Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam

THNG TIN TON HC

Thng 3 Nm 2013 Tp 17 S 1

Thng Tin Ton Hc

(Lu hnh ni b)

Tng bin tp Phng H Hi

Ban bin tp Phm Tr n on Trung Cng Trn Nam Dng Nguyn Hu D on Th Hiu Nguyn An Khng L Cng Li c Thi Nguyn Chu Gia Vng

Bn tin Thng Tin Ton Hc nhm mc ch phn nh cc sinh hot chuyn mn trong cng ng ton hc Vit Nam v quc t. Bn tin ra thng k 4 s trong mt nm.

a ch lin h Bn tin: Thng Tin Ton Hc Vin Ton Hc 18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni Email: ttth@vms.org.vn Trang web: http://www.vms.org.vn/ttth/ttth.htm

Th l gi bi: Bi vit bng ting Vit. Tt c cc bi, thng tin v sinh hot ton hc cc khoa (b mn) ton, v hng nghin cu hoc trao i v phng php nghin cu v ging dy u c hoan nghnh. Bn tin cng nhn ng cc bi gii thiu tim nng khoa hc ca cc c s cng nh cc bi gii thiu cc nh ton hc. Bi vit xin gi v ta son theo email hoc a ch trn. Nu bi c nh my tnh, xin gi km theo file vi phng ch unicode.

c Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam

nh ba 1. Xem trang 24 Ngun: Internet Trang web ca Hi Ton hc: http://www.vms.org.vn

Gii Nobel kinh t 2012

Ghp i n nh v thit k th trng
Nguyn Tin Thnh (Trng Qun tr kinh doanh Kellogg, H Northwestern, M) Kinh t hc nghin cu s phn chia ngun ti nguyn, ca ci, ngun nhn lc, ngun vn v.v (trong bi vit ny s gi chung l ngun lc, resources trong ting Anh) cc x hi v cc mi trng kinh t khc nhau. Trong nhiu trng hp, h thng gi c gii quyt bi ton phn chia ngun lc kh thnh cng, chng hn nh quy lut cung cu trong kinh t: khi cung khng cu th gi tng ln, v ngc li. Tuy nhin trong mt s hon cnh khc, v lut php khng cho php hoc v tri vi o l v chun mc x hi, tin bc khng th s dng trong bi ton phn chia ngun lc. V d nh vic phn chia ni tng cho cc bnh nhn ch cy ghp, hay vic xt tuyn nhn sinh vin vo cc trng i hc. v nhng ng gp v mt l thuyt cn gio s Roth c nhn gii v pht trin v a l thuyt ny vo trong thc tin. Nm 1962 L. Shapley cng vi ng nghip David Gale (nh kinh t hc qua i nm 2008, nu cn sng chc ng cng s cng c nhn gii thng Nobel kinh t nm 2012) cng b mt bi bo v cng sc tch nghin cu vn ghp i n nh (stable matching) trn tp ch American Mathematical Monthly (xem [1]). Bi bo a ra mt thut ton m hin nay c gi l thut ton GaleShapley tm ra phng cch ghp cp nhng c th vi nhau mt cch ti u cho c hai pha, khi m tt c h u c nhng nh gi khc nhau v mc ph hp ca cc i tng c th c ghp.

Lloyd Shapley. Ngun: Internet Gii Nobel kinh t nm 2012 c trao cho hai nh kinh t hc ngi M l Lloyd Shapley v Alvin Roth v nhng cng hin ca h trong cc nghin cu v nhng h thng kinh t m phng cch s dng h thng gi c iu tit b hn ch. Gio s Shapley nhn gii thng ny

