dung mi tht v cht pha long thng
qua thng s d nhot cua dung dich nitrocellulose voi cc nng d khc nhau. C th thit lp
d thi quan h giua d nhot thay d i theo nng d cua nhiu cp dung mi - cht pha long, tu
dy c th chon du oc gi thnh thp nht d tao ra mt dung dich c mt d nhot cho truoc. Tuy
nhin cc du liu ny khng ph hop khi dng d dnh gi luc dung mi.
Trong tt ca cc phuong php dng d do luc dung mi o trn, cc kt qua dua trn gi tri
d nhot hoc kt tua cua mt dung mi d bit. Khi son d u oc ung dung d son th ty l giua cc
cu tu thay d i do tc d bay hoi cua cc dung mi khc nhau. Phuong php d nhot khng d i
du oc xc d inh d i voi cc hm lu ong rn khc nhau gn voi diu kin tao mng, d c bit l tai
gi tri hm lu ong rn cao. Tuy nhin thoi gian cn thit d lm th nghim nhu vy l rt lon nn
gi tri ty s pha long d uoc dung rng ri hon.
2/ Dim si(nhit d si):
- Nhit d si cua mt dung mi l nhit d o d p sut hoi bng p sut kh quyn. Mi
dung mi c mt dim si xc d inh o mt p sut xc d inh. Tuy nhin d i voi mt cht long
gm hn hop cc hop cht ho hoc tu ong tu nhau nhu xng hoc xilen thu ong phm s si o
mt khoang nhit d .
- Nhit d si khng phai l tiu chun thuc d dnh gi tc d bay hoi cua dung mi.
Cc phn tu c kch thuoc cng nho th bay hoi cng nhanh. Diu ny chi dng di voi cc cht
long khng phn cuc nhu cc hidrocacbon (cc phn tu tn tai dc lp nhau). Cn cc cht long
phn cuc th cc phn tu kt hop cht ch voi nhau do tn tai cc luc ho tri phu giua chng. Su
kt hop ny lm tng nhiu kch thu oc cua chng. Do vy su bay hoi s bi can tro. Muc d kt
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hop giua cc phn tu s bi giam khi nhit d tng v o dim si su kt hop thuc t bng 0. Do
vy 2 cht long c th c dim si nhu nhau nhung nu mt cht long c su lin kt manh giua
cc phn tu cn mt cht khng th tc d bay hoi cua chng o nhit d thu ong rt khc nhau.
V du: Cellosolve (tn thu ong phm cua dung mi ete etandiol C2H5OCH2CH2OH) bay
hoi chm hon rt nhiu so voi Butylacetat (CH3COOC4H9) mc d khi lu ong phn tu cua n
thp hon do cellosolve l mt cht long phn cuc v c su lin kt manh giua cc phn tu.
Tu ong tu etyl alcol (C2H5OH) l cht long bay hoi chm hon rt nhiu so voi etyl axetat
hoc benzen mt d dim si cua n gn bng voi hai cht ny.
Ngu oc lai di voi cht long huu co khng phn cuc (benzen, tuloen...) th tun theo quy
lut thng thu ong, nghia l nhit d si tng th tc d bay hoi o nhit d thu ong giam.
3/ Tcd bay hoi.
Tc d bay hoi d c trung cho kha nng roi khoi b mt cua mt cht long. Tc d bay hoi
cua dung mi nguyn cht v dung dich cua dung mi d khc nhau do voi cng mt din tch
b mt th nng d cc phn tu dung mi trn b mt dung mi lon hon dung dich. Ngoi ra cht
tan cn can tro su bay hoi cua dung mi tuy thuc vo i luc cua n voi cc phn tu dung mi.
- Tc d bay hoi khng chi bi anh huong boi loai v nng d cc phn tu cht rn m cn
phu thuc vo d dy cua mng v su tun hon (luu thng) cua khng kh trn b mt mng.
- Tc d bay hoi l mt yu t rt quan trong d i voi qu trnh tao mng tu son dung mi.
Nu dung mi bay hoi qu nhanh th s c nhung nhu oc dim:
+ Son nhanh chng bi d c lai do vy kh gia cng.
+ Cc phn tu khng bay hoi chua kip sp xp lai o nhung vi tr thun loi lm cho tnh
nng co l cua mng bi giam.
+ Lop dung mi trn cng bay hoi qu nhanh lm cho rn lai som trong khi cc phn tu
dung mi o cc lop bn du oi chua kip thot ra ht gy nn hin tu ong phng rp, nhn mng.
Voi nhung son chua dung mi bay hoi qu chm th mng s chm kh, lm giam nng
sut.
Do vy khi dng dung mi nn dng dung mi gm 3 loai: bay hoi nhanh, vua, chm. B
3 ny gip mng son c d chay tt nht, b mt son d u, bng v d ep.
Ngoi ra trong son cn c mt mt mt trong nhung dung mi tht bay hoi chm hon
nu oc d trnh cho mt son bi d uc mo.
4/ Kha nngdc hi v chy n.
Do d c dim cua dung mi l d bay hoi nn khi san xut v gia cng dung mi s vo co
th con ngu oi qua:
+ H hp.
+ Ming.
+ Da (hp thu qua da)
Hu ht dung mi d u d c hai: Mt s dung mi gy vim da, chy da, gy m hoc trang
thi khng nhn thuc d u oc, mt s anh hu ong manh d n ni tang nhu mu, thn. Cc anh hu ong
ny tuy thuc vo loai da v ban thn mi ngu oi. Do vy trong nhung nh my, x nghip cn
thng gi tt d ngn ngua su thm nhp cua dung mi vo co th. Nn trnh tip xc truc tip
voi dung mi, nht l rua tay, chn.
- Voi nhung dung mi c hm lu ong cho php ti da < 100 ppm rt dc hai, 100200
ppm d c hai bnh thuong.
V du 1: benzen, CS2, cyclohecxan, dioxan...(rt dc)
V du 2: metyl acol, metyl clorua... (d c bnh thu ong)
Ngoi ra dung mi cn c d c dim d chy, hn hop dung mi v khng kh trong gioi
han no d c th gy n. Do vy khi su dung dung mi cn phai luu (Bang 6/260)
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Dung mi Nhit
d chp
chy
(
o
F)
Nhit d
t chy
(
o
F)
Gii hn n
(% th tch
trong khng
kh)
Th tch hoi
(Ft
3
/gallon)
Ty trng
hoi
(khng
kh = 1)
Khi
lung
long
(pound/
gallon)
o 60oF
Dui Trn 80
o
F 212
o
F
Gasoline 0 495 1,3 6 ... ... 3-4 6,15
Benzol 13 1070 1,4 8 38 47 2,77 7,36
Methyl alchol 52 1065 6 36,5 83 107 1,11 6,63
Ethyl alchol (99%) 57 1034 4 14 58 72 1,59 6,61
Isopropyl alchol (99%) 59 1148 ... ... 44 55 2,07 6,57
Ethyl acetate 26 1130 ... ... 34 43 3,04 7,4
Sec-buthyl acetate 60 ... ... ... 25 31 4 7,22
Aceton 6 1340 2,15 13 27 35 2 6,64
Methyl ethyl keton 24 ... ... ... 37 47 2,41 6,75
Hexane 0 450 1.2 6,9 27 34 2,97 5,77
Heptane 22 450 1 6 24 30 3,51 6,07
Octane 45 450 0,9 6 23 28 3,65 6,05
Process naphtha 21 450 1 6 24 30 3,51 6,1
VM & P naphtha 55 450 1,2 6 21 26 4,04 6,11
Varsol # 1 105 450 1,1 6 19 24 4,76 6,53
Varsol # 2 110 450 1,1 6 20 24 4,73 6,67
Varsol B 105 450 1,1 6 18 23 4,9 6,55
Varsol C 105 450 1,1 6 18 23 4,9 6,7
Varsol high-flash 112 450 1,1 6 17 22 5,1 6,46
H.S.D. naphtha 122 500 1,1 6 17 21 5,41 6,55
Solvesso toluol 45 1026 1,3 6,7 31 39 3,17 7,23
Solvesso xylol 81 900 1 5,3 27 34 3,65 7,25
Solvesso 100 110 900 1 6 23 29 4,24 7,25
Solvesso 150 149 900 1 6 21 27 4,8 7,42
High aromatic naphtha 140 ... ... ... 20 25 5,14 7,53
5/ D ndjnh ho hoc:
- Khi dng dung mi phai luu xem dung mi d c chua nhung nhm hoat dng c kha
nng phan ung ho hoc voi cc phn tu khc hay khng, nu c s anh hu ong rt lon d n tnh
nng cua mng son.
- Dung mi du oc dng khng nn chua nhung hop cht sunfua v khng d uoc c tnh
axit v n s n mn kim loai hoc phan ung voi mt s bt mu hoc nhua trong son.
+ Tnh axit d u oc xc d inh bng vic chun d bng dung dich KOH, cht chi thi
phenol Phtalein.
+Sunfua du oc xc d inh bng cch nhng ming dng sach vo dung mi, nu ming dng
chuyn sang mu ti c mt sunfua.
6/ Mi v mu:
- Mi manh hoc kh chiu trong dung mi c anh huong sinh l trm trong d n cng nhn
v nguoi su dung son. Mi di lc do lu ong nho tap cht khng th tch ra d uoc khoi dung mi
gy nn hoc do ban cht cua dung mi d.
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Mi ngu oi c phan ung khc nhau voi mi. V du butyl alcol khng h g voi mt s
nguoi nhung d i voi mt s nguoi khc th n lai gy nn mua => Tt nht nn chon dung mi
khng mi.
- Mu cung anh hu ong khng tt d n cc loai son trng v mu sng nn cung phai luu .
7/ Ty trng; Gi thnh.
- Trn thi tru ong, c noi dung mi du oc bn theo khi lu ong c noi dung mi du oc bn
theo th tch v gi ca s khc nhau. Nn d tin vic su dung v theo di gi ca th nn ch
d n ty trong cua dung mi. Mt khc dung mi thu ong du oc mua theo khi lu ong v d on phi
liu trong san xut cung tnh theo khi lu ong, nhung khi bn san phm son th thu ong bn theo
d on vi th tch. Cho nn ty trong cung l co so d thnh lp d on v tnh gi thnh san phm.
- Dung mi d u oc dng phai d am bao gi ca phai chng, d kim.
- Vic su dung cht pha long lm giam dng k gi thnh san phm.
Ngoi ra dung mi phai khng chua nu oc (ht m) v tap cht co hoc, tap cht mu,
mi...nhu trn. Nu dung mi chua nu oc s lm mng son d uc mo, km bm dnh.
II/ Mt s dung mi:
1/ Dung mi terpen: duc ly t cy thng.
L dung mi d uoc dng som nht trong cng nghip son.
- Tru oc dy ngu oi ta tch nhua thng v du thng tu cy thng nhung sau d do nhn
thy hiu qua kinh t khng nn ngu oi ta chi chic tu gc cy thng cn thn th dng vo vic
khc.
- - Mt s terpen v cc dn xut cua n:
Terpen v cc dn xut cua n l cc hidro mach vng, khng no.
2/ Dung mi hidro cacbon:
- Thng
- Thom
- Naphtenic: l cc hop cht mach vng, no hoc khng no, c hoc khng c mach
nhnh alkyl.
V du:
CH
CH
C
3
3
3
_ _
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
3
3
3
CH
CH
CH
C
2
3
3
CH
CH
CH
H C
3
3
3
_
_
C
CH
CH CH =
3
3
2
_
_ Pinen
_Pinen
Di penten
( Ter Pinolen )
( P_ xynen )
CH
CH
C C H
OH
3
3
3
_ _
_ Ter pineol
9
- Dung mi hop hop cht manh thng:
n- hexan ; 2,2 -dimetyl butan ; 2-metyl pentan.
- Dung mi hop cht thom:
C
6
H
6
; 0- xylen ; p-xylen ; m- xylen ; toluen
- Dung mi naphtenic:
Xiclopentan ; xiclohexan ; etyl xiclohexan.
3/Dung mi c cha oxi.
Thuong l nhung dung mi phn cuc, gi thnh cao nn trong son ngu oi ta thu ong dng
kt hop voi cc dung mi khc d thay d i tnh nng cua mng v giam gi thnh.
- Cc loai son chua oxi:
Alcol:
CH3OH dc nn t dng ; C3H7OH
C2H5OH ph bin ; C4H9OH
Este: etyl axetat ; butyl axetat
Ceton : axeton ; MEK (metyl, etyl xeton)
Ete:
Ete cua etylen glicol:
CH
3
OCH
2
CH
2
OH metylcellosolve
C
2
H
5
OCH
2
CH
2
OH cellosolve
4/ Dung mi cha clo:
C kha nng chng chy, gi thnh cao, thuong l dc nn han ch su dung.
Mt s dung mi chua clo thng dung:
Cloroform ; Tricloetylen ; CCl
4
5/ Dung mi Nitro Parafin:
Nitrometal ; Ntroetal ; 1- Nitro Propal ; 2- Nitropropal (4 loai thng dung nht)
N dng tt cho cc son c cht tao mng l polyvinyl, xenlulo v cc dn xut cua
xenlulo, d t bit l axetat xenlulo.
Cc loai dung mi ny thu ong khng dc, khng c kha nng gy chy n tru nitro metal
6/ Dung mi furan v cc dn xut:
O
CH
2
OH
Tetra Hidro Fufuryl Alcol
O
Furan
O
CHO
Fufuryl Alcol
O
CH OH
2
Fufuran
O
Tetra hidro furan
10
Chuong III CHT LM KH.
D tng nhanh qu trnh dng rn mng son nguoi ta dua vo son mt cht goi l cht
lm kh hoc cht dng rn.
Cht lm kh giu vai tr lm tng nhanh tc d kh cung mng son gc du, du nhua,
son gc tng hop bin tnh du (son alkyd, epoxi ...)
I/ Thnh phn cht lm kh:
Tru oc dy cht lm kh chu yu lm bng x phng ch, cobalt, mangan cua axit bo du
lanh hoc axit nhua nhu: cht lm kh linoleat, cht lm kh resinat.
Hin nay cn c x phng cua mt s axit huu co d u oc dng lm cht lm kh.( cht lm
lm kh l x phng kim loai nng cua cc axit huu co )
Bang sau dy l d c dim cua mt s cht lm kh thu ong mai:
Loai % rn % kim loai Ty trong ring Pounds/gallon D nhot
Linoleates
Pb
Pb
Co
Co
Mn
Zn
100
100
100
100
100
100
13
26,5
4,26
8,5
4,35
8,2
1,05
1,25
0,97
1,03
0,98
1,03
8,75
10,45
8,05
8,58
8,15
8,58
Heavy liquid
Solid
Heavy liquid
Solid
Heavy liquid
Solid
Resinates (acid nh
Pb
Pb
Co
Mn
Zn
100
100
100
100
100
16
24
3
3,5
1
1,27
1,4
1,11
1,13
1,08
10,63
11,7
9,23
9,4
9,02
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Naphthenates
Pb
Pb
Pb
Co
Co
Mn
Mn
Zn
Ca
Ca
Fe
42
62
100
56
100
62
100
60
62
58
72
16
24
34
6
10
6
10
8
5
4
6
1
1,15
1,44
0,96
1,15
0,97
1,15
0,98
0,95
0,93
1,01
8.33
9,6
12
8
9,6
8,1
9.6
8,2
7,9
7,76
8,4
0,5
0,5
Paste
0,5
Paste
0,5
Paste
0,5
0,5
0,5
1,4
Octoates ( CH
3
(CH
2
)
3
CHCOOH
11
Pb
Co
Mn
Zn
Ca
54
40
45
41
43
24
6
6
8
4
1,12
0,9
0,9
0,9
0,9
9,33
7,5
7,5
7,5
7,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
1,6
0,65
Tallates (acid bo v acid nhua thng)
Pb
Pb
Co
Co
Mn
Mn
57,6
71,3
45,4
74,6
48,2
72,4
16
24
4
6
4
6
1.04
1,16
0,9
0,98
0,9
0,97
8,7
9,7
7,5
8,15
7,5
8,1
0,5
1,25
0,5
3,7
0,5
2,5
Cht lm kh d u oc bn trn thi tru ong o dang dug dich trong xng pha son (mineral
spirite ) hm lu ong kim loai cu th v o dang khng c dung mi dng trong muc in v son
khng dung mi.
- O bang l d c dim cua mt vi cht lm kh thu ong phm tuy nhin chng c th thay
di tuy thuc vo mi nh san xut khc nhau.
- Trn thi tru ong cht lm kh linoleat v resinat d uoc bn voi tn cua n nhung nhung
loai khc d u oc bn voi tn thu ong mai
tn thu ong mai cua mt s cht lm kh:
Loai cht lm kh
Hng san xut Naphthenate Octoate Tallate
Advance Solvent and Chem.Corp.
Ferro Chemical Corp.
Fred. A. Stresen - Reuter, Inc.
Nuodex Products Corp.
Harsaw Chemical Corp
Soligen
Naphthenate
Naphthenate
Nuodex
Uversol
Hexogen
Catalox
Octoate
Octoate
Octosol
Advasol
Tallate
...........
Nuolates
Linoresinate
Yu cu rt quan trong d i voi cht lm kh l phai duy tr d ho tan tt v n d inh trong
dung dich, kt hop tt voi cht tao mng.
- Cht lm kh linoleat, resinat v tallat d u oc diu ch tu cc axit c kha nng bi oxi ho
nn c khuynh hu ong thay d i theo thoi gian.
- Nhung cht lm kh naphtenat v octoat d u oc diu ch tu axit huu co no do d khng bi
oxi ho nn n d inh hon
+ Cht lm kh linoleat d uoc diu ch tu axit hn hop cua du lanh.
+ Cht lm kh resinat d uoc diu ch tu axit nhua thin nhin.
+ Cht lm kh naphtenat du oc diu ch tu nhung axit naphtenic l san phm cua qu
trnh tinh luyn d u mo voi cng thuc tng qut CnH2n-2O2, CnH2n-4O2,
CnH2n-6O2 v chua ca hai d n xut cyclopentan v xiclohexan.
R: hidro hoc gc alkyl
COOH
R
R R
R
R
2
2
2 2
COOH
R
R
R
R
R
R
2
2
2
2
2
12
Naphtenic l axit no khng nhy vi s oxi ho nn to cc x phng n d|nh hon.
Tuy nhin chng chua mt lu ong nho tap cht mang mu v phn no c mi kh chiu. Loai
cht lm kh octoat khc phuc d u oc nhu oc dim ny. N du oc diu ch tu axit octoit.
2-etyl hexoic axit.
Axit ny khng bi oxi ho nn dng lm cht lm kh nhung d t hon axit naphteic.
II/ San xut cht lm kh:
Cht lm kh d u oc tng hop bng cch nu mui hoc oxit kim loai trong du kh v
nhua ri pha long san phm voi xng pha son v goi la cht lm kh long chng c khuynh
hu ong tao cn theo thoi gian do su oxi ho lm giam d ho tan
- Du thuong dng l du lanh hoc du c v nhua cy m chu yu l nhua thng.
- Trong mt vi cht lm kh ngu oi ta cho vo mt luong nho vi nhm tng d phn tn
v n d inh.
Ch d u oc dng chu yu l oxit ch PbO. Ngoi ra cn dng cacbonat v axetat ch
Cobalt du oc dng o dang acetat cobalt v oxit cobalt rt kh tan
Mangan d u oc dng o dang oxit mangan hoc Borate (MBO2 ,M3BO3, M2B4O7)
Do oxit Mangan phan ung chm voi du v di hoi o nhit d cao, san phm c mu ti
do d dng loai bt min MnO2 d phan ung xay ra d dng hon nhung d t hon. Nu yu cu
mu sng hon nn dng Borat mangan.
-Tin hnh:
Du v nhua d uoc gia nhit tu 35005000F phu thuc vo mui kim loai du oc cho vo, mui
ny d u oc cho vo tu tu v khuy trn manh. Gia nhit tu tu d n khi phan ung xay ra hon ton.
Dim dung phan ung rt kh xc d inh v hm lu ong cui cua kim loai khng th d ng nht giua
cc m. Lm ngui d n 4000F, pha long trong xng pha son v bom vo thng chua.
Ong tho san phm phai cch dy khoang 0,3 m d cn khng vo thng chua. Cn d u oc
ly ra theo d inh ky o d u ong ng duoi dy hoc mo np.
+Cht lm kh thuong phm tiu chun d u oc diu ch bng mt trong hai phuong php
nu chay hoc kt tua.
Phuong php nau chay:
Lu ong mui kim loai d tnh ton d u oc gia nhit voi axit huu co. Do phan ung voi axit d
dng hon voi du nn nhit d phan ung thp hon v mu san phm d ep hon. Mui kim loai
du oc cho vo tu tu v khuy trn d u .Nhit d tng ln tu tu do nhit phan ung toa ra. Sau khi
phan ung xay ra hon ton tng nhit d d n 225 3000F d tch nuoc cua phan ung, phai gia
nhit chm d trnh su tao bot. Nu cht lm kh du oc bn voi hm lu ong rn 100% th m lc
d d uoc lm ngui v dng gi sau khi diu chinh hm lu ong kim loai. Nu bn o dang dung
dich th lc d m san phm d u oc bom vo thng pha long chua dung mi khuy trn manh d
tao dung dich dng nht. Cho vo mt t cht tro loc v loc vo thng trn. Ly mu v xc d inh
hm lu ong kim loai. Hm lu ong kim loai thuong cao hon tiu chun v du oc diu chinh bng
cch cho thm dung mi vo.
Phuong php kt tua:
Cho dung dich nu oc cua mui kim loai nng vo dung dich nu oc x phng natri cua axit
bo
( du oc diu ch bng phu ong php NaOH + axit bo) d tao x phng trung tnh (x phng cua
kim loai nng). X phng ny cng sach (khng chua) cacbonat cng tt do cc kim loai cua
CH CH
CH
C H
COOH
3
2
3
5
2
_ _ _
i
( )
13
cht lm kh tao cacbonat m cc cacbonat ny khng tan trong du. Dung dich x phng d u oc
loc v thuong cho vo lu ong du axit d cai thin d n d inh cua cht lm kh.
Cc mui kim loai tan trong nu oc nhu axetat ch, nitrat ch, sunfat colt hoc sunfat
mangan du oc cho tu tu vo dung dich x phng nng, khuy d u d n khi kt tua hon ton. Tch
lop nu oc kt tua rua vi ln bng nuoc nng ri lm kh bng cch gia nhit o nhit d
2103000F tuy thuc vo cht lm kh diu ch. N c th du oc bn o dang 100% hm lu ong
cht rn hoc ho tan trong xng pha son bn o dang dung dich.
Cht lm kh kt tua thu ong c mu sng hon v hm lu ong kim loai dng d u hon cht
lm kh nu chay .
III/ Su dng cht lm kh:
Lu ong cht lm kh d uoc tnh ton dua trn hm lu ong kim loai d bit.
Lu ong kim loai d u oc tnh dua vvo hm lu ong d u. V du: voi vecni yu cht lm kh
dua trn % kim loai so voi hm lu ong du trong vecni.
Voi cc nhua tng hop: alkyl, silicol...th luong cht lm kh d uoc dng trn co so % kim
loai so voi hm lu ong nhua rn.
V du 1: 0,6% ch, 0,04 % cobalt, 0,004% mangan so voi du.
V du 2: 0,3% ch, 0,03% cobalt so voi hm luong nhua rn.
- Cht lm kh d uoc dng ph bin nht trong son oxi ho v dng rn o nhit d thu ong
(c mt oxi khng kh). Ngoi ra cn dng trong son sy nng.
- Trong moi tru ong hop nn dng cht lm kh voi lu ong ti thiu vua d u dp ung yu
cu lm kh mng.
Nu dng du:
Tng gi thnh.
Tng khuynh hu ong bin mu cua mng son theo thoi gian hoc khi sy.
Giam d mm deo cua mng theo thoi gian. Nu dng du cht lm kh cobalt v mangan c
th lm nhn mng trong son sy nng v ngui, d c bit nu mng dy hon bnh thu ong.
VI/ Co ch tc dng cua cht lm kh:
M}t d cht lm kh duc dng d lu nhung co ch tc dng cua n dn nay vn
chua ro rng.
Tuy nhin, qua khao st ngu oi ta cho thy rng lc d u xut hin giai doan cam ung tuc giai
doan nay khng c g thay d i xay ra nhung nu thay v du thin nhin ta dng este glixerin cua
axit linolenic c d tinh khit cao th thoi gian cam ung khng cn. Do vy ngu oi ta cho rng
trong du thin nhin c chua cht chng oxi ho, cht ny d uoc oxi ho boi cht lm kh tru oc
khi su oxi ho cua du xay ra d tao thnh mng.
Khi c mt cht lm kh th tc d hp thu oxi cua mng d u tng do su thay d i ho tri
m cht lm kh ly oxi phn tu tu bn ngoi khng kh bin thnh oxi nguyn tu hoat dng hon
ri truyn cho du d thc d y phan ung tao mng.
Khi c mt cht lm kh, lu ong oxi tng cng du oc hp thu boi mng trong qu trnh kh
b hon do cht lm kh lm tng qu trnh phn huy cc peroxit cung nhu hidroperoxit lm tng
tc d tao ni ngang d tao mng kh.
2(RCOO)
2
Mn O
2
2(RCOO)
2
Mn
+ 4
O
2Mn(RCOO)
2
+ 2 O
+
_ _
14
V/ Cc kim loi dng trong cht lm kh:
Khi khao st kha nng lm kh mng cua 20 kim loai v mt s x phng cua chng,
klebsattel kt luan rng: Cobalt, Vanadi v Mn hoat dng nht. Tc dung lm kh cua Ni v Cu
bng khng, khng c kim loai no can tro tc d kh.
Trong cht lm kh thu ong kt hop 2 hay nhiu kim loai do mi kim loai c mt tc dung
ring trong qu trnh lm kh.
V du: Pb d uoc xem l cht lm kh chiu su.
Co l cht lm kh b mt.
Mn lm kh b mt nhiu hon chiu su.
Zn ngn chn kh b mt nhung thc d y kh chiu su bng cch giu b mt
khng kh d Oxy d u oc lin tuc xm nhp v hp thu vo.
Cht lm kh Fe thu ong c mu rt ti, d c bit khng c hiu qua o nhit d thu ong
nhung rt c hiu qua o nhit d cao v d uoc dng rng ri trong son den sy nng.
Ca nu dng mt mnh th tc dung lm kh khng cao nhung khi c mt Co th rt hiu
qua.
Pb khi c mt hoi H2S th s c mu ti v vy trnh dng Pb voi nhung mng son tip
xc voi hoi H2S.
Ca khng c tnh dc nhu Pb nn d uoc dng trong son khng dc, khng c Pb nhung d
bn nu oc cua mng son chua cht lm kh Ca khng tt bng Pb. Do vy Ca lun du oc dng
voi luong ti thiu.
Trong thuc t vic dng kt hop cc loai cht lm kh thu ong lm tng nhanh tc dung
lm kh.
V du: Gia su mng son khng c cht lm kh s kh trong thoi gian 120 d n 125 gio.
Nu dng mt mnh cht lm kh Mn th thoi gian kh (t) l 12 gio. Nu dng Pb th t = 26 gio.
Pb + Mn th t = 7,5 gio. Pb + Mn + Co th t = 6 gio.
VI. Diu kin di vi kim loi trong cht lm kh:
Kim loai dng lm cht lm kh phai o dang ho tan trong du, nhua v cc dung mi
dng voi n.
Kim loai dng lm cht lm kh hiu qua nht khi n c th tn tai o hon mt tang thi
Oxy ho. Chng thu ong l nhung kim loai nng. Nhung kim loai ny c lop vo din tu bn trong
chua bao ho nn hoat dng hon.
V du: Ni tu ong tu nhu Co v nhiu mt (chi ni v tnh cht vt l) v x phng
Naphtenat cua n cung tan tt trong du, nhua... nhung khng du oc dng lm cht lm kh do
din tu o lop vo bn trong cua n d bo ho nn n d inh voi Oxy o trang thi ho tri thp.
Ngy nay ngu oi ta d c bit quan tm san xut son khng mi, do vy ngoi vic chon lua
dung mi khng mi cn phai ch d n mi cua cht lm kh, d c bit di voi son ni tht.
