mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rt gn biu thc

C cha cn thc bc hai

Dng I:
I/ Biu thc s hc
Phng php:

Dng cc phng php bin i cn thc(a ra ; a vo; ;kh; trc; cng,tr cn thc
ng dng; rt gn phn s) rt gn biu thc.
Bi tp:
Thc hin php tnh:

-------------

1) 2 5 125 80 + 605 ;
2)

10 + 2 10
8
+
;
5 + 2 1 5

3) 15 216 + 33 12 6 ;
2 8 12
5 + 27

4)
;
18 48
30 + 162

5)

2 3
2+ 3
+
;
2+ 3
2 3

16
1
4
3
6
;
3
27
75
4 3
7) 2 27 6 + 75 ;
3 5

3 5. 3+ 5

11) 3 5 + 3 + 5 ;

2 + 2+ 3

2 + 6+4 2

6+4 2

16) (

2 2 3

64 2

2 64 2

5 + 2 8 5
2 5 4

17) 14 8 3 24 12 3 ;

10 + 2

10) 2 3 ( 5 + 2 ) ;

15)

9) 8 3 2 25 12 + 4

13) ( 5 + 2 6 ) ( 49 20 6 ) 5 2 6 ;
14)

6) 2

8)

12) 4 + 10 + 2 5 + 4 10 + 2 5 ;

192 ;

18)
19)
20)

4
1
6
+
+
;
3 +1
32
3 3

) (

2 +1
3

2 1
+

3 +1 1+

3
3 +1

II/ Biu thc i s:

Phng php:

Phn tch a thc t v mu thnh nhn t;

Tm KX (Nu bi ton cha cho KX)
Rt gn tng phn thc(nu c)
Thc hin cc php bin i ng nht nh:
+ Quy ng(i vi php cng tr) ; nhn ,chia.
+ B ngoc: bng cch nhn n ; a thc hoc dng hng ng thc
+ Thu gn: cng, tr cc hng t ng dng.
+ Phn tch thnh nhn t rt gn
Ch : - Trong mi bi ton rt gn thng c cc cu thuc cc loi ton: Tnh gi tr biu
thc; gii phng trnh; bt phng trnh; tm gi tr ca bin biu thc c gi tr

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nguyn; tm gi tr nh nht ,ln nhtDo vy ta phi p dng cc phng php gii tng
ng, thch hp cho tng loi bi.

Cho biu thc: P =

v d:

a a

a +1
:
a 1 a 2 a + 1
1

a/ Rt gn P.
b/ Tm gi tr ca a biu thc P c gi tr nguyn.
Gii: a/ Rt gn P:

1
P =
+
a ( a 1)
a > 0;

- Phn tch:
- KX:

a 1 0 a 1

P=

- Quy ng:
- Rt gn:

a +1
:
a 1 ( a 1) 2
1

P=

1+ a
a ( a 1)
a 1
a

( a 1) 2
a +1

b/ Tm gi tr ca a P c gi tr nguyn:
- Chia t cho mu ta c: P = 1

- L lun: P nguyn

1
.
a

1
nguyn a l c ca 1 l 1 .
a

Vy vi a = 1 th biu thc P c gi tr nguyn.

1(ktm)
a=
1 a = 1

Bi tp:

Bi 1: Cho biu thc

x
1
A =

2 2 x

x x x + x

x + 1 x 1

a) Rt gn biu thc A;
b) Tm gi tr ca x A > - 6.
Bi 2: Cho biu thc

x
2
1
10 x
B =
+
+
: x 2 +

x +2
x +2
x 4 2 x
a) Rt gn biu thc B;
b) Tm gi tr ca x A > 0.
Bi 3: Cho biu thc

C=

1
3
1

+
x 1 x x +1 x x +1

a) Rt gn biu thc C;
b) Tm gi tr ca x C < 1.

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x + 2 + x2 4

x + 2 x2 4

Bi 4: Rt gn biu thc :

D=

Bi5: Cho cc biu thc:

2x 3 x 2
v Q =
P=
x 2

x + 2 x2 4

x + 2 + x2 4

x 3 x + 2x 2
x +2

a) Rt gn biu thc P v Q;
b) Tm gi tr ca x P = Q.

P=

Bi 6: Cho biu thc:

2x + 2 x x 1 x x + 1
+

x
x x
x+ x

a) Rt gn biu thc P
b) So snh P vi 5.
c) Vi mi gi tr ca x lm P c ngha, chng minh biu thc

8
ch nhn ng mt gi
P

tr nguyn.

3x + 9x 3
1
1 1
P =
+
+
:

x 1
x + 2 x 1
x+ x 2

Bi 7: Cho biu thc:

a) Tm iu kin P c ngha, rt gn biu thc P;

1
b) Tm cc s t nhin x
l s t nhin;
P
c) Tnh gi tr ca P vi x = 4 2 3 .

x +2
x +3
x +2
x
P =

:
2

5
x
+
6
2

x
x

3
x
+
1

Bi 8: Cho biu thc :

a) Rt gn biu thc P;
Tm x

1
5

P
2

Bi 9: Cho biu thc :

1 a a
1 + a a

+ a
.

a
1+ a

1 a

P =

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm a P< 7 4

Bi 10: Cho biu thc:

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 x
+
x +3

P =

x
3 x + 3 2 x 2

:
1

x 3 x 9 x 3

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm x P <

1
2

c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca P
Bi 11: Cho biu thc :
x 3 x
9x
x 3
1 :

9
x
+
x

6
2

P =

x 2

x + 3

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca x P<1
Bi 12: Cho biu thc :
P=

15 x 11
3 x 2 2 x +3
+

x + 2 x 3
1 x
x +3

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm cc gi tr ca x P=
c) Chng minh P

1
2

2
3

Bi 13: Cho biu thc:

P=

2 x
+
x +m

x
m2

2
x m 4 x 4m

vi m > 0

a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh x theo m P = 0.
c) Xc nh cc gi tr ca m x tm c cu b tho mn iu kin x >1
Bi 14: Cho biu thc :
P=

a2 + a
2a + a

+1
a a +1
a

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm a P = 2
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca P ?
Bi 15: Cho biu thc
a +1
a +1

ab + a
ab + a
+
1 :

+ 1
P =
ab 1
ab 1
ab + 1
ab + 1

a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh gi tr ca P nu a = 2

v b =

3 1
1+ 3

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca P nu

a + b =4

Bi 16: Cho biu thc :

P=

a a 1 a a + 1
1
a +1

+ a
+

a a
a+ a
a a 1

a 1

a +1

a) Rt gn P
b) Vi gi tr no ca a th P = 7
c) Vi gi tr no ca a th P > 6
Bi 17: Cho biu thc:
P=

a
1

2 2 a

a 1

a +1

a +1

a 1

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm cc gi tr ca a P < 0
c) Tm cc gi tr ca a P = -2
Bi 18: Cho biu thc:

(
P=

a b + 4 ab a b b a
.
a+ b
ab

a) Tm iu kin P c ngha.
b) Rt gn P
c) Tnh gi tr ca P khi a = 2 3 v b =

Bi 19: Cho biu thc :

x +2
x
1
:
+
+

x x 1 x + x + 1 1 x

P =

a) Rt gn P
b) Chng minh rng P > 0

x 1
2

x 1

Bi 20: Cho biu thc :

2 x + x

x x 1

P =

1
x +2
: 1

x 1
x + x + 1

a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh P khi x = 5 + 2

Bi 21: Cho biu thc:

P

3x

2
1
2
:
+

= 1 :
4 x 4 2 x 4 2 x
2+ x

a) Rt gn P

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) Tm gi tr ca x P = 20
Bi 22: Cho biu thc :
P

xy
+
=
x y

x3 y3
yx

x+

+ xy
y

a) Rt gn P
b) Chng minh P 0
Bi 23: Cho biu thc :

1
3 ab
1
3 ab
a b
.
:
+

a + b a a + b b a b a a b b a + ab + b

P =

a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh P khi a =16 v b = 4
Bi 24: Cho biu thc:
2 a + a 1 2 a a a + a a a
.

2 a 1
1a
1a a

P = 1 +
a) Rt gn P
b) Cho P =

6
1+ 6

tm gi tr ca a

c) Chng minh rng P >

2
3

Bi 25: Cho biu thc:

x 5 x

25 x
1 :

x 25
x + 2 x 15

P =

x +3
+
x +5

x 5

x 3

a) Rt gn P
b) Vi gi tr no ca x th P < 1
Bi 26: Cho biu thc:

3 a
3a

+
a + ab + b a a b b

P =

( a 1). a b
1
:
a b 2a + 2 ab + 2b

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm nhng gi tr nguyn ca a P c gi tr nguyn
Bi 27: Cho biu thc:
1
1 a + 1
a + 2

:
a a 2
a 1
a 1

P =
a) Rt gn P

b) Tm gi tr ca a P >

1
6

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 28: Cho biu thc:

1
1
2
+
.

y x+
x

P =

1 1
+ :
x y

x3 + y x + x y +

y3

x 3 y + xy 3

a) Rt gn P
b) Cho x.y=16. Xc nh x,y P c gi tr nh nht
Bi 29: Cho biu thc :
P=

x3
2x
1 x

.
xy 2 y x + x 2 xy 2 y 1 x

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng x y=625 v P<0,2
Bi 30: Cho biu thc:
x +2
x +1
x +1
.
+

x 1
x x 1 x + x + 1

P = 1 :

a) Rt gn P
b) So snh P vi 3

Dng ii:
th y = ax + b(a 0) & y = a ' x 2 (a '
v tng quan gia chng

0)

I/.im thuc ng ng i qua im.

im A(xA; yA) thuc th hm s y = f(x)
yA = f(xA).
V d 1: Tm h s a ca hm s: y = ax2 bit th hm s ca n i qua im A(2;4)
Gii:
Do th hm s i qua im A(2;4) nn: 4 = a.22
a=1
V d 2: Trong mt phng ta cho A(-2;2) v ng thng (d) c phng trnh:
y = -2(x + 1). ng thng (d) c i qua A khng?
Gii:
Ta thy -2.(-2 + 1) = 2 nn im A thuc v o ng thng (d)
II.Cch tm giao im ca hai ng y = f(x) v y = g(x).
Bc 1: Honh giao im l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x) (*)
Bc 2: Ly nghim thay vo 1 trong hai cng thc y = f(x) hoc y = g(x) tm tung giao
im.
Ch : S nghim ca phng trnh (*) l s giao im ca hai ng trn.
III.Quan h gia hai ng thng.
Xt hai ng thng :
(d1) : y = a1x + b1. v
(d2) : y = a2x + b2.
a) (d1) ct (d2)
a1 a2.