Alvin Roth. Ngun: Internet Trong bi bo, hai tc gi ch ch a ra cc kt qu v chng minh trong nhng ng cnh c th. Chng hn ta hy xt bi ton tuyn sinh i hc. Gi s c n ng vin np h s xin hc vo m trng i hc, trong trng th i c

ch tiu l qi . Mt cch t nhin, ta c th gi s s lng ng vin s khng t hn tng s ch tiu ca m trng m (n 1 qi ). Mi ng vin xp hng cc trng m mnh mun hc theo th t u tin, tr ra nhng trng m h khng mun vo hc d c c chp nhn. thun tin, ta yu cu khng c tnh hung ng hng xy ra, tc l d ng c vin c a thch hai trng nh nhau th cng cn phi xp chng theo th t u tin. Mi trng khi cng xp hng ng vin tim nng sau khi loi ra nhng ng vin khng t yu cu d ch tiu vn cn. thun tin, ta cng gi thit rng ng vin khng t yu cu ca mt trng no th cng s khng c php np n vo trng ny. T d kin v ch tiu v hai b sp th t ny, ta mun xc nh mt php gn cc ng vin vo cc trng sao cho ph hp nht. tng mu cht y l ta cn kt qu cui cng phi n nh, tc l khng tn ti hai ng vin , no c nhn vo hai trng A, B tng ng nhng li thch A hn B v A cng thch hn ; v cng khng tn ti hai ng vin , no sao cho c nhn vo trng A v khng c trng no nhn nhng A li thch hn . Thut ton Gale-Shapley di y m bo s tn ti ca mt php gn n nh. Hn na, trong s nhng php gn n nh lun c mt phng n ti u, tc l mt php gn n nh trong mi ng vin u c kt qu khng ti hn so vi kt qu ca h trong cc php gn n nh khc. Php gn ti u ny l duy nht. Tht vy, nu c hai php gn ti u th s c t nht mt ng vin c kt qu trong mt php gn ti hn so vi trong php gn cn li, mu thun vi tnh ti u.

Thut ton Gale-Shapley: u tin, tt c ng vin u np n vo trng m h thch nht. Mi trng th i vi ch tiu qi s lp mt danh sch gm qi ng vin m h xp hng cao nht v loi b phn cn li, hoc gm tt c cc ng vin nu s lng t hn ch tiu. vng th hai, cc ng vin b t chi trong vng u s np n vo cc trng m h a thch th nh v mi trng th i vi ch tiu qi s li lp ra mt danh sch mi gm qi ng vin m h xp hng cao nht trong s nhng ng vin mi v nhng ng vin trong danh sch c v loi b phn cn li, hoc gm tt c cc ng vin mi v c nu s lng vn cn t hn ch tiu. V ta c tip tc cc vng tip theo nh th. V qui trnh ny phi dng n m 1 qi nn m (sau ti a n( 1 qi ) vng) khi m mi ng vin hoc l nm trong mt danh sch ca mt trng, hoc l b tt c cc trng m anh ta mun hc v c php np h s t chi. vng cui cng ny, tt c cc trng ch vic nhn nhng ng vin trong danh sch th ta s c php gn n nh. Tht vy, nu gi s ng vin vo hc trng A nhng anh ta li thch trng B hn, th theo thut ton trn, anh ta phi np n vo trng B trong mt vng no trc . iu chng t ng vin b trng ny t chi, v r rng trng B ny nh gi ng vin thp hn tt c cc ng vin c nhn ca n. Trng hp c hai ng vin , sao cho c nhn vo trng A, v khng c trng no nhn nhng A li thch hn r rng cng khng th xy ra trong qui trnh trn. S tn ti php gn ti u: Ta gi mt trng l thch hp i vi mt ng vin nu c mt php gn n nh sao cho ngi ny c trng nhn vo hc. Trc ht ta chng minh qui np rng