VII/ S ht ph cht lm kh:
Mt s bt mu (mui than, TiO2 ) c kha nng hp phu cht lm kh lm cho cht lm
kh khng cn c sn trong du d xc tin qu trnh kh do vy tc d kh bi giam.
D khc phuc hin tu ong ny c cc bin php:
+ Xu l b mt bt mu sao cho d hp phu cua bt mu di voi cht lm kh l b nht.
Tuy nhin vic xu l rt phuc tap nn tn km v c th anh hu ong khng tt d n mt vi tnh
cht cua bt mu.
+ Dng du cht lm kh d sau khi d at d uoc d hp phu cua bt mu di voi cht lm
kh th vn cn d u cht lm kh d xc tc cho qa trnh kh xay ra. Tuy nhin bin php ny
15
thuc t khng tt v d hp phu cht lm kh chm do vy s cn mt luong lon cht lm kh
trong du nu son du oc dng truoc khi d hp phu d bo ho.
+ thm vo mt cht du oc hp phu chon loc boi bt mu. Cht ny thu ong d uoc cho vo
trong qu trnh nghin. Dy l bin php tt nht.
Chuong IV. BT MU
Cc vt c mu st khc nhau v chng c kha nng hp thu v phan xa khc nhau di voi
nh sng nhn thy. nh sng nhn thy l t hop cua 6 mu co ban c bu oc sng tu 400700 A0
Mu Bu oc sng (A0)
Tm 400465
Lam 465510
Luc 510580
Vng 560590
Cam 590620
D o 620700
Khi chiu mt chm nh sng trng ln mt cht no d c th c cc tru ong hop sau:
+ Cht phan xa hon ton nh sng trng chiu vo se c mu trng.
+ Cht hp thu hon ton nh sng trng chiu vo s c mu den.
+ Cht hp thu mt vi tia ung voi mt vi bu oc sng v phan xa phn nh sng cn lai
th s mang mu cua nhung bu oc sng phan xa.
Do vy mu cua b mt l do su hp thu v phan xa chon lua nh sng trng chiu vo.
Tai sao cc cht hp thu v phan xa chon loc nh sng trng th c mu ?
Yu t co ban cua su tao mu trong cc cht l do su sp xp v dao dng d c trung cua
cc din tu trong nguyn tu v phn tu. Nhung yu t ny thay d i tuy thuc vo cc yu t sau:
dang tinh th , dang hat, kch thu oc hat, muc d phn tn trong mng son v mt phn phu thuc
vo ban cht cua cht tao mng.
Khi cc din tu dao d ng voi cc tng s tu ong ung bu oc sng no th s hp thu tia
sng c bu oc sng d v phan xa phn cn lai tao nn mu cua cht d.
V du: Cht c cu trc din tu dao dng voi tng s tuong ung voi bu oc sng nh sng
mu luc th n s hp thu tia sng v phan xa cc tia cn lai lm cho cht d c mu d o.
Kch thu oc hat cung lm t 0q B` D @ ` a % 8 I " % y $ m ` ` P ` f F f 1 ` % ( aP M r
16
Khi pha mu, mun bit mu d d at chua nguoi ta dng phu ong php so mu vt liu son
voi nhung thang mu tiu chun. Hin chua c thang mu tiu chun chung mang tnh quc t
nhung nhiu nu oc tin tin hay nhiu hng san xut lon c nhung thang mu tiu chun gn nhu
nhau v luu hnh trn thi tru ong nhung thang mu in sn trn giy nhua hay kim loai.
Vic chon v pha mu trn thuc t d u oc tin hnh bng thuc nghim, d tin cy phu thuc
vo kinh nghim cua ky thut vin.
-Co so ky thut d pha mu l cc gian d phng, tam gic, tu gic...nhung ph bin nht
l so d cu
I. Bt mu.
1/ Khi nim:
Bt mu l thnh phn quan trong tao mu cho mng son. Bt mu khng ho tan trong
dung mi hoc du. N d u oc nghin dng d u voi cht ho deo c tc dung che phu b mt,
chng xuyn thu cua tia tu ngoai lm cho mng son c mu, chiu nu oc, chiu kh hu, nng cao
d cung d mi mn, ko di tui tho mng son...
-Bt mu l nhung cht c mu sc, c nhiu cch phn loai cht mu: Theo mu sc,
theo thnh phn, theo tnh cht, theo linh vuc su dung,...
D c tm nhn tng qut ta c th h thng duoi dang so d :
Cng nghip son su dung phn lon cht mu khng tan (bt mu, Pigment) v mt lu ong
nho cht mu tan trong du dng d san xut vecni.
Nhu vy, bt mu trong san xut son l nhung cht mu dang hat min (mt vi m)c
mu sc khc nhau khng ho tan m c kha nng phn tn trong nu oc, trong dung mi v cht
tao mng.
Tc dung cua bt mu:
khnghoatan
(bt mau(Pigment))
hoatanphm mau
(thucnhum)
n cht
Hp cht
Hu c
Tan trong dungmi
Tan trong nc
Nguyngc
Tachkt
Bt
Al
Cu
Zn
Pb
Mui than
Thannung
Thanch
Azo
a vong
Phcnitrozo
Mui kt
Azo, axit
-
Mui kt
phenyl metal
Tan trongdu Tan trongcn -
Thuc nhum:
x, si, vai, len
bng, t sitng
hp
-
Mcvit
-
Chtmau
thc phm
Oxit: TiO
2
, ZnO(ZnS)
Fe
2
O
3
, Pb
3
O
4
,Cr
2
O
3
Mui: Sunfat
Ftfat,titanat
Cromat, Molipdat
Phccht:
xanhlam(xanhpari)
xanhbin (ultramarin)
Hn hp:
Litopon (Zns
+
BaSO
4
)
Sunfopon(ZnS
+
CaSO
4
)
CHT MAU
17
- Tao v m quan cho san phm son ( lm cho b mt vt liu son c mu sc d ep, nhn)
- Tao d bn nh sng (chng xuyn thu cua tia tu ngoai), chiu nuoc, chiu kh hu, tng
d bn chc, tng kha nng bao v chng n mn, mi mn cho mng son. Chng ghi cho kim
loai nn (bt chng ghi).
*. Mot so tnh chat cua bot mu:
- Kch thu oc hat:
Bt mu dang bt, nu kch thu oc qu lon th su phn tn trong h khng d ng nht dn
d n mng son km bng phng nhung nu qu b th din tch b mt ring lon dn d n d
hp phu cht tao mng lon nn phai su dung ty l giua cht tao mng v bt mu cao dn d n
tn km nhiu cht tao mng, d ng thoi tao nhung tp hop nho trong son goi l vn cuc cuc
b.
Thng thu ong kch thu oc hat nhu sau.
Son lt: 20 40 m ( tiu chun quc t)
40 50 m (tiu chun Vit Nam)
Son phu: 5 10 m (tiu chun quc t)
20 40 m(tiu chun Vit Nam).
D i voi son lt trong mt s tru ong hop c th duy tr 60 70 m d tao cho mng c
dnhm nht d inh.
- D ngm du:
L lu ong du (Polymer) tnh bng gam cn dng d ngm voi 100g bt mu tao thnh bt
nho.
D ngm du cng b cng tt v tn t du nhung khng du oc b qu do lc d bt mu
kh bi thm u ot boi cht kt dnh lm mng km cht ch, do vy mng s km bn v thm m.
Cn cu vo d ngm du d xc d inh lu ong du cn dng khi san xut son mu.
Thuc t lu ong du cn dng gp di d ngm du.
D ngm du phu thuc vo ban cht bt mu v cht tao mng.
- Kha nng che phu:
L lu ong bt mu cn thit (tnh bng gam) d phu ln 1m2 b mt son.
Kha nng phu lon th s cn t bt mu. Mun vy bt mu khng nn min qu.
- Cu ong d mu: l lu ong mu cn thit d d at d n tng mu.
- D bn mu: theo thoi hoc du oi tc dung nh sng, cc yu t mi tru ong.
*. Mot so bot mu v co thuong dng:
Tn goi T.Phn chu yu Trong lu ong
ring g/cm3
Tc dung v
pham vi su dung
1. Bt mu trng
- Litopon
- Cacbonat ch
- Oxid km
- Sulfat Bary
- Oxid Titan
ZnS + BaSO
4
nPbCO
3
.Pb(OH)
2
ZnO
BaSO
4
TiO
2
4,18 - 4,20
6,7 - 6,86
5,66
4,35 - 4,49
3,85 - 3.9
Bt mu ph bin cho cc loai son
gy dng trong nh
Dng cho son bn thoi tit
Bt mu ph bin
Dng ph bin voi nhiu loai son
2. Bt mu xm
- Bt nhm
- Bt km
Al
Zn
2,64
7,06
3. Bt mu den
- Mui than
- Bt ch
94% C
Pb
1,6 - 2
11,344
Dng cho nhiu loai son
Lm son nn chng gi
18
4. Bt mu vng
- Cromat ch
- Bt Cromo km
PbCrO
4
m.ZnOn.CrO
3
pK
2
Oq.H
2
O
6 - 6,12
........
Dng cho nhiu loai son
Lm son nn chng gi trn nhm v cc
kim loai khc
5. Bt mu do, da cam
- Qung st Mumia
- Xuric st
- Xuric ch
Qung Fe2O3
Qung Oxid st
Pb
3
O
4
........
..........
8.3
Dng ph bin. Re, bn v sng
Dng php bin, re v bn
Bt mu chng gi tt nht
6. Bt mu nu
- Oxid mangan Mn
2
O
3
n.H
2
O 4,2 - 4,4 (n=1) Dng cho son ngoi troi
7. Bt mu tm
- Ph phm Pyrite Fe
2
O
3
4,95
II/ Bt mu trng.
Bt mu trng l hop phn quan trong trong cc loai son trng v son mu sang (kem, ghi
nhat, cm thach...). D u oc dng rng ri nht l oxit titan, oxit km, litopon, sunpopon, cacbonat
ch.
- Cc bt mu cung khc nhau nhiu v tnh cht vt l v ho hoc. Do vy ngu oi lp don
pha ch cn nm r du oc su khc nhau d.
Bang: Mt s tnh cht vt l cua cc bt mu trng tiu biu
Bt mu Gal/100lb D hp phu du* Chi s khc xa Luc phu**
Basic carbonate white lead
Basic sulfate white lead
Basic silicate white lead
Oxit ch
Sunfit km
Litopon
TiO
2
(A)
TiO
2
(R)
1,78
1,9
3
2,14
3
2,79
3,08
2,86
8 - 15
10 - 14
15
12 - 25
22
12 - 18
20 - 25
18 - 22
1.94 - 2,09
1,93 - 2,02
......
2,08
2,37
......
2,55
2,76
15 - 25
13 - 16
12
20
58
27
115
147
* s g du d thm uot 100g bt mu
** don vi l feet vung trn 1 puond bt mu. N chi c gi tri tuong di v luc phu bi anh huong boi nng d (kch
thuoc) cua bt mu
1 gallon = 4,55 lit, 1 pound = 450 gam, 1 feet = 0,3048 met.
1/ Titandioxit (TiO2):
TIO2 c hai dang th hnh: anataz v rutin. Dy l loai bt mu trng c cuong d mu v
luc phu lon nht, trong d dang rutin c chi s khc xa lon hon, d hat min hon nn luc phu cao
hon nn n du oc dng nhiu hon.
Trong vng c nh sng nhn thy ca hai dang d u c kha nng phan xa cao nn d trng
cao. Tuy vy trong vng sng ngn (tm v tu ngoai gn) kha nng phan xa giam. O dang rutin
giam nhiu (nn khng chng tia tu ngoai tt) do d dang rutin vng hon.
TIO2 c hoat tnh quang ho cao. Du oi tc dung cua nh sng, d c bit l vng sng ngn
b mt bi tch oxi lm mng son bi ho phn v c th lm bac mu cc cht huu co khi tip xc
voi chng. Do vy TIO2 cao cp thuong c cc phu gia d han ch thp nht kha nng quang
ho ny.
Tap cht kim loai (Fe, Mn...) lm TIO2 c th thay d i mu khi chiu tc dng cua nh
sng, nhit d, khng kh.... Hin tu ong vng ho ny o dang rutin nhay hon dang anataz. Phu
gia d chng lai hin tu ong ny l cc cht huynh quang hay c kha nng ty trng quang
hoc(tm mangan, xanh bin).
19
TiO2 bn ho hoc: Khng tan trong nu oc, chiu du oc kim long, axit d c, chi ho tan
hon ton trong hn hop sunfat amon v H2SO4 d m dc, chiu nhit cao (1840 + 100C moi
nng chay) khng bi d i mu du oi tc dung cua khi cng nghip.
TiO2 du oc dng nhiu trong hu ht cc loai son mu son men dang dung mi v tan
trong nu oc. TiO2 loai c d min cao v tinh khit d u oc dng trong muc in.
2/ Ch trng:
C 3 loai d u oc dng nhiu nht hin nay l:
Basic cacbonat white lead ( B. C. W. L), Basic sunfate white lead ( B. S. W. L) v basic
silicate white lead ( B. S. W. L)
a/ Basic carbonate white lead (carbonate ch trng):
C hai dang:
- Dang hn hop:
+ 4PbCO
3
.2Pb(OH)
2
.PbO
+ 2PbCO
3
.Pb(OH)
2
- Carbonate ch PbCO3:
Carbonate ch c cc hoat tnh ho hoc voi axit trong cht tao mng v mng son b hon
carbonate ch kim do d d bn mng son khi dng carbonate ch kim b hon khi dng du
carbonate ch thu ong.
b/ Basic sunfat white lead (sunfat ch trng):
c 5 dang:
- Tetrabasic ch sunfat (PbSO4.4PbO).
- Tribasic ch sunfat ngm nu oc (PbSO4.3PbOnH2O)
- Monoobasic ch sunfat (PbSO4.PbO)
- Ch sunfat bnh thuong (PbSO4)
Sunfat ch kim cho mng son c tnh cht tt hon sunfat ch thuong do oxit ch trong bt
mu ch c vai tr quan trong quyt d ing tnh cht cua mng son.
c/ Basic silicate white lead (silicate ch trng)
Qu trnh tng hop d u oc tin hnh nhu sau:
4PbO.SO
3
+ SiO
2
= 2PbO.SO
3
+ 2PbO.SiO
2
Thnh phn san phm thay d i tuy theo ty l nguyn liu d u. thu ong thnh phn cua n
nhu sau:
HO Pb O Pb O O O O O Pb OH
HO Pb O Pb O O O O O Pb O Pb OH
C C C C
_ _
_
_
_
_
_ _
_
_ _ _
_
_
HO Pb O O O
HO Pb O O O
C C Pb
_
_
_
_
4PbO + H
2
SO
4
4PbO.SO
3
H
2
O
+
20
PbO : 47,9%
SiO
2
: 47,9%
SO
3
: 4,2%
3/ Oxit km:
Bt mu oxit km c loai chua v khng chua ch. Nu oxit km chua > 5% sunfat ch th
du oc xem l oxit km - ch.
Oxit km c dang bt mu trng, cu trc tinh th, kch thuoc hat 0,1 0,5m
Kch thu oc hat ti uu d luc phu lon nht tu 0,2 0,3m.
Khi hat cng min th d phu cng cao nhung cng nhay voi tc nhn kh quyn, quang
ho, ho hoc.
ZnO l bt mu c tnh kim yu phan ung du oc voi axit bo tu do trong du hay san
phm phn huy cua cht tao mng. Khi lu ong axit tu do ny thp th hin tuong ny lm tt tnh
thm u ot cua bt mu, giam sa lng bt mu trong son, tng cht t tnh chiu m cua mng. Nu
lu ong axit tu do lon s lm keo tu, mng son mo v km bm dnh.
- Nu d lu ngoi khng kh s bi carbonat ho lm tng mui tan trong nu oc v giam
luc phu.
- So voi TiO2, ZnO km v nhiu mt nhung nho c d trng kh cao v gi thnh thp
nn d u oc dng nhiu trong cc loai son, mu, son men cht luong trung bnh dng son trong
nh.
4/ Litopon (ZnS +BaSO
4
):
L bt mu trng kt tinh (thu d uoc bng cch d ng kt tua ZnS v BaSO4 theo d u ong
lu ong) c chi s khc xa 2,0
Khi tng Zn th luc phu tng
Bn kim, km bn axit. ZnS bi axit long phn huy d y H2S ra. Tuy vy n du bn voi
axit bo tu do trong du hay cht tao mng, bn voi kh cng nghip hon ZnO.
- D u oc dng trong son d c c dung mi v son pha nu oc lm vic trong nh, ngoi troi,
noi c kh hu khng khc nghit.(Trong son long litopon d bi sa lng)
- Gi thp hon ZnO.
III/ Bt mu den:
Tu nguoi d dng than xuong v mui tu cc dm chy c khi d lm nguyn liu mu
den. Hin nay ngu oi ta vn dng than xu ong v mui lm bt mu den trong son v trong muc
in. Ngoi ra mt s hop cht khc cung du oc dng lm bt mu den.
21
Mt s loai bt mu den:
1/ Than mui:
Mui nh dn khi, mui l thuc loai than mui.
Mui ng dn khi c mu den d m.
Mui l c mu den xm.
Than mui d uoc dng rng ri lm bt mu den trong cng nghip son, muc in. Cng
nnghip cao su dng khoan 90% san lu ong than mui. N dng vai tr l tc nhn gia cu ong v
dn hon l tao mu.
- Kch thu oc cng b th cng den v luc phu cng lon. Ngu oc lai th c mu den xm.
- Thnh phn C tu 83 95 % tap cht l mt lu ong nho khong
- Than mui c dang hat cu rt nho (bt cuc min) 0,01 0,6m b mt ring lon 5 30
m2/g, d thm du cao 50 250g du 100g mui. Ty trong thuc 1,75 2 g/cm3, ty trong biu
kin 0,1 0,4 g/cm3 (do xp).
- Mui than hp phu cht lm kh trong son chua du TV lm giam hiu luc kh.
2/ Mui dn:
Mu v kch thuoc hat ging mui l nhung mm hon v d phn tn trong son hon. N
du oc tao thnh khi d t nhin liu tu du mo voi khi lu ong khng kh khng du d dt chy
hon ton, khi thay d i lu ong khng kh th kch thu oc hat cung thay d i. Nu luong kh tng th
san lu ong bt mu giam nhung hat min hon v mu den hon.
Kch thu oc hat: 0,06 0,1m
D hp phu du: 50 150gam du / 100gam mui
Ty trong: 1,75 1,83
Cu ong d mu v luc phu lon do kch thu oc hat b v gn nhu hp phu hon ton nh
sng nhn thy.
2/ Than ch (graphic):
L loai bt mu den xm, c nh kim.
- Graphic thin nhin loai cht lu ong cao chua 80 85 % cacbon cn lai l hop cht silic
v oxit st. Graphic tng hop d at 98% cacbon.
Loa i Tha nh ph n
-Mu i t ng khoi 83 95 % C
-Mu i lo 99 99,5 % C
-Mu i e n 95 99,9 % C
-Graphic (Natural or synthetic) 80 98 % C
-Than g 50 70 % C; 3050%CaCO
3,
K
2
CO
3
-Than a Fe
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, MgSiO
3
-Oxit s t (tnhin) Fe
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, t se t
-Oxit s t (t ng h p) 99% Fe
3
O
4
-Antimon (tnhin) khoa n 65% Sb
2
S
3
-Antimon (t ng h p) h u h t laSbS
22
- Trong thin nhin than ch tn tai o 3 dang: vy mong, gn l v v d inh hnh.
- Cu trc tinh th luc gic, cc tinh th ny sp xp thnh lop nguyn tu. Cc lop cch
nhau du xa nn d tch lop.
- Rt bn nhit d, bn ho cht v nhiu mi tru ong xm thuc, dn nhit, nhit d tt.
4/ Than nung:
L san phm dt khng tip xc voi khng kh cc loai c ngun gc tu dng vt, thuc
vt.
Chuong V CHT TAO MNG.
L thnh phn quan trong quyt d inh nhung tnh cht cua son v mng son.
D i voi nhung loai son v qu trnh tao mng do hin tu ong vt l (bay hoi dung mi) th
cht tao mng du oc goi l khng chuyn ho, loai ny gm: cc polimer nhit deo, nhua thin
nhin ...Cn cc polimer nhit rn, san phm chua du bo thuc loai cht tao mng chuyn
ho nho su tham gia cc phan ung ho hoc tao mang khng gian lm cho mng bn vung voi
nhung diu kin khc nghit.
C th phn bit cc cht tao mng nhu sau:
+ Cht tao mng thin nhin: du thuc vt (du bo),nhua thin nhin, bitum thin
nhin...
+ Cht tao mng bn tng hop: cc dn xut ho hoc cua polimer thin nhin (cao su...)
+ cht tao mng tng hop.
1. DAU THJC VAT V DAU C.
Du v du c thuc loai du thin nhin, n du oc dng trong son, vecni, nhua bin tnh
v lm cht ho deo trong son nitro xellulo. Du d u oc ly tu cy, hat, qua hoc mt s loi c.
Ni chung l c th c ngun gc tu dng vt hoc thuc vt. Su dung nhiu nht l du thuc vt
hay cn goi l du thao mc.
I/ Du thao mc:
1/ Cng thc chung:
Du thao mc l este cua glixeri voi axit bo v thuc loai triglixeric, c chua thm lu ong
rt t cht khng bo.
- Cng thuc chung cua du:
V cu trc c th biu din nhu sau:
CH OCOR
CH OCOR
CH OCOR
_
_
_
"
'
2
2
C
C
C
1
2
3
23
Cc du ong 1, 2, 3 tuong trung cho cc gc axit bo.
Nu 1 nm trn to giy, 2 huong ra xa nguoi doc th 3 hu ong v pha nguoi doc.
- Thnh phn cua du bin d i tuy theo phu ong php san xut, diu kin v thoi thoi gian
bao quan du truoc khi su dung.
- Cc axit bo chu yu c trong du l nhung axit mach cacbon c cu tao thng no hoc
khng no.
+ Cc axit bo no:
a. capric C
10
H
20
O
2
a. Lauric C
12
H
24
O
2
a. Myristic C
14
H
28
O
2
a. Palmitic C
16
H
32
O
2
a. Stearic C
18
H
36
O
2
a. Arachidic C
20
H
40
O
2
a. Behenic C
22
H
44
O
2
+ Axit bo khng no:
a. oleic: CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COOH (c nhiu trong du lac)
a. linoleic: CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
CH = CH - CH
2
- CH = CH - (CH
2
)
7
COOH
a. linolenic: C
2
H
5
CH = CH - CH
2
- CH = CH - CH
2
- CH = CH(CH
2
)
7
COOH
a. rixinobic:CH3(CH2)5CH - CH2 - CH = CH(CH2)7COOH (c nhiu trong du ve)
OH
a. oleostearic:
CH3 -(CH2)3- CH = CH -CH = CH -CH = CH - (CH2 )7COOH (c nhiu o trong du
tru >80%).
Nhn vo cc cng thuc cu tao ta thy giua nhm cacboxyl v cc ni di cua axit khng
no d u c 7 nhm -CH2-. Tm quan trong cua cc nhm khng hoat dng ny d u oc xem nhu l
ho do ni.
- Cc axit bo phn b trong du theo quy lut phn b dng d u:
Nu du c chua % axit bo A Ton b triglixeric l s gc axit bo A
100 3
> 60 2 3
33 66 1 2
< 33 0 1
Tuy nhin mt s nh nghin cuu khc th cho rng su phn b axit bo trong du khng
tun theo quy lut phn b d ng d u m n phn b mt cch hn d n.
- Ngoi axit bo, trong du cn c cc thnh phn khng bo ( chim khoan 0,1 1 %
trong lu ong ) nhu sp, photphatic, cht mu.
+ Sp: l este cua axit bo voi ru ou cao phn tu.
V du: ruou xerilic C26H53OH.
24
+ Photphatic: l este cua glixerin trong d ngoi axit bo cn c ca gc photphatic, trong
gc ny c mt nguyn tu H du oc thay th bng mt bazo c N.
V du: kephalin
2/ Phn loi du thao mc:
Ngu oi ta phn loai du thao mc dua vo kha nng kh cua chng, kha nng kh do tnh
khng no cua axit bo trong du quyt d inh. D khng no d u oc dnh gi bng chi s Iod CI (CI
l s gam iot phan ung voi 100 g du). Dua vo chi s ny ngu oi ta phn loai du nhu sau:
a/ Dau kh:
C CI > 130 chua nhiu axit bo khng no c 2 d n 3 ni di nn kh nhanh. V du: du
trau, du lanh.
b/ Dau bn kh: CI = 95 130
Mng son chm kh, d nng chay, d ho tan do d dng kt hop voi du kh.
V du: Du d u nnh, du hu ong du ong, du ng...
c/ Dau khng kh: CI< 95 , khng dng d san xuat son duoc.
V du: du ve, du dua
3/ San xut du:
Du c th d uoc san xut bng hai phu ong php: chic du oi p luc v chic bng dung
mi.
Chic du oi p sut:
V du: dng d tch du lanh tu hat cy lanh:
Sau khi hat du oc lm sach khoi tap cht la, vo v thn bng phu ong php thi hoc sng
du oc d ua vo nghin trong my nghin d ung (3 5 truc). Sau d chuyn sang ni nu hnh tru
c cc d ia nm ngang v cc dao gat quay quanh truc nm trn d ia. Cc hat d nghin d uoc cho
vo gi trn ni ri nho dao gat d y chng xung cc d ia thp hon. Ni c trang bi vo boc dun
nng bng hoi nu oc v mt phn hoi nu oc du oc cho vo truc tip d lm m d n hm m yu
cu, khi di d n l thot o dy ni nhit d cua bt lanh d at 190 2000F.
Trang thi vt l v hm m thch hop l nhung yu t rt quan trong quyt d ing hiu qua
cua qu trnh chic duoi p sut. Ra khoi ni nu, bt du oc chuyn sang thit bi chic loai thuy
luc hoc loai expeller
Voi loai thuy luc, bt phai du oc tao thnh ming, sau d boc trong tm d u oc bn bng
lng lac d truoc khi d c giua cc d ia cua thit bi p thuy luc (mi thit bi trn 20 d ia). Khi tng
p luc, luc nn tc dung ln bng bt tng, lc d u tng chm sau d d at d n cuc d ai (khoang
4000 PSi). Thoi gian p 1 gio. Du chay qua b phn loc th ri vo thng lng. Bnh bt d u oc
nghin d lm thuc n gia sc.
Thit bi xpeller khc thit bi trn l c vt xon hoc thit bi diu ho d uoc p duoi p luc
dng k qua thng trn (xi lanh) nho truc vt du du oc chay ra qua l nho du oc loc v chay vo
thng lng. Bt chua khoan 4% du d uoc tho ra o dang ming vun.
CH
2
OCOR
CH OCOR
CH O P CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
1
2
_
_
_ _ _ _ _
II
I
O
OH
25
Nhit d cua du d uoc tch ra bng phuong php trn tu 170 180oF. khi lm lanh trong
thng chua, mt vi hop cht du oc tch ra (sterin, photphatic...) o dang kt tua. Cho thm vo
cht tro loc ri tin hnh loc d tch tap cht, sau d cho vo thng chua. Du ny d u oc bn o
dang du th, loc hai ln c th dng lm son ngoai tht, kho, san xut linoleum (vai son) v
nhung ung dung khc.
Chic bng dung mi:
Uu dim lon nht cua phu ong php ny l hiu sut thu hi du tu hat cao (99 99,5%).
Uu dim nua l cng nhn lao dng t (hin nay tt ca cc nh my d u dng thit bi lin tuc,
diu khin tu dng). Du d u nnh rt d chic bng phu ong php ny:
D u du oc lm sach, cn nut, trn voi hoi nuoc, tao manh v d u oc dua vo h thng chic
dung mi. Nhung mnh d u nnh d u oc cn mong khoan 0,008 0,01 inch v vn d u bn khi
qua xu l trong h thng chic. Nhu vy s tch du oc du nhiu m khng tao nhung hat min do
su b, gy cua cc phin mong ny (su b, gay ny lm can tro tc d loc cua du).
Voi cc loai hat khng tao phin mong bn nhu hat lanh, bng th kt hop voi phu ong
php chic bng p luc d hiu sut chic cao nht v loai bo nhung vn d do hat min gy nn.
