Cc yu t c bn ca ngh thut hi ha

I. KHI NIM NT V MNG HNH KHI: Nguyn l: V theo hin thc 1. NG NT: - Khng phi l mt s tht c th nhn thy s vt -> Mt du hiu tng trng gii hn -> Tch ri mt s vt , mt du hiu tng trng gii hn, tch ri mt s vt vi nhng s vt xung quanh n( ng nt ch l gi nh) - ng nt l hai yu t khc nhau. - ng v trn l tr + nt v thuc v tnh cm. - ng v c nh , nt v ty hng. - ng v din t s vt, nt v din t s vt ha s. - ng v cng ci nt v linh ng. a. NG - Xem nh mt vch v di -> c th lin tc hay c khong , cong ,ngay hoc n iu hay thay i. -Trn mt bc v s dng nhiu ng thng song song, iu n -> D to cm gic n iu , kh cng. - Khi cn v nhng ng thng ( tr khi v trang tr ) nn t v bng tay. - ngha . ng thng ng: tng trng cho s sng ng . ng thng nm ngang: tng trng cho s cht s, s tnh. . ng cho gc gc xin: tng trng cho s bin c bt ng, sc mnh ,hnh ng. . ng cong: s duyn dng + bay bm + s chuyn ng. . ng gy : Cm gic v mt s tan v + thay i b . NG VIN : - Nt chu vi hay nt bao quanh mt hnh v . - Khi v ng vin -> tc l to ra hai phn bng nhau : Phm vi bn trong ng vin -> Tc l b mt ca vt . Phm vi bn ngoi -> Phn khng gian ca vt - C nhiu cch th hin : nhn mnh hnh trang tr . Xa m hnh ha ni c nh sng tc ng . Trong design, nt c th do chnh bn thn sn phm to thnh . c . NT : - Biu th ng tc v bng mt dng c no . - C im khi u + kt thc . - biu l tnh cch : Mnh +yu + nh nhng + hp l +iu luyn + l lt . . .

2 . MNG : - Mt phm vi nht nh trn mt phng . - Do mt hay nhiu nt c kt hp -> Trong design mng c th l hnh nh c s dng qung co . - Nht thit phi c hnh th nht nh - C nhiu cch th hin mng : C th vin cho mng thm r . C mng en + mng trng + mng mu . Mng c v hay cha c v ( mng trng ) -> Trong design gi l mng c hnh hay cha c hnh . 3.HNH TH : - Mi s vt trong t nhin u ty thuc mt hnh th nht nh hoc l hnh vung + hnh trn +hnh ch nht hay hnh tam gic v . v - Tuy c nhiu hnh th khc nhau -> song tt c u do mt hnh th chnh : Hnh tam gic : Hai hnh tam gic cn hp nhau thnh hnh vung . Su hnh tam gic u hp li thnh hnh lc gic . Hai hnh tam gic vung hp li thnh hnh ch nht . T cn bn pht sinh ra ng trn . - Hnh tam gic l mt hnh : n gin nht do cch cu to : -Mt chm ch mi l mt im . -Hai chm to thnh ng thng . - Ba chm c th to c mt hnh th . Hnh tam gic u tng trung cho s ha hp cn i ca ng nt hnh th . - S sp t hnh to nn s cn i + thng bng trn hnh v . - ngha : Miu t s vt : Bao gm : Bng dng c th - Ni dung s vt - Hnh v ct giy cng l in hnh v miu t c t trng . 4 .KHI : - Khng gian c ba chiu : ngang+ dc + chiu su ->Khi l do khng gian ba chiu gii hn . - Khi do nhiu mng ghp li ->Biu hin th tch trong khng gian - C ba loi hnh khi : T nhin ( ngi + hoa l + chim mung . . . .) . Hnh th nhn to ( nh ca + cu cng . . . .) . Hnh k h . - Khi c nh sng lm phn r cc chiu hng + b mt -> Phi din t ng hnh + ng t l + ng chiu . II . KHNG GIAN : - hi ha l ngh thut khng gian . - Th hin ch yu trn b mt phng hai chiu -> Khng gian trong hi ha l khng gian o . III . NH SNG V BNG TI :