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) d1) // (d2)

c) d1)

(d2)

d) (d1)

(d2)

a1 a2 = -1

IV.Tm iu kin 3 ng thng ng qui.

Bc 1: Gii h phng trnh gm hai ng thng khng cha tham s tm (x;y).
Bc 2: Thay (x;y) va tm c vo phng trnh cn li tm ra tham s .
V.Quan h gia (d): y = ax + b v (P): y = ax2 (a 0).
1.Tm ta giao im ca (d) v (P).
Bc 1: Tm honh giao im l nghim ca phng trnh:
ax2 = ax + b (#) ax2- ax b = 0
Bc 2: Ly nghim thay vo 1 trong hai cng thc y = ax +b hoc y = ax 2 tm tung
giao im.
Ch : S nghim ca phng trnh (#) l s giao im ca (d) v (P).
2.Tm iu kin (d) v (P) ct;tip xc; khng ct nhau:
T phng trnh (#) ta c: a ' x 2 ax b = 0 = (a) 2 + 4a ' .b
a) (d) v (P) ct nhau

phng trnh (#) c hai nghim phn bit > 0

b) (d) v (P) tip xc vi nhau

c) (d) v (P) khng giao nhau

phng trnh (#) c nghim kp = 0

phng trnh (#) v nghim < 0

VI.Vit phng trnh ng thng y = ax + b :

1.Bit quan h v h s gc(//hay vung gc) v i qua im A(x0;y0)
Bc 1: Da vo quan h song song hay vung gc tm h s a.
Bc 2: Thay a va tm c v x0;y0 vo cng thc y = ax + b tm b.
2.Bit th hm s i qua im A(x1;y1) v B(x2;y2).
Do th hm s i qua im A(x1;y1) v B(x2;y2) nn ta c h phng trnh:

Gii h phng trnh tm a,b.

3.Bit th hm s i qua im A(x0;y0) v tip xc vi (P): y = ax2
+) Do ng thng i qua im A(x0;y0) nn c phng trnh :
y0 = ax0 + b
+) Do th hm s y = ax + b tip xc vi (P): y = ax2 nn:
Pt: ax2 = ax + b c nghim kp

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+) Gii h

y0 = ax0 + b

= 0

tm a,b.

VII.Chng minh ng thng lun i qua 1 im c nh ( gi s tham s l m).

+) Gi s A(x0;y0) l im c nh m ng thng lun i qua vi mi m, thay x 0;y0 vo phng
trnh ng thng chuyn v phng trnh n m h s x0;y0 nghim ng vi mi m.
+) ng nht h s ca phng trnh trn vi 0 gii h tm ra x0;y0.
VIII.Tm khong cch gia hai im bt k A; B
Gi x1; x2 ln lt l honh ca A v B; y1,y2 ln lt l tung ca A v B

Khi khong cch AB c tnh bi nh l Pi Ta Go trong tam gic vung ABC:

AB =

AC 2 + BC 2 = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2

IX. Mt s ng dng ca th hm s:
1.ng dng vo phng trnh.
2.ng dng vo bi ton cc tr.
bi tp v hm s.

Bi 1. cho parabol (p):

y = 2x2.
1. tm gi tr ca a,b sao cho ng thng y = ax+b tip xc vi (p) v i qua A(0;-2).
2. tm phng trnh ng thng tip xc vi (p) ti B(1;2).
3. Tm giao im ca (p) vi ng thng y = 2m +1.

Bi 2: Cho (P)

y=

1 2
x v ng thng (d): y = ax + b .
2

1. Xc nh a v b ng thng (d) i qua im A(-1;0) v tip xc vi (P).

2. Tm to tip im.

Bi 3: Cho (P)

y = x2

v ng thng (d) y = 2x + m

1. V (P)
2. Tm m (P) tip xc (d)
3. Tm to tip im.

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 4: Cho (P)

y =

x2
v (d): y = x + m
4

1. V (P)
2. Xc nh m (P) v (d) ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A v B
3. Xc nh phng trnh ng thng (d') song song vi ng thng (d) v ct (P) ti
im c tung bng -4
4. Xc nh phng trnh ng thng (d'') vung gc vi (d') v i qua giao im ca
(d') v (P)

Bi 5: Cho hm s (P):

v hm s(d): y = x + m
1. Tm m sao cho (P) v (d) ct nhau ti hai im phn bit A v B
2. Xc nh phng trnh ng thng (d') vung gc vi (d) v tip xc vi (P)
3. Tm m sao cho khong cch gia hai im A v B bng 3 2
y = x2

Bi 6: Cho im A(-2;2) v ng thng ( d1 ) y = -2(x+1)

1. im A c thuc ( d1 ) khng ? V sao ?
2. Tm a hm s (P): y = a.x 2 i qua A
3. Xc nh phng trnh ng thng ( d 2 ) i qua A v vung gc vi ( d1 )
4. Gi A v B l giao im ca (P) v ( d 2 ) ; C l giao im ca ( d1 ) vi trc tung .
Tm to ca B v C . Tnh chu vi tam gic ABC?

Bi 7: Cho (P)

y=

1 2
x v ng thng (d) i qua hai im A v B trn (P) c honh
4

ln lt l
-2 v 4
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th (P) ca hm s trn
2.Vit phng trnh ng thng (d)
3.Tm im M trn cung AB ca (P) tng ng honh x [ 2;4] sao cho tam gic
MAB c din tch ln nht.

(Gi : cung AB ca (P) tng ng honh x [ 2;4] c ngha l A(-2; y A ) v B(4; y B ) tnh
y A; ; y B ;SMAB c din tch ln nht M l tip im ca ng thng (d1)vi (P)v(d1)//(d).

Bi 8: Cho (P):

y =

x2
4

v im M (1;-2)

1. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M v c h s gc l m

HD: Phng trnh c dng: y = ax + b m a = m. thay x = 1; y = -2 tnh b = - m-2. vy
PT: y = mx m 2.
2. Chng minh: (d) lun ct (P) ti hai im phn bit A v B khi m thay i
3. Gi x A ; xB ln lt l honh ca A v B .Xc nh m x A2 xB + x A xB2 t gi tr nh
nht v tnh gi tr ?

10

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 9: Cho hm s (P):

y = x2

1. V (P)
2. Gi A,B l hai im thuc (P) c honh ln lt l -1 v 2. Vit ph. trnh ng
thng AB
3. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi AB v tip xc vi (P)

Bi 10: Trong h to xOy cho Parabol (P)

y = mx 2m 1

1
y = x2
4

ng thng (d):

1. V (P)
2. Tm m sao cho (P) v (d) tip xc nhau.Tm to tip im
3. Chng t rng (d) lun i qua mt im c nh

Bi 11: Cho (P):

1
y = x2
4

v im I(0;-2). Gi (d) l ng thng qua I v c h s

gc m.
1. Chng minh rng (d) lun ct (P) ti hai im phn bit A v B vi m R
2.Tm gi tr ca m on AB ngn nht

Bi 12: Cho (P):

y=

3
x2
v ng thng (d) i qua im I( ;1 ) c h s gc l m
2
4

1. V (P) v vit phng trnh (d)

2. Tm m sao cho (d) tip xc (P)
3. Tm m sao cho (d) v (P) c hai im chung phn bit

Bi 13: Cho (P):

y=

x
x2
v ng thng (d): y = + 2
2
4

1. V (P) v (d)
2. Tm to giao im ca (P) v (d)
3. Tm to ca im thuc (P) sao cho ti ng tip tuyn ca (P) song song vi
(d)

Bi 14: Cho (P):

y = x2

1.Gi A v B l hai im thuc (P) c honh ln lt l -1 v 2 . Vit ph. trnh ng

thng AB
2.Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi AB v tip xc vi (P)

Bi 14: Cho (P):

y = 2x 2

1.V (P)
2.Trn (P) ly im A c honh x = 1 v im B c honh x = 2 . Xc nh cc
gi tr ca m v n ng thng (d): y = mx + n tip xc vi (P) v song song vi AB

11

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 15: Xc nh gi tr ca m hai ng thng c phng trnh

ct nhau ti mt im trn (P)

(d1 ) : x + y = m
( d 2 ) : mx + y = 1

y = 2x 2 .

Dng III:
Phng trnh v H phng trnh
------------------------

A/ Phng trnh bc nht mt n giI v bin lun:

+ Phng trnh bc nht mt n c dng ax + b = 0(a 0)

+ Gii v bin lun:
- Nu a = 0; b = 0 th phng trnh v s nghim.
- Nu a = 0; b 0 th phng trnh v nghim.

b
a
2
4m ( x 1) = x 4m +1
v d: Gii v bn lun phng trnh sau:
2
2
2
Gii: 4m ( x 1) = x 4m + 1 4m x 4m x = 4m + 1 ( 4m 2 1) x = 4m 2 4m + 1
(2m +1)(2m 1).x = ( 2m 1) 2
1
2 m 1
Bin lun: + Nu m th phng trnh c mt nghim: x =
2
2m +1
1
+ Nu m =
th phng trnh c dng: 0.x = 0 nn phng trnh v s
2

- Nu a 0 th phng trnh c mt nghim duy nht

x =

nghim.
+ Nu m =

1
1
th phng trnh c dng: 0.x = 2.( ) 0 nn phng trnh v
2
2

nghim.
Bi tp: Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:

m( x 1) m + x

=2
2
3
x + a 2 x a x + 2a
+
+
= 0( a 1) HD: Quy ng- thu gn- a v dng ax + b = 0
Bi 2.
a 1
a +1 1 a2
a +b x a +c x b +c x
4x
+
+
=1
( a; b; c; 0; a + b + c 0) .
Bi 3.
c
b
a
a +b +c
a+b x
a+cx
b+cx
4x
+1+
+1+
+1 = 3 +1
HD:
c
b
a
a+b+c
a+b x
a+cx
b+cx
4x

+1+
+1+
+1 = 4
c
b
a
a+b+c

Bi 1.

12

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a + b + c 4(a + b + c x)
1 1 1 4( a + b + c x)
( a + b + c x) + + =
(a + b + c x).