Qu trnh chic d u oc thuc hin theo phu ong php ngu oc dng voi dung mi nng, hn
hop dung mi v du sau d du oc tch bng cch cho bay hoi v chung ct. Dung mi cn lai
trong nhung ming ny d u oc tch ra nho nhit d v hoi nu oc truc tip.
Dung mi l hexan hoc tricloruaetylen.
Yu cu cua dung mi:
+ Gi thnh thp.
+ Gioi han si hep
+ n nhit ho hoi b
+ Khng gy d c hai
+ Khng chy n
Tricloruaetylen t chy n hon so voi hexan.
4/ Lm sch du:
L qu trnh tch cc hop cht khng bo o dang huyn ph hay o dang ho tan, cc acid
bo tu do, cc cht mu.
Tc hai cua cc hop cht cn tch di voi mng son:
- Hop cht khng bo dang huyn ph: lm mng son km dng nht, km ng nh, d
ht nu oc v gy kh khn trong qu trnh san xut nhu lm bn thit bi ho du.
- Hop cht khng bo dang ho tan c tnh keo nhu photphatic, cht nhon lm mng son
d ht nuoc do chng l nhung cht ua nu oc, d truong trong diu kin thuong nn d lm cho
mng son bi ran nut.
- Cc acid bo tu do v san phm phn huy cua chng l cc acid, andehyd phn tu thp
lm giam tc d kh cua mng son, d tc dung voi bt mu ( tao x phng) gy ra hin tu ong
keo ho, lm giam tnh cht cua mng son.
- Cc cht mu: lm cho du c mu thm, do d khng dng d san xut cc loai son c
mu sng du oc.
V vy cn phai lm sach du tru oc khi su dung
a/ Phuong php lng:
D lng trong thoi gian nm ngy hoc hon, cc tap cht co hoc s lng xung.
Phu ong php ny d on gian nhung tn km thoi gian nn t dng.Mun rt ngn thoi gian
c th:
+ Nng nhit d ln 35 405 C
+ Thm vo cc cht rn hoat dng b mt nhu d t hoat tnh.
+ Loc qua mng loc.
26
b/ Xu l nhit:
Dun nng du ln nhit d 220 3000C tht nhanh, cc cht keo ho tan v cc cht
nhon s keo tu lai, sau d lng, loc hoc ly tm d tch chng ra.
D lng nhanh c th thm vo mt t d t hoat tnh (< 3%)
Do xu l nhit d cao nn su oxy ho d xay ra o cc ni di lm anh hu ong d n tnh cht
cua du ( chi s iot giam, chi s acid tng). V vy phai lm ngui nhanh.
c/ Phuong php hydrat ho:
Lm cho cc cht keo tan trong du v photphatic tan trong du hp phu nu oc, tru ong ln
tch ra khoi du o dang nhu bng ko theo cc tap cht co hoc v mt phn cc cht mu.
C th hydrat ho bng cch dng nu oc hoc hoi nuoc hoc dng dung dich cht din
giai ( mt s dung dich mui, HCl d m d c, H2SO4 ...).
V du: cho vo du lanh hoc du hu ong du ong 5% nuoc dun ln 70 800C, khuy hn
hop 45 pht.
Ch : voi cc phuong php trn, trong cn du c chua kh nhiu du (3035%), c th thu
hi lai bng 2 cch:
- Trch ly bng du xng.
- X phng ho du trong cn du thnh x phng ni ln ri dem dng.
d/ Tay trng bng cch hap phu:
Dng d t hoat tnh d hp phu cc tap cht c ln trong du. D t hoat tnh thuong dng l
loai silicat nhm ngm nuoc: mAl(OH)3nSiO2pH2O.
- Muc d ty trng ty l thun voi thoi gian ty nhung nu thoi gian qu lu th tc d ty
giam.
- Hm lu ong nu oc trong d t cng nhiu th kha nng ty cng giam. Do d, phai sy d t
tht k tru oc khi su dung.
- Phu ong php ny tiu hao du kh nhiu do d t hp phu du tu 50 100% so voi khi
lu ong d t. Do d phai thu hi du tu d t bng cch:
+ Trch ly bng du xng (l dung mi ho tan du m khng ho tan cc hop cht khng
bo bi d t hp phu).
+ Xu l bng km d bin du thnh x phng ri dem dng.
+ Dng d t sau khi hp phu lm mattit, cht gn ...
Thuc hin:
Dun nng du ln 1001200C, khuy d u v cho d t hoat tnh vo. Sau mt thoi gian
dng my loc p tch cc tap cht v d t ra. Nn tin hnh trong mi tru ong chn khng (khoang
0,8 atm) trnh su tip xc cua oxy khng kh (s oxy ho du).
Nhuoc dim cua phu ong php ny l o nhit d 1001200C phu ong php ny khng tch
hon ton cc cht khng bo.
e/ Tay sach bng kim:
Dng dung dich kim d trung ho cc acid tu do c mt trong du. X phng tao thnh
ko theo cc tap cht nhu tap cht co hoc, cht nhon..
D cc tap cht lng nhanh ngu oi ta thu ong thm vo mt t nu oc nng hoc dung dich
mui n. Lu ong kim dng vua du d trung ho cc acid bo tu do (cn cu vo chi s acid: s
mg KOH/1g mu).
Du xu l bng kim c chi s acid thp nht, ti da khoang 0,25 du oc xem l du tt
nht dng lm vecni v san xut nhu a.
f/ Tay bng acid:
27
Cho acid manh H2SO4 vo du th trong thng chua. Khuy trn d u, nn cho acid chi
vua du d than ho cc tap cht v lm cho chng tch ra. Nu oc d u oc cho vo d dung phan
ung, acid d u oc tch bng cch rua voi nu oc nng hoc hoi nu oc.
Sau khi d qua dm lop du tch ra v du oc lm kh bng cch khuy trn d cho nu oc
bay hoi.
Du tinh ch bng acid c chi s acid cao do su tao thnh mt vi hop cht sunfat. Chi s
acid cao thun loi di voi vic nghin mt s bt mu trong son trong nh nhung khng dng
trong son c bt mu c hoat tnh cao.
Thuc t ngu oi ta thu ong kt hop mt s phu ong php trong vic xu l lm sach du. V du:
phuong php hydrat ho + ty sach bng kim + ty trng bng hp phu: hydrat ho bng cch
dng dung dich HCl 0,25% voi lu ong 2% so voi du o nhit d 30500C, thoi gian 30 40 pht.
Trung ho bng dung dich NaOH(150 bomme) o nhit d 50700C trong thoi gian 30 40 pht
voi lu ong 100150%. Rua sach, tch v sy chn khng x phng tao thnh. Ty trng du
trong chn khng voi 2% d t hoat tnh( d t ny d d u oc sy k o nhit d 951000C) trong
khoang mt gio. Sau d loc ly du sach.
5/ Xu l du.
D tng cht lu ong v dp ung cc yu cu dc bit ngu oi ta tin hnh xu l du sau khi
lm sach bng mt s phu ong php sau:
a/ un:
Thuong p dung d i voi du lanh hoc du d u nnh cung c th dng phu ong php ny.
- Gia nhit du d n 4500F cho PbO vo v khuy trn d u. Gia nhit tip d n 5000F ri
cho binobat cobalt v mangan vo ri khuy trn.
C th dng axetat cobalt v manborat thay cho linoleat kim loai. Trong tru ong hop ny
mui kim loai du oc cho vo tu tu o 4500F v nhit d d uoc tng d n 5250F. M d u oc giu o
nhit d ny d n khi mui kim loai chuyn ho thnh x phng.
Voi mui axetat, dim dung cua phan ung l khi nghe mi cua CH3COOH trong khi tu
ni.
Du xu l bng phuong php dun d u oc dng phi hop voi son mu hoc son trng m
khng c thm cht lm kh.
b/Trng hop nhit:
Gia nhit du d lm sach d n nhit d xc d inh v giu o nhit d ny trong thoi gian cn
thit d d nhot d at d n gi tri xc d inh.
Nhit d xay ra trng hop nhit cua cc du nhu sau:
- Du lanh: 575 6000F
- Ta t: : 575 6000F
- D u nnh: 600 0F
- C: 550 560 0F
Nhit d cng cao th tc d trng hop cng lon. Tuy nhin khng du oc cao qu do:
+ Dim bc chy cua du vo khoan 6100F nn phai trnh pha nng gy hoa hoan.
+ O nhit d cao du bi phn huy tao cc axit bo tu do v cc hop cht c mu ti lm
giam cht lu ong cua du khi dng lm son.
+ O nhit d cao tc d oxi ho du lon lm giam s ni di trong du v xut hin cc
san phm phn huy lm du c mu ti.
D khc phuc cc nhuoc dim trn nn tin hnh trng hop du trong ni kn c suc kh tro
hoc trong mi tru ong chn khng.
- Khi tin hnh trng hop, chi s axit tng theo nhit d. Nhit d cng cao th chi s axit
cng cao do cc axit tu do d uoc tao nn boi su phn huy nhit d v phn huy oxi ho. Nu tin
28
hnh trng hop trong mi tru ong chn khng th chi s axit b hon do trong h phan ung c mt
t khng kh hon v mt vi axit bay hoi du oc tch ra nho chn khng.
- Thoi gian trng hop nhit d d i voi da s loai du thu ong di nn d rt ngn ngu oi ta
dng cc xc tc nhu: PbO, ZnO...Nguoc lai c mt s loai du c chua nhiu ni di lin hop
(du trau) th phan ung xay ra qu nhanh nn d bi gel ho. V vy d i voi cc loai du ny th
nhit d trng hop thp hoc tin hnh trng hop o cc nhit d ring bit hoc c th phi hop
voi cc loai du khc c chua cc ni di khng lin hop (V du: du trau/ du lanh = 1/11/2 ).
Co ch phan ung nhit trng hop:
+ Du c ni di lin hop th s xay ra phan ung cng hop dien - ander tao cc san phm
cng hop dien, dien - trien, trien.
V du:
San phm cng hop dien
San phm cng hop dien - trien
'
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
'
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH CH R
R
+
I
I I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
= CH
__
__
__
I
'
I
R
,
R
I
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
,
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
,
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH CH
CH
R
CH CH R
R
R
,
,
+
29
San phm cng hop trien.
+ Du chua ni di khng lin kt th c 2 kha nng:
Trong qu trnh phan ung du chua ni di khng lin hop s chuyn sang lin hop v xay ra
nhu trn.
Trng hop mach truc tip:
Cc nhm CH2 nm k cc ni di trong cc phn tu du s bi kch hoat v phan ung voi
nhau (trong du c cc ni di lin hop cung c cc phan ung ny nhung t)
- Qu trng trng hop mach truc tip c xay ra cc phan ung phu nhu sau:
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
+
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
R
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
__
'
'
R
I
II
CH
CH
I
'
CH CH CH CH CH R
I
__ __ __
= = '
R
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
2
R
R
CH
2
CH
CH CH
CH
CH CH
2
R
R CH
2
CH
CH CH CH
CH CH
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
=
=
=
__
__
__ __
__
__
__
__
'
'
=
__
__
__
__
'
2
R
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
'
2
CH
*
30
* Phan ung phn huy tao axit tu do:
* Phan ung lm dut lin kt C- C.
Cc san phm phu s bc hoi ln (nguoi ta goi sai l hoi du) cc san phm ny lm mu sc
cua du bi thm lai.
- Trong qu trnh trng hop nhit d cc chi s cua du s bi thay d i: Chi s iot giam, chi s
axit tng, chi s nhot tng , khi lu ong ring tng...
c/ Xu l bng vi:
Trn thi tru ong c bn du d vi ho c d nhot cao (Ngay ca hm lu ong 35% trong
dung mi vn cn nhot cao). Du ny d u oc dng chu yu trong son vi CanxiCoater. Mt
lu ong nho dng trong son men kin trc re tin .
Du xu l vi thuong l du lanh, du c hoc hn hop cc du ny.
- Du d trng hop nhit d u oc vi ho bng cch cho vi ti vo o nhit d 300oF ri tip
tuc nng nhit d ln 400-450oF .
V du : Vi ho du lanh :
Du lanh trng hop nhit : (148Poize) 90gal
Du lanh trng hop nhit : 10gal
Vi ti : 30lb (Pound)
White spirit 230gal
Gia nhit 90gal du ln 600oF sau d lm ngui xung 300oF. Cho qua hn hop vi ti
v 10gal du cn lai vo tu tu v khy trn manh. Tng nhit d d n 450 F sau d lm ngui
xung 400oF tru oc khi pha long voi White spirit .
d / Oxi ho :
Thi lung khng kh hoc oxi qua du o nhit d 160 - 250oF gy nn su oxi ho du
kh nhanh lm tng d nhot . Khng du oc gia nhit du ln qu 410oF v qu trnh trng hop
oxi ho toa nhit d lm du bc chy .
Voi phu ong php ny tao du c d nhot cao voi gi thp hon trng hop nhit. Nhung
tnh cht hai loai ny s khc nhau :
* San phm trng hop oxi ho c mu vng hon , km bn lao ho hon .
* Do trng hop oxi ho nn s tao ra cc nhm -COOH lm cho du c th phan ung voi
bt mu c tnh kim lm keo kt son v vy loai du trng hop oxi ho khng dng lm son
mu .
* Trong thnh phn du trng hop oxi ho hm lu ong oxi lon hon nhiu so voi trng hop
nhit .
Tuy nhin du lanh v du d u nnh oxi ho c d bng v tnh cht chay tt d uoc dng
trong son men , son
e/ Tch dung bng mi :
Phu ong php ny dua trn nguyn tc thay d i d ho tan theo nhit .
CH
2
OCOR
1
CH OCOR
2
CH
2
OCOR
3
C
CH
2
CH
2 OCOR
3
+
RCOOH
I
I
I
II
__
__
__
__
__
OCOR
2
R CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
R
R CH
2
CH
3
R CH CH
R CH
2
CH
2
R CH
2
CH
3
__ __ __ __
__
__
__
__
__
__
=
+
+
__
=
2
'
'
'
31
D tch mt cu tu trong hn hop cc cu tu c tnh cht gn ging nhau c th dng
dung mi ho tan cu tu d m khng ho tan cc cu tu khc. Sau d thay d i nhit d th cu
tu d tro nn khng tan. D thu d uoc mt cu tu tinh khit c th tch nhiu ln.
V du : Tch du lanh bng phu ong php hai giai doan :
* Giai doan 1:
- Khu mu tu 11 xung 1 trong phn tinh
- Tch acid bo tu do .
* Giai doan 2:
Tch du tinh ch thnh hai phn : phn c chi s iot cao v phn c chi s iot thp tu ong
ung voi tnh cht kh tt hon v km hon. (Phn c chi s axit b hon dng lm nhua alkyd).
Giai doan 1
Giai doan 2
(chi s It)
Nguyn
liu d u
Phn
Tinh ch
Phn tch Cao Trung bnh
Mu
Chi s It
Acid bo (%)
% du
11
185
0,8
100
1
185
0,05
98,5
Den
170
1,8
1,5
1
210
0,03
48,5
1
160
0,07
50
f/ Thuv phn dau v este hoa lai:
Voi phu ong php tch o trn c th tch du thnh hai phn tu ong ung voi tnh cht kh
tt hon v km hon. Tuy nhin triglycerid cua hu ht cc loai du l glycerid hn hop c nghia
l trong hu ht cc phn tu du ba gc acid bo l khc nhau.
V du: Trong mt phn tu du lanh gm:
Mt d n hai gc linolenic
Mt d n hai gc linoleic
Mt gc oleic
Vi phn tu th c mt gc stearic
Do vy mc d tch d u oc phn kh tt hon nhung du d chua phai l tt nht do mt vi
phn tu chua ti thiu l mt gc acid bo c d khng no thp.
Voi phu ong php ny du d uoc tch ra thnh acid bo v glycerin. Cc acid bo d u oc
tch ra ring l bng chung ct hoc kt tinh ri este ho lai voi glycerin tao mt loat du tu kh
tt nht d n km nht.
Cung c th lm tng d kh hon nua bng cch este ho cc acid bo bng cc alcol
khng phai l glycerin. Thu ong l cc alcol c d chuc cao hon glycerin.
V du
Pentaerithrytol
C
HO H
2
C
HO H
2
C
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
HOH
2
C
HOH
2
C
HOH
2
C
C
CH
2
O CH
2 C
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
32
dipentaerithrytol
Sorbitol
2,2,6,6 tetrametylol cyclohexanol
- Phu ong php tch du: Du c th d u oc tch hoc thuy phn bng nhiu cch:
+ X phng ho du voi NaOH sau d xu l bng acid v co thu lai acid bo.
+ Cho du v lu ong nho nuoc vo ni chiu p sut cao d thuy phn du thnh acid bo
v glycerin.
Nhung phu ong php ny nu tin hnh gin doan th khng kinh t bng phuong php
lin tuc. Phu ong php lin tuc gi thnh san phm thp v san phm thu d uoc c d tinh khit
cao hon. Voi phuong php ny, nuoc v du chay ngu oc chiu qua mt ct d u oc gia nhit v p
sut, khng c xc tc. Du di ra bn trn ct v nu oc ngot (l nuoc c chua glycerin) di ra o
dy ct.Vng giua ct d uoc thit k sao cho nu oc roi xung tung giot nho qua du o nhit d
khoang 5000F. Hiu sut ton phn khoang 9899%.
Hoi nu oc
Nu oc
Du
- Tch acid bo: Dng phu ong php chung v kt tinh.
H
2
C CH CH CH CH CH
2
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH OH
HO H
2
C
OH
HO H
2
C
CH
2 OH
CH
2
OH
A
c
i
d

b
e
o
N c ngo t
33
Vic tch hn hop thnh tung phn ring l khng phai l don gian do tnh cht vt l cua
cc acid bo tuong d i gn nhau.
- Este ho bng cc acid bo:
Cc acid bo thu du oc c th dem este ho voi cc alcol o nhit d thp hon dim si cua
alcol mt t trong ni kn c sinh hn ngung tu. C th dng xc PbO hoc Naphtanatcanci.
V du: Este ho du lanh voi Pentaerythritol.
Acid bo du lanh: 2130g
Pentaerythritol: 255g.
Gia nhit acid du lanh ln 3200F trong 30 pht v cho Pentaerythritol vo. Tng nhit d
toi 4660F trong 45 pht v duy tr o nhit d ny dn khi d at chi s acid yu cu (khoang 8 d n
10).
Pentaerythritol d uoc ly du 10,5% d d at muc d este ho gn nhu hon ton.
Du sau khi tng hop d u oc trng hop nhit d bng cch tng nhit d ln 5500F v giu o
nhit d ny d n khi d at d nhot cn thit.
g/ ong phn ho:
Muc dch dng phn ho l cai thin d kh cua du bng cch thay d i vi tr ni di
trong phn tu m khng thay d i s ni di.
V du: Dng phn ho ni di khng lin hop
thnh ni di lin hop:
Ni di lin hop ny lm cho d c tnh kh tt hon v trng hop nhanh hon.
Tuy nhin cung c nhung tru ong hop d ng phn ho du khng tng d kh, bn nu oc v
kim cua mng do d ng thoi xay ra su d ng phn ho theo huong khc:
V du:
Cis trans
Dang trans km kh hon v c cu hnh n d inh hon.
h/ Khu nuoc trong dau ve (dau thau dau):
Thnh phn acid bo chu yu trong du ve l acid ricinoleic c mt ni di nn n thuc
loai du khng kh nhung sau khi khu H2O s chuyn thnh du kh. Phan ung xay ra o nhit
d cao nn c th dng xc tc d ha nhit d phan ung. Xc tc c th l H2SO4 d c hoc
long, Dietylsulfat.
H2SO4 d c c hoat tnh xc tc manh hon nhung lm mu du ti hon.
Co ch
R CH CH
2 R
,
CH
= CH =CH
R CH CH = CH CH = CH
CH
2
R
,
R C
H
=C
H
R
,
R C
H
C
H
R
,
=
R CH CH = CH CH = CH
CH
2
R
,
H C H
R
C
H OH
H C H
H
C H
13
12
11
10
9
+
H
2
SO
4
- H
2
O
R
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
O
H
S
O
OH
=O
R
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C 13
12
11
10
9
H
-
H
2
SO
4
Nhi t phn
34
D u tin xc tc acid phan ung voi nhm OH cua acid ricinoleic tao este, sau d o nhit d cao
su nhit phn xy ra v acid d uoc tch ra.
Qu trnh phan ung khng chi tao san phm khu nu oc 9,11 m cn tao san phm 9,12.
D ng thoi voi hin tuong khu nuoc, hin tu ong dng phn ho cung xy ra tao 50% d ng phn
cis v 50% dng phn trans.
Cis 9,11 cis 9,12 trans 9,11 trans 9,12
Qu trnh khu nuoc nu tin hnh trong mi tru ong chn khng th m diu hon du oi p
sut thu ong.
Do trong trong ung c nu oc tch ra nn s gay ra hin tu ong thuy phn mt phn du,
tip d l phan ung este ho giua nhm OH trn C12 cua du v acid bo tu do. Hin tu ong este
ho ny lm can tro phan ung tch nu oc do nhm OH du oc bao v.
Phan ung khu nu oc l thun nghich nn chi xy ra d n mt muc d no d (ngay ca trong
mi tru ong chn khng nuoc d u oc tch ra).
Ni chhung qu trnh phan ung khu nu oc xy ra rt phuc tap do c xy ra cc phan ung
phu.
V du: Su trng hop mt phn du d khu nu oc o nhit d cao.
Kha nng trng hop cua d ng phn 9, 11 cao hon 9,12 do d du ve khu nu oc thu ong
phm chi chua 25% acid linoleic lin hop 9,11 (sau khi khu nu oc acid linoleic lin hop 9,11 v
khng lin hop 9,12 mi loai chim 40 d n 42%).
Ngoi ra nguoi ta c th chuyn du c mt ni di thnh du c 2 ni di bng phu ong
php kt hop Oxy sau d khu nuoc.
V du:
H
H
H
H
R
R
,
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
2
R
C
C
C
C
R
H
H
H
H
H
H
,
OH
OH
H
H C
C
R
,
H
H
R
C
C
- 2H
2
O
H
H
H
H
H H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
R
,
R
H
H
H
H
H
R
C
C
C
C
C
R
,
H
H
H
H
H
R
R
,
C
C
C
C
R
C
C
C
C
C
R
H H
H
H
H
H
,
35
C th xay ra phan ung tch 1 phn tu nuoc ri sp xp lai tao ceton. Dy l phan ung
khng mong mun:
i/ Maleic ho:
Thuong dng Anhydricmaleic voi hm lu ong 2 dn 10% nhm tng tc do trng hop cua
cc loai du chua acid bo khng no. san phm du oc tao thnh goi l du maleic ho hay cn goi
l Adc. San phm ny c th este ho bng Glycerin hoc Pentaerythritol hoc trung ho bng
kim, NH3, amin... tao san phm tan trong nu oc dng lm son nu oc hoc son nhu tu ong.
- Co ch tao Adc nhu sau:
+ Du c chua ni di lin hop:
+ Du c chua ni di khng lin hop:
Du maleic ho so voi ban thn n c nhung uu dim sau : d dng bi nhit trng hop
hon, mu san phm sau khi nhit trng hop sng hon, mng son kh, chiu nu oc v bn kh
quyn hon.
Do maleic n mn cc loai thp ghinhu dng, st nn ni phan ung phai lm bng thp
khng ghi nhu nhm. Qu trnh xu l du oc tin hnh nhu sau:
Du v anhydric maleic d u oc gia nhit trong ni kn c ng thng hoi v khuy trn
manh. Nhit d phan ung thay d i tu 200 d n 2800C ty thuc vo loai du d u oc xu l. San
phm du oc rua bng nuoc v xc d inh chi s acid.
H
H
H
H
R
R
,
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
2
R
C
C
C
C
R
H
H
H
H
H
H
,
OH
OH - 2 H
2
O
H
O
H H
H C
C
R
,
H
H
R
C
C
H
H C
C
R
,
H
H
R
C
C OH
H
R CH
CH CH CH R
,
O
O
O
R R
O
O O
,
+
R CH CH CH
2
CH CH R
O
O O
O
O O
R CH CH CH CH CH R
O O
O
,
,
+
O
O
O
O
O O
R R CH
,
+
36
k/ ong trng hop voi Styren:
O mt vi kha canh, du dng trng hop ging voi du maleic ho do chng d u oc tao
nn bng cch cng hop cc cu tu khc voi phn khng no cua cc phn tu du. Tuy nhin
trong du dng trng hop, cu tu du oc cho vo phai c kha nng trng hop. V du: Stiren, (-
metyl stiren, cyclopentadien l nhung monomer du oc dng nhiu nht hin nay:
- Khi tin hnh dng trng hop du v styren c th bng hai phuong php, dung mi
hoc khi:
* Phu ong php dung mi: Phan ung d diu khin, xy ra chm hon, nu san phm di
hoi khng chua dung mi th phai tch dung mi.
* Phuong php khi: xy ra nhanh hon nhung c khuynh hu ong d on trng hop cua styren
tao san phm khng trn ln do san phm khng tu ong hop voi du. D han ch ngu oi ta dng
hn hop 25(35% (- metyl styren v 65( 75% styren thay v 100% styren s cho san phm dng
nht voi cc loai du.
D tng tc d phan ung thuong dng xc tc peroxit nhu peroxit benzoyl...phan ung
du oc tin hnh trong ni kn c thit bi hi luu.
- San phm c d bn kim, nu oc tt v kh bn lu (tui tho), nhay voi dung mi thom
(do c PS). C th d u oc dng trong son kin trc v cng nghip.
Co ch: rt phuc tap.
Trong qu trnh trng hop giua styren voi du kh s xy ra mt s phan ung dng thoi.
Phan ung no xay ra voi tc d nhanh nht s l phan ung chim uu th v quyt d inh san phm
tao thnh.
Mach PS c th pht trin theo hai hu ong:
Mach PS s kt hop voi phn tu du:
Ni di cng nhiu th xu hu ong ny cng cao, d nhot cng lon v d bi gel ho.
Ngoi ra cn c phan ung trng hop giua styren v du:
C =
CH
2
CH
3
CH = CH
2
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
__ __
__
__ __ __
( ) [ ]
n
R
__
+
__
__
R
R
a)
b)
__
+
__
__ __
__
__
R
2
R
R
c)
__
+ 2
__
__
__
...
(C
6
H
5
COOH)
2
2C
6
H
6
COO 2C
6
H
5
2CO
2
+
C
6
H
5
[ ]
__ __ __ __
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
R
__
( )
n
....
37
II/ S to mng:
Trong qu trnh kh khng kh, mng tip nhn 10 ( 12% oxi, tao cu trc peroxit dng
thoi tao nn cc san phm phn huy oxi ho. Lin kt ngang giua cc phn tu du d u oc hnh
thnh tao san phm polimer khu manh.
- Co ch tao mng:
(Tao ra hidro peroxit d chuyn cc ni di tu khng lin hop d n lin hop, tao thun loi cho
qu trnh khu mach).
Voi phan ung d u: Chi s iot giam.
Voi phan ung sau: Chi s iot khng di.
Trong qu trnh tao mng, chi s peroxit, hidro peroxit tng.
+ Tip tuc xy ra phan ung phn huy cc peroxit, hidro peroxit tao mang lu oi khng gian v
tao san phm phu. Chuyn mng du tu dang long sang rn.
. San phm phu c kha nng bay hoi: H2o, H2O2, HCOOH, CH3COOH .. .
. San phm phu khng bay hoi: Axit bo mach ngn, andehyd, xeton.. .
.
.
.
CH
2
= CH +
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
__
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
HC CH
2
R
R
'
__
__
__
__ __
'
R CH CH R'
O
2
R CH CH
O O
R
__ __
__ __
__
__ __ __
=
+
R CH CH R '
=
R CH CH R
O O
R R CH CH ' '
'
__ __
__ __ __
__
R
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
2
R
'
R
CH
2
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
2
R
'
O
2
+
+OOH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
2
R
R
'
'
+ OOH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
2
R
R
' '
OOH
or
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
2
R
R
CH
+ OOH
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
2
R
'
OOH
*
*
CH
2
R R
O O
CH CH ' R CH= CH R
'
R
CH
CH
R
O
R
CH
CH
R
'
'
__
__
__ __ __ __
__ __
__ __ __
__
+ O
'
R
R
'
CH
OOH
CH =
CH
R
'
R
__
__
__ __
R R CH
O
O
R
CH CH
2
R
'
+
__ __
__ __
__
'
38
Khi sy nng cn c cc phan ung xay ra nhu sau:
( Trng hop nhit d).