-nh sng v bng ti b sung cho nhau trong khi v . 1.NGUN SNG TI - T nhin : mt tri + mt trng . . . - Nhn to : n . . . . 2.NGUN SNG PHN CHIU - Cn gi l phn quang . - Vt c b mt bng + mu sng th phn quang mnh . Biu hin nh sng trn hnh v phi bit t tng phn nhng m nht bn nhau bng m nht en trng + m nht mu sc in bin - Mu m nht c tc dng lm ni khi To nn cht v s sng cho vt - nh sng khng chiu u xung mi vt . - nh sng mt tri thay i trong ngy : Ha s thay i nhiu cnh trong mt ngy -> nh sng p i khi ch din ra trong mi lm pht . - quan st + phn tch nh sng ( c ch m + ch t + ch bng ti -> v hnh c tt ) - nh sng s dng trong hnh chp c chnh xc cao gn ging vi t nhin . IV . S CN I HA HP : - Tt c s vt + thin nhin + v tr u b chi phi bi lut cn xng ha hp . thiu s cn xng ha hp th kh c th tn ti - Trong phm vi hnh ha th ng nm ngang c ly li cn xng -> c th to c s ha hp vi ng thng ng - Hnh vung to ra s ha hp + ly li s cn i cho hnh trn v.v. - Hnh th ln + hnh th nh ly li s cn bng cho nhau . V . T L : - Mun ti c s cn i cn phi quan st nghing cu i tng mnh v tm nhng t l khc bit - So snh ln nhau gia phn ny vi phn khc . - Tm t l l tm t l hnh khi tng qu trc so snh cc phn chi tit tm nhng t l ca cc phn . - T l cn i c sn trong s sng ca mun loi t phong cnh cy ci chim mung th . . . - To hnh p nht kt tinh trn c th con ngi mt ngi p l mt ngi c t l cn i hi ha

Luyn thi v - Quy lut hi ha cn bn

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Luyen thi ve - Tt c mi s vic trn i d kh khn hay gin d, u c nhng quy lut cn bn thnh vn hay bt thnh vn. Nm vng c nhng quy lut ny chng ta s d dng thnh cng hn thay v phi m mm tm ti mt kh nhiu thi gian. Quy lut cn bn di y s gip cho chng ta trnh c nhng li lm thng mc phi m khng bit gii quyt ra sao. S vic ny lm cho ta thy chn nn v khng hi lng vi tc phm v thng i n ch b cuc. Nhng quy lut ny d sao cng ch l kim ch nam cho bc u. Ch cn mt vi gi hiu nhng quy lut, nhng khi thc thi hay ni cch khc l p dng nhng quy lut ny cn phi c thi gian thc tp. Kin tm thc tp l iu chnh yu m bo cho s

thnh cng. D cho c ti nng thin ph, d cho c thuc lu quy lut m thiu thc tp cng khng gip g c. NH SNG (LIGHT) nh sng l linh hn ca vn vt, ca bc tranh. Nu khng c nh sng, vn vt tr nn bun t, bc tranh thiu nhng mu sc m nht khc nhau, s tr nn chn ngt. Nn nh nh sng, do mt tri trn cao chiu xung, cho nn nhng phn c nh nng chiu vo v nhng mt phng (surface) bao gi cng phi sng hn nhng phn khng c nh sng ri vo. Bc tranh l mt t giy hay khung vi ch c mt mt phng, cho nn nm vng c nh lut quan trng ny ta s d dng to c chiu su. B CC (COMPOSITION) Trc khi phc ha (sketch) cn phi ch n b cc trnh nhng li lm cn bn. Thng thng ngi ta chia khung vi ra lm 16 phn u nhau. Khi v, nhng im chnh yu (point of interest hay focal point) cn phi t 3 gc theo hnh L trong ranh gii 4 phn gia v trnh t vo gia trung tm im ca khung vi.

Tuy nhin quy lut ny khng phi l bt dch. BNG TI (SHADOW) Ngi ta thng dng cc mu tm lnh din t bng ti nh Cobalt blue hay Dioxazine purple + thalo blue. CN XNG (PROPORTION) Khi v 2 ngi hay vt cng mt im phi ch n s cn xng. Th d ci gh khng th v qu ln so vi ci bn, ngi n ng khng th nh hn ngi n b, ngoi tr khi ta mun nhn mnh im . ng gy thc mc cho ngi thng ngon v nhng li lm ny. CHIU SU (DEPTH) Khung vi ch l mt mt phng khng c chiu su. Nhng ta c th to chiu su ca bc tranh bng nhng quy lut:

Xa nh, gn ln. Gn r chi tit, xa m. Hnh trc ln hnh sau. Mu nng (warm color) pha trc, mu lnh (cool color) pha xa CHI TIT (DETAIL) Chi tit trong ha phm ch nn thc hin vo giai on cui, sau khi hi lng vi b cc, ng nt v mu sc nh vy s khng mt nhiu th gi thay i li. CH (MAIN SUBJECT) Bc tranh cn din t lm sao cho ngi thng ngon nhn thc c ngi v mun truyn t mt iu g. V vy hy nn gin d, khng nn chn nhng ch qu b him. IM CHNH (MAIN POINT, CENTER OF INTEREST) Sp xp sao cho nhng im chnh thch hp vi b cuc. Mu sc ca im chnh phi sng, phi ti hn nhng vt chung quanh. NG NT (LINE & SHAPE) Trnh dng nhng ng qu thng. Trnh dng nhng ng song. Trnh v nhnh hnh th ging nhau. Th d v 2 con c, nn i hng, i mu, i kch thc v.v HU CNH (BACK GROUND) Trong mt bc tranh, hu cnh bao gi cng phi m, khng r chi tit. Mu phi nht v c ln i cht mu lnh trong . K THUT (TECHNIQUE) Ngi ta v tranh bng 2 k thut khc nhau. K thut mu nc khc v"I k thut sn du nhng tu chung c 2 cch: V thng (Direct approach) v v 1 hay nhiu lp lt (under painting). LP LT (UNDER PAINTING) Vi k thut ny, ngi ta v lp mu ny chng ln lp mu kia. Thng thng ngi ta v mu m trc v s v mu nht ln trn. Lp lt bao gi cng mng hn l lp sau. C th dng nhiu mu khc nhau. MU SC (COLOR)

Nhng mu v khng phi l cng mt cng (intensity) nh nhau. Th d mu Thalogreen hay Thalo blue bao gi cng mnh hn nhng mu xanh khc. Cn phi thc hnh mi r. Pha mu lun lun phi c mt cht mu trng trong . Khng nn pha qu 4 mu, trc khi pha phi ra sch dao hoc bt, nu khng s thnh mu cht. Tuy nhin nhng mu cht ny s lm ni bt nhng mu ti sng. Mun cho mu m hn, cho thm cht mu i nghch (complementary color), khng nn cho mu en. Mun cho mu sng ra cho thm cht mu sng hn (brighter), khng nn cho mu trng. Mun c s hi ha mu sc (harmony of color), hy pha mt cht mu vi mu bn cnh hay l cho mt cht mu ca im chnh vo t pha ca bc tranh hay l cho mt cht mu sng vo nhng mu ti cht. Th d v hoa hng nn cho mt cht mu hng vo trong mu xanh ca l v cht mu xanh vo mu hng ca hoa. NT BT (BRUSHE STROKE) Thng thng ngi ta hay mc phi nng khuyt im l qu nng tay vi nt bt. Ch nn dng bt t mu vo ch. V mnh qu mu sn s tr nn bng phng (flat). Khi v l cy, nt bt phi theo chiu ca l. V ni non, sng nc, nt bt cn theo trin ni v xui theo ging nc. Khi din t cnh vt m m th mng, nt bt cn phi m du khng trng r. Khi v nhng vt gn c th dng nhng nt bt mnh v s si mu sc v s m nht tng phn nhng nt bt ny khng hp vi li v t nhin. Nt bt cng phi k thm mt loi v kh (dry brushes) tc l ly mu vo bt ri thm cho kh khi v mu ra hi nht. TM MT (EYE LEVEL) Trc khi phc ha (sketch) cn phi xc nh tm mt ch no trong bc tranh. S xc nh ny s lm cho bc ha hp l hn. Trong phong cnh tm mt v ng chn tri l mt v thng v tr 1/3 hay 1/5 bc tranh. Nu qu gn khng th to ra chiu su c. XA GN Ngoi nhng quy lut to chiu su ni trn, ta c th dng mu sc din t theo th t sau u: Cn im | , Cam (Red, Orange) | Cam, Vng (Orange, Yellow)

| Vnh, Xanh l cy (Yellow, Green) | Xanh l cy, Xanh l (Green, Blue)

| Chn tri

Tm, Xanh l (Violet, blue) Xm, Xanh (Grey, Blue)

Quy lut v hi ha cn nhiu, nhng nu hiu thu o nhng im k trn v cng vo vi cng thc 1 K 3 T chng ta s thnh cng d dng