=0
a+b+c
abc
a+b+c
c b a
(a + b + c) 2 4abc
4
a+b+c

( a + b + c x)

= 0 (a + b + c x)
=0
a+b+c
abc
abc( a + b + c)
Nu [...] 0 (a + b + c x) = 0 x = a + b + c

Nu [...] = 0

th phng trnh v s nghim.

b. h phng trnh bc nht c hai n s:

ax + b = 0
+ Dng tng qut:
'
'
a x+ b = 0

+ Cch gii:
- Phng php th.
- Phng php cng i s.
+ S nghim s:
- Nu a a ' Th h phng trnh c mt nghim .
- Nu a = a ' ; b = b ' ; c c ' Th h phng trnh c v nghim .
- Nu a = a ' ; b = b ' ; c = c ' Th h phng trnh c v s nghim.
+ Tp nghim ca mi phng trnh biu din trnmt phng to l th hm s
dng: y = ax + b
V d:

Gii cc HPT sau:

2 x y = 3
Bi1:
3 x + y = 7
Gii:
y = 2x 3
y = 2x 3 x = 2
x = 2

3 x + 2 x 3 = 7
5 x = 10
y = 2.2 3 y = 1
x = 2
Vay HPT cho c nghim l:
y =1
2 x y = 3
5 x = 10
x = 2
x = 2

+ Dng PP cng:
3 x + y = 7
3 x + y = 7
3.2 + y = 7
y =1

+ Dng PP th:

2 x y = 3

3 x + y = 7

x = 2
Vay HPT cho c nghim l:
y =1

13

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 x + 3 y = 2
Bi2:
gii loi HPT ny ta thng s dng PP cng cho thun li.
5 x + 2 y = 6
2 x + 3 y = 2
10 x + 15 y = 10
11 y = 22
y = 2
x = 2

5 x + 2 y = 6
10 x + 4 y = 12
5 x + 2 y = 6
5 x + 2.(2 = 6)
y = 2
x = 2
Vay HPT c nghim l
y = 2
3
2
x + 1 + y = 1

Bi 3:

2 + 5 = 1
x + 1 y
*i vi HPT dng ny ta c th s dng hai cch gii sau y:
+ Cch 1: S dng PP cng.
K: x 1, y 0 .
3
2
2
1
3
y =1
y =1

x + 1 + y = 1
y =2

x +1 =
x =

2
2

2
2
5

2 + 5 = 1
2 + 5 = 1 x + 1 + 1 = 1 x + 1 = 4
y = 1
y = 1
x + 1 y
x + 1 y
3

x =
2
Vay HPT c nghim l
y = 1

+ Cch 2: S dng PP t n ph.

K: x 1, y 0 .
1
1
= b . HPT cho tr thnh:
=a ;
t
y
x +1
1
3

x + 1 = 2
2a + 3b = 1 2a + 5b = 1 2a + 5.1 = 1 a = 2
x =

2 (TMK)

2a + 5b = 1
2b = 2
b = 1
b = 1
1 =1
y = 1
y
3

x =
2
Vay HPT c nghim l
y = 1
Lu : - Nhiu em cn thiu K cho nhng HPT dng ny.
- C th th li nghim ca HPT va gii.
Bi tp v h phng trnh:

Bi 1: Giai cac he phng trnh sau (bang pp the)

14

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x y = 3
a)
3 x 4 y = 2

1.1:

7 x 3 y = 5
b)
4 x + y = 2

x 2 2 y = 5
a)
x 2 + y = 2
Bi 2: Giai cac he phng trnh sau (bang pp cong ai so)
3x 2 y = 10
3 x + y = 3
4 x + 3 y = 6

b)
c) 2
2.1. a )
1
2 x y = 7
2 x + y = 4
x 3 y = 3 3
x 2 3 y = 1
5 x 3 + y = 2 2
b)
2.2. a )
2 x + y 2 = 2
x 6 y 2 = 2
1.2.

Bi 3:
x + 3y = 1
Giai he phng trnh 2
trong moi trng hp sau
(m + 1) x + 6 y = 2m
a) m = -1
b) m = 0
c) m =
1
2 x + by = 4
co
bx ay = 5

Bi 4 a) Xac nh he so avab, biet rang he phng trnh

nghiem la (1; -2)
b) Cung hoi nh vay neu he phng trnh co nghiem

2 1; 2

2 x + y = 2
x + 3 y = 1

Bi 5: Giai he phng trnh sau:

n
2m
m + 1 + n + 1 = 2
a) T o suy ra nghiem cua he phng trnh
m + 3n = 1
m + 1 n + 1

Bi 6: Cho h phng trnh

2 x ay = b

ax + by = 1

a) Gii h khi a =3 ; b =-2

b) Tm a;b h c nghim l (x;y) = ( 2 ; 3 )
Bi 7: Gii cc h phng trnh sau: (pp t n ph)

15

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.1)

1
x+ y

5
x + y

2
=2
x y
4
=3
x y

7.2)

3 x 4 y = 8

2 x + y = 2

7.3)

3 x 2 4 y 2 = 3
(k x;y 2 )

2 x 2 + y 2 = 1

3 x 3 y = 3 2 3
( x + 1) + 2( y 2) = 5
7.4)
;
7.5)
;
7.6)
3( x + 1) ( y 2) = 1
2 x + 3 y = 6 + 2
( x + 5)( y 2) = ( x + 2)( y 1)
.

( x 4)( y + 7) = ( x 3)( y + 4)
( x 1)( y 2) + ( x + 1)( y 3) = 4
3( x + y ) + 5( x y ) = 12
7.7)
;
7.8)
;

( x 3)( y + 1) ( x 3)( y 5) = 1
5( x + y ) + 2( x y ) = 11
1 1 4
x + y = 5

7.9)
;
1 1 = 1
x y 5

2
1
x+ y x y = 2

7.10)
5 4 =3
x + y x y

; 7.11)

5
5
1
2 x 3 y + 3x + y = 8

3 5 =3
2 x 3 y 3 x + y
8

c.Phng trnh bc hai - h thc vi - t

1.Cch gii phng trnh bc hai:

b 2 4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ( a= 0)

* Nu > 0 phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit:

-b -
-b +
x1 =
; x2 =
2a
2a
* Nu = 0 phng trnh c nghim kp: x1 = x2 =

-b
2a

* Nu < 0 th phng trnh v nghim

Ch : Trong trng hp h s b l s chn th gii phng trnh trn bng cng thc nghim thu
gn:
b=

1
b
2

v ' = b ' 2 ac

* Nu ' > 0 phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit

16

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x1 =

-b' - '
-b' + '
; x2 =
a
a

* Nu ' = 0 phng trnh c nghim kp: x1 = x2 =

* Nu ' < 0 th phng trnh v nghim.

-b'
a

2.nh l Vi t: Nu x1 , x2 l nghim ca phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0

S = x 1 + x2 = p = x1x2 =

(a

0) th

b
a

c
a

o li: Nu c hai s x1,x2 m x1 + x2 = S v x1x2 = p th hai s l nghim (nu c ) ca

phng trnh bc 2:
x2 S x + p = 0

3. Ton ng dng nh l Vit

I. Tnh nhm nghim.
Xt phng trnh bc hai: ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a

0)

c
a

Nu a + b + c = 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim x1 = 1 , x2 =

Nu a b + c = 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim x1 = -1 , x2 = -

c
a

Nu x1 + x2 = m +n , x1x2 = mn v 0 th phng trnh c nghim x1 = m , x2 = n

( hoc x1 = n , x2 = m)

II. LP PHNG TRNH BC HAI

1. Lp phng trnh bc hai khi bit hai nghim x1 ; x2
V d : Cho x1 = 3 ; x2 = 2 lp mt phng trnh bc hai cha hai nghim trn
S = x1 + x2 = 5
vy x1 ; x2 l nghim ca phng trnh c dng:
P = x1 x2 = 6

Theo h thc VI-T ta c

x 2 Sx + P = 0 x 2 5 x + 6 = 0

Bi tp p dng:
1.
x1 = 8
2.
x1 = 3a
3.
x1 = 36
4.

x1 = 1 + 2

v
v
v

x2 = -3
x2 = a
x2 = -104

x2 = 1 2

2. Lp phng trnh bc hai c hai nghim tho mn biu thc cha hai nghim ca mt
phng trnh cho trc:
V d: Cho phng trnh : x 2 3x + 2 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x1 ; x2 . Khng gii phng trnh
trn, hy lp phng trnh bc 2 c n l y tho mn : y1 = x2 +

1
1
v y2 = x1 +
x1
x2

17

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theo h th c VI- T ta c :
1 1
1
1
x +x
3 9
+ x1 + = ( x1 + x2 ) + + = ( x1 + x2 ) + 1 2 = 3 + =
x1
x2
x1 x2
2 2
x1 x2
1
1
1
1 9
P = y1 y2 = ( x2 + )( x1 + ) = x1 x2 + 1 + 1 +
= 2 +1+1+ =
x1
x2
x1 x2
2 2

S = y1 + y2 = x2 +

Vy phng trnh cn lp c dng:

hay

y 2 Sy + P = 0
9
9
y2 y + = 0 2 y2 9 y + 9 = 0
2
2

Bi tp p dng:
1/ Cho phng trnh 3 x 2 + 5 x 6 = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit x1 ; x2 . Khng gii phng trnh, Hy
lp phng trnh bc hai c cc nghim y1 = x1 +
5
6

1
1
v y2 = x2 +
x2
x1

1
2

2
(p s: y + y = 0 hay 6 y 2 + 5 y 3 = 0 )

2/ Cho phng trnh : x 2 5 x 1 = 0 c 2 nghim x1 ; x2 . Hy lp phng trnh bc 2 c n y tho

mn y1 = x14 v y2 = x24 (c nghim l lu tha bc 4 ca cc nghim ca phng trnh cho).
(p s : y 2 727 y + 1 = 0 )
3/ Cho phng trnh bc hai: x 2 2 x m 2 = 0 c cc nghim x1 ; x2 . Hy lp phng

trnh

bc hai c cc nghim y1 ; y2 sao cho :

(p s

a) y1 = x1 3 v y2 = x2 3

b) y1 = 2 x1 1 v y2 = 2 x2 1

a) y 2 4 y + 3 m 2 = 0

b) y 2 2 y (4m 2 3) = 0

III. TM HAI S BIT TNG V TCH CA CHNG

Nu hai s c Tng bng S v Tch bng P th hai s l hai nghim ca phng trnh :
(iu kin c hai s l S2 4P 0 )
x 2 Sx + P = 0
V d : Tm hai s a, b bit tng S = a + b = 3 v tch P = ab = 4
V a + b = 3 v ab = 4 n n a, b l nghim ca phng trnh : x 2 + 3x 4 = 0
gii phng trnh trn ta c x = 1 v x2 = 4
Vy nu a = 1 th b = 4
nu a = 4 th b = 1
Bi tp p dng: Tm 2 s a v b bit Tng S v Tch P
1. S = 3 v
P=2