Nu du khng c ni di lin hop th du oi tc dung cua nhit th s xy ra hin
tu ong d ng phn ho tao ni di lin hop ri xy ra phan ung trng hop nhu trn hoc
c th trng hop mach truc tip giua cc nhm metylen:
R R CH
OOH
R CH=CH CH
2
R
'
__ __ __ __ __
+ '
R CH
R
'
O
R
CH CH
CH
= R'
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__ __ __
+ H
2
O
R
CH
R
R CH= CH
CH
H
2
O
2
'
'
R
+
R
R R
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
'
'
R
R
R
R
CH CH =
__ __
__
+
'
'
dien dien
_
R
R
CH
CH
CH
CH ' '
'
,
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
R' ' ' ' '
,
CH
CH
+
R
R
R
,
,
CH CH CH CH R
(dien trien) -
R
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
' '
'
,
R
CH
CH
CH
CH
R' ' ' ' '
,
CH
CH
+
R
R
R
,
,
CH CH CH CH R
CH
CH
CH
CH
- (trien trien)
R
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
CH
R
, ,
R
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
CH
R
,
R
CH
CH
CH
2
CH
CH
R
,
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
,
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
,
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
,
CH
CH
CH
CH
CH
R
+
+
. .
39
III/ S phn huy v lo ho mng:
Du oi tc dung cua nh sng, d t bit l tia tu ngoai, cc tc nhn ho hoc (dung
mi huu co, nu oc,...) s gy ra hin tuong phn huy v lo ho mng.
Qu trnh phn huy cung xay ra d ng thoi trong qu trnh kh mng nhung voi
muc d nho hon, Khi qu trnh tao mng kt thc th su phn hu xy ra dng k.
* Co ch:
-
-
-
-
-
Ngoi ra do mng kh vn cn chua cc lin kt di v mt vi Hydroperoxid c
kha nng hp thu Oxy, nu oc, nh sng. Duoi tc dung cua cc yu t ny, lin kt di c
th bi Oxy ho tao 2 nhm Hydroxy hoc tn cng vo nhm Metylen hoat dng tao
Hydroperoxid. Nhm Hydroperoxid c th bin di tao Ceton hoc Hydroxy.
V du: a/
b/
O H +
+
OOH
R R
R R
1 2
CH
CH
O
3 4
R R
R R
1 2
CH
O
3 4
C
O
2 HOH
OOH
OH
R R
1 2
R R
3
4
CH
OH
C
R R C
O
1 2 2 2
R
R
R
R
O
O
CH
CH
R
R
R
R
CH
C
OH
O
,
,
,,
,,
CH CH
O O
R R
RCHO R CHO +
, ,
O
O
CHO
HOC
O
O
CHO
HOC +
(Aldehyd mach ngan)
R CH
2
CH CH CH
2
CH CH CH
2
CH CH CH
2
R
+O
2
,
,
R CH
2
CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH
2
R
OOH H
2
O 2 -
OOH
,
R CH
2
CH CH C CH CH C CH CH CH
2
R
O O
R CH
2
CH CH CH
2
CH CH CH
2
CH CH CH
2
R
+O
2
R CH
2
CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH
2
R
OOH
H
2
O 2 -
OOH
,
,
40
(2 NHJA DNG TRONG SON
D i voi nhua tht kh c mt khi nim cu th boi v n c thnh phn ho hoc
v tnh cht vt l thay d i trong mt gioi han rng. Tuy nhin nu nhn chung th mt
nhua c th c nhung trang thi sau:
+ C th thay d i trang thi vt l tu rn, cung, dn sang long, nhot, khng bay
hoi.
+ Mm khi gia nhit, khng c dim nng chay xc d inh (chung to khng kt
tinh 100%).
+ L hop cht huu co nn phn lon ho tan trong dung mi huu co, tru mt vi
tru ong hop ngoai l.
+ Tao mng lin tuc khi lm lanh dung dich nhua nng chay hoc khi bay hoi
dung mi tu mt dung dich nhua.
+ Mt hn hop gm nhung cht ho tan ln nhau th trong sut (nhua - nhua hoc
nhua - dung mi) cn nu khng tan th s duc.
Voi nhung diu kin trn th c rt nhiu cht huu co d u oc xem l nhua. Tuy
nhin chi c mt s nhua d u oc dng trong cng nghip son v ngoi cc yu cu k
thut n cn phai dp ung yu cu v kinh t.
- Nhua dng trong son d u oc chia lm 2 loai:
+ Nhua thin nhin
+ Nhua tng hop
I/ Nha thin nhin:
C ngun gc tu d ng vt hoc thuc vt.
1/ Nha c ngun gc t thc vt:
thu du oc tu:
- Nhua ri tu cy.
- Chic bng dung mi
- Khng vt.
a/ Nhua thng: uoc chia lm 2 loai
- Gm: l mu ri ra tu cy thng. D tng tc d ri cua nhua th sau khi x
rnh pht ln rnh dung dich H2SO4 50 ( 60%.
Thnh phn gm:
Nng: Nhua thng 68%
Nhe: Turpentin 20% (du thng)
Nu oc 12%
Hn hop thu d uoc dem chung ct d tch H2O v Turpentin. Nha thng thu
du oc o trang thi nng chay cho qua b phn loc ri vo thng chua. N c mu vng
d n den phu thuc vo phu ong php xu l v loai thit bi dng chung ct.
- Nhua thng g: G v r dem nghin nho ri chic bng dung mi Naphta
nng.
+ Thnh phn: Trong qu trnh chic c th xy ra mt vi phan ung ho hoc nn
thnh phn nhua thng sau khi chic l:
Nhua thng
41
Turpentin
Dipenten
San phm thu d uoc dem loc, chung ct phn doan d tch phn bay hoi v
nhua thng th. Nhua thng th c mu sm v c mt t cht mang mu. C th tch
cht mang mu bng mt trong cc phu ong php sau:
Xu l dung dich nhua trong Naphta nng bng Fufurol, sau d lm ngui,
d lng s tch thnh 2 lop: nhua trong Naphta v mu trong Fufurol.
D ua dung dich nhua trong Naphta nng qua cc ct hp phu (d t hoat tnh,
giai hp bng Alcol - Naphta) d giu lai cc cht mu.
Nhua thng g c khuynh huong kt tinh nhiu hon nhua thng gm.
D c dim cua nhua thng:
- V thnh phn:
Chua 90% Acid nhua v 10% hop cht trung tnh.
Trong Acid nhua chu yu l Acid abietic v c th bi dng phn ho tao Acid
levopimaric:
- C kha nng x phng ho:
+ Nhm -COOH d u oc trung ho boi kim, Oxit km tao nhua thng kim ho v
Resinat km dng lm cht hoat d ng b mt.
+ Tao Resinat Mangan, cobalt, ch dng lm cht lm kh cho du v son.
- Tc dung voi cc Alcol d tao ra cc ester c th phi trn voi cc loai
nhua khc v voi du d lm son hoc Vecni.
V du:nhua thng cho tc dung voi Glycerin dng trong keo (cht tng dnh, bt
dnh), muc in, son phn tn trong nuoc v muc:
- Dim chay mm thp, d Acid cao nn thuong du oc bin tnh bng cc
phuong php ho hoc truoc khi dng lm son v vecni.
Cc phu ong php ho hoc d bin tnh nhua thng:
+ Maleic ho:
San phm d u oc tao thnh bng cch ester ho Aduc abietic maleic bng Glycerin
hoc Maleic ho ester cua Glycerin voi nhua thng:
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3 CH
3
CH
3
COOH COOH
CH
CH
a. abietic
a.levopimaric
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
C
O
O
H
2
C
CH
CH
2
O
O
O
O
C
C
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
CH
COOH
COOH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
COOH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
O
O
O
CH
3
CH
3
O
O
+
O
42
San phm tao thnh l ester.
+ Phan ung tao nhua da tu:
nhua thng c kha nng phan ung voi Phenol, Andehit... San phm phan ung
giua nhua thng v PF goi l nhua Copal nhn tao:
San phm tao thnh cn nhiu nhm -COOH nn ngu oi ta cho tc dung voi
glycerin (ester ho) ri trn voi du thuc vt lm son d son hp d ung thuc phm
b/ Nhua mo:
D u oc ly tu d t v c ngun gc tu thuc vt. Loai nhua ny c nhiu o cc vng
nhit d oi v c 2 loai: Nhua Copal v nhua Anta.
Nhua Copal:
C thnh phn chua xc d inh r, nhit d nng chay cao hon so voi cc loai nhua
thin nhin khc.
Sau khi xu l nhit o 280 ( 300oC v chung tch cc cht bc th Copal d ho
tan trong nhiu dung mi hon v kt hop hon ton voi du thuc vt.
Nhua Anta:
Thnh phn ho hoc gm 70% Polyester cua Acid succinic
(HOOC-(CH2)2COOH) nen tnh cht cua n gn ging voi nhua Polyester tng hop.
Nhit d chay mm xp xi 175oC, nhit d nng chay 300oC, tan tt trong hydrocacbon
thom, du thng. Hin nay n d uoc dng d ch tao son du.
c/ Bitum:
C 3 loai: bitum thin nhin, bitum nhn tao v PEC.
Bitum thin nhin: C 2 loai chu yu:
COOH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH
OH
...
.
.
.
+
HO
CH
2
O
CH
2
HO
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
.
.
.
O
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
COOH
O
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
COOH
43
- Asphaltit: L loai bitum tt nht, chua t tap cht, c nhit d nng chay
kh cao (( 980C).
- Asphan:
Chua nhiu tap cht hon do d nhit d nng chay thp hon Asphaltit, km bng
hon. Loai ny d u oc ly tu qung asphan ( tn tai 30% bitum, 70% tap cht).
D ly bitum tu qung th phai dng dung mi d chic bitum ra.
Bitum nhn tao:
L san oxi ho cn du mo hay ban thn du mo, cracking san phm du mo hoc
bin tnh ho hoc du mo, n khc voi bitum thin nhin l chua t tap cht hon v
trong thnh phn c CaSO4, tan nhiu trong du khong hon, chua t luu huynh hon v
luu huynh kt hop khng cht ch nn khi dun nng d n 2000C th H2S thot ra. Chua
axit asphaltogenic.
PEC:
PEC l san phm chung kh, cracking hoc nhit phn cc loai d du, g, acid
bo,...Do vy ta c cc loai PEC tu ong ung nhu: PEC nhua g, PEC stearin, PEC than
d, PEC d du...
- PEC than d:
L cn cua qu trnh chung ct nhua than d, khng tan trong cn, este, tan mt
phn trong white spirit, du thng, du xng, tan hon ton trong CS2, CHCl3, xylen,
benzen... khng kt hop du oc voi du do d khng th dng lm son du.
- PEC d du:
L cn cua qu trnh chung ct d du, tan trong CS2, CHCl3, benzen,...bn voi
kim v acid, dng ch tao son du gy (hm lu ong du t).
- PEC nhua g: l san phm chung ct nhiu loai g. Trong thnh phn cua
n c chua nhua, cc oxi acid, alhidric, phenol,... tan trong cc hop cht thom, du
khong, t tan trong hop cht mach thng.
- PEC stearin:
L san phm cua qu trnh chung ct acid bo bng hoi nuoc qu nhit. San phm
ny c d nhot lon, tan trong C6H6, xylen, du thng, CS2, CHCl3. Thu ong d u oc dng
d lm son cch din, chiu nhit loai sy nng.
+ thnh phn cua bitum:
- Du khong: l cc hop cht mach thng loai paraphin, naphten,
polinaphten, khng bi hp thu boi d t st, tan trong tt ca cc loai huu co, lm tng kha
nng ho tan cua bitum nhung lm chm qu trnh kh cua mng son.
- Nhua trung tnh: l san phm trunh gian cua qu trnh trng hop cc
cacbua hidro, c khi bi hp phu boi d t st, lm mng son trn co so bitum co gian, dn
hi.
- Asphalten: l san phm oxi ho, trng hop, luu ho nhua. Lm mng son
trn co so bitum cung, dn, nhit nng chay cao, tan trong benzen nhung khng tan
trong cn, du xng. Trong bitum th nhua trung tnh v asphalten l hai thnh phn
quan trong nht.
Voi bitum chua cng nhiu nhua th cng d kt hop voi du thuc vt nn d
dng dng d san xut son, mng trn co so bitum c tc dung chiu nhit, ha cht,
nu oc, chng gi nhung km bn du oi nh nng v vy thu ong dng d qut ln kim loai,
b tng,... su dung trong mi tru ong chiu ha cht, nhit d. Nu dng ngoi troi th
thm vo mt t bt nhm d han ch ran nut.
2/ Nha c ngun gc t dng vt.
Nhua cnh kin do:
44
Nhua cnh kin do do su cnh kin nha ra. Lc d u cnh kin do o dang thanh
hay dang hat goi l gomme lc. Ngu oi ta dun gm lc voi nu oc si d chuyn ha cht
mu c trong gm lc ri cn thnh tm rt mong, c mu vng goi l shel lc. Nhu vy
shel lc l nhua cnh kin d o d qua ch bin.
- Thnh phn:
Thnh phn chu yu cua shel lc l ester cua Acid bo m chu yu l Acid
aleiritiric:
Ngoi ra shel lc cung c chua khoang 5% sp.
- Shel lc nng chay o 110 ( 1150C, ho tan trong C2H5OH, kim, amoniac
v mui cua axit leoric.
- Shel lc du oc dng d ch tao nhiu loai son, d c bit l son cch din. Dc
dim cua mng son c shel lc l c d bn co hoc cao, khng ht nu oc.
II/ Nha tng hp.
Nhua tng hop dng ch tao son khng nhung chi c tc dung thay th cho phn
lon cc loai nhua thin nhin m chu yu con l d san xut cc loai son d t bit (son
chiu nhit, son chiu ho cht, thoi tit ...). Vic su dung nhua tng hop cn cho php tit
kim bot mt lu ong du thuc vt dng lm thuc phm.
- Khi xt d n tnh cht cua nhua tng hop dng d ch tao son cn chu d n
nhung tnh cht sau:
+ Kha nng ho tan vo dung mi v kha nng kt hop voi cc thnh phn khc
trong son (du, nhua thin nhin ...).
+ Kha nng bm dnh, co dan, bn kh quyn.
+ Kha nng cch din, n d inh ho hoc ...
Cc tnh cht cua nhua lin quan d n vic dng ch tao son:
- Trong lu ong phn tu: Trong lu ong trung bnh tng do d tnh cht co l tng
nhung kha nng ho tan giam.
- D da phn tn: giam d bn nhung tng kha nng ho tan.
- Cu trc: Chi c cu trc mach thng v mach nhnh moi c kha nng ho tan
cn cu trc R3 khng nng chay, khng ho tan. Do d nhua dng ch tao son chi c
th l P mach thng hay P dang o giai doan chuyn bin dn sang R3 (v du: PF rezolic).
Qu trnh chuyn tu cu tao mach thng sang R3 l qu trnh dng rn mng son.
C th thuc hin bng 2 cch:
+ Dng xc tc (cht lm kh) hoc sy nng mng son.
+ Dng cht dng rn.
- Thnh phn ho hoc v d phn cuc: cung c tc dung quyt d inh d n tnh
cht
cua P.
V du: Mun mng son khng chy, bn voi axit, kim th nn dng monomer c
tn tai halogen. V du: VC, vinylten clorua.
1/ Nha alkyd:
L nhua poli ester c cu trc R3 du oc ch tao tu alhidric cua axit lu ng chuc m
chu yu l alhdric phlalic v ru ou da chuc m chu yu l glycerin v penta ery thrytric.
CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH COOH
OH OH
2
7
(
) ( )
CO
CO
O
CH
2
OH
CH OH
CH
2
OH
C
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
(AP)
45
Nhua alkyl di tu AP + glycerin goi l glyphtal,
AP + penta ery thrytric - penta phtal
- Mng son trn co so nhua alkyd khng bin tnh c d c dim: bm dnh tt voi
nhiu vt liu, dn hi, bng, bn du oi tc dung cua nh sng nhung lai c nhuot dim
l dn, d nut, ht nuoc, kh ho tan trong dung mi do cu trc cht ch. Do d trong
thuc t rt t dng nhua alkyl khng bin tnh d lm son
- Ngu oi ta thu ong bin tnh alkyl bng acid bo hoc du thuc vt.
a/ Bin tnh alkyl bng acid bo.
Nguyn liu: glycerin, AP, acid bo c th cho vo mt lc hoc tng hop
monoglyceric cua acid bo tru oc
Mnoglyceric + AP tao ra cu trc nhnh:
Tuy nhin, vic tch Acid bo tu du thuc vt rt phuc tap v gi thnh cao nn
phuong php ny t su dung.
b/ Bin tnh alkyd bng dau thuc vat:
Thnh phn: Triglyceric
Glycerin
AP
D i voi phu ong php ny khng th d ua nguyn liu vo cng mt lc v nAP +
Glycerin tao san phm khng tan trong du.
Cu tao cua nhua Alkyd bin tnh bng du thuc vt c th biu din nhu sau:
Trong thuc t ngu oi ta thuong dng ca du bn kh v du kh. Cc gc R ny
cn c cc ni di c kha nng kt hop voi nhau bng nhung cu ni Oxy -O- (trong qu
trnh dng rn) lm cho Polymer c cu tao mang lu oi rt thch hop d lm son:
CH
2
OH
CH OH
CH
2
OH
+ RCOOH
CH
2
OCOR
CH OH
CH
2
OH
R
CO
O
CH
2
CH CH
2
O
CO
CO
O
CO
CO
O
CO
O
R
CH
2
CH CH
2
...
...
HOOC COO C
3
H
5
OH
OOC
COO C
3
H
5
OCOR
OOC
COO
...
HOOC
COO C
3
H
5
C
3
H
5
OOC
COO OOC
O
CO
O
CO
COO C
3
H
5
OH
O
46
- Nhua Alkyd bin tnh bng du thuc vt c th pha thm mt t nhua
thng (hm lu ong nhua thng khng nn vuot qu 10%) d giam d nhot nhung lm
cho mng son dn.
- Tnh cht cua nhua Alkyd bin tnh bng du thuc vt phu thuc chu yu
vo cc yu t: lu ong du, d khng no cua du.
+ Hm lu ong nhua trong du du oc dnh gi bng % trong lu ong du (hay Acid
bo) trong nhua. N thu ong dao dng trong khoang 30 ( 70%. Cn cu vo hm lu ong
du trong nhua Alkyd bin tnh c th phn lm 4 loai nhua:
loai nhua hm lu ong du (%)
bo > 60%
bo trung bnh 45 ( 59%
gy 35 ( 44%
rt gy < 35%
Hm lu ong du (d bo) cng cao th dung dich nhua cng t nhot, kha nng ho
tan vo dung mi cacbuahydro mach thng cng d dng, son cng d ngm bt mu v
c kha nng dng chi qut d gia cng, mng son co gian tt, bn voi thoi tit nhung
km rn, t bm dnh, km bn voi dung mi du nhon v chm kh.
+ D khng no (d kh) cua du:
Du cng kh th mng son cng kh nhanh nhung n lm dung dich nhua c d
nhot cao, d bi keo ho, mng son chng bi lo ho. Do d thu ong dng kt hop du
kh v bn kh d mng son chm lo ho v c tc dung ho deo.
Nhua Alkyd bin tnh bng du thuc vt c d bng cao, cung, bn voi nuoc, nh
sng v thoi tit, bm dnh tt voi kim loai v tu ong d i co dn. Ngoi ra n cn c kha
nng phi hop voi nhiu loai nhua khc nn pham vi su dung kh rng.
2/ Nha Polyester mch thng:
c 2 loai: no v khng no
a/Nhua Polyester no:
D u oc tao thnh tu ru ou 2 chuc no v Acid 2 chuc no.
Nhua ny chu d u oc dng d ho deo cho cc loai nhua khc nhu: PVC, UF,
Melamin-formandehit ...
b/ Nhua Polyester khng no:
Ru ou 2 chuc v acid 2chuc khng no c th dng thm mt t glycerin,
pentaerythric,acid thom,no...
Nhua da tu xong cho ho tan vo mt loai monomer (thuong l styren).Monomer
vua l dung mi vua l cht c kha nng tham gia phan ung dng trng hop voi nhua d
tao thnh cu tru khng gian .Cu tao cua nhua sau khi d dng trng hop voi styren
nhu sau:
47
V dung mi tham gia vo thnh phn cua mng son nn c th goi son polyster
khng no l son khng c dung mi (c th dng khng qu 10% dung mi thuc su nhu
:acetin metanol ..)
Qu trnh hnh thnh mng son c xay ra phan ung dng trng hop nhua voi
monomen duoi tc dung cua cht khoi d .Do vy cc loai bt mu v cht dn dng
trong son UPE phai thoa mn cc yu cu sau :
+Khng bi phn huy boi proxit
+Khng tham gia phan ung voi nhua
+Khnganh huong d n tc d trng hop
Bt mu thu ong dng l :TiO2, litopon ...cht d n :bt
Mng son trn co so UPE cc d bng rt cao, cung, bn voi mi mn,bn voi
nht d , nh sng,nuoc, du xng ... nhung c khuyt dim l d bm dnh vi kim loai
thp
3/ Nha phenol-formandehyd
C hai loai :
-Novolc tao thnh khi ly du phenol v xc tc l mi tru ong acid:
Trong mi tru ong acid cc nhm metylol tao thnh nhanh chng tc dung voi
nhau hoc voi phenol:
Tu hai phan ung trn cho thy cu tao cua nhua tu ong di phuc tap nhung c th
giai thch cu tao cua nhua nomolc nhu sau :
- Nhua rezolic: tao thnh khi ly du fomandehy v xc tc kim
- Mi tru ong kim o giai doan d u s tao ra cc mono,tridimetyol, phenol
Nu tip tuc da tu s d uoc san phm nhua c cu tao thng v c mt t nhnh
chua kh nhiu nhm metylol tu do:
OH
CH
2
O
OH
CH
2
OH
+
OH
CH
2
OH
HO CH
2
OH
H
2
O
OH
CH
2
O CH
2
OH
+
-
OH OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
+
OH OH
OH
nCH
2
O
(m ) 1 +
n
nH
2
O
+
+
CH
2
OH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
...
...
OH
CH
2
OC CH CH OOC CH CH COO CH
2
CH
2
... ...
.
.
.
CH
CH
2
.
...
OC CH CH OOC CH CH COO CH CH
...
.
.
n
48
Nho cc nhm metylol tu do nn khi dun nng d n 1700C hoc cho thm xc tc
acid th nhua s dng rn v c cu trc khng gian .
Novolac rezolic rt t dng d lm son v chng kh ho tan vo cacbuahydro v
khng trn hop du oc voi du thuc vt. D khc phuc d uoc hai nhu oc dim trn ngu oi ta
tin hnh bin tnh nhua phenol formandehyd hoc ch tao nhua phnol c nhm th o
vi para goi l nhua phenol c nhm th hoc nhua phenol 100%.
a/ Nha phenol 100%:
Dy l nhua khng c bin bin tnh nhung c kha nng ho tan trong cc
cacbuahydro v trn hop du oc voi du .Cc d c dim ny phu thuc vo ban cht ho
hoc, kch thuoc nhm th.
+ Nu l nhm th alkyl th nhua d dng kt hop vooi du; tan trong cacbuahydro
thng v thom. Nu nhm th alkyl th kh trn hop voi du v chi tan trongcc
cacbuahydro thom do d thuong dng phenol c nhm th alkyl
+ Kch thu oc nhm th cng lon cng d trn hop voi du nhung d cung cua
nhua giam .
- D tng hop nhua tru oc tin phai ch tao alkyl phenol , thu ong l para
butylphenol bt 3 tu ru ou izobutylic voi phenol c xc tc H2SO4, co ch:
Sau d tin hnh da tu alkyl phenol voi formalin. Nhua alkyl phenol d u oc dng
d ch tai son nn dng cho cc dung cu, thit bi su dung o vng nhit doi v d m kh
cao.
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
C
C OH
H
2
SO
4
OSO
2
OH
H
2
O
+
+
CH
3 CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
OSO
2
OH OH
OH C
C
H
2
SO
4
+
+
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2 OH OH
OH OH
...
...
...
...
49
b/ Nhua PF bin tnh:
C th bin tnh PF bng mt s cht sau:
- Acid nhua thng.
- Ru ou (thu ong dng butanol).
- Du thuc vt.
Bin tnh bng nhua thng:
Loai nhua ny dng trong san xut son du thay cho nhua copal thin nhin nn
thu ong c tn l nhua copal tng hop. Khi pha trn voi du d ch tao son th thuong
goi l son albertol.
- Co ch tc dung cua nhua thng voi PF (xem phn nhua thng).
- San xut nhua copal nhn tao, c hai phu ong php:
+ Da tu ca hn hop gm phenol, formalin, nhua thng. Sy nhua d tch ht nuoc
ri cho glycerin vo d ester ho nhm -COOH cua nhua thng o 2500C. Sau cng nng
nhit d ln 280 - 3000C d tch ht glycerin khng phan ung ri d ngui nghin.
+ Dun nng chay nhua novolac voi nhua thng theo ty l:
O nhit d 280 - 3000C trong thoi gian 10 - 12 gio.
C rt nhiu loai nhua copal nhn tao, diu d phu thuc vo loai phenol, ty l
giua phenol voi formondehyd, ty l giua PF voi nhua thng, loai ru ou da chuc dng d
ester ho v muc d ester ho (san phm sau khi bin tnh phai ester ho d ha chi s
acid do acid c trong nhua thng gy ra).
- Ung dung: chu yu d phi trn voi du trau d san xut son, du ry nng
dng d son d hp.
Bin tnh bng ru ou:
Dng ru ou d ete ho cc nhm metylol vua tao thnh trong qu trnh da tu phenol
voi formondehyd. Muc dch l giam d phn cuc cua nhua lm cho n kt hop du oc voi
du v tan trong cacbua hidro.
- Thuong dng ruou butylic (v ru ou c t cacbon hon th t c tc dung cn
ru ou c nhiu cacbon hon th nhua s bi mm.
- Cc phan ung:
- Trong qu trnh sy nng. S xy ra phan ung o cc nhm metylol chua bi ete
ho hoc bi ete ho (d y C4H9OH ra) tao san phm c cu trc R3.
Bin tnh bng du thuc vt:
D tng kha nng ho tan cua nhua PF vo du ngu oi ta tin hnh da tu so b PF
tao PF phn tu thp sau d cho tc dung voi butanol ri moi bin tnh bng du thuc vt.
Nhua tao thnh c cu tao nhu sau:
- Co ch:
Novolac
nhua thong
.
1
2
OH
OH
CH
2
OH CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
C
4
H
9
OH
CH
2
O C
4
H
9
+
OH OH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OC
4
H
9
CH
2
OC
4
H
9
n
50
Nhua PF bin tnh bng du thuc vt cho mng son tu ong di co gian, bn nuoc,
dung mi, thoi tit nn thuong dng d san xut son men bn voi xng du, son d nhp
chiu acid.
4/ Nha ure formondehyd:
UF dn, bm dnh km, tan trong mt s dung mi han ch nn mun dng san
xut son phai bin tnh n bng ruou (thu ong dng butanol). Sau khi bin tnh nhua c
th tan trong rt nhiu dung mi tru du xng v du thng v c kha nng tao thnh
mng son tt. Tuy nhin t khi dng nguyn nhua UF bin tnh m dng phi hop voi
cc loai nhua khc nhu glyphtal d lm tng tnh dn hi v d bm dnh kim loai ...
Bin tnh UF:
Tao monometylol ure v dimetylol ure (nhit d < 400C, mi tru ong kim yu
PH = 7 8,5).
Cho butanol vo v tin hnh ete ho trong mi tru ong acid yu (cho alhydric
photphoric hoc acid khc). Dimetylol ure ete ho khng hon ton tao butaxymetyl ure.
San phm ny tip tuc da tu tao nhua.
- Trong qu trnh bin tnh ch :
+ Nn dng ru ou izobutylic v butanol bc 2 v bt 3 phan ung rt chm. C th
thay mt phn butanol bng xylen (r tin).