trong thut ton khng c ng vin no b mt trng thch hp ca mnh loi ra. Gi s cho n trc mt bc no trong thut ton vn khng c ng vin no b mt trng thch hp ca mnh loi ra; v gi s thm rng bc ny mt trng A nhn ch tiu gm qi h s ca qi ng vin 1 , ..., qi v loi ra ng vin . Ta s chng t rng trng A ny khng th l trng thch hp i vi ng vin . Tht vy, ta bit rng tt c cc ng vin 1 , ..., qi u thch trng A ny hn mi trng no khc, tr ra nhng trng loi h trc , nhng trng m theo gi thit qui np, khng th l trng thch hp i vi h. Xt mt php gn gi nh trong s hc trng A ny v cc ng vin khc u c hc trng thch hp i vi mnh. Khi , t nht mt j trong s cc ng vin 1 , ..., qi s phi hc mt trng B t c a thch hn so vi trng A. Do php gn ny l khng n nh, v trong phng n ny j thch A hn B v A cng thch j hn . Vy ta chng minh c rng cc bc trong thut ton ch loi ra nhng ng vin khng th c gn vo bt c phng n n nh no. By gi gi s c mt ng vin thch trng B trong mt phng n n nh no hn so vi trng A trong phng n n nh bc cui cng ca thut ton. Nh th chng t ngi ny np n vo B v b trng B loi trc , mu thun vi iu va chng minh. Vy kt qu cui cng ca thut ton l phng n ti u. Nhng nm tip theo ca thp k 60 v 70 ca th k trc, nhiu nghin cu khc v ghp i n nh ra i v to ra mt mng khc bit so vi nhng hng i khc ca kinh t hc lc by gi. Nhng phi i n gia nhng nm 1980, ngi ta mi nhn ra vai tr rt ln

ca mng l thuyt ny trong thc t qua mt bi bo c tnh bc ngot ca Roth [2]. Trong bi bo, Roth nghin cu v s thay i v pht trin ca th trng lao ng ti cc bnh vin M v a ra kt lun rng thut ton Gale-Shapley m lc c ng dng ti kh nhiu bnh vin thc s gip ci tin vt bc th trng lao ng ny. Bi bo l mt bc pht trin quan trng cho s hnh thnh ca mt nhnh mi trong kinh t hc, lnh vc thit k th trng. ngi ta nghin cu thit k nhng th trng trong thc t, ni c th p dng c thut ton Gale-Shapley. T nhng nm 1990 cho n hin ti, Roth cng cc ng nghip vn pht trin mng ti ny trong c hai kha cnh l thuyt v thc tin, thm ch p dng n vo nhng th trng m yu t gi c vn c tnh n. Roth t kh nhiu thnh cng v c nh hng thc t rt ln. ng gip ci tin nhiu phng thc tuyn sinh trong h thng cc trng hc cng ti cc thnh ph New York, Boston, Chicago, v.v. ng cng phi hp vi cc bnh vin thit k thut ton phn chia v trao i thn gia bnh nhn v ngi hin ni tng. Vi nhng cng hin ny, Lloyd Roth l mt trong s t nhng nh nghin cu a khoa hc kinh t tin gn n vi cuc sng thc t, v cng vi David Gale nhn gii Nobel kinh t nm 2012 mt cch xng ng.

TI LIU
[1] Gale, D. and Shapley, L. S. (1962). College admissions and the stability of marriage, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 69: 915. [2] Roth, A. E. (1984). The Evolution of the Labor Market for Medical Interns and Residents: A Case Study in Game Theory, J. Polit. Econ., Vol. 92: 991-1016.

Cu trc ton hc trong tc phm Phng tranh ca Escher

B. de Smit v H. W. Lenstra Jr.
Li ngi dch: M. C. Escher l mt ha s H Lan, ni ting qua cc tc phm in mc bn, in thch bn, in khc no ly cm hng t ton hc. Cc tc phm ca Escher thng c trng cho cc cu trc bt kh thi trong khng gian ba chiu nhng c th miu t c trong mt phng, kho st v tnh v tn trong kin trc cng nh trong trang tr khm mu. Cng ng ton hc quc t bit n Escher rng ri qua mt trin lm cc tc phm ca Escher ti Bo tng Stedelijk, khi i hi Ton hc Th gii din ra ti Amsterdam nm 1954. T nm 1986, Lin hi ng Chnh sch v Ton hc M (Joint Policy Board for Mathematics) chn thng T hng nm t chc Thng nhn thc v Ton hc (Mathematics Awareness Month). Nm 2003, nhn ch Ton hc v Ngh thut ca hot ng thng nin ny, t Thng tin ca Hi Ton hc M s Thng 4 c lot ba bi v di sn ngh thut ca Escher. Bi di y l bn dch t bi bo B. de Smit and H. W. Lenstra Jr., The Mathematical Structure of Eschers Print Gallery. Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 50 (4) (2003): 446-451(1) trong lot bi . Hnh 1. Bc Phng tranh ca Escher, in c MC Escher Co., H Lan. thch bn (1956).