2. S = 3 v
P=6
3. S = 9
v
P = 20
4. S = 2x v
P = x2 y2
1

18

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi tp nng cao: Tm 2 s a v b bit

1. a + b = 9 v a2 + b2 = 41
2. a b = 5 v ab = 36
3. a2 + b2 = 61 v ab = 30
Hng dn: 1) Theo bi bit tng ca hai s a v b , vy p dng h thc VI- T th cn
tm tch ca a v b.
T a + b = 9 ( a + b ) 2 = 81 a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = 81 ab =

81 ( a 2 + b 2 )
2

= 20
x1 = 4
x2 = 5

2
Suy ra : a, b l nghim ca phng trnh c dng : x 9 x + 20 = 0

Vy: Nu a = 4 th b = 5
nu a = 5 th b = 4
2) bit tch: ab = 36 do cn tm tng : a + b
Cch 1: t c = b ta c : a + c = 5 v a.c = 36
x1 = 4
x2 = 9

2
Suy ra a,c l nghim ca phng trnh : x 5 x 36 = 0

Do nu a = 4 th c = 9 nn b = 9
nu a = 9 th c = 4 nn b = 4
2
2
2
2
Cch 2: T ( a b ) = ( a + b ) 4ab ( a + b ) = ( a b ) + 4ab = 169
a + b = 13
2
( a + b ) = 132
a + b = 13

x1 = 4
x2 = 9

2
*) Vi a + b = 13 v ab = 36, nn a, b l nghim ca phng trnh : x + 13x + 36 = 0

Vy a = 4 th b = 9

x1 = 4
x2 = 9

2
*) Vi a + b = 13 v ab = 36, nn a, b l nghim ca phng trnh : x 13 x + 36 = 0

Vy a = 9 th b = 4
3) bit ab = 30, do cn tm a + b:
a + b = 11
a + b = 11

T : a2 + b2 = 61 ( a + b ) = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = 61 + 2.30 = 121 = 112

2

x1 = 5
x2 = 6

2
*) Nu a + b = 11 v ab = 30 th a, b l hai nghim ca phng trnh: x + 11x + 30 = 0

Vy nu a = 5 th b = 6 ; nu a = 6 th b = 5

x1 = 5
x2 = 6

2
*) Nu a + b = 11 v ab = 30 th a, b l hai nghim ca phng trnh : x 11x + 30 = 0

Vy nu a = 5 th b = 6 ; nu a = 6 th b = 5.

19

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV. Tm iu kin ca tham s phng trnh bc hai c mt nghim x = x1 cho trc .Tm
nghim th 2

Cch gii:

Tm iu kin phng trnh c nghim x= x1 cho trc c hai cch lm:

+) Cch 1:- Lp iu kin phng trnh bc 2 cho c 2 nghim: 0 (hoc
/ 0 )
(*)
- Thay x = x1 vo phng trnh cho ,tm c gi tr ca tham s
- i chiu gi tr va tm c ca tham s vi iu kin(*) kt lun
+) Cch 2: - Khng cn lp iu kin 0 (hoc / 0 ) m ta thay lun x = x1 vo
phng trnh cho, tm c gi tr ca tham s
- Sau thay gi tr tm c ca tham s vo phng trnh v gii phng
trnh
Ch : Nu sau khi thay gi tr ca tham s vo phng trnh , m phng trnh bc hai
ny c
< 0 th kt lun khng c gi tr no ca tham s phng trnh c nghim x1 cho
trc.
tm nghim th 2 ta c 3 cch lm:
+) Cch 1: Thay gi tr ca tham s tm c vo phng trnh ri gii phng trnh (nh
cch 2 trnh by trn)
+) Cch 2 :Thay gi tr ca tham s tm c vo cng thc tng 2 nghim s tm c
nghim th 2
+) Cch 3: thay gi tr ca tham s tm c vo cng thc tch hai nghim,t tm c nghim th2
V. TNH GI TR CA CC BIU THC NGHIM
i cc bi ton dng ny iu quan trng nht l cc em phi bit bin i biu thc nghim
cho v biu thc c cha tng nghim x1 + x2 v tch nghim x1 x2 p dng h thc VI-T ri
tnh gi tr ca biu thc
1.Phng php: Bin i biu thc lm xut hin : ( x1 + x2 ) v x1 x2
Dng 1. x12 + x22 = ( x12 + 2 x1 x2 + x22 ) 2 x1 x2 = ( x1 + x2 )2 2 x1 x2
Dng 2.
Dng 3.
Dng 4.

2
x13 + x23 = ( x1 + x2 ) ( x12 x1 x2 + x22 ) = ( x1 + x2 ) ( x1 + x2 ) 3x1 x2

x14 + x24 = ( x12 )2 + ( x22 )2 = ( x12 + x22 ) 2 x12 x22 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 2 x1 x2 2 x12 x22
1 1 x1 + x2
+ =
x1 x2
x1 x2
2

Ta bit ( x1 x2 ) 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 4 x1 x2 x1 x2 =

Dng 5.

x1 x2 = ?

Dng 6.

x12 x22 = ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 + x2 ) = ( x1 + x 2 ) 2 4 x1 x 2 .( x1 + x 2 )

Dng 7.

( x1 + x2 )

4 x1 x2

x13 x23 = ( x1 x2 ) ( x12 + x1 x2 + x22 ) = ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 + x2 ) x1 x2 =.

2

20

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dng 8. x x = ( x + x ) ( x x ) =
Dng 9. x + x = ( x ) + ( x ) = ( x + x ) ( x x x + x ) = ..
Dng 10.

4
1

4
2

6
1

6
2

2
1

2
2

2 3
1

x16 x26 =

2
1

2
2

2 3
2

2
1

2
2

4
1

2 2
1 2

4
2

Dng 11. x + x = ( x1 + x 2 )( x1 + x 2 ) x1 .x 2 ( x1 + x 2 )
Dng12: (x1 a)( x2 a) = x1x2 a(x1 + x2) + a2 = p aS + a2
5
1

Dng13

( x1 ) 3 ( x 2 ) 3 = ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 ) 2 + x1 .x 2 + ( x2 ) 2 = ...
3

5
2

x1 + x 2 2a
1
1
S 2a
+
=
=
x1 a x 2 a ( x1 a )( x 2 a) p aS + a 2

2. Bi tp p dng: Khng gii phng trnh, tnh gi tr ca biu thc nghim

a) Cho phng trnh : x 2 8 x + 15 = 0 Khng gii phng trnh, hy tnh
2
2
1. x1 + x2

3.

x1 x2
+
x2 x1

1 1
+
x1 x2

(34)

2.

34

15

4. ( x1 + x2 )

8

15
2

(46)

b) Cho phng trnh : 8 x 2 72 x + 64 = 0 Khng gii phng trnh, hy tnh:

1.

1 1
+
x1 x2

9

8

2
2
2. x1 + x2

(65)

c) Cho phng trnh : x 2 14 x + 29 = 0 Khng gii phng trnh, hy tnh:

1.

1 1
+
x1 x2

14

29

2
2
2. x1 + x2

(138)

d) Cho phng trnh : 2 x 2 3 x + 1 = 0 Khng gii phng trnh, hy tnh:

1 1
+
x1 x2

(3)

2.

1 x1 1 x2
+
x1
x2

(1)

3. x12 + x22

(1)

4.

x1
x
+ 2
x2 + 1 x1 + 1

5

6

1.

5.

1
1
+
x1 1 x2 1

e) Cho phng trnh x 2 4 3 x + 8 = 0 c 2 nghim x1 ; x2 , khng gii phng trnh, tnh

Q=

HD: Q =

6 x12 + 10 x1 x2 + 6 x22
5 x1 x23 + 5 x13 x2

6 x12 + 10 x1 x2 + 6 x22
6( x1 + x2 ) 2 2 x1 x2
6.(4 3) 2 2.8
17
=
=
=
3
3
2
2
5 x1 x2 + 5 x1 x2
5 x1 x2 ( x1 + x2 ) 2 x1 x2 5.8 (4 3) 2.8 80

21

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VI. TM H THC LIN H GIA HAI NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH SAO CHO HAI NGHIM
NY KHNG PH THUC (HAY C LP) VI THAM S

lm cc bi ton loi ny,cc em lm ln lt theo cc bc sau:

1- t iu kin cho tham s phng trnh cho c hai nghim x1 v x2
(thng l a 0 v 0)
2- p dng h thc VI-T:

x1 + x 2 =

b
c
; x1 .x 2 =
a
a

3- Sau da vo h thc VI-T rt tham s theo tng nghim, theo tch nghim sau ng
nht cc v ta s c mt biu thc cha nghim khng ph thuc vo tham s. chnh l h
thc lin h gia cc nghim x1 v x2 khng ph thuc vo tham s m.
2
V d 1: Cho phng trnh : ( m 1) x 2mx + m 4 = 0 (1) c 2 nghim x1 ; x2 . Lp h thc lin h

gia x1 ; x2 sao cho chng khng ph thuc vo m.

(Bi ny cho PT c hai nghimx1 ;x2 nn ta khng bin lun bc 1)
Gii:
Bc2: Theo h th c VI- T ta c :
2m
2

x1 + x2 = m 1
x1 + x2 = 2 + m 1 (1)

4
x .x =
x .x = 1 3 (2)
1 2
1 2
m 1
m 1

Bc2: Rt m t (1) ta c :
2
2
= x1 + x2 2 m 1 =
m 1
x1 + x2 2

(3)

Rt m t (2) ta c :
3
3
= 1 x1 x2 m 1 =
m 1
1 x1 x2

(4)

Bc 3: ng nht cc v ca (3) v (4) ta c:

2
3
=
2 ( 1 x1 x2 ) = 3 ( x1 + x2 2 ) 3 ( x1 + x2 ) + 2 x1 x2 8 = 0
x1 + x2 2 1 x1 x2
2
V d 2: Gi x1 ; x2 l nghim ca phng trnh : ( m 1) x 2mx + m 4 = 0 . Chng minh rng biu

thc A = 3 ( x1 + x2 ) + 2 x1 x2 8 khng ph thuc gi tr ca m.