+ Dng ty l phn tu gam giua F/U = 2,5/1. (D tao dimetylo ure tao kha nng
ete ho cao hon).
5/ Nha epoxy:
Nhua epoxy l san phm da tu tu hop cht c chua nhm epoxy hay
tu hop cht c kha nng tao thnh nhm epoxy.
- C 3 loai nhua epoxy ph bin:
CH
2
...
(metylen quynon)
OH
CH
2
OH
H
2
O
O
...
O
CH
2
O
CH
2
O
CH
2
O
CH
2
+ +
... ...
...
...
.
.
.
CH
2
O
.
.
.
.
.
.
NH
2
NH
2
NH
2
CO CO
CO
CH
2
O
NH
NH
NH
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
+
+
NH
NH
NH
NH
CO
CO
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH OH
CH
2
OH
C
4
H
9
OH
+
OH
CO CO CO
NH CH
2
OC
4
H
9
N CH
2
OH
NH CH
2
OC
4
H
9
N CH
2
NH CH
2
OC
4
H
9
NH CH
2
n
CH CH
2
O
51
+ Nhua epoxy di tu epiclohydrin v diphenylolpropan (bic phenol- A), (epoxy
dian).
Du oi tc dung cua kim diclo ridrin chuyn thnh diepoxy.
Cc nhm epoxy nlai tip tuc tc dung voi diphenylolpropan tao nhua epoxy.
Cc phan ung phu:
+ Thuy phn epiclohidrin tao glycerin (do kim du).
+ Thuy phn nhm epoxy cui mach tao mhm hidroxyl.
+ Trng hop mhm epoxy tao ra cu trc khng gian (phan ung trng hop cn
c th xy ra giua nhm epoxy v nhm OH.
CH
3
CH
3
HO C OH CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
O
+
Cl CH
2
CH CH
2
O C O CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
CH
3
CH
3
OH OH
(diclo ridrin)
Cl CH
2
CH CH
2
O O CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
OH
OH
CH
3
CH
3
C
CH
2
CH CH
2
O O CH
2
CH CH
2
O O
CH
3
CH
3
NaCl H
2
O 2 2 +
+
C
NaOH 2
O
n CH
2
CH CH
2
O
O
C
CH
3
CH
3
O CH
2
CH CH
2
O
(n ) (Bic phenol A ) 1 - +
CH
2
CH CH
2
O O O CH
2
CH CH
2
C
CH
3
CH
3
2n-1 ( )
O CH
2
CH CH
2
O
CH
3
CH
3
C
H
CH
2
CH
O
...
CH
2
CH
O CH
2
CH
O CH
2
CH
O CH
2
CH
...
... ... ...
...
.
.
.
CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
+
O
OH
... ... ...
... ...
...
CH
2
CH
O CH
2
CH CH
2
OH
52
+ Nhua epoxy di tu PF v epiclohydrin (polyepoxy).
+ Nhua epoxy di tu san phm epoxy ho cc hop cht khng no.
Phan ung epoxy ho tin hnh o nhit d 25 ( 600C trong dung mi huu co
(benzen, toluen, clorofrom).
+ Du tin cho peroxit hidro tc dung voi acid huu co (xc tc l acid) tao
peraxit:
+ Cho peroxit tc dung voi hop cht khng no tao mhm epoxy.
+ Phan ung phu dng ch l phan ung mo vng.
1/ Dng rn nha epoxy:
Nhua epoxy l nhua nhit do nn khng th chuyn sang trang thi nng chay,
khng ho tan. Do d mun cho nhua c tnh cht co l tt ta phai thm vo cc cht
dng rn. Thuong dng 3 loai cht dng rn: Cht dng rn loai amin, cht dng rn loai
axit v cc cht dng rn khc.
a/ ng rn bng amin v poliamid (dng rn nguoi):
*/ Dng rn bng amin mach thng:
(v du hexametylen diamin NH2- (CH2)6- NH2 ).
- Qu trnh dng rn xy ra rt nhanh ngay o nhit d thu ong v toa nhit . thoi
gian dng rn 1 ( 2 gio. Nu pha thm mt t dung mi loai ceton th thoi gian su
dung lu hon (24 ( 48) gio.
- Luong amin cho vo phai tnh ton chnh xc sao cho mt nguyn tu hidr hoat
dng cua nhm amin tu ong ung voi mt nhm epoxy v nu du amin th cc nhm
CH
2 CH
2
CH
2
OH OH
OH OH
... +
CH
2
CH CH
2
Cl
O
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
CH CH
2
O CH
2
O CH
2
O CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
O
...
O
O
H
2
O
2
RCOOH RCOOOH H
2
O
H
+
+
+
RCOOOH R CH CH R R CH CH R RCOOH
O
+ +
, , ,, ,,
OH OCOR
O
+ R CH CH R RCOOH R CH CH R
, ,, , ,,
r ch ch
2
r nh
2
ch ch
2
nhr ch ch
2
r
ch ch
2
r
ch ch
2
oh
oh
oh
o
o
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _
_
_
I
I
I
I
I
n
' ' + +
_
53
epoxy s kt hop voi cc amin v han ch kha nng tao thnh cu trc khng gian
(tuc l cc nguyn tu hidr hoat dng trong mt phn tu amin khng phan ung
ht). Cn nu thiu amin th cu tao mang lu oi thua thot, km cht ch.
- Do cc amin thp phn tu d c (bay hoi) n mn kim loai. D khc phuc nguoi ta
thu ong dng loai adc l san phm ngung tu giua nhua epoxy v amin.
V du hexametylen diamin c cu tao:
Khi dng loai ny (cn goi l amin bin tnh) th phan ung xy ra vua phai, t toa
nhit v luong cht dng rn t anh hu ong d n phm cht san phm (v trong lu ong
phn tu lon nn t sai s khi chon ty l v do trong luong phn tu lon nn t anh
hu ong d n tnh cht co l cua nhua).
* Cht dng rn l amin thom (v du : phenylen di amin).
Qu trnh dng rn xy ra chm hon v chi xy ra o nhit d cao, mng son chiu
nhit, bn co hoc , cch din tt hon so voi mng son dng rn bng amin mach
thng o nhit d thu ong.
* Cht dng rn l nhua polyamid phn tu thp (v du san phm da tu cua amin
thom hoc thng voi dimer, trimer cua axit bo du kh (- NH- CO-).
- C th dng rn o nhit d thu ong hoc nhit d cao. Lu ong polyamid thm vo
tu 40 ( 100% luong nhua epoxy. Hm lu ong ny c anh huong d n tc d dng
rn v tnh cht cua mng son. Nhua polyamid lm cho mng son co dn, bn va
d p, nhua epoxy lm mng son cung, rn, bm dnh tt.
b/ ng rn bng axit.
Thuong dng axit lu ng chuc d dng rn. Qu trnh ny xy ra nhu sau: D u tin
di axit tc dung voi nhm epoxy. Sau d diaxit s phan ung voi cc nhm hydrxyl
trong mach epoxy v cc nhm hidrxyl moi tao thnh tao mt s cu ni v gii
phng nu oc.
h
2
n (ch
2
)
6
nh
ch
2
ch ch
2
o
oh
c
ch
3
ch
3
o ch
2
ch ch
2
nh
2
(ch
2
)
6
nh
_
_
_ _ _
_
_ _ _
_
_
_
_ _
I
I I
I I
I
oh
nh
2
nh
2
I
I
ch
2
ch o r o ch
2
ch ch
2
o r ch
2
ch ch
2
_ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _
I
o oh
o
+
r
'
hooc r
'
cooh
r :
ch
3
ch
3
c
_
_
_
_ _
I
I
_ _
ch
2
ch ch
2
o r o ch
2
ch c h
2
o r o ch
2
ch ch
2
_ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _
o o oh
oh
oh
oh
co
co
r
'
I I
I
I
I
I
I I I
ch
2
ch ch
2
o r o ch
2
ch c h
2
o r o ch
2
c h ch
2
o
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
o
+
r (c ooh)
2
ch
2
ch ch
2
o r o ch
2
ch ch
2
o r o ch
2
ch ch
2
_
_
_
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
o
o
co
r
r
ch
oh oco
oco
I
I
I
I
I
ch
2
ch ch
2
o r o ch
2
ch ch
2
o r o ch
2
ch oco
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
'
'
54
Phan ung xy ra o 200oC. Giai doan d u nhanh hon giai doan sau v c khuyt
dim l tch nuoc. D khc phuc ta dng anhidic cua axit.
Co ch:
(Phan ung ny xy ra do anhidric hoc axit khng tham gia phan ung lm xc tc)
- Dng rn anhidric cung xy ra o nhit d ( 200oC. Trong ca hai tru ong hop d
xy ra qu trnh dng rn nhanh hon ngu oi ta dng xc tc 1 ( 3% amin bc 3.
Thuong dng 0,6 (0,8 mol anhydric cho mt nhm epoxy. Khi d nhit d dng
rn cn 120oC.
c/ Cc loai chat dng rn khc:
Ngoi hai loai cht dng rn ph bin l amin v axit ngu oi ta cn dng mt s
cht sau:
- Nhua PF hm lu ong 50 ( 70% luong epoxy (nhua PF o dang dung dich 10%
trong butanol). Phan ung dng rn o 175oC (phan ung dng rn do nhm epoxy +
hidrxyl cua phenol).
- Nhua UF, melamin formandehyd. Dng rn o 150 ( 200oC.
2/ Bin tnh nha epoxy.
Thuong bin tnh nhua diepoxy MP cao (2900 ( 3800) hay polyepoxy
v dng axit bo du kh, bn kh hoc khng kh. Luong axit bo dng 1 (1,5
phn tu voi mt nhm epoxy.
Qu trnh bin tnh qua hai giai doan:
+ Giai doan 1: axit nbo + nhm epoxy o nhit d 130 (160oC.
r
co
co
o '
r
'
co
co
o ch oh
oco r cooh
+
_ _
_
_
I
I I
I
ch '
ch oco r cooh ch
2
ch
o
_ _ _ _
I
I
+
ch oco r coo ch
2
ch
oh
_ _ _
_ _
I I
I
'
'
ch oh ch
2
ch ch o ch
2
ch
_ _ _ _ _
I
I
I
I I
o
oh
+
+
r cooh ch ch
2 r coo ch
2
ch +
... _ _ _ _ _ _...
I
o oh
55
+ Giai doan 2: axit bo + nhm hidrxyl o 200 ( 220oC:
Nhua bin tnh c d c dim:
- C kha nng dng rn m khng cn cht dng rn.
- Nhua dnh tt v co dn nhung km bn ho hoc v km chiu nu oc do c tn tai
cc lin kt este.
3/ Phi hp nha epoxy vi cc nha khc
Thng thu ong c cc tru ong hop trn ln sau:
- Epoxy - Alkyd:
Cc nhm cacboxyl cua nhua alkyd bin tnh tc dung voi nhm epoxy v hidrxyl
cua epoxy tao cu trc khng gian m khng cn dng cht dng rn.
Thng thu ong hay trn epoxy phn tu thp voi gliphtal bin tnh bng du kh cn
tnh axit.
- Epoxy - PF loai nhit rn: chiu nhit tt c th trn voi UF.
- Epoxy d ng trng hop voi styren v nhiu hop cht vinyl khc: VC, VAX lm
son, keo, ngm vai, giy...
- Epoxy trn voi cao su butadien - nitril co dn o nhit d kh rng.
Chuong VI : CNG NGHJ SAN XUT SON.
D san xut mt loai son no d th phai qua cc cng doan san xut sau:
Phu gia. Kim tra
Cht lm kh.
Bt mu.
Dung mi.
Cht tao mng.
1/ Chun b| v phn tch nguyn liu:
Tru oc khi dua cc nguyn liu vo su dung phai kim tra lai cht lu ong.
V du : Di voi cht tao mng phai kim tra lai cc chi s nhu: TLPT, d nhot, d
ho tan...
2/ Phi trn.
* Nguyn tc:
- Khi phi trn cht long v cht rn nguoi ta cho cht rn vo cht long km theo
khuy trn.
Chun bva
phn tch
nguyn liu
Ph i
tr n
Nghi n
mn
Lo c Pha
tr n
Sn ong
goi
r cooh r coo ch
2
ch
r coo ch
2
ch
oh
ocor
+
I I
_
_
_ _
_
_
_
h
2
o
... ...
56
- Nu phai d ua mt lu ong nho cu tu no d (khi lu ong ( 1% so voi tng khi
lu ong cc cu tu) thuong nguoi ta khng d ua truc tip vo m ly mt phn hn
hop cc cu tu d trn d u voi cu tu ny tao hn hop trung gian, sau d phi trn
lai thnh mt khi lon.
- Di voi cc cu tu c kha nng bi bc hoi, bi bin d i ho hoc o cng doan sau
th d u oc ho tan hoc phn tn so b trong mt phn dung mi v chi d ua phn
ny vo cng doan son bn thnh phm (son tru oc khi dng hp).
* Cch phi trn: dng thit bi c cnh khuy hoc dng phu ong php khuy tay:
- Trong thuc t khng d ua hon ton cht tao mng vo o giai doan phi trn m
chi d ua mt phn d d at d n d d c thch hop voi tung phuong php nghin (3
truc, bi) (sau khi nghin 3 truc, diu chinh d d c ri nghin bi).
3/ Nghin:
d tao d phn tn d ng nht trong ton b th tch son.
- My nghin: Dng my nghin 3 truc hoc nghin bi:
+ My nghin 3 truc:
V
3
= 3V
2
= 9V
1
Khoang cch 2 ( 3 ( 2 ( 1.
* Cc yu t anh hu ong d n hiu qua nghin:
( Khoang cch giua 2 truc.
( Vn tc v ti tc cua cc truc.
Ch t ta o
ma ng
Pha loang
anh paste
Nghin
Ph i tr n
Lo c
Kim tra
ong goi
Dung dch ch t ta o
ma ng
- Dung mi.
- Phugia.
- B t
ma u.
- B t
V
1
V
2
V
3
57
( D nhot cua past (past qu d c hoc qu long cho hiu qua km).
* D c dim cua my nghin 3 truc:
( nhim mi tru ong , dc hai.
( Thao tc nng nhoc.
( Khoang cch giua 2 truc d bi thay d i trong qu trnh lm vic. Do d d min
cua son thay d i.
( Nng sut cao hon my nghin bi.
+ My nghin bi:
Khi su dung my nghin bi th phai ch toi vn tc quay toi han.
Vn tc quay toi han (Vth): L vn tc m trong d luc li tm bng luc huong tm
(c nghia l bi s bi dnh ln thnh thit bi).
c (vng/ pht) D: du ong knh thit bi
Vn tc cua my nghin bi bng = 50 ( 60% Vth s cho hiu qua nghin cao
nht.
-Hiu qua nghin phu thuc vo:
( Vn tc quay.
( D nhot: Lon, b: Mn bi.
( Ty trong cua mt nghin : Bi thp d = 1,6 cm. Bi su d = 3,7 cm.
( Th tch bi: Bi thp: 45 ( 50% Vt/bi. Bi su: 50 ( 50% Vt/bi.
Uu dim cua thit bi ny l khng cn theo doi.
4/ Lc:
Giu lai nhung phn tu c kch thu oc lon nhu cc hat bt mu chua bi nghin nho,
nhung mnh vo cua bi, cc cht rn la c th roi vo. D tng nng sut, thuong
loc du oi p sut. Lu oi loc c th l vai hoc luoi kim loai.
5/ Pha trn:
Mt s phn d lai nhu dung mi, cht tao mng du oc d ua vo o cng doan ny.
Vic pha trn nhung hop phn cn lai vo hn hop d u oc thuc hin chu yu nho
khuy trn,
6/ Kim tra cht lung:
Tin hnh kim tra ln cui cc thng s k thut cn thit tru oc khi dng gi san
phm nhm d am bao d an ton v cht lu ong cho san phm khi d ua ra thi truong
58
Chuong VII : QU TRNH GIA CNG MNG SON.
XU L BE MAT
Trong phn tru oc d chi ra rng cc phu ong php du oc su dung d thnh lp don v san xut
son s tao ra nhung tnh cht cn thit ph hop voi su da dang cua cc thit bi du oc su dung.
Tuy nhin cho d vic lp d on v san xut c cn thn d n du di nua nhung mng son cung s
khng d at du oc nung tnh cht mong d oi nu b mt vt liu cn son khng d u oc chun bi tt v
son d u oc du oc chon d su dung khng dng. V du mng son khng th bm dnh tt nu trn
b mt vt liu nn bi nhim bn boi d t, mo (grease: mo d ng vt), hoc cc loai vt liu la
khc. Mo khng nhung lm anh hu ong d n d bm dnh m cn c th bi hp thu vo trong son
lm giam d cung v giam d chng chiu mi mn v ho hoc. Su quan trong cua vic loai bo su
nhim bn b mt d du oc thua nhn trong cng nghip son, nhung tht khng may nhiu loai
son kin trc lai du oc su dung d phu ln cc b mt bi nhim bn v xu x.
Mi loai son khi su dung s c mt chiu dy mng thch hop nht. nu son mong hon
hoc dy hon d u gy ra hu hong. Su khng dng nht v b dy cung cn phai trnh v n c
th l nguyn nhn gy ra su ph huy som mng son hoc lm giam kha nng chiu mi truong.
Cc loai son d u oc gia cng bng chi qut phai loai bo su chay ("flowed out") v nu gia cng
bng phu ong php phun phai d u oc nghin nho v khng d u oc qu uot (wet) hoc qu kh. Cc
bin php phng ngua voi cc ung dung khc nhau du oc trnh by o phn tip theo.
Mi loai vt liu nn cn c nhung phu ong php chun bi khc nhau. Trong da s
tru ong hop nu vt liu nn d uoc lm cng bng phng tru oc khi su dung th cng kinh
t v khng cn phai lp d y cc l hng bng son ri dnh bng son kh d c d uoc b
mt bng phng. Hai tru ong hop ngoai l d l g c tho mo v kim loai dc (metal
casting and open grain wood). Mt lop son nng d lt b mt hoc d n c th du oc
dng d lp d y cc l hng trn b mt v cht gn c th su dung d lm d y cc vt
lm su hon. Tuy nhin vic su dung cc loai son ny cung khng th lm phng b mt
hon ton.
C su lin quan giua g su dung v loai d n dng cho g c tho mo nhu Si, c
ch, do hoa. Trong tru ong hop ny th dn g l thch hop do cu trc tu nhin cua n
c cc l xp su cn phai d u oc lm d y tru oc khi son. Vic loai bo bui g cung l cn
59
thit v n lm giam luc lin kt giua g v son. Bui ny c th loai bo bng chn
khng hoc thi kh.
Su bm dnh cua son nn voi b tng c th d u oc cai thin nho su n mn bng
dung dich acid long nhu HCl, 3% phtphoric hoc 2% ZnCl2 trong nu oc.
B mt cua b tng v vua Stucco (loai vua nhu thach cao nhn trt vo tu ong
ngoi hoc mt tin cua to nh) c d xp thay d i trong pham vi rng th cn phai c
mt lop son lm kn. Cc loai son d uoc su dung di voi cc loai vt liu ny trong cc
kin trc ngoi troi c th bi ho phn hoc bi bin cht nghim trong truoc khi son lai.
Nu su ho phn nhe th c th du oc gia c hoc d u oc lin kt boi mt lop son phu kn
(cch ly), nhung da s tru ong hop cn loai bo bui phn bng cch thi.
B mt cua nhiu loai giy d u oc chun bi d son boi cc nh san xut giy. Ho
su dung cc loai co ho hoc (chemical :"sizes") d diu chinh d xp cua giy hoc kha
nng tip nhn son v muc. Giy cung c th d uoc lm phng bng phu ong php ho
hoc nhu cn.
D i voi kim loai vic xu l khng nhung lm sach kim loai m cn loai bo gi v
xi d ng thoi thu dng ho b mt d chng su n mn. Trong mt s tru ong hop cc
kim loai khc nhau cn cc phu ong php xu l khc nhau nhu thp, nhm, magi v cc
loai hop kim. Mt s phu ong php xu l kim loai nhu sau:
- Ty bng dung mi
- Khu du mo bng hoi
- Lm sach bng kim
- Lm sach bng nhu tu ong
- Lm sach bng ho cht v thu dng ho
- Khu mo bng hng ngoai o khoang 5500F
- D t bng ngon lua truc tip hoc trong l o khoang 6000F
- Lm sach bng ngon lua Oxy - Acetylen
- Lm sach vy thp cun nng
- Lm sach co hoc bng tay hoc dung cu din
- Phun ct hoc soi
- Tch mng son cu
I. Ty bng dung mi:
Trong qu trnh san xut cc san phm kim loai nhu thn t, cc b phn cua tu
lanh, san phm gia dung v nhung chi tit nho nhu bulng, dai c kim loai d u oc bi tron
d thun tin cho vic tao mu, thnh hnh v cc vn hnh co kh. Cc loai du bi tron
du oc su dung nhu: du, mo, cc stearat. Cc loai cht bi tron ny cng voi bui v cn
cn phai du oc loai bo khoi kim loai tru oc khi son. Phu ong php d on gian nht v cung t
hiu qua nht l ty bng dung mi.
Trong phu ong php ny ngu oi thuc hin dung mt ming de thm u ot dung mi
thu ong l Naphta hoc Stoddard solvent (san phm naphta du mo c khoang si tu ong
di hep dng chu yu d lm sach kh (khng nu oc)) d ty nhung cht bn sau d ty
kim loai voi mt tm de kh. Cc tm de v naphta s som bo ho cht bn v phai
thay th thu ong xuyn, diu ny t xy ra trong thuc t v cc xo vai thu ong mc lai trn
b mt kim loai. V vy phu ong php ny khng th tao ra b mt sach d u oc dng thoi
dn d n nguy co chy n. Mt s dung mi khc v hn hop dung mi cung d u oc su
dung d loai bo cc cht bn d c bit, nhung nhn chung phuong php ny khng thch
hop d tao ra nhung b mt kim loai hon ton sach.
D nng cao hiu qua v nng sut ty, ngu oi ta dng nhiu bin php khc nhau
nhu:
60
Khu mo bng hoi:
Theo phu ong php ny cc chi tit kim loai du oc d t trong hoi dung mi nhu
tricloetylen, hoi dung mi ngung tu v chay khoi b mt kim loai ko theo mo. Phu ong
php d on gian ny rt hiu qua d loai bo cc loai du v mo ho tan trong dung mi,
nhung n c th khng loai bo uoc cc loai d t khng ho tan. V vy phuong php ny
thu ong d u oc cai tin. V du kim loai c th d u oc cho qua Zn hoi sau d d uoc phun
dung mi long v tip theo qua Zn hoi khc. Nhung cai tin khc bao gm nhng kim
loai trong dung mi m sau d qua zn hoi hoc nhng trong cht long si sau d qua
cht long m v hoi. Vic sp xp thu tu nhm kch d ng kim loai khi du oc nhng trong
cht long d thun loi cho vic loai bo cc cht bn rn. Cc phu ong php ny c th
vn hnh bng tay hoc tu dng mt phn.
Hai loai dung mi d uoc su dung rng ri nht l tricloetylen v percloetylen. Ca
hai loai dung mi du khng c kha nng gy chy trong d iu kin su dung d khu mo, nhung
di m si cua chng khc nhau v nhu vy nhit d vn hnh khu mo cua chng khc nhau. V
vy tricloetylen du oc dng nhiu hon percloetylen v di m si cua tricloetylen l 1880F, cua
percloetylen l 2500F
Su mt mt dung mi cn phai d u oc han ch v nhung l do sau:
- cc dung mi ny c gi thnh cao
- cc dung mi hydrocacbon clo ho thu ong dc
- hoi dung mi nng s tp trung o duoi sn v c th bi ht boi cc dng di
luu d n cc dn kh cua l nung gn d. Dung mi c th bi phn huy boi nhit v v
vy tao ra HCl, HCl c th di vo l nung. Nu son o trong l c chua nhua amino th
acid s thc d y su dng rn cua chng o b mt v tao ra np nhn trn b mt.
Nu vn hnh dng th khu mo bng dung mi s tao ra b mt kim loai rt sach,
ngoi ra kim loai cung rt kh v khng su dung nu oc trong qu trnh d ng thoi nhit d
v thoi gian ttrong thit bi d uoc kim sot d d am bao su bay hoi hon ton cua dung
mi tu kim loai nng.
Qu trnh lm sach v son lin tuc:
Mt cai tin c nhiu uu dim cua phuong php khu mo bng hoi dung mi
l qu trnh lm sach v son lin tuc. Qu trnh ny di hoi son phai du oc lm long voi
tricloetylen nhu l dung mi bay hoi duy nht. Thit bi bao gm mt trong s cc thit
bi cai tin cua qu trnh lm sach bng dung mi v di theo sau l qu trnh son ln kim
loai d lm sach bng phu ong php nhng, phun hoc flow-coating. Ton b qu trnh l
h thng kn v vy tricloetylen d uoc thu hi d su dung trong cng doan lm sach. Su
vng mt cua khng kh trong h thng ngn ngua su tao mng trn b mt (skinning)
cua son v lu ong son bi phun ra ngoi (overspray paint) du oc thu hi d su dung lai.
Khi tricloetylen d uoc su dung, nhit d trong thit bi thay d i tu 190 d n 2100F. V vy
cc loai son kh khng kh s kh hon ton v sn sng cho vic dng gi cc san
phm d uoc son sau khi ra khoi thit bi. Lop son nn sy nng (baking primers) s sach
dung mi (solvent-free) v c th bi dng rn hon ton (set) khi chng roi khoi thit bi
d tao diu kin cho vic son v dng rn cc lop son tip theo trong dy chuyn.
Nu son cn nhit d vn hnh thp trong thit bi th metylen clorua voi dim si
1040F c th d uoc su dung. Khi tricloetylen khng dp ung du oc yu cu ho tan son
th c th thay bng Percloetylen nhung nhit d vn hnh cao hon.
Cc h thng 2 pha:
Cc chi tit kim loai c th du oc lm sach, cung nhu cc chi tit kim loai d d uoc
son hoc phai son lai v mt cc li trong qu trnh son c th d u oc tch lop son ra bng
cc h thng 2 pha: mt pha c chua nuoc v mt pha chua dung mi huu co. Cc
hydrocacbon clo ho thu ong d uoc su dung rt tt trong cc h thng nhu vy do chng
61
khng chy, nng hon nu oc v khng trn ln voi nu oc v vy chng hnh thnh mt lop
thp hon trong h thng. H thng 2 pha loai du oc cc cht bn ho tan trong nu oc (cht
bn ny khng th loai bo bng dung mi huu co. Do da s cc h thng 2 pha vn hnh
o nhit d phng nn kim loai khi ra khoi thit bi s dnh nuoc v cn phai loai bo bng
cch gia nhit v thu ong dng khng kh nng.
Metyl clorua hoc tricloetylen c th du oc su dung trong pha huu co v chng c
hoat tnh tch tt di voi nhiu loai son. Khi dung mi bi nhim bn chng du oc thu hi
bng chung ct trong ni chung ct. Tricloetylen ngung tu o cc gi tri nhit d bnh
thu ong cua nuoc lanh nhung Metyl clorua nhit d cua nu oc lm lanh phai nho hon
700F. ngu oc lai cc thit bi dng tricloetylen cn nhit d vn hnh o 1440F d thun
loi cho qu trnh tch trong khi d cc thit bi dng Metyl clorua thu ong du oc vn hnh
o nhit d phng d trnh si hn hop dung mi - nuoc.
D lm sach v tch mng son cu, cc chi tit kim loai d u tin dua dua su
xung du oi d nhng vo lop dung mi nm du oi lop nu oc, sau d du oc nng ln d
nhng trong nu oc. Cc chi tit c th du oc khuy d ao d thc d y vic tch cc cht
nhim bn. Chi tit kim loai d sach d uoc treo pha trn lop nu oc v du oc phun nu oc d
loai bo cc giot dung mi v cc hat rn c th dnh theo. Sau d cc chi tit ny d u oc
sy kh, thu ong bng khng kh nng. H thng ny c th vn hnh bng tay hoc lin
tuc.
Cn phai ch trnh khng d nhim bn thit bi boi cc ha cht nhu NaOH.
NaOH phan ung voi tricloetylen d tao thnh san phm c kha nng gy chy.