nh cng chnh l nhng bn sao ca phng tranh ni m anh ta ang ng. chnh gia tc phm, mt m trn mu trng trn c ch k ca Escher v ch MCE dng khi.

Nm 1956, Maurits Cornelis Escher (18981972), mt ngh s to hnh ngi H Lan, sng tc mt tc phm in thch bn khc thng c tn l Phng tranh (ting H Lan: Prentententoonstelling). Tc phm m t mt ngi n ng ng trong mt phng trin lm, ang xem mt bc tranh v mt thnh ph cng a Trung Hi. Trong bc tranh, khi ngi n ng ny a mt nhn theo dy nh xy dc theo b bin t tri sang phi v t trn xung di, anh ta nhn ra rng nhng cn

Yu t ton hc no n sau tc phm Phng tranh? C cch no tha ng hn thay th m trng ni trn khng? Nh s thy, ta c th xem tc phm ny c v trn mt ng cong elliptic trn trng s phc, v kt lun rng mt phin bn l tng ca bc tranh l cc hnh trong tranh c lp i lp li chnh n theo mt vng xon cho ti chnh gia bc tranh. Chnh xc hn, bc tranh cha cc bn sao ca chnh n quay theo chiu kim ng h mt gc 157, 6255960832... v c thu nh dn vi t l l 22, 5836845286....

(1)Bn in t c th ly ti http://www.ams.org/notices/200304/fea-escher.pdf

Phng php Escher

y u c ly ra t cun sch . Escher bt u t tng rng phi c cch no to nn mt ng cong (annular bulge), m rng tun hon, khng c khi u v cng khng c kt thc. Escher ht sc bn tm hin thc ha tng ny. u tin, Escher c gng thc hin tng ca mnh bng cch dng cc ng thng [Hnh 2], nhng sau trc gic mch bo ng dng cc ng cong nh trong Hnh 3. Bng cch ny, cc hnh vung nh nguyn thy vn c duy tr tt hnh dng ca n khi c th hin ra trn tranh. Sau nhiu ln ci tin lin tip, Escher nhn c mt li nh Hnh 4. Khi ta di chuyn t A n D, cc hnh vung trong li s c gin ra n 4 ln theo mi cnh. Cn khi ta i vng theo chiu kim ng h quanh tm, li s chng ln chnh n nhng m rng ra 44 = 256 ln. Yu t th hai m Escher cn na l nhng hnh v trng thi bnh thng, khng b mo m, miu t cng mt khung cnh: mt phng tranh ni trin lm ang din ra, mt bc tranh trong trin lm m t cnh mt thnh ph cng vi cc ta nh c xy dng dc theo bi bin, v mt trong nhng ta nh ny l phng tranh ban u nhng c thu nh li 256 ln. thm nh c s chi tit thay i cn thit, Escher thc hin n bn bc phc ha chi tit thay v ch mt (xem [3]), mi mt gc ca thch bn c phc ha ring trn mt hnh. Hnh 5 cho ta thy phc ha chi tit ca gc di cng bn phi bc tranh. Mi mt phc ha ny t l vi phc ha trc (theo th t modulo 4) nhng c phng to ln 4 ln. V mt ton hc, ta cng c th xem c bn phc ha ny

Hnh 2. Dng cc ng thng biu din mt m rng tun hon.

Hnh 3. Dng cc ng cong biu din mt m rng tun hon.

Hnh 4. Li Escher.