Theo h thc VI- T ta c :

22

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2m

x1 + x2 = m 1

x .x = m 4
1 2 m 1

K:( m 1 0 m 1 ) ;Thay vo A ta c :

A = 3 ( x1 + x2 ) + 2 x1 x2 8 = 3.

2m
m4
6m + 2m 8 8(m 1)
0
+ 2.
8 =
=
=0
m 1
m 1
m 1
m 1

Vy A = 0 vi mi m 1 . Do biu thc A khng ph thuc vo m

Bi tp p dng:
2
11. Cho phng trnh : x ( m + 2 ) x + ( 2m 1) = 0 . Hy lp h thc lin h gia x1 ; x2 sao cho x1 ; x2

c lp i vi m.
Hng dn:
B1:

D thy = ( m + 2 ) 4 ( 2m 1) = m 2 4m + 8 = ( m 2 ) + 4 > 0 . Do phng trnh cho

2

lun c 2 nghim phn bit x1 v x2

B2: Theo h thc VI- T ta c
m = x1 + x2 2(1)
x1 + x2 = m + 2

x1 x2 + 1
x1.x2 = 2m 1
m = 2 (2)

B3:

T (1) v (2) ta c:
x1 + x2 2 =

x1 x2 + 1
2 ( x1 + x2 ) x1 x2 5 = 0
2

2
Cho phng trnh : x + ( 4m + 1) x + 2 ( m 4 ) = 0 .

Tm h thc lin h gia x1 v x2 sao cho chng khng ph thuc vo m.

Hng dn: D thy = (4m + 1) 2 4.2(m 4) = 16m 2 + 33 > 0 do phng trnh cho lun c 2
nghim phn bit x1 v x2
Theo h thc VI- T ta c
x1 + x2 = (4m + 1)
4m = ( x1 + x2 ) 1(1)

x1.x2 = 2(m 4)
4m = 2 x1 x2 + 16(2)

T (1) v (2) ta c:
( x1 + x2 ) 1 = 2 x1 x2 + 16 2 x1 x2 + ( x1 + x2 ) + 17 = 0

VII.TM GI TR THAM S CA PHNG TRNH THO MN BIU THC CHA NGHIM

CHO

i vi cc bi ton dng ny cc em lm nh sau:

- t iu kin cho tham s phng trnh cho c hai nghim x1 v x2

23

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(thng l a 0 v 0)

- T biu thc nghim cho, p dng h thc VI-T gii phng trnh (c n l tham s).
- i chiu vi iu kin xc nh ca tham s xc nh gi tr cn tm.
2
V d 1: Cho phng trnh : mx 6 ( m 1) x + 9 ( m 3) = 0
Tm gi tr ca tham s m 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc : x1 + x2 = x1.x2
Bi gii: iu kin phng trnh c 2 nghim x1 v x2 l :
m 0
m 0
m 0
m 0

2
2
m 1
' = 9 ( m 1) 0
' = 3 ( m 21) 9(m 3)m 0
' = 9 ( m 2m + 1) 9m + 27 0
6(m 1)

x1 + x2 = m
Theo h th c VI- T ta c :
v t gi thit: x1 + x2 = x1 x2 . Suy ra:
9(
m

3)
x x =
1 2
m
6(m 1) 9(m 3)
=
6(m 1) = 9(m 3) 6m 6 = 9m 27 3m = 21 m = 7
m
m

(tho mn iu kin xc nh )
Vy vi m = 7 th phng trnh cho c 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc : x1 + x2 = x1.x2
2
2
V d 2: Cho phng trnh : x ( 2m + 1) x + m + 2 = 0 .

Tm m 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc : 3 x1 x2 5 ( x1 + x2 ) + 7 = 0

Bi gii: iu kin phng trnh c 2 nghim x1 & x2 l :
' = (2m + 1) 2 4(m 2 + 2) 0
4 m 2 + 4m + 1 4 m 2 8 0
4m 7 0 m

7
4
x1 + x2 = 2m + 1

Theo h thc VI-T ta c:

2
x1 x2 = m + 2

v t gi thit 3 x1 x2 5 ( x1 + x2 ) + 7 = 0 . Suy ra

3(m 2 + 2) 5(2m + 1) + 7 = 0
3m 2 + 6 10m 5 + 7 = 0
m = 2(TM )
3m 10m + 8 = 0
m = 4 ( KTM )
3

24

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vy vi m = 2 th phng trnh c 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc : 3 x1 x2 5 ( x1 + x2 ) + 7 = 0

Bi tp p dng
2
1. Cho phng trnh : mx + 2 ( m 4 ) x + m + 7 = 0

Tm m 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc : x1 2 x2 = 0

2
2. Cho phng trnh : x + ( m 1) x + 5m 6 = 0

Tm m 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc: 4 x1 + 3 x2 = 1

2
3. Cho phng trnh : 3 x ( 3m 2 ) x ( 3m + 1) = 0 .

Tm m 2 nghim x1 v x2 tho mn h thc : 3 x1 5 x2 = 6

Hng dn cch gii:
i vi cc bi tp dng ny ta thy c mt iu khc bit so vi bi tp V d 1 v v d
2 ch:
+ Trong v d th biu thc nghim cha sn tng nghim x1 + x2 v tch nghim x1 x2 nn ta c
th vn dng trc tip h thc VI-T tm tham s m.
+ Cn trong 3 bi tp trn th cc biu thc nghim li khng cho sn nh vy, do vn t ra
y l lm th no t biu thc cho bin i v biu thc c cha tng nghim x1 + x2 v
tch nghim x1 x2 ri t vn dng tng t cch lm trnh by V d 1 v v d 2.
BT1: - KX : m 0 & m

16
15

( m 4)

x
+
x
=
1
2

m
(1)
-Theo VI-T:
m
+
7
x x =
1 2
m
x1 + x2 = 3 x2
2( x1 + x2 ) 2 = 9 x1 x2 (2)
- T x1 2 x2 = 0 Suy ra:
2(
x
+
x
)
=
3
x
1 2
1
- Th (1) vo (2) ta a c v phng trnh sau: m 2 + 127m 128 = 0 m1 = 1; m2 = 128

BT2: - KX: = m 2 22m + 25 0 11 96 m 11 + 96

x1 + x2 = 1 m
(1)
x1 x2 = 5m 6

- Theo VI-T:

x1 = 1 3( x1 + x2 )
x1 x2 = [ 1 3( x1 + x2 ) ] .[ 4( x1 + x2 ) 1]

- T : 4 x1 + 3 x2 = 1 . Suy ra: x2 = 4( x1 + x2 ) 1
(2)
x1 x2 = 7( x1 + x2 ) 12( x1 + x2 ) 2 1
m = 0
(tho mn KX)
m = 1

- Th (1) vo (2) ta c phng trnh : 12m(m 1) = 0

25

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BT3: - V = (3m 2) 2 + 4.3(3m + 1) = 9m 2 + 24m + 16 = (3m + 4) 2 0 vi mi s thc m nn phng

trnh lun c 2 nghim phn bit.
3m 2

x1 + x2 = 3
(1)
- -Theo VI-T:

(3
m
+
1)
x x =
1 2
3
8 x1 = 5( x1 + x2 ) + 6
64 x1 x2 = [ 5( x1 + x2 ) + 6] .[ 3( x1 + x2 ) 6]

- T gi thit: 3 x1 5 x2 = 6 . Suy ra: 8 x2 = 3( x1 + x2 ) 6

(2)
64 x1 x2 = 15( x1 + x2 ) 2 12( x1 + x2 ) 36
m = 0
- Th (1) vo (2) ta c phng trnh: m(45m + 96) = 0
32
m=
15

(tho mn )

VIII. XC NH DU CC NGHIM CA PHNG TRNH BC HAI

Cho phng trnh:
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) .Hy tm iu kin phng trnh c 2
nghim: tri du, cng du, cng dng, cng m .
Ta lp bng xt du sau:
S = x1 + x2
P = x1 x2
Du nghim
x1
x2
m

tri du
P<0

cng du,
P>0
cng dng,
+
+
S>0
P>0

cng m
S<0
P>0
V d: Xc nh tham s m sao cho phng trnh:

0
0
0
0

iu kin chung
0 ; P < 0.
0 ;P>0
0 ;P>0;S>0
0 ; P > 0 ; S < 0.

2 x 2 ( 3m + 1) x + m 2 m 6 = 0 c 2 nghim tri du.

phng trnh c 2 nghim tri du th

= (3m + 1) 2 4.2.(m 2 m 6) 0

0
= ( m 7) 2 0m

2 < m < 3

m m6
<0
P < 0
P = (m 3)(m + 2) < 0
P =

Vy vi 2 < m < 3 th phng trnh c 2 nghi m tri du.

Bi tp tham kho:
2
1. mx 2 ( m + 2 ) x + 3 ( m 2 ) = 0 c 2 nghim cng du.
2
2. 3mx + 2 ( 2m + 1) x + m = 0 c 2 nghim m.

26

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
3. ( m 1) x + 2 x + m = 0 c t nht mt nghim khng m.