II. Lm sch bng ha hc:
Cc kim loai bi nhim bn c th d u oc lm sach bng dung dich kim nng chua
cc cht nhu kim, x da khan (Na2CO3), Na3PO4, natri tripolyphosphate, tetranatri
pyrophosphate, borax, natri metasilicate, v natri orthosilicate. Hiu qua ty sach s
du oc nng cao khi dng thm tc nhn thm uot. Nu nu oc su dung l nu oc cung th tc
nhn cng ha (sequestering agents) hoc tc nhn tao chelat (hop cht huu co tao voi
ion kim loai hon 1 lin kt phi tr) (chelating agents) d giam su tao thnh x phng
khng tan.
Dung dich kim loai bo du v mo bng su x phng ha v nhu ha chu khng
phai bng su ha tan nhu dung mi. V vy cc dung mi du mo d uoc nhu ha c th
du oc thm vo dung dich ny hoc kim loai bi nhim bn c th du oc rua bng cc
dung dich nhu tuong tru oc khi dng dung dich ha cht trn. Do da s cc dung mi v
cht lm sach kim khng loai bo d uoc gi v vy thp nn c th thm cng doan xu l
acid d loai bo cc cht bn ny. Mt s dung dich lm sach bng kim chua cc tc
nhn chelating c th loai bo gi v vy kim loai o muc d thp nn c th khng cn xu
l acid. Cn ch l cc dung dich lm sach c tnh kim manh khng nn su dung d
lm sach cc kim loai nhu nhm.
H2SO4 long thu ong hay su dung nht d ty gi v vy nhung cc acid khc nhu
aicd muriatic, phosphric, hydrofluoric, v nitric cung du oc su dung. Acid sulfamic du oc
su dung rt hiu qua v an ton hon cc acid khc d xu l thp khng gi austenitic. Cc
cht uc ch du oc d ua vo d ngn chn su ha tan kim loai sau khi d loai bo vy. Sau
khi khu vy, kim loai du oc rua trong nu oc sach v sau d d u oc rua trong kim long d
d trung ha acid cn lai.
III. Th dng ho ho}c xu l photphat
Vic xu l bng photphat km hoc photphat st d thu d ng ho b mt thp l
mt thnh cng lon v mt kinh t. Hng triu dla d uoc tit kim mi nm tu vic su
62
dung mng photphat trn cc vt liu kim loai. Thp d u oc nhng trong dung dich
H3PO4 chua km photphat bo ho. Mt vi acid du oc dng d tn cng thp sau d
mui km photphat kt tinh ln b mt cua thp tao thnh mt lop phu tu ong d i d c
kht. Tnh cht cua lop phu d uoc quyt d inh boi thoi gian v nhit d cua qu trnh v
boi vic thm cc cht xc tc v cc cht cai bin khc.
Mng photphat st d uoc tao ra bng cch xu l thp trong b H3PO4 c chua cc
mui nhu amoni v nitrat acid photphat. Nguoi ta cho rng do photphat st d u oc tao ra
boi su tn cng cua cc mui acid ln thp tao ra mui khng tan trong b dung dich, tu
d tao thnh mng phu trn b mt thp. Mng phu hnh thnh nhu vy s ngn can su
tn cng tip theo cua dung dich, v vy mng phu photphat st thu ong mong hon mng
phu photphat km.
Vic su dung mng phu som nht vo nm 1869 nhung d n nm 1908 moi dua ra
thu ong mai voi pht minh cua Thomas Coslett. Sau d vo nm 1929 Tanner v Darsey
pht hin rng thm mt luong nho d ng vo b gia cng s giam thoi gian gia cng tu
1 gio xung cn 10 pht. thoi gian gia cng du oc rt ngn hon nua khi nm 1931 ngu oi
ta thm tc nhn Oxy ho d oxy ho hidro d u oc giai phng thnh nuoc, v vy loai bo
du oc hidro trn mt phn chia giua kim loai v dung dich photphat. Sau d ngu oi ta d
rt ngn thoi gian gia cng cn 2 pht bng cch tng ty l ho cht phu trn hm lu ong
photphat chua trong dung dich xu l. Giam thoi gian cho vic photphat ho d cho php
vic su dung n trong h thng bng chuyn v mng phu d uoc tao ra boi phu ong php
phun hoc nhng. Kim loai phai d u oc lm sach bng mt trong cc phu ong php d nu,
trong vn hnh quy m lon th cng doan lm sach v cng doan sy kh cui cng
du oc st nhp vo cng doan photphat ho (tao ra mt mdun). Nhung cng doan ny
thay d i trong mt khoang rng phu thuc vo yu cu xu l. Cc ho cht d c bit
du oc su dung d xu k st, thp nhm, km, cadimi cng nhu cc dung dich xu l d on
l d photphat ho thp, km nhm v cc hop kim cua chng. Mng vi tinh th
photphat han ch su n mn vt kiu v tao ra mt b mt m son dnh bm tt hon l b
mt kim loai. Mng phu photphat cung ngn can su n mn lan toa cua son nu son bi
ph huy boi phan ung ho hoc.
Kt qua tu ong tu cung c th d at d u oc bng cch lm sach v xu l kim loai voi
dung dich H3PO4 nhu d m ta o trn nhung kt qua khng tt nhu xu l photphat. Khi
lm sach bng dung dich H3PO4 cn dung dich c nng d tu 15 d n 20% v voi nng
d nhu vy khng th tao mng phu photphat vung chc trn kim loai. Voi phu ong php
ny chi tao ra 5 d n 10 mg mng phu trn 1 ft2 trong khi d phu ong php xu l photphat
tao ra 50 d n 3000 mg/ft2 b mt kim loai.
I.4 Lm sch bng co hc:
Vic lm sach bng tay dng ba, bn chai, chi thp nhanh chng tro nn lac
hu v khng hiu qua di voi cc b mt lon khi xut hin cc dung cu din, kh nn.
Vic lm sach bng tay chi thch hop di voi cc vt liu c kch thuoc nho v trong bao
tr (sua chua cc ch hong nho). Vy v gi c th du oc loai bo bng bn chai v chi
thp v sau d thi bng kh nn. Tuy nhin vic lm sach bng tay kh loai bo ht ccc
vy bm dnh cht.
Loai thit bi din su dung rng ri nht l chi qut quay (ging nhu chi qut
du ong). N c nhiu hnh dang v kch co voi cc loai lng cung khc nhau. Thp voi
cht lu ong cao c th o dang thng, xp gp hay dang no. Chi din loai bo gi v vy
khng bn (loose scale) d dng nhung phai c thit bi din khc d loai bo nhung vy
bm chc. Nu b mt bi nhim bn du hoc mo nhiu th cn phai loai bo chng bng
dung mi tru oc khi sng chi thp v chi c xu hu ong phn phi cc vt liu ny nhiu
63
hon l loai bo chng. Cc chi qut khng nn vn hnh voi tc d quay qu cao hoc
giu c d inh tai mt ch trn b mt nn voi thoi gian lon v n c th dnh bng b mt
v v th lm giam su bm dnh cua son. Cc d ia mi cung c th thay th cho chi thp
khi cn thit.
Cc dung cu tao ra va d p bng din cung d uoc su dung, mt vi dung cu c su
kt hop giua v d p v qut. Ba din dng rt tt d loai bo cc vy bm chc v cc
lop son cu dy. Tuy nhin phu ong php ny tn thoi gian v khng kinh t bng
phuong php phun ct, kim loai (dang hat) hoc cc cht chiu mi mn khc Blasting
cleaning).
IV. Lm sch bng phun ct:
Gi v vy thp hoc mng son cu c th duoc loai bo khoi b mt thp bng
phuong php phun ct, soi kim loai hoc cc loai vt liu chiu mi mn tng hop khc
d tao ra b mt hon ton sach cc tap cht ny (white metal). Trong cc loai vt liu
dng d phun th ct du oc dng rng ri khi phun ngoi troi v cc loai vt liu khc
phai thu hi sau khi phun cn ct th c th khng cn. Bn canh d gi thnh cua ct
cung re hon. C 3 muc d lm sach khi phun ct: white metal finish, comercial finish v
brush-off finish. White metal finish l lm sach hon ton gi, vy gi, vy thp, son v
cc cht nhim bn khc v l diu kin tt nht d son. Comercial finish th b mt vn
cn mu do cc vt gi v mt t vy thp chua bi loai bo. Brush-off finish c muc d
sach km hon Comercial finish.
Ct su dung phai chua hm lu ong silic oxit lon v phai du oc rua sach v sng d
c kch thu oc d ng d u. Loai qua sng 12 mesh d u oc xem l c kch thu oc lon, qua
sng 18 mesh l trung bnh, qua sng 40 mesh l loai nho, v 80 mesh l rt nho. D
mm b mt hoc dang b mt (profile pattern) (khi phun th vi tr b mt no chiu tc
dong cua hat ct se ln vo, vi tr cn lai se nh ra) cua thp d uoc lm sach anh huong
lon toi vic chon kch thu oc ct v p sut kh nn. Liebman d dua ra chiu cao ti da
cua profile d u oc tao ra ung voi cc kch thu oc cua ct: 1,5 mil ung voi 80 mesh, 1,9 mil
ung voi 40 mesh, 2,5 mil ung voi 18 mesh, 2,8 mil ung voi 12 mesh (1 mil = 1/1000
inch). Nu profile qu th th s hnh thnh cc peak trn lop son nn v hin tu ong gi
s xy ra (v nu b mt c d li lm lon th lop son nn s khng che phu ht b mt.
Nhng cho loi ln cao se trong ra v bi gi (su no hoa ri: gi xuat hin tai nhng vi tr
dinh v pht trin (rust bloom)). Nhn chung, chiu cao cua cc profile khng lon hon
1/3 chiu dy tng cng cua mng son. Tuy nhin, Bigos lai kt lun rng quy lut
chung trn khng c cn cu. Tu cng trnh nghien cuu anh huong cua profile ln tnh
cht cua son ng d nghi tng thm chiu dy mng son 1 mil trn cc b mt c profile
bnh thuong so voi b mt hon ton phng, tuc l nu b mt thp bng phng cn lop
son dy 5 mil th b mt thp d uoc lm sach bng phu ong php thi cn b dy mng
son l 6 mil. Bigos chi ra rng cc profile cao du oi 4 mil khng c anh hu ong lon d n
tnh cht cua mng son trong diu kin bnh thu ong.
Ct tu bi bin c chua mui trn b mt, nn nu n d u oc su dung th mui s
bm trn b mt thp lm thc d y su tao gi bn du oi lop son. V vy ct phai du oc
chon lua cn thn d trnh nhung su nhim bn nhu vy v phai du oc rua.
Thit bi phun gm thng chua ct c l o dy d ct di qua l ny vo d uong ng
du oc ni voi kh nn. Ap sut kh nn t nht l 90 psi d d y ct qua vi phun toi b
mt cn lm sach. Thuong vi phun d uoc d t cch b mt 6 inch v vung gc voi b
mt. Dy l gc d ct tao ra luc va d p lon nht. Tuy nhin trong vi tru ong hop kt
qua lm sach tt hon khi nghing mt gc 450. Cht lu ong cua qu trnh lm sach bng
phuong php ny phu thuc nhiu vo k nng v kinh nghim cua ngu oi vn hnh.
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B mt thp sau khi lm sach bng phuong php phun rt d bi n mn nn cn
phai tin hnh son ngay. Nu khng lm d u oc nhu vy th phai dng cc cht phu uc
ch, thuong ngu oi ta dng dung dich acid cromic 2% trong nu oc. C th thay th acid
bng natri cromat, dicromat hoc kali dicromat. Dung dich gm 1,28% amoni phosphat
v 0,32 % natri nitric cung d u oc su dung.
Dung dich uc ch c th d uoc su dung trong khi thi v nguy co v bui tu ct kh
du oc loai bo bng cch su dung mt vi phun cho php dung dich nu oc d uoc trn voi
ct khhi n thot ra khoi vi hoc su dung mt loai vi khc trong d dung dich bao phu
bn ngoi dng ct khi phun ra. Mt loai thit bi khc su dung nu oc o p luc cao v
nhit d cao (khoang 2000F) thay v khng kh nn, diu ny s loai bo d u oc bui v cc
tia lua din do tinh din, nhit d cao lm cho b mt mau kh.
1/ cc phuong php ty mng son c: C 3 phuong php:
a/ Phuong php co hoc:
- Dng co bng thp, chi hay mt s vt liu mi mn d ty cc mng son
khng bm cht vo b mt.
- D i voi cc mng son bm chc c th dng my phun ct d ty.
b/ Phuong php nhit:
Dng nhit lm cho mng son ho mm, sau d dng dung mi hay chi co ty
di. Nhit c th dng dn hn hoc dn d c bit.
c/ Phuong php ho hoc:
Dng cc ho cht: v du dung dich kim, dung mi huu co...lm cho mng son
bi phn hu tru ong,...mm nhun sau d dng chi st d cao sach, rua ht vt ho
cht cn lai trn b mt vt liu son, d tht kh ri moi son.
V du: Mun ty sach b mt thp v gang c th dng dung dich gm:
75 100 g/l H
2
SO
4
(d =1,84).
110 150 g/l HCl (d = 1,19)
200 250 g/l NaCl
3 ( 5 cht lm chm.
Cho ty o nhit d 20 ( 60oC trong 5 ( 50 pht hoc dng dung dich sau:
H
2
SO
4
15 20%
NaCl 7 10%
Nu oc d m 1 ( 3%
Nu oc 77 ( 67%.
Ty o 50oC trong 5 ( 45 pht.
Trong tru ong nhop ty gi nhe chi cn dng dung dich long 3 5% HCl hay
H2SO4 hoc dng hn hop sau vua c tc dung ty gi vua c kha ,nng tao mng
pht pht ho.
H
3
PO
4
74%
C
2
H
5
OH 20%
C
4
H
9
OH 50%
Hidrquynol 1%
Hn hop dung mi dng d tch mng son trn g:
Thnh phn Hm lu ong
Metylene chloride PRG
Methanol
Paraffin wax (122 - 124
0
F ASTM)
90 gal
10 gal
16,5 lb
65
Methocel PRG - 4000 cp 11 lb
Methocel: Methyl cellulose
Cch phi trn: cho paraffin nng chay vo methylene chloride trong khi khuy
trn manh. Cho methocel vo trong khi khuy trn. Cho methanol vo trong khi khuy
trn. Tip tuc khuy d n khi d ng nht.
Hn hop dung mi dng d tch mng son trn b mt thp:
Thnh phn Hm lu ong
Metylene chloride (tech.)
Toluene
Methanol
Di - triisopropanolamine PRG
Nu oc
Methocel PRG - 4000 cp
Areskap 100
Oleate kali
Paraffin (122 - 124
0
F ASTM)
Triethyl amoni phosphat (40% trong etylic -
monsanto)
71 gal
3 gal
12 gal
9,5 gal
1,5 gal
13 lb
33 lb
22 lb
16,5 lb
0,5 lb
Cch phi trn:
Cho Paraffin nng chay vo hn hop cua Metylene chloride v dung mi paraffin
trong khi khuy trn manh, khuy cho d n khi dng nht.
Cho methocel trong khi khuy
Cho methanol trong khi khuy
Cho ln lu ot cc phn cn lai trong khi khuy
Khuy cho d n khi d ng nht
Trong thuc t, d tng hiu qua kinh t th phai chon hn hop cc cht ty ph
hop.
Khu du mo : Dng dung dich kim long hoc dung dich mui.
Dung mi: Du thng, xng, dicloetan...
Phu ong php sng hoi nu oc rt hiu qua v du oc su dung di voi cc chi tit qu
lon khng th dng phu ong php ngm. Dung dich cht tch d u oc cho vo du ong hoi
nu oc nho mt vale v mt ng dn ni voi thng chua tc nhn tch. Sau khi qu trnh
tch kt thc, chi tit c th du oc rua bng nu oc nng bng cch khha vale dn tc
nhn tch vo sng.
CC PHUONG PHP SON
Chon son v ky thut son rt quan trong. Nu chon loai son khng thch hop s
gy lng ph hay mng son s km phm cht.
V du: Son gy dng d son cc d dng trong nh, c d c dim chng kh bng.
Son bo son cc dung cu, vt dung ngoi troi c d c dim: chiu thoi tit, khng
bng, lu kh, d t tin hon. Do d khng th dem son gy son ngoi troi (do km
co gian) v son bo son trong nh (d t, lng ph).
* Son:
Khi son tru oc tin phai khuy d u son, diu chinh d nhot cho thch hop voi tung
phu ong php son (thm dung mi). Di voi cc loai son 2 thnh phn phai trn
cht dng rn ngay tru oc kho su dung voi ty l d d uoc hu ong dn khi mua son.
66
Lu ong son d u oc trn cht dng rn phai du oc gia cng ht tru oc khi cc chi tiu
k thut bi thay d i dng k.
- Tin hnh gia cng mng so theo thu tu cc lop nhu sau:
+ Son nn: l lop son d u tin, tip xc truc tip voi b mt vt liu son do d n
phai d at cc yu cu sau:
( Bm dnh tt voi vt liu son v lop son bn ngoi.
( C kha nng chng gi (nu son kim loai).
( D bn co hoc cao.
+ Son lt:
Nhm muc dch lm phng b mt c lop son truoc khi so phu chu khng lm
tng tc dung bao v cua mng son. (Do vy nu b mt bng phng th khng cn
son lt).
+ Son phu:
Dy l lop son hon thin nn thu ong di hoi phai c d bng tt. Do d vic gia
cng lop son ny phai d u o tin hnh cn thn d vua d am bao tnh nng k thut vua tao
du oc v m quan tt.
Mt s phu ong php d u oc su dung d gia cng mng son nhu sau:
Brushing Preesure curtain coating
Spraying Knife coating
Flow - coating Roller coating
Dipping Calender coating
Fluidized bed coating Silk screen coating
Sluch coating Tumbling barrel
Centrifugal coating
Mt s phu ong php trn d d uoc cai bin d ung dung son tu d ng trn dy chuyn
cng nghip.
Cc d c tnh cua mt s phu ong php d u oc tm tt trong bang du oi dy:
Loai D c tnh thit bi D c tnh son Chiu dy
mng ((m)
Tc d ung
dung (lt/pht)
Dng trong luc
hoc ht
- phn tn
khng kh
- D su dung
- d nhot thp
- long pot - life
10 - 65 0,5 - 0,8
Cung cp bng
p luc
- p luc +
khng kh
- d su dung
- d nhot mi
tru ong thp
- long pot - life
45 - 100 0,7 - 1,5
1 cu tu, khng
dng kh nn
- p sut thuy
luc
- nguoi vn
hnh phai c k
nng
- d nhot mi
tru ong cao
- long pot - life
80 - 100 1,5 - 2,0
2 cu tu, khng
dng kh nn
- cung cp d ng
thoi 2 cu tu
(twin feed)
- Ngu oi vn
hnh phai c k
nng
- D t
- D nhot cao
- short pot - life
150 - 200 3,0 - 8,0
67
I. Phuong php dng chi qut v con ln:
Phu ong php ny su dung chu yu d i voi son kin trc. Vic su dung chi qut
s cho cht luong v v m quan phu thuc rt nhiu vo yu t tay ngh ngu oi tho son.
Vt liu lm chi qut cung anh huong khng nho d n mng son hnh thnh.
Lng lon thin l tt nht nhung s lu ong t do d ngu oi ta thay n bng tc ngua
hoc soi tng hop nhung loai ny khng tt bng lng lon thin. Trong mt vi loai chi
c ca lng v soi tng hop (thu ong l nylon). Mi ung dung s c mt loai chi voi kch
thu oc v hnh dng ph hop.
Su ra doi cua con ln ung dung cho din tch lon c b mt bng phng lm rt
ngn thoi gian son, nhiu cai tin d ra trong thit k v kiu cua lop bao bn ngoi con
ln. Da cuu (lambskin) d uoc dng rng ri d lm lop bao, nhung vt liu tng hop tro
nn ph bin hon. Chiu su cua lop lng min trn vo boc rt quan trong trong vic giu
son trn d v su bng phng cua lop son tao thnh. Vo boc bng nhung cho d bng
phng cao nht. Vo boc c th ly ra d lm sach.
II. Phuong php phun:
S pht trin ng dng phun l t dy chuyn san xut t t hp. ng
dng qut qu chm voi h thng bng chuyn v nhiu cng doan dnh bng cui
cng l qu nhanh khng th su dung chi qut. Nguyn tc co ban cua phun son l
phn tn son thnh cc dng phun bui nho v phun thng vo vt cn son. Thit bi phun
son nguyn thuy su dung khng kh nn nhu l mi tru ong phn tn. Hin nay n vn
cn su dung rng ri nhung mt s phu ong php khc v cc cai tin vn ra d oi, v du
cc loai phun son:
Compressed air spraying Two - component spraying
Electrostatic spraying Aerosol application
Hot - spraying techniques Airless spraying
Steam - spraying
C 2 phu ong php chung cho son phun voi khng kh nn: phuong php cc ht
v phu ong php thng p sut. Cc ht du oc su dung cho quy m nho. Mt cc kim loai
chua son du oc vn vo sng phun v son d uoc ht vo sng phun boi khng kh chay
qua mt l trn mt ng thng voi cc.
Trong phu ong php thng p sut son du oc cho vo thng v khng kh du oc
nn vo thng. Son d uoc dy qua vi bn trong sng phun. Son roi sng phun thng qua
mt van diu chinh, s lu ong son d uoc kim sot boi mt c sng (nt bm) trn sng
v p sut trong thng. Cc dng son nho roi sng d u oc phn tn boi dng kh nn thi
qua d u sng. Dng phun c th du oc diu chinh d tao ra dang phun phng d u oc su
dung rng ri hoc tao dang hnh trn hoc hnh nn cho cc ung dung d c bit. Loai
sng ny bao gm trn bn trong v trn bn ngoi. Da s cc loai sng d u oc thit k d
c th tch ring d u, dy cp, vi. Diu ny cho php dng cc loai san phm son khc
nhau. Tuy vy vn c mt s loai son phai thay d i ton b sng. V du cc sng d c
bit dng d phun cc loai son rt nhot hoc cc loai son nng tu nhua cy nhu hu ong.
Mt loai sng d c bit khc d u oc su dung d phun cc cht rn nhu bt thuy tinh cho
cc mng son bng v dng cho cc soi dt cht khc nhu len. Khi hoi nu oc qu nhit
du oc dng nhu l mi tru ong phn tn th mt loai sng c dng hoi vo d u sng du oc
su dung v vy nhit chi cung cp cho phn ny cua sng.
D phun son th th tch kh nn cung cn phai du. Ap sut tai sng phun thay
di tu 30 d n 70 Psi v o thng p sut tu 10 d n 35 Psi. th tch kh cn thit o cc p
sut khc nhau v voi cc sng phun tiu chun du oc cung cp boi nh san xut.
68
D phun lop son d ng nht v chiu dy th phai gi d u dng phun mi khi sng
phun di chuyn lui toi trn vt liu cn son. Diu ny nghia l d bao phu hon ton th
dng phun phai vu ot xa hon thnh cua vat cn son. V vy mt phn son s bi mt mt,
do d phai loai luong son ny ra khoi mi tru ong hoc thu hi n thng qua h thng
thu hi.V l do ny nn phun son cng nghip d uoc tin hnh trong cc bung phun.
Bung phun c nhu hnh dang v kch thu oc khc nhau v n c th l mt phn cua h
thng dy chuyn. Di voi quy m nho bung phun c th l mt mu trm ni voi quat
ht d loai son du. Nhung loai bung son nhu vy th son thua s tch tu lai trn tu ong
(bat) v o cc chi tit gy nn nguy co chy. D han ch su bm dnh trn cc thit bi
nguoi ta dng mo d bi ln tuong, quat ht v ng dn hoc son ln chng mt lop son
c kha nng bong ra.
D khc phuc nhu oc dim d gy hoa hoan ngoi ta d ua ra bung phun rua nu oc
(Water wash spray booth). Voi loai bung phun ny th dng kh ht ra d u oc cho qua
mt mng nu oc d u oc tao ra tu vi phun. Dng nu oc ny s d ua lu ong son thua vo mt
thng thu hi. Cc giot nu oc trong khng kh ra bi giu lai (loai bo) boi cc vch ngn.
Do d dng kh ra s khng cn son v nu oc.
Nhung nguoi son phun c kinh nghim c th tao ra mt mng son c chiu dy
rt d u d n. Nhung do ho l con nguoi v phai mt moi nn chiu dy mng son phai
du oc kim tra d inh ky. Son phun tu dng rt hiu qua v kinh t di voi quy m san
xut lon. Mt hoc nhiu sng phun d uoc b tr d phun son. Mt thit bi khoi d ng tu
dng cho sng khi vt cn son di vo vi tr sn sng cho vic phun son v tt sng khi
vt d di ra khoi vng son.
Lm sach v son trong lng ng dn s lm dng vt liu di chuyn tt hon v
giam gi thnh bao tr. Mt loai my d u oc trang bi d di xuyn qua lng ng, n c
nhim vu ty ri, cn bn trn thnh, thi sach cc vt liu roi ra v sau d phun son ln
trn b mt ng khi n di ngu oc tro lai. Du quay cua my d u oc trang bi chi qut cung,
ba lm trc vay, vi kh v cc sng phun. Son c th kh trong khng kh hoc gia
nhit bng l, kch thu oc cua mt l di 70 Ft, rng 37 Ft, cao 19 Ft. Nhit d gia nhit
khoang 250 d n 4500F v khng thay d i trn du oi 20F.
Ngu oc lai c nhung sng phun tu d ng rt nho cho php dua vo trong lon bia d
phun nhua vinyl hoc son nhung vt rt nho.
Son tinh din: Phu ong php son ny do cng ty Ransburg Electro-coating
Coporation d ua ra. Voi phuong php ny hon 99% vt liu d uoc phun ra bm vo vt
du oc son. Phu ong php ny loai bo gn nhu hon ton luong son thua (over spray) v
tit kim son dng k. Hu ht cc vt liu kim loai v phi kim d u c th du oc son voi
nhiu loai son khc nhau bng phu ong php ny.
Qu trnh cn mt tu din p ni voi thit bi phun son d tao mt tru ong tinh din
giua thit bi phun v vt cn son. C nhiu loai thit bi phun hoc thit bi phn tn du oc
su dung nhung c hai loai du oc su dung nhiu nht l loai hnh qua chung v loai hnh
d ia. Son d uoc cung cp cho thit bi phn tn thng qua mt truc d inh hu ong rng. Su
quay cua thit bi phn tn lm son phn b du trn thnh ngoi cua thit bi phn tn.
Khi son roi khoi thit bi phun n d uoc phn tn boi tru ong tinh din v cc hat son bi
ht ln vt cn son do tc dung cua tru ong.
Cc thit bi phun tinh din kiu chung v kiu d ia rt thch hop cho vic son cc
chi tit trn dy chuyn t hop. mt nhm cc thit bi phun kiu qua chung c th du oc
dng d phun cc chi tit lon hoc c hnh dang phuc tap, v mt chi tit c th quay
trn trn bng chuyn khi n di qua thit bi phun
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Vic su dung son tinh din tit kim du oc mt lu ong son rt lon khi son
cc chi tit bn ngoi. Bung son nhu khung, gm xe, cc chi tit trang tr ni tht bng
kim loai. Nu son tinh din th s son du oc nhiu hon tu 50 d n 100% vt phm/ gallon
so voi son phun khng kh.
Phun khng c khng kh :
Trong qu trnh phun khng kh nn, mt t son s di vo khng kh do khng kh
trong dng phun ra. Diu ny su gp phn lm tng thm lu ong son phun thua
(overspay) v gy mt mt son. Phu ong php phun khng c khng kh khng cn
khng kh nn cho su phn tn nhung n phu thuc vo p luc tc d ng ln son hoc b
phn gia nhit v p sut di voi cc thit bi du oc cai tin.