IX. TM GI TR LN NHT HOC GI TR NH NHT CA BIU THC NGHIM

p dng tnh cht sau v bt ng thc: trong mi trng hp nu ta lun phn tch c:
A+ m
C=
(trong A, B l cc biu thc khng m ; m, k l hng s) (*)
k B
Th ta thy : C m (v A 0 ) min C = m A = 0
C k (v B 0 )

max C = k B = 0

2
V d 1: Cho phng trnh : x + ( 2m 1) x m = 0

Gi x1 v x2 l cc nghim ca phng trnh. Tm m :

A = x12 + x22 6 x1 x2 c gi tr nh nht.
x1 + x2 = (2m 1)
x1 x2 = m

Bi gii: Theo VI-T:

A = x12 + x22 6 x1 x2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 8 x1 x2
2

Theo b i :

= ( 2m 1) + 8m
2

= 4m 2 12m + 1
= (2m 3) 2 8 8

Suy ra: min A = 8 2m 3 = 0 hay m =

3
2

V d 2: Cho phng trnh : x 2 mx + m 1 = 0

Gi x1 v x2 l cc nghim ca phng trnh. Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc sau:
B=

2 x1 x2 + 3
x + x22 + 2 ( x1 x2 + 1)
2
1

x1 + x2 = m
x1 x2 = m 1

Ta c: Theo h thc VI-T th :

B=

2 x1 x2 + 3
2 x1 x2 + 3
2(m 1) + 3 2m + 1
=
=
= 2
2
2
x + x2 + 2 ( x1 x2 + 1) ( x1 + x2 ) + 2
m2 + 2
m +2
2
1

Cch 1: Thm bt a v dng nh phn (*) hng dn

Ta bin i B nh sau:

27

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------m + 2 ( m 2m + 1)
( m 1)
B=
= 1
2

m2 + 2

V ( m 1)

( m 1)
0

m2 + 2

m2 + 2

0 B 1

Vy max B=1 m = 1
Vi cch thm bt khc ta li c:
1 2
1
1 2
1
2
m + 2m + 1 m 2
m + 4m + 4 ) ( m 2 + 2 )
(
m + 2)
(
1
2
2
2
2
B=
=
=

2
2
2
m +2
m +2
2 ( m + 2) 2

V ( m + 2 ) 0
2

( m + 2)

2 ( m2 + 2 )

0 B

1
2

1
2

Vy min B = m = 2
Cch 2: a v gii phng trnh bc 2 vi n l m v B l tham s, ta s tm iu kin cho tham
s B phng trnh cho lun c nghim vi mi m.
2m + 1
Bm 2 2m + 2 B 1 = 0
2
m +2
Ta c: = 1 B(2 B 1) = 1 2 B 2 + B
B=

(Vi m l n, B l tham s) (**)

phng trnh (**) lun c nghim vi mi m th 0

2 B 2 + B + 1 0 2 B 2 B 1 0 ( 2 B + 1) ( B 1) 0
hay

Vy:

1
B 2
2 B + 1 0

1
B 1
B 1 0

B 1
2 B + 1 0
2
B 1

2
B 1 0
B 1

max B=1 m = 1
1
min B = m = 2
2

Bi tp p dng
2
2
1. Cho phng trnh : x + ( 4m + 1) x + 2 ( m 4 ) = 0 .Tm m biu thc A = ( x1 x2 ) c gi
tr nh nht.
2. Cho phng trnh x 2 2(m 1) x 3 m = 0 . Tm m sao cho nghim x1 ; x2 tha mn iu kin
x12 + x22 10 .
3. Cho phng trnh : x 2 2(m 4) x + m 2 8 = 0 xc nh m phng trnh c 2 nghim x1 ; x2
tha mn

28

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a) A = x1 + x2 3x1 x2 t gi tr ln nht
b) B = x12 + x22 x1 x2 t gi tr nh nht
4. Cho phng trnh : x 2 ( m 1) x m 2 + m 2 = 0 . Vi gi tr no ca m, biu thc C = x12 + x22 dt
gi tr nh nht.
2
2
5. Cho phng trnh x 2 + (m + 1) + m = 0 . Xc nh m biu thc E = x1 + x2 t gi tr nh nht.
Bi tp
Bi tp 1:
Bin i cc phng trnh sau thnh phng trnh bc hai ri gii
a) 10x2 + 17x + 3 = 2(2x - 1) 15
b) x 2 + 7x - 3 = x(x - 1) - 1
c) 2x2 - 5x - 3 = (x+ 1)(x - 1) + 3
d) 5x 2 - x - 3 = 2x(x - 1) - 1 +
2
x
e) -6x2 + x - 3 = -3x(x - 1) 11
f) - 4x 2 + x(x - 1) - 3 = x(x +3)
+5
g) x2 - x - 3(2x + 3) = - x(x - 2) 1
h) -x 2 - 4x - 3(2x - 7) = - 2x(x
+ 2) - 7
i) 8x2 - x - 3x(2x - 3) = - x(x - 2)
k) 3(2x + 3) = - x(x - 2) - 1

Bi tp 2: Cho phng trnh:

x2 - 2(3m + 2)x + 2m2 - 3m + 5 = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = - 2;
b) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c mt nghim x = -1
c) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn c nghim kp.
Bi tp 3 Cho phng trnh:
x2 - 2(m - 2)x + m2 - 3m + 5 = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = 3;
b) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c mt nghim x = - 4;
c) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn c nghim kp.
Bi tp 4:
Cho phng trnh:
x2 - 2(m - 2)x + 2m2 + 3m = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = -2;
b) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh c mt nghim x = -3
c) Tm cc gi tr ca m phng trnh trn c nghim kp.
Bi tp 5: Cho phng trnh: x2 - 2(m + 3)x + m2 + 3 = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = -1v m = 3
b) Tm m phng trnh c mt nghim x = 4
c) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
d) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim tho mn iu kin x1 = x2
Bi tp 6:
Cho phng trnh : ( m + 1) x2 + 4mx + 4m - 1 = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = -2

29

n thi vo lp 10

mn ton

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit

c) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim tho mn iu kin x1 = 2x2
Bi tp 7:
Cho phng trnh : 2x2 - 6x + (m +7) = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = -3
b) Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c mt nghim x = - 4
c) Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh cho v nghim
d) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim tho mn iu kin x1 = - 2x2
Bi tp 8:
Cho phng trnh : x2 - 2(m - 1 ) x + m + 1 = 0
a) Gii phng trnh vi m = - 4
b) Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit
d) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim tho mn iu kin x1 = 3x2
Bi tp 9:
Bit rng phng trnh : x2 - 2(m + 1 )x + m2 + 5m - 2 = 0 ( Vi m l tham s ) c mt nghim
x = 1. Tm nghim cn li
Bi tp 10:
Bit rng phng trnh : x2 - 2(3m + 1 )x + 2m2 - 2m - 5 = 0 ( Vi m l tham s ) c mt nghim
x = -1 . Tm nghim cn li
x = -1. Tm nghim cn li.
Bi tp 11: Cho phng trnh: x2 - mx + 2m - 3 = 0
a) Tm m phng trnh c nghim kp
b) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim tri du
c)Tm h thc gia hai nghim ca phng trnh khng ph thuc vo m
Bi tp 12: Cho phng trnh bc hai
(m - 2)x2 - 2(m + 2)x + 2(m - 1) = 0
a) Tm m phng trnh c mt nghim x = - 2
b) Tm h thc lin h gia hai nghim khng ph thuc vo m
c) Khi phng trnh c mt nghim x = -1 tm gi tr ca m v tm nghim cn li
Bi tp 13:Cho phng trnh: x2 - 2(m- 1)x + m2 - 3m = 0
a) Tm m phng trnh c mt nghim x = - 2. Tm nghim cn li
b) Tm m phng trnh c hai nghim x1 v x2 tho mn: x12 + x22 = 8
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = x12 + x22
Bi tp 14: Cho phng trnh: mx2 - (m + 3)x + 2m + 1 = 0
a) Tm m phng trnh c hiu hai nghim bng 2
b) Tm h thc lin h gia x1v x2 khng ph thuc m
Bi tp 15: Cho phng trnh: x2 - (2a- 1)x - 4a - 3 = 0
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh lun c nghim vi mi gi tr ca a
b) Tm h thc lin h gia hai nghim khng ph thuc vo a
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A = x12 + x22
Bi tp 16: Cho phng trnh: x2 - 2(m+4)x + m2 - 8 = 0
a) Tm m A = x12 + x22 - x1 - x2 t gi tr nh nht
b) Tm m B = x1 + x2 - 3x1x2 t gi tr ln nht
c) Tm m C = x12 + x22 - x1x2
Bi tp 17: Tm gi tr ca m cc nghim x1, x2 ca phng trnh

30

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mx2 - 2(m - 2)x + (m - 3) = 0 tho mn iu kin

x12 + x 22 = 1

Bi tp 18:
Cho phng trnh x2 - 2(m - 2)x + (m 2 + 2m - 3) = 0. Tm m phng trnh c 2 nghim x 1, x2
phn bit tho mn

1 1 x1 + x2
+
=
x1 x2
5

Bi tp 19:
Cho phng trnh: mx2 - 2(m + 1)x + (m - 4) = 0 (m l tham s).
a) Xc nh m cc nghim x1; x2 ca phng trnh tho mn x1 + 4x2 = 3
b) Tm mt h thc gia x1; x2 m khng ph thuc vo m
Bi tp 20:
a) Vi gi tr no m th hai phng trnh sau c t nht mt nghim chung. Tm nghim chung
?
x2 - (m + 4)x + m + 5 = 0

(1)

x2 - (m + 2)x + m + 1 = 0

(2)

b) Tm gi tr ca m nghim ca phng trnh (1) l nghim ca phng trnh (2) v ngc

li.
-------------------------------d. Mt s phng trnh thng gp:
1. pHng trnh tch:

Dng:

A= 0
A.B = 0
B= 0

V d: Gii phng trnh: 2 x 3 + x 2 13 x + 6 = 0 . Phn tch v tri thnh nhn t bng phng
php nhm nghim.( nghim thuc c ca 6)ta c:

x1 = 2
1
2
x3 = 3

( x 2)(2 x 2 + 5 x 3) = 0 x2 =
Bi tp:

Bi 1:

x 4 2 x 3 x 2 + 8 x 12 = 0

31

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 2:

2 x 3 3 x 2 11x + 6 = 0

2.pHng trnh cha n mu:

V du: Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau:

1+ x2
= 1 x (*)
1 + mx

1
( m 0)
m
Khi phng trnh (*) 1 + x 2 = (1 x)(1 + mx) x 2 mx 2 + x mx = 0
(1 m) x 2 + (1 m) x = 0 x[ (1 m) x + 1 m] = 0

KX: 1 + mx 0 x

x=0
(1 m) x + 1 m = 0 (1 m) x = m 1

Nu m 1 ; th phng trnh c nghim :

x =0
m 1
x =
=1
1 m

Nu m = 1 th phng trnh c nghim: x = 0.

Bi tp:

Bi 1:

2
x +2
10

=
2
x + 3 3x x
x ( x 2 9)

Bi 2:

5
4

=3
x 1 3 6 x + 3x 2

3. pHng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i

V d: Gii phng trnh: 3 x 2 + 3 x 1 =3

Ta c th gii nh sau: Lp bng xt v tri:

x
3 x 2
3x
1

V tri cng
li

3x + 2
3x +1
6x + 3

1
3

3x + 2
3 x 1
0 x +1

2
3

3x 2
3 x 1
6x 3

1
th phng trnh (1) 6 x + 3 = 3 6 x = 0 x = 0 ( tho mn)
3
1
2
+ Vi x th phng trnh (1) 0 x + 1 = 3 phng trnh v nghim.
3
3
2
+ Vi x
th phngtrnh (1) 6 x 3 = 3 6 x = 6 x = 1 tho mn.
3

Vy: + Vi x

Bi tp:

Bi 1:
Bi 2:

x 2 + 2 x +1 =5
x +3 +2 x =4

4. pHng trnh v t:

V d: a) Gii phng trnh:

x + 4 x 1 = 1 2 x

32

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PP: + KX:

x + 4 0 x 4
1 x 0 x 1
1
1 2x 0 x
2

4 x

+ Bnh phng hai v lm mt cn.

b) Gii phng trnh: x + 2 x 1 +

1
2

x 2 x 1 = 2

1
PP: + KX: 2 x 1 0 x
2

+ To ra bnh phng ca mt tng noc mt hiu ca biu thc di cn a ra ngoi

cn.
Do thiu 2 ln tch nn ta nhn c hai v ca phng trnh vi 2 .
+ Xt xem biu thc di cn dng hay khng t trong du ga tr tuyt i ri gii
phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i.
Bi tp:

Bi 1:
Bi 2:

x 2 4x + 4 + x 2 + 2x +1 = 3
x + 2 x 3 2 +

x 2 x 3 2 = 3

---------------------------------------------------------

Dng IV
Gii bi ton bng cch lp phng trnh.
I, L thuyt cn nh:
* Bc 1: + Lp PT hoc h phng trnh;
(nn lp bng timphng trnh)
- Chn n, tm n v v K cho n.
- Biu din mi quan h cn li qua n v cc i lng bit.
- Lp HPT.
* Bc 2: Gii PT hoc HPT.
* Bc 3: i chiu vi K tr li.
II, Bi tp v hng dn:
1) Ton chuyn ng:
Bi 1. Hai t cng khi hnh mt lc t hai tnh A v B cch nhau 160 km, i ngc chiu nhau
v gp nhau sau 2 gi. Tm vn tc ca mi t bit rng nu t i t A tng vn tc thm
10 km/h s bng hai ln vn tc t i t B.
Bi 2: Mt ngi i xe p t A n B vi vn tc 9km/h . Khi i t B v A ngi y i ng khc
di hn 6 km, vi vn tc 12km/h. nn thi gian t hn thi gian khi I l 20 pht. Tnh qung ng AB?
Bi 3. Hai ca n cng khi hnh t hai bn A, B cch nhau 85 km , i ngc chiu nhau v gp
nhau sau 1 gi 40 pht.Tnh vn tc ring ca mi ca n bit rng vn tc ca ca n xui dng
ln hn vn tc ca ca n ngc dng l 9 km/h (c c vn tc dng nc) v vn tc dng nc l 3
km/h.
2) Ton thm bt mt lng

33

mn ton

n thi vo lp 10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 5. Hai lp 9A v 9B c tng cng 70 HS. nu chuyn 5 HS t lp 9A sang lp 9B th s HS

hai lp bng nhau. Tnh s HS mi lp.
Bi 6: Hai thng ng du: Thng th nht c 120 lt,thng th hai c 90 lt. Sau khi ky ra
thng th nht mt lng du gp ba lng du ly ra thng th hai, th lng du cn li trong
thng th hai gp i lng du cn li trong thng th nht. Hi ly ra bao nhiu lt du mi
thng?
3) Ton phn trm:
Bi 7. Hai trng A, B c 250 HS lp 9 d thi vo lp 10, kt qu c 210 HS trng tuyn. Tnh
ring t l th trng A t 80%, trng B t 90%. Hi mi trng c bao nhiu HS lp 9 d thi
vo lp 10.
4) Ton lm chung lm ring:
Bi 8. Hai vi nc cng chy vo mt b khng c nc sau 2 gi 55 pht th y b. Nu chy
ring th vi th nht cn t thi gian hn vi th hai l 2 gi. Tnh thi gian mi vi chy
ring th y b.
Bi 9. Hai t cng lm chung mt cng vic hon thnh sau 15 gi. nu t mt lm trong 5
gi, t hai lm trong 3 gi th c 30% cng vic. Hi nu lm ring th mi t hon thnh
trong bao lu.
5) Ton nng dung dch:
Kin thc: Bit rng m lt cht tan trong M lt dung dchth nng phn trm l

m
.100%
M

Bi 10: Khi thm 200g Axt vo dung dch Axt th dung dch mi c nng A xt l 50%.
Li thm 300gam nc vo dung dch mi ,ta c dung dch A xt c nng l40%.Tnh nng
A xt trong dung dch u tin.
HD: Khi lng nc trong dung dch u tin l x gam, khi lng A xt trong dung dch u tin
l y gam Sau khi thm, 200 gam A xt vo dung dch A xt ta clng A xt l: ( y + 200) gam v
y + 200

nng l 50% Do tac: y + 200 + x = 2 x y = 200 (1)

Sau khi thm 300 gam nc vo dung dch th khi lng nc l: (x + 300) gam v nng l
y + 200

40%(=2/5) nn ta c: y + 200 + x + 300 = 5 2 x 3 y = 0

(2)

Gii h (1) v (2) ta c x = 600; y = 400 Vy nng A xt l:

6)Ton nhit lng:
Kin thc: Bit rng:

400
= 40%
600 + 400

+ m Kg nc gim t0C th to ra mt nhit lng Q = m.t (Kcal).

+ m Kg nc tng t0C th thu vo mt nhit lng Q = m.t (Kcal).
Bi 11: Phi dng bao nhiu lt nc si 1000C v bao nhiu lt nc lnh 200C c hn hp
100lt nc nhit 400C.
HD: Gi khi lng nc si l x Kg th khi lng nc lnh l: 100 x (kg)
Nhit lng nc si to ra khi h xung n 400C l: x(100 40) = 60x (Kcal)
Nhit lng nc lnh tng t 200C -n 400C l: (100 x).20. (Kcal)
V nhit lng thu vo bng nhit lng to ra nn ta c : 60x = (100 x).20
Gii ra ta c: x = 25.Vy kh lng nc si l 25Kg; nc lnh l 75 Kg tng ng vi 25lt v 75
lt.

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7)Cc dng ton khc:

Bi 12. Mt tha rung c chu vi 200m . nu tng chiu di thm 5m, gim chiu rng i 5m
th din tch gim i 75 m 2 . Tnh din tch tha rung .
Bi 13. Mt phng hp c 360 gh c xp thnh tng hng v mi hng c s gh ngi bng
nhau. Nhng do s ngi n hp l 400 nn phi k thm 1 hng v mi hng phi k thm 1 gh
mi ch. Tnh xem lc u phng hp c bao nhiu hng gh v mi hng c bao nhiu
gh.

---------------------------------------&&&&----------------------------------------------

Dng V

Bi tp Hnh tng hp
Bi 1. Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn ni tip ng trn (O). Cc ng cao AD, BE, CF ct
nhau ti

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H v ct ng trn (O) ln lt ti M,N,P.

Xt t gic CEHD ta c: C/M:
1. T gic CEHD, ni tip .
2. Bn im B,C,E,F cng nm trn mt ng trn.

3. AE.AC = AH.AD; AD.BC =

BE.AC.
4. H v M i xng nhau qua BC.
5. Xc nh tm ng trn ni
tip tam gic DEF.

Bi 2. Cho tam gic cn ABC (AB = AC), cc ng cao AD, BE, ct nhau ti H. Gi O l tm ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic AHE.
1. Chng minh t gic CEHD ni tip .
2. Bn im A, E, D, B cng nm trn mt ng trn.
3. Chng minh ED =

1
BC.
2

4. Chng minh DE l tip tuyn ca ng trn (O).

5. Tnh di DE bit DH = 2 Cm, AH = 6 Cm.
Bi 3 Cho na ng trn ng knh AB = 2R. T A v B k hai tip tuyn Ax, By. Qua im
M thuc na ng trn k tip tuyn th ba ct cc tip tuyn Ax , By ln lt C v D. Cc ng thng AD v BC ct nhau ti N.
1. Chng minh AC + BD = CD.
2. Chng minh COD = 900.
3. Chng minh AC. BD =

AB 2
.
4

4. Chng minh OC // BM
5. Chng minh AB l tip tuyn ca ng trn ng knh CD.
6. Chng minh MN AB.
7. Xc nh v tr ca M chu vi t gic ACDB t gi tr nh nht.
Bi 4 Cho tam gic cn ABC (AB = AC), I l tm ng trn ni tip, K l tm ng trn bng
tip gc
A , O l trung im ca IK.
1. Chng minh B, C, I, K cng nm trn mt ng trn.
2. Chng minh AC l tip tuyn ca ng trn (O).
3. Tnh bn knh ng trn (O) Bit AB = AC = 20 Cm, BC = 24 Cm.
Bi 5 Cho ng trn (O; R), t mt im A trn (O) k tip tuyn d vi (O). Trn ng thng d
ly im M bt k ( M khc A) k ct tuyn MNP v gi K l trung im ca NP, k tip tuyn
MB (B l tip im). K AC MB, BD MA, gi H l giao im ca AC v BD, I l giao im
ca OM v AB.
1. Chng minh t gic AMBO ni tip.
2. Chng minh nm im O, K, A, M, B cng nm trn mt ng trn .
3. Chng minh OI.OM = R2; OI. IM = IA2.
4. Chng minh OAHB l hnh thoi.
5. Chng minh ba im O, H, M thng hng.
6. Tm qu tch ca im H khi M di chuyn trn ng thng d