Thit bi cua cng ty Nordson bao gm mt bom, mt b gia nhit, mt sng, mt
b phn diu chinh nhit d v p sut. Dng son vo d uoc tun hon lin tuc trong h
thng thm ch khi son khng du oc phun. Tc d tun hon du oc kim sot boi mt van
kim, van ny cho php mt lu ong son cn thit di nguoc tu sng phun v lai cng ht
cua bom. Khi sng du oc khoi dng d phun son th bom tu dng tng tc v vy duy tr
du oc p sut khng di trong h thng. Son du oc gia nhit d giam d d c v thc d y
su phn tn. Nhit d d u oc kim sot tu dng. H thng c th d uoc lm sach bng cch
ly que xiphng tu b phn cung cp son v d c n vo thng dung mi (ng ht son
du oc nhng vo thng dung mi), dung mi s thay th son trong h thng v son c th
du oc loai bo nho van tho.
Su phn tn cua son duoc tao ra boi p luc v nhit. Ap luc cao s tao luc d y
son long qua vi sng voi tc d cao hon tc d toi han cua cht long v vy n s bi vo
thnh nhung giot nho. Thng thu ong vn tc khng d u lon so voi d nhot cua cht long
d tao ra cc giot nho cn thit nhm tao b mt bng phng nn nhit s h tro vn d
ny theo 2 cch: giam d d c v tng p sut hoi cua dung mi.
Sng phun c th vn hnh bng tay hoc tu d ng.
Hng Gray d d ua ra thit bi cho son phun p luc cao khng cn nhit d cao v
p sut long d uoc tao ra rt cao v d u vi phun nho. Ap sut cao d uoc tao ra boi mt
bom d c bit, c th tao ra p sut lon gp 20 ln so voi p sut thu ong, n cn khng
kh cung cp o p luc ln d n 100 psi. su dung khng kh o p luc 80 psi, bom s tao ra
p luc 1600 psi tai vi phun d phn tn son.
Cng ty Cleanola cung dua ra my phun son dua trn nguyn tc hoat dng
khng c khng kh d son mt ngoi cua ng. My d u oc trang bi mt bom nap liu, b
gia nhit v mt b thu hi hoi d thu hi cc phn bay hoi d u oc ngung tu tu son (dung
mi). Mt b pin o pin o d u vi phun s khoi dng tu dng khi ng d u oc sn sng o vi
tr phun. My c th su dung d phun tt ca cc loai ng thng thu ong voi tc d son
nhanh. My d u oc trang bi d di chuyn trn mt d u ong ray d son cc ng dang hoat
dng trn dy chuyn hoc d d u oc tho ra.
Phun nng (hot spraying application)
Qu trnh phun nng hin nay d u oc su dung cho nhiu vt liu phun khc nhau.
Cc thit bi cua cc hng san xut chi khc nhau v phu ong php gia nhit d cho son.
Tt ca cc cc loai thit bi d u d u oc trang bi my diu nhit d trnh hin tuong qu
nhit. Trong da s tru ong hop nhit d cua vt lie son o sng phun 140 - 160oF nhung
mt s ngu oi vn hnh th thch phun o nhit d 100 - 1200F. Nhit d cao hon thu ong
su dung d phun cc loai son c hm lu ong rn cao nhung n cung gy ra nguy co
"phun kh" lm tnh cht chay khng tt ( do nhit d cao qu th trn du ong dn d n b
mt vt liu phn lon dung mi bay hoi)
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Qu trnh phun nng s cho kt qua tt d i voi cc son c chua cht tao mng c
trong luong phn tu cao (coating based on high polymer film former). Nhung loai son
nhu vy thu ong chua hm lu ong rn thp v cn cc dung mi tu ong d i d t. Gia nhit
son lm giam d d t cua n v vy c th phun voi hm lu ong rn cao hon. Nhu vy c
th tit kim d uoc d u oc mt nua dung mi.
Phun 2 cu tu
Cc loai son chua cc nhua nhu Epoxy th cn phai thm cht xc tc ngay tru oc
khi su dung. Do d ngu oi ta thit k thit bi trn son v cht xc tc bi dng.
Ni chung sau khi cc thng s p sut v tc d dng d uoc thit lp th thit bi
ny hoat dng ging nhu sng phun bnh thu ong.
Thit bi phun 2 cu tu khng dng kh cua hng A Gusmer nhu sau:
Hai cu tu d u oc bom qua hai ng mm ring bit d sng phun. Chng d u oc trn
so b trong sng truoc khi d uoc phn tn boi p luc. Khng kh nn khng d u oc su
dung cho qu trnh phn tn do vy c rt t overspray. Sng d uoc thit k c thit bi
lm sach d trnh hin tu ong dng rn trong sng
Thit bi c th phun dung dich hoc cht long 100% khng bay hoi. D d t cua
vt liu du oc phun phu thuc khng nhiu vo d nhot cu chng hoc kha nng tao
thixotropy. Nu d l d nhot tht th n c th d u oc phun o d nhot 50s (do trn cc
ford, s 4) tai nhit d phun. Nhit d phun c th thay d tu nhit d phng d n 2500F,
p sut thay d i tu 100 - 500 Psi. Thit bi rt tch hop d phun Epoxy, UPE, Uretan v
lm giam manh overspray v d c hai.
III. Ung dng Aerosol:
Vt liu son du oc chua trong cc thng p sut goi l Aerosol. Trong da s cc
tru ong hop p sut du oc tao ra do florua cacbon nhu CFCl3 ( tru Cloflometan) v
CCl2F2 . Hn 2 hop cu tu ny l kh o diu kin nhit d v p sut thuong nhung c
th bi ho long v dng o dang long voi son trong cc thng p sut d d y v phn tn
son. Khi hn hop son v tc nhn d y roi khoi thng chua th su bay hoi nhanh chng
cua tc nhn d y s phn tn son.
Uu dim duy nht cua son aerosol l tin loi, nhuoc dim ni bt cua n l gi thnh trn
mt don vi din tch cao. Son c th dng don gian bng cch n nt trn thng chua m khng
cn chi qut hay cc thit bi khc d lm sach sau khi su dung. Tuy nhin trong nhiu tru ong
hop tc nhn d y v son chim th tch gn bng nhau trong thng chua, do d din tch
du ocphu rt t so voi th tch cua thit bi chua. Mt d khng c loi v kinh t nhung son
Aerosol thch hop cho nhiu tru ong hop : v du dng d son nhung ch bi ph hong trn g hoc
kim loai trong khi su dung hoc vn chuyn nhu cc my bn thuc phm tu dng, cc thit bi
vn phng. Son aerosol c th thay th cho cc can (thng) son nho bn trong cc cua hng. Su
thay th ny dua trn quan nim d su dung quan trong hon gi thnh ( v s luong nho nn
khng dng k).
IV. Phuong php nhng:
Phu ong php nhng l phuong php don gian nht trong gia cng mng son. Phu ong
php ny d u oc su dung rng ri d i voi son lt (lop son lt) v di voi son ny d dy v tnh
cht khng quan trong. N d c bit huu dung d i voi vt liu thp nhu thn t v cc dung cu
trang tr ni tht bng kim laoi m cc dung cu ny cn chng n mn ca b mt bn trong ln
bn ngoi. Nhung truong hop nhu vy th b mt bn trong khng cn lop son hon thin.
Trong tru ong hop vn hnh quy m nho cc chi tit c th d uoc nhng bng tay
v treo ln gi d son thua nho di v kh. Nu quy m lon c th thuc hin nhng v ly
ra trn h thng bng chuyn.
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Tc d rt vt liu nn ra khoi thng son d u oc xc d inh boi tc d cua bng
chuyn v gc nghing cua phu ong rt ra so voi phu ong thng d ung. Voi tc d bnh
thu ong th chiu dy cua lop son kng d ng nht v tc d ny nhanh hon tc d m tai
d son dng cung hoc ngung chay. D mng son d at d u oc d dng nht th tc d rt
ra khoang 2 ( 4 inch/ pht nhung tc d ny lai rt chm so voi da s cc bng chuyn
v nu gc nghing cua thng d u lon th thng phai di hon rt nhiu so voi lu ong son
cn d son vt liu
Mt trong nhung nhu oc dim cua son nhng cc vt liu lon l su du thua mt
lu ong lon son d lm d y thng. Cc thng son lon cung gy nguy co chy lon. V vy
son nhu thuong trong nu oc v son nuoc thu ong du oc su dung theo phu ong php ny.
Do cc loai son nhng thu ong l loai Oxy ho (kh nho Oxy ho) nn chng c
xu hu ong tng d d c do qu trnh Oxy ho xy ra o din tch tip xc voi khng kh v
o vng nhng v rut ra cua vat liu khi son. V vy, d n d inh cua son trong khi su
dung l mt vn d cn ch , tham ch khhi khng d at tiu chun th ton b luong son
c th bi loai bo.
Tc d chay cua son c th d uoc kim sot bng mt s dung mi bay hoi v d
nhot cua son. Do d nhot cng thp th hin tu ong chay cng manh nn dung mi phai
c d bay hoi d u lon d d am bao d dy cua lop son. Thu ong, lun c su chay xay ra
sau khi rt vt liu cn son ra v dng chay ny tao thnh cc giot hoc ch hng (tear)
o phn du oi cua thanh vt liu, diu ny lm anh hu ong d n san phm. Cc l hng c
th du oc loai bo bng tinh din ging nhu trong son tinh din. Vic loai bo cc l ny
cn cn thn voi cc loai son sy nng v nu cc l d u oc loai bo tru oc khi vt liu
nhng di vo vng nhit th cc l c th du oc tao ra tro lai v su chay xay ra do nhit d
cua son tng ln nhung chua kip dng rn.
Mt phu ong php son nhng su dung h thng kn dung mi Tricloroethylene d
du oc m ta o phn d u cua chuong ny. Vt cnon du oc gia nhit tu cng doan lm
sach, son cung nng; v vy tc d bay hoi cua dung mi hu nhu bng voi tc d rt
vt ra nn mng son dng nht hon v t xut hin tears.
Mt phu ong php son nhng khc cai tin d u oc su dung voi mt s loai son
Vinyl. Cc dung dich nhua ny thay d i tu giai doan chay tu do sang dang gel khng
chay rt nhanh do nhit d thay d i v do su bay hoi cua mt lu ong dung mi tu ong di
nho. Nu vt du oc gia nhit tru oc khi nhng, mt t dung mi s bay hoi nhanh chng
khi rt ra v mng son chuyn sang trang thi gel khng chay. Voi cch ny c th su
dung d nhng son nng m khng c su ln (sag) hoc tear trong vn hnh nhng d on
(nhng mt ln).
Son nhng cc nhua Vinyl c th d u oc h tro bng cch gia nhit vt liu nn
d n mt nhit d no d phu thuc vo khi lu ong cua kim loai trong vt liu nn v
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chiu dy cua mng son cn son. Vt liu nn du oc nhng v rt ra voi mt tc d m
tai d nhua bi gel ho lp tuc sau khi rt ra v su chay bi dung. Nhua sau d du oc gia
nhit d lm nng chay cc hat nhua toa mng lin tuc.
Mt phu ong php cai tin khc cua son nhng l ung dung tng si. Phu ong php
ny d u oc ung dung rng ri o chu u v d uoc pht trin boi cc cng ty nhu Polymer
Processes, Incorporated. Qu trnh cn vt liu son o dang bt c kch thu oc nho. Khng
kh nn hoc kh nn bn trong du oc thi xuyn qua lop vt liu bt d chuyn chng
sang diu kin tng si. Vt liu nn du oc gia nhit d n nhit d xc d inh v nhng vo
vng tng si. Vt liu son s dnh ln kim loai nng v sau khi rt ra son s kh do lm
lanh hoc c th du oc dng rn boi cc phuong php thng thu ong khc.
Chiu dy cua mng son du oc quiyt d inh boi nhit d cua vt liu nn v ty l
giua khi luong v b mt cua kim loai v cung boi thoi gian nhng trong vng tng si.
Phu ong php ny d c bit huu dung di voi cc nhua nhit deo nhu cc nhua vinyl, PE,
nylon v cc Polymer khc. Neu khng ch diu kin son tt s khng c su chay xay
ra sau khi rt ra v mng son c th kh ngay sau khi lm lanh d n nhit d thuong.
V. cc khuyt tt trn mng son:
Vai tr cua mng son l : bao v vt liu nn v tao v m quan. D c d u oc hiu
qua ti da cn phai loai bo cc khuyt tt c th anh hu ong xu. Bang duoi dy nu ra
mt s khuyt tt c th xut hin khi su dung son. Trong da s tru ong hop nhung
khuyt tt ny c th bi loai bo nu chon d uoc dung mi thch hop.
Khuyt tt D inh nghia
Air entrapment Khng kh c th bi giu lai trong mng son
khi dung mi bi mt nhanh, dng rn nhanh
hoc d nhot ban d u cua son cao. Vn d
ny c th giai quyt bng cch thm t
dung mi bay hoi hoc cht ph bot
Bnard cells ( becna) L cc n 6 canh du oc hnh thnh do
nhung kiu xoy tun hon cc kiu tun
hon ny d u oc tao ra do dung mi bay hoi.
Su cn bng dung mi km (khi dung mi
bay hoi voi tc d khc nhau c th s tch
pha), su khc nhau v ty trong, nhit d v
suc cng b mt l cc nguyn nhn.
Blistering (phng rp) Cc bong bng do cc giot nu oc bi hp phu
boi mng son hoc ln trong son d u oc hnh
thnh trong qu trnh phoi hoc nhng
Blooming (su phai mu) Su hnh thnh mt lop mong, mo trn b
mt mng son ging nhu du hoc wax.
Diu ny lm giam d bng v b mt
mng son xut hin cc chm lm dm.
Blushing (su d uc mng son) Su hnh thnh mt lop trng mo duc trn
hoc trong mng do su hp thu m trong
qu trnh kh hoc dng rn. Hin tu ong
ny c th loai bo bng cch giam d m
tu ong di cua mi tru ong v (hoc) giam
tc d bay hoi cua dung mi
Chalking (ho phn) Su xi mn oxy ho cua lop son khi chiu
tc dng truc tip cua nh nng mt troi.
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Tao thnh b mt mu trng c th d u oc
washed off
Cissing ( Xut hin nhung din tch nho cua b mt
vt liu nn khng bi phu son
Craters (Cc h) Nhung ch bi ln xung dang hnh ging
trong mng son. C th do cc hat gel, cht
bn, cc soi, silicon khng ho tan, cc giot
du.
Crawling and dewetting (su b v su khng
thm u ot)
Mt thoi gian hoc ngay sau khi son xut
hin su co cua mng son trn b mt vt
liu nn. Phn din tch b mt bi trng ra
do mng son co lai goi l crawling.
Fat edges (mp ra) Son tch tu o ra cua b mt d u oc son
Fish eyes (mt c) Cc Crater m o tm cua n chua vng son
dng nht du oc bao quanh boi phn ln
xung du oc theo sau boi mt d inh. Nguyn
nhn l do su thay d i suc cng b mt
xung quanh hat bui v (hoc) su nhim bn
Floating (su ni) Su thay d i mu sc hoc xut hin cc vt
mo trn b mt son sau khi mng son hnh
thnh, kt qua l mng son khng d ng
nht v mu sc, xut hin cc soc hoc cc
vng trn trn b mt. Thng thu ong
nguyn nhn ny l do su tch ring cua
cc loai bt mu lm xut hin cc vng
mu khc nhau c dang bec na trn
Flooding (Su lng) L su thay d i dng nht v mu sc trn
b mt cua mng son sau khi d uoc son. Su
khc nhau v kch thu oc, ty trong, hnh
dang bt mu hoc su keo tu tao ra cc tc
d lng khc nhau. Su lng xay ra manh
trong cc h thng c d nhot thp, cc h
thng kh chm v mng dy hon bnh
thu ong.
Haze (su ong m) Xut hin mt lop trn b mt lm giam d
bng biu kin cua mng son. Su ong m c
th do: cc phu gia chua du hiu luc
(sightly incompatible additives), cc cht
ny lm thay d i suc cng b mt (v du
cht chng tao bot, cht cai thin chay),
lm cho b mt tro nn x x do su dng tu,
cc bec na li ti...
Orange peel (vo cam) B mt cua mng son bi nh ln v tao
sng ging nhu vo qua cam. Diu ny c
th do d nhot cua mng cao ngn can vic
tao su bng phng cua mng hoc do suc
cng b mt lm giam su chay. Thm tc
nhn kim sot chay, hoc dung mi c tc
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d bay hoi thp hoc trung bnh c th
trnh du oc hin tuong ny.
Peeling (bong, trc) Mt d kt dnh do su tch v cun lai cua
mng son
Popping (su nut ne) Cc khuyt tt xut hin khi dung mi bi
giu thot ra manh tu mng lc mng d bi
gel. Hin tuong ny c th tao thnh cc
h, crater, lm dng tin. Su nut ne do
dung mi c th loai bo bng cch tng thoi
gian kh b mt, chon dung mi c d bay
hoi chm hon, t chuc lai vic gia nhit,
hoc lm giam tc d dng rn cua son
Sagging (chay xung hoc chay lch sang
mt bn)
Son bi chay xung vi tr thp hon do trong
luc. Diu ny c th xay ra khi son v su
dung son c d nhot thp
Telegraphing ( L su xut hin cc khuyt tt trn b mt
v khuyt tt v cu trc cua vt liu nn
bn trong mng son d dng rn. Nguyn
nhn thng thuong l do gradient suc cng
b mt tng ln do gradient nhit d hoc
nng d trn vt liu nn. C th lm giam
hin tu ong ny bng cch su dung silicon.
Water spotting L su thay d i ngoai quan b mt (surface
apprence) do su u dong nu oc trn mng
son hoc vt liu nn. Cc khuyt tt l do
son nhay cam voi nu oc nhung cung c th
do su lng cua cc vt liu ho tan khi nu oc
bay hoi
Wrinkling L khuyt tt khi dng rn b mt (tao mt
lop mng mong trn b mt) v tro thnh
qu d c so voi d linh dng cn thit cho
su chay trong qu trnh dung mi thot ra.
Lop d c trn b mt hp thu dung mi hoc
cht long bi giu bn trong mng son lm
xut hin b mt gon sng x x.
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Chuong VIII: MOT SO PHU GIA DNG TRONG SON
Phu gia d u oc su dung trong d on pha ch son v mt s l do nhu sau: d san xut,
cai thin tnh luu bin v vic su dung son, gip cho qu trnh tao mng. Chng cn cai
thin d bn lu cua son. V vy phu gia c vai tr nht d inh trong mng uot hoc trong
mng kh. Duoi dy l mt s phu gia d uoc su dung trong qu trnh chun bi son, qu
trnh tao mng v cai thin tnh cht cua mng kh cung nhu d n d inh cua son khi bao
quan.
San xut son:
- chng tao bot: cc cht cai thin suc cng b mt d ngn ngua su tao bot
trong khi gia cng son
- tc nhn phn tn: cai thin su phn tn v su n d inh cua cc hat bt mu
trong son.
- Tc nhn thm uot: cc cht cai thin suc cng b mt nhm cai thin tnh
thm u ot cht tao mng cua cc hat bt mu v v vy cai thin d u oc tnh n
d inh cua h phn tn.
- Tc nhn thixotropy: cc cht cai thin luu bin nhm muc dch tao ra du oc
mng son c d dy lon m khng cn tng d nhot qu cao. Diu ny d am
bao su nghin bt mu tt trong qu trnh san xut son
n d inh son v duy tr cht lu ong:
- tc nhn chng sa lng: cc cht cai thin luu bin nhm ngn chn su sa lng
cua cc hat bt mu nng khi bao quan trong thng.
- Cc cht chng vi khun v nm mc: chng su phn huy son trong thng
chua boi vi khun v nm mc.
- Tc nhn chng tao kh: cc cht uc ch hoc cht ht m dng d uc ch d
nhay cua km hoc ht m d trnh phan ung giua km voi nu oc v acid lm
sinh kh H2 trong cc son c hm lu ong km cao.
Ung dung son, tao mng v cc tnh cht cua mng u ot:
- tc nhn chay v tao d bng phng: cc cht cai thin suc cng b mt d loai
bo du cua chi qut, vo cam (orange peel) v cc hin tu ong khng bnh
thu ong khcc cua mng.
- Tc nhn dng tu: cc cht ho deo nhm lm giam Tg cua Polymer d cho
php cc hat phn tn lin kt (kt dnh) v tao mng trong son phn tn.
(nghia l lm cho Polymer o trang thi chay o nhit d thp d lin kt cc hat
phn tn lai voi nhau).
- Cht khu bot (defoamers): cc cht cai thin suc cng b mt c tc dung ph
huy cc bot kh xut hin trong mng son u ot.
- Cht uc ch tao gi (Flash rusting inhibitors): du oc thm vo cc loai son
water - borne d ngn chn su n mn vt liu nn.
cc tnh cht cua mng son kh:
- cc cht hp thu UV (UV absorbers): l cc cht n d inh nh sng v cht
chng Oxy ho hp thu nng lu ong cuc tm v chuyn n sang dang nhit
hoc cc gc km hoat dng d ngn chn su ph huy cht kt dnh.
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- Phu gia chng ni v chng lng (floating and flooding additives): l cc cht
thixotropy nhm lm giam d linh dng cua cc cu tu trong mng son uot v
ngn chn su ni cua bt mu v su tch mu.
- Cht lm chm chy (fire retardants): cc phu gia lm cho son no ra khi tip
xc voi ngun nhit (flame), chuyn tu dang mng sang dang bot cung, dy.
- Tcc nhn lm mm deo (toughening agents): lm giam d cung cua son khi
nhua ho chng.
Cc phu gia du oc su dung voi hm lu ong thp, c loai chi su dung voi hm
lu ong nho hon 1% tng khi luong theo don.
I. Cht khu bt:
1. Gii thiu: trong nhiu qu trnh gia cng, cc cht hot dng b m}t rt
cn thit d tao ra cc hiu qua d c bit. V du su nhu ho cc hat nhua ua nuoc d tao
son aqua cn phai c cc tc nhn b mt v tc nhn thm u ot. Son aqua cung phai
chua bt mu thm uot v cc phu gia phn tn cung nhu cc tc nhn kim sot chay.
Mt d c trung cua tc nhn b mt l chng c xu huong tp trung tai b mt phn
chia nhu khng kh/ nu oc, tai d chng tu d inh huong v vic tu d inh hu ong ny phu
thuc vo kha nng ho tan v cu trc ho hoc cua chng. Mt uu dim v su c mt
cua tc nhn b mt trong son nuoc l chng c kha nng lm giam suc cng b mt cua
h thng. Tuy nhin lai c anh hu ong phu khng mong mun l cc tc nhn ny cung
giu khng kh v trn ln vo son trong qu trnh san xut v su dung o dang n d inh.
II. Bt l g?:
Bot c th d inh nghia l kh n d inh trong mi tru ong long. Nu mt dng kh
du oc d ua vo mt cht long, cc bong bng d u oc tao ra c dang hnh cu. Nu cht long
l tinh khit, tuc l khng c tc nhn b mt th cc bong bng s di chuyn ra b mt
v v ra. Kh tu bong bng s bi tiu tan v cht long bao boc bong bng s chay lai voi
nhau.
Trong cc cht long c chua tc nhn b mt, cc bong bng hnh cu tao bot n
d inh. Mc d ccc bong bng di d n b mt tip xc voi khng kh nhung chng d
du oc bao boc boi tc nhn b mt v tao thnh lop mng b mt goi l lop mong
(lamella). B mt phn chia voi khng kh cung chua mng b mt, mng ny tao thnh
mt mang lu oi n d inh khi cc bong bng tp trung dy d c trn b mt.
Trong son cc bot dang cu c chiu dy cc phin ln d n nhiu (m. cc phin
bao quang cc bong bng hnh thnh mt dm bot. Su n d inh cua bot do nhiu yu t
nhu: chiu dy cua cc phin n d inh, cht long khng th chay ra v mt di nhanh
chng. Su ph huy bot cung bi ngn chn do luc d y tinh din giua cc phn tu tc nhn
b mt bi ion ho nm trong cc phin. Mt l do nua gp phn lm cho bot n d inh l
tnh dn hi Gibbs cua cc phin. Hin tu ong ny xay ra do su ko cng mng mong
trong d c ho tan cc cht hoat d ng b mt.
Khi hin tu ong ny xay ra, b mt cua phin bi gian rng ra lm cho nng d tc
nhn b mt bi giam cuc b, diu ny lai lm tng suc cng b mt. Do d d d at du oc
suc cng b mt nho nht c th c cc mng d bi ko cng s ko ln nhau (pulls
together) ging nhu mt lop da dn hi.
Bot d uoc tao ra trong khi san xut hoc ung dung cc loai son aqua v muc. Dm
bot tao ra trong giai doan trn v phn tn ca qu trnh san xut hoc khi dng thng c
th ko di thoi gian san xut v lm giam th tch hiu dung cua h thng (do bot tao ra
lm tng th tch). Trong qu trnh su dung bot n d inh tp trung o b mt phn chia voi
khng kh s tao ra cc khuyt tt thu ong gp khi mng son kh.
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L thyt moi v bot nu ln su khc nhau giua su khu mng bot v su khu mng
kh. Cc cht khu bot ph huy truc tip cc bot c kch thu oc lon tai b mt phn chia
voi khng kh, cn chuc nng cua cc cht khu kh trong khi v sau khi son thnh mng
l lm tng vn tc ni ln b mt cua cc bot c kch thu oc nho (microfoam).
2. cht khu bt hot dng nhu th no:
D khu bot c hiu qua th cht khu bot phai c hm lu ong cn thit no d trong
h son (tuc l phai d at nng d toi han). Lc d n moi c th thng d u oc co ch n
d inh bot o trn. D lm du oc diu ny cht khu bot phai ho tan gioi han trong son v di
chuyn toi b mt phn chia voi khng kh. Tt nhin phai khng c hiu ung phu
khng mong mun nghim trong no xay ra nhu tao thnh cc crater khi su dung cht
khu bot.
D ph huy bot, cht khu bot d d u oc nhu ho thnh cc giot nho trong son phai
lin kt voi cc lop b mt n d inh v thm vo bn trong phin bot. Tip theo cht khu
bot phai dn trai ra (phu) nhanh chng trn ton b lop tc nhn b mt bi ph vo. Kt
qua lm cho tnh dn hi cua mng bi yu di v cc phin bi ph.
Hoat tnh phu cao v suc cng b mt thp l 2 yu t quan trong d dnh gi
cht lu ong cua cht khu bot.
Hoat tnh khu bot c th du oc tng cuong khi d ua thm vo h cc cht ky nuoc
o dang phn tn voi muc d phn tn thnh cc hat c kch thu oc rt nho nhu silica.
Hiu ung ny c th giai thch nhu l qu trnh khu thm u ot do cc hat rn ky nu oc
thm vo mng tc nhn b mt n d inh cua phin lm tao ra cc vng khng n d inh
cuc b, tu d lm cho phin bi rch ra.
3. cc loi cht khu bt trong son aqua v mc:
C 2 loai cht khu bot du oc su dung rng rai d l trn co so hydroccbon du
mo v silicon. Cc dn xut du mo bo v thom du oc su dung nhu l cht phu trong
d on pha ch cht khu bot. Truoc dy cc du thom du oc su dung rng rai tuy nhin hin
tai do muc d d c hai cua chng lon nn t su dung. Cc du bo t dc hon nhung do
chng t tu ong thch voi mi tru ong aqua nn lm giam d bng cua cc loai son c d
bng trung bnh v cao.
Trong nhiu linh vuc cng nghip, du silicon nguyn cht c hiu qua cao,
nhung vic su dung chng trong son thuong dem d n nhiu khuyt tt trn b mt nhu
crawling v cratering (su b v cc h). D tng d tuong thch, ngu oi ta tin hnh bin
tnh polysilosan bng cc polyether ky nu oc. Phuong php ny tao ra cht khu bot c
hoat tnh phu rt cao trong khi vn th hin du oc tnh tu ong thch voi nhiu h thng
mang (dung mi). Ngoi ra loai cht khu bot ny khng gy anh hu ong xu d n d bng
hoc vic xc d inh d bng.
D cai thin khuyt dim nguoi ta tin hnh dua cc doan polyether ky nu oc vo
polysilosan (bng phuong php ghp)
Khi silosan cai thin hoat tnh b mt trong khi d d tu ong thch du oc
quyt d inh boi khi Polyether. Ho tnh cua mi tru ong d u oc khu bot quyt d inh ho
tnh cua cht khu bot (tuc l tuy thuc vo ho tnh cua mi truong m chon cht khu
bot thch hop). rt kh d giai thch ro rng mi quan h giua cu trc cua cht khu bot
v su thay d i anh hu ong cua chng do su phuc tap cua hn hop aqua (cng thuc pha
ch aqua). Do c su khc nhau rt lon v yu cu di voi cc d on khc nhau cho nn
khng th c giai php chung cho vn d bot.
4. Dua cc cht khu bt vo h son nhu th no:
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Cn phai hiu rng hm lu ong v hiu qua cua cht khu bot trong son nhu tuong
phu thuc vo cng thuc san xut (d on), d c biot l loai Polymer, khoang pH, d mu
cung nhu cu trc ho hoc cua phu gia du oc su dung. Quy trnh san xut v ung dung
cung anh hu ong d n loai v lu ong cht khu bot cn thit.
Khi dua cht khu bot vo h son cn phai phn bit nhu tu ong cua cht khu bot
(chun bi o dang nhu tuong) v cht khu bot 100%. O dang nhu tu ong khi d ua vo h
s t gp rc ri hon (d on gian hon) do kch thu oc l tu ong d cc hat cht khu bot c
tc dung ti uu d c sn trong nhu tu ong ri.
Nu cn d tinh khit c th dng nhu tu ong khng c cc hat ky nu oc (cc hat
ny d ua vo s lm tng hiu qua khu bot nhu silica d d cp o trn)
Voi hn hop cht khu bot 100% th hiu ung khu bot bi anh hu ong manh boi luc
tru oc trong cng doan nghin (shear force) hoc son, cn thit phai d am bao kch thu oc
hat khu bot d u oc tao ra phai tt. Nu luc tru ot qu lon c th lm giam hiu qua khu bot
do tao ra cc giot cht khu bot c kch thu oc qu nho khng th d am bao chuc nng.
Su nhu ho cht khu bot khng trit d c th gy ra su tn hai. Nu trong qu
trnh d ua cht khu bot vo ta su dung ung sut tru ot tu ong di thp th th chi tao ra kt
qua tt nht thoi, trong qu trnh bao quan, su hp phu tung phn (tung phn: partial)
cht khu bot ln b mt cht rn c th xay ra v tng ln lm tng xu huong tao bot cua
son v cc khuyt tt b mt.
5. mt s phuong php th nghim di vi cht khu bt:
Hiu qua khu bot tru oc tin d uoc xc d inh trong phng th nghim. Thng
thu ong khng th ly kt qua trong phng th nghim d p dung trong thuc t m
khng c hiu chinh. Do vy ngu oi ta lun c gng tm cc phu ong php sao cho c th
dnh gi du oc hiu qua cua cht khu bot trong san xut v ung dung.
Mt trong nhung phu ong php sng don gian nht l khuy. Khng kh du oc d ua
vo nhu tu ong du oi nhung diu kin nht d inh, cnh khuy su dung l cnh khuy tua
bin (turbine blade). Tin hnh cn nhu tu ong tru oc khi v ngay lp tuc sau khi d ua
khng kh vo s xc d inh du oc chnh xc luong khng kh du oc d ua vo v tu d do
du oc hiu qua cua cht khu bot. Phu ong php ny cung d u oc su dung d xc d inh thng
trn ti uu cho cng doan san xut cui cng.
Mt s cht khu bot cung c th gy ra cc khuyt tt trn b mt nhu cc vn d
v thm uot, cratering v khng kh ln vo son. Vic do dng chay (flowout test) cho
php dnh gi hiu qua cua cht khu bot. Mu d u oc su dung trong thu khuy dem trng
ln mng Polyester (Hostaphan film, hoc in North America Hecules Polyester film)
ngay sau khi trn. Mng d u oc d t nging 250 so voi phu ong thng d ung.
Ngoi ra hiu qua tch kh cua cht khu bot c th du oc dnh gi sau khi mng
kh.
B mt cua cc vt liu nn khng phi bao gio cung bng phng (b tng, g,
kim loai). Muc d tao bot thay d i ty theo d xp v cu trc cua vt liu nn. Trong
nhung tru ong hop cu th, s lu ong cht khu bot du oc ti uu ha trong diu kin thu
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khuy v thu dng chay khng th p dung du oc, nht l voi cc b mt vt liu nn c
chua khng kh (c d xp lon). V vy lu ong cht khu bot ti uu phai d u oc xc dinh
trong diu kin ung dung cu th (do d n lin quan dn kinh nghim).
Phn lon cc loai son nhu tuong d u oc son bng phu ong php ln. Trong phuong
php th nghim bng con ln, ngu oi ta su dung con ln c lop lt xp d trai 40 gam
son ln b mt khng c tnh hp phu (card test) c din tch tng cng l 500 cm2. Con
ln du oc lm m bng nu oc tru oc khi su dung d d am bao lu ong son bm ln trong khi
nhng v thoi gian kh. Mng u ot tao thnh c ty l khoang 300 gam/m2. Cc tm card
du oc dem so snh sau khi kh. Trong khi son dang kh, thoi gian huu dung du oc tnh
bng giy cho d n khi tt ca cc bong bng bi vo ht, trong cc diu kin d m thp
hoc nhit d cao, thoi gian vo ht bong bng phai ngn.
Cc th nghim o trn gip ta c th xc d inh cht khu bot tt nht v ty l ti uu
cho mt loai son cu th, vt liu nn v diu kin su dung.
II. ph gia kim sot b m}t
Da s cc loai son, du bng v muc in d uoc ung dung du oi dang lop mong trn
nhiu loai vt liu nn. Cc mng ny c din tch b mt tuong d i lon so vou th tch
cua n, v mt din tch tip xc voi vat liu nn lon.
Trong khi tao mng c nhiu vn d c th xy ra nhu su thm u ot khng d am
bao cua b mt d u oc son, tnh cht chay kem, tao thnh cc crater v bt mu bi ni ln.
Ngoi ra, b mt mng c th bi mo hon so voi du kin v nhay cam voi tc nhn n
mn.
*. Th no l ban cht cua hoat dng b mt ?:
cc hin tu ong xut hin tai b mt cua mng dng vai tr qan trong trong vic
tao thnh cc khuyt tt, v c th anh hu ong d n tnh cht mng. Nhung hin tu ong ny
c th bi anh hu ong lon khi thm mt luong nho cc cht hoat dng b mt, khc phuc
nhiu vn d v cai thin b mt son.
Cc cht du oc xem l hoat d ng b mt nu chng lm giam suc cng b mt cua
mt cht long, v du, boi su tp trung tai b mt phn chia voi khng kh. Nhiu cht l
cht hoat dng b mt trong nu oc (Nu oc c suc cng b mt rt lon: 73 mN/m). mt
phn tu tc nhn hoat d ng b mt chua ca phn phn cuc v khng phn cuc. Phn tu
c kha nng huong phn khng phn cuc vo khng kh v phn phn cuc vo cht long
tai b mt phn chia pha. Do d c dim cua cc loai son dung mi l suc cng b mt
thp nn v nguyn tc, chi c cc fluorocarbon, cc du silicon v cc siloxan bin tnh
l cc cht hoat dng b mt di voi chng.
1. Siloxan bin tnh l g ?:
Siloxan bin tnh l mt nhm th d c bit cua cc compound, v d u oc tm thy o
nhiu dang khc nhau.
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Siloxan bin tnh huu co c cc d c dim rt khc so voi polymer gc cua n l
polydimetylsiloxan. Loai ny c lin quan d n su tao thnh cc crater do silicon v cc
khuyt tt b mt khc do silicon. Cc compound l cc dn xut tu polydimetylsiloxan
trong lu ong phn tu thp (PDMS hoc cc du silicon). Trong d cc nhm metyl d u oc
thay th boi cc gc huu co khc nhau d tao d tuong hop tt voi son v muc in. cc
phn huu co cuac phn tu c th l polyether, polyester hoc mt gc alkyl di.
Dn xut quan trong nht l polyether. Thu ong Etylen v (hoc) Propylen oxit
nhn du oc tu Polyether d u oc su dung, d tuong hop voi nuoc tng ln do c chua nhm
etylen oxit. Cc yu t anh huong d n tnh cht cua Siloxan bin tnh l hm lu ong
silicon, loai v vi tr cua cc nhm huu co trong phn tu.
2. Cc ph gia b m}t c tc dng g ?:
da s cc phu gia b mt c anh huong toi hon mt trong cc d c dim sau dy:
- Cai thin d chay (lm giam vo cam, khng c crater, cai thin d bng)
- Kim sot su tao thnh hiu ung sng (rt huu dung trong ung dung d son
t).
- Chng lai su ni cua bt mu (cc bnard)
- Giam h s ma st (cai thin su tru ot b mt)
- Cai thin su chng x rch.
- Cai thin su thm uot vt liu nn (ngn chn crater, fisheyes, l dinh)
Phu gia tru ot v chay d u oc san xut tu siloxan bin tnh hon ton ging nhau, v
hiu qua cua chng cung ging nhau. Thu ong, trong lu ong phn tu cua nhung phu gia
ny thay d i tu 1.000 d n 15.000. d c hiu qua voi mt h thng cho sn, phu gia phai
tu ong thch voi cc dung mi, bao gm ca nu oc. Cc phu gia cun phai tu ong thch tt
voi cht tao mng d su chay ri rm hoc su chay km khng xay ra trong son long
hoc mng kh.
3. S chay duc cai thin nhu th no?:
su chay l tu ong trong mng son c th d u oc xem nhu l su tao thnh mt b mt
dng nht, bng phng, b lp cho cc khim khuyt do cc ung dung d c bit nhu du
chi hoc gon sng do con ln. C th tu ong tu ong rng suc cng b mt lon l nguyn
nhn cua cc hin tu ong trn.
Su chay tt hay xu khng chi chi phu thuc vo suc cng b mt cua son m
quan trong hon l su dng nht v suc cng b mt trn ton b din tch b mt. Phu
gia chay hoat dng b mt gip tao d u oc gradient suc cng b mt ny.
Su bay hoi cua dung mi tu mng son l nguyn nhn gy ra su khc nhau v suc
cng b mt, do su thay d i nng d cua dung mi theo hu ong vung gc voi b mt
phn chia pha voi khng kh. Su di chuyn ring l cua cc phn tu (khuch tn) cung
nhu su di chuyn cua mt din tch lon lop son xay ra nhm b vo su khc nhau ny.
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Do suc c `
82
Cc phu gia tru ot d c bit c hiu qua trong cac h thng son dung mi. Cc phu
gia d uoc vn chuyn nhanh chng d n b mt phn chia voi khng kh trong qu trnh
kh, tai dy chng tao thnh mt mng bi tron. Trong cc h thng khng dung mi,
phu gia tro nn khng ha tan trong qu trnh tao lin kt ngang v di chuyn ln b
mt. Co ch ny d c bit hiu qua trong cc loai son dng rn bng tia UV. Yu cu (v
lu ong) cua phu gia trong h thng khng dung mi cao hon trong h thng dung mi.
Trong son water - borne, hiu qua cua phu gia tru ot phu thuc manh vo cht tao
mng. Cung nhu trong h thng khng dung mi, yu cu cua phu gia d d at d u oc hiu
qua tu ong d uong cao hon so voi h thng dung mi. Mt l do lm tng lu ong phu gia
trong h thng water - borne l do cht nhu ha cn lai trong mng son kh co kha nng
ha tan (tu ong thch) phu gia tru ot.
7. Hiu qua chng Crater:
Crater d u oc d inh nghia l cc ch ln nho, nhe trn mng son, nghuyn nhn
xut hin l do tnh thm uot cua mng bi xo dng. Crater thu ong xut hin khi son
tip xc voi cc b mt c suc cng b mt nho hon suc cng b mt cua son. Son
khng th thm u ot b mt ny v bi d y ki boi phn ny. Cc b mt kim loai khng
du oc khu mo hon ton, cc vt liu nn bi bn, b tng c chua du rt d xut hin
crater khi son.
Su nhim khng kh cung l nguyn nhn tao crater. Cc hat bui hoc ct c th
bm vo cc b mt d d u oc chun bi sach d son, khi son khng th thm uot cc hat
ny, din tch tip xc bi giam tao thnh crater.
Mt nguyn nhn khc lm xut hin crater l su c mt cua cc vt cht kh
thm uot, khng ha tan trong d on san xut son. V du nhu cc giot du, cc hat gel,
silica.
Nu son c th d uoc ung dung voi suc cng b mt du thp th thm ch khi c
cc tc nhn l nguyn nhn (thcc d y) tao crater ta cung thu d uoc mt mng son hon
hao. Phu thuc vo ban cht cua crater, cc phu gia thm u ot b mt (cc hydrocacbon
flo ha, hoc hn hop cc silicon d c bit nhu TEGO( Flow ATF) d c bit c hiu qua.
Trong tru ong hop cc crater tao ra do su lua chon cc phu gia silicon khng thch hop
th phai su dung polydimetlsiloxan trong lu ong phn tu thp voi hm luong tu ong di
cao.
8. Cc ch khi thc hnh (thao tc):
d d am bao chnh xc liu lu ong v d dng nht cua phu gia chay v tru ot khi
dua vo h thng son th thch hop nht l pha long phu gia trong dung mi, nu oc,
hoc cc cht pha long hoat d ng manh. Di voi h son khng dung mi, nu su pha
long so b l khng th th phai tin hnh khuy trn du lu d d am bao rng su phn
tn cc phu gia l hon ton. Mt s loai son water - borne, khng dung mi, v son
dng rn bng buc xa cn thoi gian phn tn phu gia rt lon.
Khi mt mng son du oc ung dung c chua phu gia kim sot b mt th tnh bm
dnh cua lop son phu phai du oc kim tra xc d inh. C th phai dua phu gia vo son phu
d am bao du oc tnh thm u ot voi nn.
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III. ph gia phn tn
Cc phu gia thm u ot v phn tn tao thun loi cho vic phi trn bt mu v bt
dn vo son. Su mu ha (pigmentation) thnh cng quyt d inh cc tnh cht quang hoc,
luc phu cua mng. Su phn tn bt mu ti uu s tao ra su phn b bt mu trong son
dng nht khng chi khi moi san xut m ca trong thoi gian bao quan v ung dung. Mt
s vn d lin quan d n su phi trn bt mu:
- phi trn cc hat kh thm u ot.
- D nhot cua hn hop nghin cao.
- Sa lng bt mu
- Su d inh hu ong bt mu khng d at
- Sagging (su chay xung do trong luc (khhi d nhot thp)
- Flding (su sa lng voi cc tc d khc nhau).
- Floating ( Bnard)
- D bng khng d ng d u
- Luc phu km
- Chinh mu khh
Phn lon cc vn d ny c th bi loai bo khi su dung cc phu gia phn tn v
thm u ot thch hop.
1. Cu trc bn ngoi cua Bt mu v dn:
cc nghin cuu d chi ra rng cu ong d mu ti uu, d bng, luc phu v kha nng
chiu thoi tit c th du oc cai thin khi khi su dung cc hat bt mu c kch thuoc thay
di tu 0,05 - 0,5(m. Da s cc bt mu thu ong mai c kch thu oc nm trong khoang ny.
Hnh dang bt mu rt da dang, tu da din (titan di oxit), phng (mica), dang cu khng
hon hao (nodular: xit km) hoc v d inh hnh (than den). Ngoi su khc nhau v loai
bt mu, cn c su khc nhau v kch thuoc, thm ch trong cng loai bt mu. Su khc
nhau v kch thuoc cung do bt mu o dang hat d on, kt hop (agglomerate) v t hop
(aggregate).
Cc hat nho nht tao ra trong san xut bt mu l hat d on. Cc hat don tao ra o
dang cc tinh th ring bit hoc trong cc chm tinh th, cc chm tinh th ny lon ln
cng nhau. Cc hat bt mu tip xc b mt voi nhau tao nn mt nhm du oc goi l t
hop. cc nhm hat bt mu c kch thuoc lon nht l mt tp hop cua cc hat bt mu
d on v cc t hop, chng lin kt voi nhau boi cc luc yu (luc vandecval), nhm ny
du oc goi l kt hop (agglomerate).
Khi b mt cua cc hat bt mu d on, t hop, kt hop bi bao boc boi cht tao
mng hoc phu gia phn tn th su keo tu c th xay ra. Nu cc phn tu bi hp phu
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tu ong tc voi mt phn tu khc th cc hat bt mu lin kt lai voi nhau trong mt diu
kin d u oc bit nhu l su keo tu.
Kch thuoc v dang cua cc hat bt mu, cc t hop du oc quyt d inh boi nh san
xut. Cc kt hop tao thnh trong tt ca cc loai bt mu nhung chng l cn thit trong
khi san xut son v kch thu oc cua chng lon. Tht ngac nhin, su keo tu lai l mt hiu
ung tt di voi mng son, tuc l n duy tr su d ng d u v mu sc. Trong qu trnh san
xut son, cc kt hop bi ph v. Su kt hop tro lai phai d uoc loai bo, v nu cn, vic
keo tu c kim sot phai d u oc tin hnh.
Vic phn tn bt mu, tch cc hat bt mu v tao su pohn b dng nht cua n
trong pha long d u oc goi l su phn tn.
2. Cc qu trnh xay ra trong khi phn tn:
qu trnh phn tn l mt trong nhung cng doan phuc tap trong san xut son. Cc bt
mu thuong du oc phn tn trong cng doan nghin hn hop d c cua bt mu, mt t
cht tao mng, dung mi, phu gia phn tn v thm u ot. Ty l bt mu v cht tao mng
cao thc d y su thm u ot tt v tao thun loi cho su lng d ong cua phu gia phn tn v
thm u ot trn b mt bt mu. Su phn tn xay ra theo 3 bu oc k tip:
Buc 1: Thm ut:
Trong khhi thm u ot, khng kh tu b mt cua bt mu d uoc thay th bng cht
long trong hn hop nghin. Diu ny thu ong xay ra khi d phn cuc cua bt am v son
nhu nhau, v du trong tru ong hop bt mu huu co ky nu oc trong son dung mi hay b
mt bt mu ua nu oc trong son nu oc, nu bt mu voi b mt khng phn cuc d uoc d ua
vo son nu oc th phai dng phu gia thm uot.
Buc 2: ph vo cc kt hp, thm ut cc b m}t mi to ra:
D ph vo cc kt hop cn tao ra cc luc truot. Trong thuc t, diu ny xay ra
trong cc thit bi d c bit (thit bi ha tan, ngin ct, nghin bi...). trong cc thit bi ny
hat bt mu bi anh hu ong boi luc truot khng dng k do vic su dung phu gia. D trnh
du tao cc kt hop tro lai, cc b mt moi d u oc tao ra cn phai d uopuc thm u ot.
Buc 3: n d|nh phn tn:
Mt khi bt mu rn d d uoc phn tn tt nht, cc diu kin phai du oc n d inh.
Tt nht l duy tr thng qua su keo tu c kim sot. Bng cch lien kt phu gia phn tn
ln trn b mt bt mu, cc luc hp dn giua cc hat bt mu c th bi trung ha. C 2
co ch n d inh khc nhau:
- n d inh tinh din, d c bit quan trong trong cc h thng aqua.
- n d inh khng gian, phu ong php chun d i voi son dung mi.
n d inh tinh din xay ra khi cc hat rn mang cng din tch. Cc hat d y ln
nhau do d ngn chn su tao thnh cc kt hop. n d inh tinh din rt hiu qua v luong
phu gia cnd dng t. Su bt loi chnh cua n d inh tinh din l n nhay voi su ph huy.
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Vic thm cht tao mng, su c mt cua cation, su thay d i gi tri pH c th dn d n su
keo tu tro lai.
Trong n d inh khng gian, mt phn cua phn tu phu gia thm u ot v phn tn
lin kt voi b mt bt mu, phn cn lai cua phn tu nm trong mi tru ong long xung
quanh phn ny phai ha tan rt tt trong h thng dung mi/ cht tao mng. Khi 2 hat
bt mu bi thm uot tip cn nhau, doan polymer li (phn du ra ny) s p ln nhau,
lm chuyn doi cc phn cua lop solvat (tuc l du oi tc dung cua luc p, mt s phn du
ra bi solvat ha s bi doi ch). D linh dng cua cc phn tu polymer bi hp thu s bi
han ch boi su tip cn v cc hat d y ln nhau, su keo tu khng xat ra v su phn tn
du oc n d inh.
D c d uoc hiu qua n d inh khng gian cn mt lop solvat n d inh du dy (0.01
- 0.1(m) v nng d cua cc nhm lin kt trn b mt bt mu du lon. Di voi mt s
bt mu c th cn mt lu ong phu gia c khi luong d n 30% so voi khi lu ong bt
mu.
3. Thnh phn cua phn tu ph gia phn tn:
Phn ny chi gioi han trong pham vi son dug mi, trong d cc phu gia lin kt
n d inh lu di voi b mt bt mu d tao su phn tn n d inh. Cung c th khng kh
trn b mt bt mu d uoc thay th bng dung mi nhung hin tu ong ny khng toa ra
du oc su phn tn n d inh. D c du oc su phn tn n d inh, cc phu gia phn tn v
thm u ot phai chua cc nhm anionic v cc nhm ny khng th thay th boi dung
mi. Cc phu gia chua cc nhm acid lin kt tt voi cc bt mu v bt d n v co nho
luc phn cuc, trong khi d cc phu gia chua cc nhm amino lin kt voi b mt bt
mu huu co nho luc vandecval. Cc cht c chua hon mt nhm lin kt trn mt phn
tu d c bit c hiu qua v vic tch mt nhm lin kt trn b mt bt mu khng dn
d n su thay th ton b phn tu phu gia trn b mt (tuc l vn cn nhm lin kt khc
giu phn tu ny lai trn b mt bt mu).
D vic n dinh khng gian d at hiu qua, mt phn tu phu gia phai chua mt s
lu ong d u lon cc gc huu co tu ong thch voi dung mi. Cc gc ny thu ong l cc nhm
alkyl mach di. Polyester, Polyacrylat, Polyether voi khi lu ong phn tu t nht l 1000/
mt nhm lin kt cung du oc su dung. Mt phn tu phu gia c th chua nhiu nhm lin
kt gn nhau trn phn tu.
Cc loai phu phu du oc su dung rng ri v c hiu qua l:
- Loai acid, thuong chua cc nhm acid lin kt voi khung ky nu oc.
- Cc mui (cc mui trung ha v din) cua cc acid cacboxylic hoc acid
polycacboxylic d uoc trung ha boi cc amin mach di.
- Cc polymer khng din ly c nhiu nhm th amin (tn ten), phn cn lai
cua phn tu l cc dy di c th ha tan trong dung mi.
*. Ung dng:
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Vic phn loai phu gia thm uot v phn tn dua vo cu trc cua n chi gioi han
chi nu ln d u oc cc hiu qua d c bit cua n. Mt cch phn loai khc tt hon l dua
vo chuc nng cua chng. Theo cch phn loai ny th phu gia thm uot v phn tn
du oc chia thnh 2 loai: d l tc nhn chng keo tu v tc nhn dng keo tu c kim sot
(coflocculatant).
IV. Ph gia chng keo t:
su chng keo tu d at ti uu khi cc hat bt mu d on l v cc t hop bi tch ra
ring l. Diu ny s dn d n:
- tnh cht chay tt.
- D bng cao.
- Luc phu d at cuc d ai.
- Cu ong d mu ti uu.
- D trong sut cao (nu cn d trong sut).
Nhuoc dim cua trang thi chng keo tu l bt mu c xu hu ong bi lng (settl
out).
TEGO( Dispers 700 v TEGO( Dispers 705 dc bit thch hop d i voi vic phn
tn by mu v bt d n v co. Ngoi ung dung trong son, cc gel bentonic v past bt
mu cung c th su dung phu gia ny.
1. Ph gia cho dng keo t c kim sot:
kim sot dn keo tu gip cho nguoi thnh lp d on c th pht huy d u oc ti da
mu sc v diu chinh du oc d linh d ng cua bt mu cho thch hop. Tc d sa lng bt
mu l mt hm cua su khc nhau v ty trong v kch thu oc hat. Cc hat c kch thu oc
lon s sa lng nhanh hon cc hat c kch thu oc nho.
Cc dng chay xay ra trong mng son dang kh c th vn chuyn cc hat vt
cht (trong h thng c chua dung mi) ln b mt. Cc hat bt mu nho hon, t linh
dng hon bi vn chuyn boi dung mi do kha nng chng lai su chay cua chng tu ong
di lon. Kt qua l cc hat bt mu c kch thu oc nho hon s tp trung trn b mt v
nhu vy s lm thay d i mu sc. Hin tu ong ny d u oc xem nhu l su tch bt mu theo
hu ong ngang hay cn goi l flooding. Su khc nhau v khi luong ring s thc d y
hin tu ong flooing. Bng cch kim sot su dng tu cua cc hat bt mu c kch thuoc
nho, hin tu ong flooding c th d u oc ngn chn.
Su tao thnh cc Bnard cung c th gy ra su tch bt mu khi d linh dng
cua cc hat bt mu khc nhau. Cc hat bt mu nho hon c th tp trung tia bo cua
Bnard - noi c dng chay manh nht. Cc hat bt mu c kch thu oc lon hon th tp
trung tai tm - noi c dng chay yu. Hin tu ong ny goi l su tch bt mu theo
hu ong thng dung hay cn goi l floating.
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Khi son trn b mt thng d ung, cc Bnard c th bi ph huy, tao thnh cc
du ong chi hoc soi to. Cc cht hoat d ng b mt nhu silicon bin tnh c th ngn chn
su tao thnh cc Bnard, chuyn hin tuong floating sang flooding. Chi khi s klhc
nhau v kch thuc trung bnh cua cc ht bt mu d u oc kim sot bng su dng
dng tu (coflocculation) th hin tuong floating v flooding moi du oc loai bo.
Chuc nng cua phu gia kim sot dng keo tu thng qua su diu chinh tu ong tc
giua cc hat bt mu. Diu ny d uoc thuc hin thng qua cc nhm chuc trn phn tu
tc nhn phn tn, cc nhm chuc ny s gioi han kha nng ha tan cua tc nhn phn
tn trong h thng dung mi/cht tao mng o mt muc d no d. Do d cc bt mu d
du oc thm u ot s tip xc voi cc hat khc nho luc hp dn cua cc doan polymer cua
phu gia phn tn. Tuy nhin cc tuong tc ny du yu hon so voi tuong tc giua cc b
mt tu do cua bt mu trong cc kt hop. su dng tu tu ong di yu du oc tao ra boi cc
phu gia d c bit c th bi ph vo boi mt luc tru ot thp. Trong cc son khng phn cuc,
cc nhm phn cuc cua phu gia phn tn c th tu ong tc manh voi nhau lm cho son c
tnh thixotropy, voi tnh cht ny hin tu ong chay xung cua cc mng son dy trn b
mt thng d ung c th d u oc kim sot.
IV. Dnh gi hiu qua cua ph gia thm ut v phn tn nhu th no?:
nhn chung, phu gia phn tn v thm u ot d u oc dnh gi dua trn co so:
- Muc d rt ngn thoi gian cn thit cho su phn tn.
- D bng d u oc cai thin.
- S lu ong phu gia cn thit.
- Muc d keo tu.
- Kha nng kim sot floating v flooding.
Phu gia phn tn phai khng lm tng d mo hoc giam d bng. Kha nng ha
tan cua phu gia trong dung dich d m d c cht tao mng thuong d uoc xem l tiu chun
d lua chon. Tnh hoi duc cua phu gia trong cht tao mng c th l do cc nhm lin
kt trn phn tu phu gia. Diu ny khng c nghia l mng son kh s giam d bng.
Hin tu ong settling cua bt mu khng phai lun lun du oc loai tru khi su dung
phu gia phn tn v thm uot. Tuy nhin cn phai phn bit settling cung v settling
mm. Settling cung l do su hp phu phu gia khng d u dn d n su hnh thnh tro lai cc
kt hop do tu ong tc b mt bt mu. Cac bt mu d bio settling cung c th du oc phn
tn tro lai bng qu trnh trn voi ung sut truot cao. Settling cung c th trnh du oc khi
su dung mt luong d u lon phu gia phn tn hoc su dung phu gia khc thch hop hon.
Ngu oc lai, settlinng mm xay ra c th do su keo tu cac hat bt mu bi thm uot hon
ton xay ra yu. Nhu d ni o trn, cc th keo tu ny c th bi ph vo trong diu kin
khuy bnh thu ong, v bt mu c th d dng tp hop tro lai.
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