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 6 Cho tam gic ABC vung A, ng cao AH. V ng trn tm A bn knh AH. Gi HD
l ng knh ca ng trn (A; AH). Tip tuyn ca ng trn ti D ct CA E.
1. Chng minh tam gic BEC cn.
2. Gi I l hnh chiu ca A trn BE, Chng minh rng AI = AH.
3. Chng minh rng BE l tip tuyn ca ng trn (A; AH).
4. Chng minh BE = BH + DE.
Bi 7 Cho ng trn (O; R) ng knh AB. K tip tuyn Ax v ly trn tip tuyn mt
im P sao
cho AP > R, t P k tip tuyn tip xc vi (O) ti M.
1. Chng minh rng t gic APMO ni tip c mt ng trn.
2. Chng minh BM // OP.
3. ng thng vung gc vi AB O ct tia BM ti N. Chng minh t gic OBNP l hnh
bnh hnh.
4. Bit AN ct OP ti K, PM ct ON ti I; PN v OM ko di ct nhau ti J. Chng minh I, J,
K thng hng.
Bi 8 Cho na ng trn tm O ng knh AB v im M bt k trn na ng trn ( M
khc A,B). Trn na mt phng b AB cha na ng trn k tip tuyn Ax. Tia BM ct Ax ti
I; tia phn gic ca gc IAM ct na ng trn ti E; ct tia BM ti F tia BE ct Ax ti H, ct AM
ti K.
1) Chng minh rng: EFMK l t gic ni tip.
2) Chng minh rng: AI2 = IM . IB.
3) Chng minh BAF l tam gic cn.
4) Chng minh rng : T gic AKFH l hnh thoi.
5) Xc nh v tr M t gic AKFI ni tip c mt ng trn.
Bi 9 Cho na ng trn (O; R) ng knh AB. K tip tuyn Bx v ly hai im C v D
thuc na ng trn. Cc tia AC v AD ct Bx ln lt E, F (F gia B v E).
1. Chng minh AC. AE khng i.
2. Chng minh ABD = DFB.
3. Chng minh rng CEFD l t gic ni tip.
Bi 10 Cho ng trn tm O ng knh AB v im M bt k trn na ng trn sao cho
AM < MB. Gi M l im i xng ca M qua AB v S l giao im ca hai tia BM, MA. Gi P
l chn ng
vung gc t S n AB.
1. Chng minh bn im A, M, S, P cng nm trn mt ng trn
2. Gi S l giao im ca MA v SP. Chng minh rng tam gic PSM cn.
3. Chng minh PM l tip tuyn ca ng trn .
Bi 11. Cho tam gic ABC (AB = AC). Cnh AB, BC, CA tip xc vi ng trn (O) ti cc
im D, E, F . BF ct (O) ti I , DI ct BC ti M. Chng minh :
1. Tam gic DEF c ba gc nhn.
2. DF // BC.

3. T gic BDFC ni tip.

4.

BD BM
=
CB
CF

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi 12 Cho ng trn (O) bn knh R c hai ng knh AB v CD vung gc vi nhau. Trn
on thng AB ly im M (M khc O). CM ct (O) ti N. ng thng vung gc vi AB ti M
ct tip tuyn
ti N ca ng trn P. Chng minh :
1. T gic OMNP ni tip.
2. T gic CMPO l hnh bnh hnh.
3. CM. CN khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im M.
4. Khi M di chuyn trn on thng AB th P chy trn on thng c nh no.
Bi 13 Cho tam gic ABC vung A (AB > AC), ng cao AH. Trn na mt phng b BC
cha in A , V na ng trn ng knh BH ct AB ti E, Na ng trn ng knh HC
ct AC ti F.
1. Chng minh AFHE l hnh ch nht.
2. BEFC l t gic ni tip.
3. AE. AB = AF. AC.
4. Chng minh EF l tip tuyn chung ca hai na ng trn .
Bi 14 Cho im C thuc on thng AB sao cho AC = 10 Cm, CB = 40 Cm. V v mt pha
ca AB cc na ng trn c ng knh theo th t l AB, AC, CB v c tm theo th t l O,
I, K.
ng vung gc vi AB ti C ct na ng trn (O) ti E. Gi M. N theo th t l giao im ca
EA,
EB vi cc na ng trn (I), (K).
1. Chng minh EC = MN.
2. Chng minh MN l tip tuyn chung ca cc na ng trn (I), (K).
3. Tnh MN.
4. Tnh din tch hnh c gii hn bi ba na ng trn
Bi 15 Cho tam gic ABC vung A. Trn cnh AC ly im M, dng ng trn (O) c ng
knh MC. ng thng BM ct ng trn (O) ti D. ng thng AD ct ng trn (O) ti S.
1. Chng minh ABCD l t gic ni tip .
2. Chng minh CA l tia phn gic ca gc SCB.
3. Gi E l giao im ca BC vi ng trn (O). Chng minh rng cc ng thng BA,
EM, CD ng quy.
4. Chng minh DM l tia phn gic ca gc ADE.
5. Chng minh im M l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ADE.
Bi 17. Cho tam gic u ABC c ng cao l AH. Trn cnh BC ly im M bt k ( M khng
trng B. C, H ) ; t M k MP, MQ vung gc vi cc cnh AB. AC.
1. Chng minh APMQ l t gic ni tip v hy xc nh tm O ca ng trn ngoi tip
t gic .
2. Chng minh rng MP + MQ = AH.
Bi 18 Cho ng trn (O) ng knh AB. Trn on thng OB ly im H bt k ( H khng
trng O, B) ; trn ng thng vung gc vi OB ti H, ly mt im M ngoi ng trn ; MA
v MB th t ct ng trn (O) ti C v D. Gi I l giao im ca AD v BC.

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Chng minh MCID l t gic ni tip .

2. Chng minh cc ng thng AD, BC, MH ng quy ti I.
3. Gi K l tm ng trn ngoi tip t gic MCID, Chng minh KCOH l t gic ni tip .
Bi 19. Cho ng trn (O) ng knh AC. Trn bn knh OC ly im B tu (B khc O, C ).
Gi M l trung im ca on AB. Qua M k dy cung DE vung gc vi AB. Ni CD, K BI
vung gc vi CD.
1. Chng minh t gic BMDI ni tip .
2. Chng minh t gic ADBE l hnh thoi.
3. Chng minh BI // AD.
4. Chng minh I, B, E thng hng.
5. Chng minh MI l tip tuyn ca (O).
Bi 20. Cho ng trn (O; R) v (O; R) c R > R tip xc ngoi nhau ti C. Gi AC v BC l
hai ng knh i qua im C ca (O) v (O). DE l dy cung ca (O) vung gc vi AB ti
trung im M ca AB. Gi giao im th hai ca DC vi (O) l F, BD ct (O) ti G. Chng
minh rng:
1. T gic MDGC ni tip .
2. Bn im M, D, B, F cng nm trn mt ng trn
3. T gic ADBE l hnh thoi.
4. B, E, F thng hng
5. DF, EG, AB ng quy.
6. MF = 1/2 DE.
7. MF l tip tuyn ca (O).
Bi 21. Cho ng trn (O) ng knh AB. Gi I l trung im ca OA . V ng tron tm I i
qua A, trn (I) ly P bt k, AP ct (O) ti Q.
1. Chng minh rng cc ng trn (I) v (O) tip xc nhau ti A.
2. Chng minh IP // OQ.
3. Chng minh rng AP = PQ.
4. Xc nh v tr ca P tam gic AQB c din tch ln nht.
Bi 22. Cho hnh vung ABCD, im E thuc cnh BC. Qua B k ng thng vung gc vi
DE, ng thng ny ct cc ng thng DE v DC theo th t H v K.
1. Chng minh BHCD l t gic ni tip .
4. Khi E di chuyn trn cnh
2. Tnh gc CHK.
BC th H di chuyn trn 3. Chng minh KC. KD = KH.KB
ng no?
Bi 23. Cho tam gic ABC vung A. Dng min ngoi tam gic ABC cc hnh vung
ABHK, ACDE.
1. Chng minh ba im H, A, D thng hng.
2. ng thng HD ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ti F, chng minh FBC l tam
gic vung cn.
3. Cho bit ABC > 450 ; gi M l giao im ca BF v ED, Chng minh 5 im b, k, e,
m, c cng nm trn mt ng trn.
4. Chng minh MC l tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.

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Bi 24. Cho tam gic nhn ABC c B = 450 . V ng trn ng knh AC c tm O, ng

trn ny ct BA v BC ti D v E.
1. Chng minh AE = EB.
2. Gi H l giao im ca CD v AE, Chng minh rng ng trung trc ca on HE i qua
trung im I ca BH.
3. Chng minh OD l tip tuyn ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic BDE.
Bi 25. Cho ng trn (O), BC l dy bt k (BC< 2R). K cc tip tuyn vi ng trn (O) ti
B v C chng ct nhau ti A. Trn cung nh BC ly mt im M ri k cc ng vung gc MI,
MH, MK xung cc cnh tng ng BC, AC, AB. Gi giao im ca BM, IK l P; giao im ca
CM, IH l Q.
1. Chng minh tam gic ABC cn.
2. Cc t gic BIMK, CIMH ni tip .
2
3. Chng minh MI = MH.MK.
4. Chng minh PQ MI.
Bi 26. Cho ng trn (O), ng knh AB = 2R. V dy cung CD AB H. Gi M l im
chnh gia ca cung CB, I l giao im ca CB v OM. K l giao im ca AM v CB. Chng
minh :
1.

KC AC
=
KB
AB

2. AM l tia phn gic ca CMD.

3. T gic OHCI ni tip

4. Chng minh ng vung gc k t M n AC cng l tip tuyn ca ng trn ti M.

Bi 27 Cho ng trn (O) v mt im A ngoi ng trn . Cc tip tuyn vi ng trn
(O) k t A tip xc vi ng trn (O) ti B v C. Gi M l im tu trn ng trn ( M khc B,
C), t M k MH BC, MK CA, MI AB. Chng minh :
T gic ABOC ni tip.
2. BAO = BCO.
3. MIH MHK.
4. MI.MK = MH2.
Bi 28 Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O). Gi H l trc tm ca tam gic ABC; E l im i
xng ca H qua BC; F l im i xng ca H qua trung im I ca BC.
1. Chng minh t gic BHCF l hnh bnh hnh.
2. E, F nm trn ng trn (O).
3. Chng minh t gic BCFE l hnh thang cn.
4. Gi G l giao im ca AI v OH. Chng minh G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.
Bi 29 BC l mt dy cung ca ng trn (O; R) (BC 2R). im A di ng trn cung ln BC
sao cho O lun nm trong tam gic ABC. Cc ng cao AD, BE, CF ca tam gic ABC ng
quy ti H.
1. Chng minh tam gic AEF ng dng vi tam gic ABC.
2. Gi A l trung im ca BC, Chng minh AH = 2OA.
3. Gi A1 l trung im ca EF, Chng minh R.AA1 = AA. OA.
4. Chng minh R(EF + FD + DE) = 2SABC suy ra v tr ca A tng EF + FD + DE t gi
tr ln nht.
Bi 30 Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O; R), tia phn gic ca gc BAC ct (O) ti M. V ng
cao AH v bn knh OA.
1. Chng minh AM l phn gic ca gc OAH.
2. Gi s B > C. Chng minh OAH = B - C.
3. Cho BAC = 600 v OAH = 200. Tnh: B v C ca tam gic ABC.

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Ht

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