Trong [1], B. Ernst a ra cch gii thch tt nht cho qu trnh Escher to ra tc phm Phng Tranh. Mi hnh minh ha trong bi v nhng li trch dn di

ca Escher ch nh l mt bc v bt bin di cc php co gin theo t l 256 ln.

trong li cong v tm li nhng bc di chuyn tng ng trong li thng. u tin ta xt mt con ng i dc theo cc ng trong li cong t A n B , n C , n D, ri quay tr li A. Trong li cong, n s tng ng vi mt vng khp kn.

Hnh 5. Mt phc ha ca Escher.

Cui cng, trong tng hnh vung, Escher iu chnh li gm cc vung c cnh thng (li thng) trong bn hnh nghin cu trn chng va khp vi li gm cc vung c cnh cong (li cong). Bng cch ny ng to ra c tc phm Phng tranh. Qu trnh ny c minh ha nh trong Hnh 6.

Hnh 7. Hnh vung ABCD trn li thng.

Hnh 6. iu chnh cc vung trn li thng cho khp vi li cong.

Di y ta s hnh dung ra phin bn khng b mo m ca bc tranh c v trn mt phng phc C, vi im 0 chnh gia. Ta coi bc tranh nh l mt hm f : C {trng, en} bng cch gn mi im z C cho mt mu f (z ). Khi iu kin bt bin (tc l bc tranh lp li chnh n) chnh l f (256z ) = f (z ), vi mi z C.

Trong khi , ng tng ng vi ng i va xt (nh trong Hnh 7) trong li thng s gm ba ln r tri, mi ln s i tip mt qung xa hn gp 4 ln so vi qung ng i c sau ln r trc , trc khi r tip. y khng phi l mt vng khp kn; thay vo , nu im xut pht c la chn ph hp, module ca ta im kt thc s gp 256 ln so vi im khi u. Vi cng mt im xut pht, iu tng t cng xy ra khi m ta bin i mt vng n khp kn ngc chiu kim ng h quanh im chnh gia t li cong sang li thng. iu ny phn nh tnh bt bin ca hnh trn li thng qua php gin vi t l 256 ln.

Chu k nhn tnh phc

Phng php ca Escher a ra cch thc rt chnh xc chuyn i qua li gia li thng v li cong. Ta hy di chuyn

H. 8. Mt hnh vung cnh 5 5 trn li cong.

Hin tng trn s khng xy ra nu ta khng i vng quanh im chnh gia. V d, nu ta xut pht t A v i thng ln pha trn 5 n v; quay sang tri v i tip 5 n v; v lm nh th thm hai ln na.

php o th cho thy rng | | < 20 v arg( ) 3. Bng cch thay im A trong qu trnh trn bi bt c im P no nm trn mt trong cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DA ca li, ta s tm c mt im P tng ng nm trn bin ca mt hnh vung nh gia, v mt cch l tng, P v P c cng mu. Ta thy rng vi s sai khc khng ng k, thng P/P khng ph thuc vo P , v do cng s bng . y l gi thit ta cn. Vy khi ta quay hnh vung ABCD theo chiu kim ng h mt gc 160o v thu nh li ti a 20 ln th n s trng vi hnh vung nh chnh gia. Gi g l mt hm xc nh trn mt tp con thch hp ca C v cng nhn gi tr trong tp {trng, en} bng cch gn mi im w vi mu g (w) ca n nh trong tc phm ca Escher. Nu Escher dng ton b li (m trong thc t ng b qua phn trung tm) th nh va chng t, ta s c g (P ) = g (P ), vi mi P nh trn, v nh th ta c th m rng bc tranh ca ng ln ton b C \ {0} bng cch cho g (w) = g (w), vi mi w. iu ny khng ch lp y vt trn mu trng chnh gia bc tranh m cn c th m rng n ra n v tn.

H. 9. Mt hnh vung cnh 7 7 trn li cong.

Khi s to ra mt vng kn trn li cong nh trong Hnh 8, v trong li thng, n tng ng vi vic di chuyn dc theo cc cnh ca mt hnh vung kch thc 5 5, tc l mt vng khp kn. Nhng nu by gi ta lm tng t cho trng hp 7 n v thay v 5 n v nh trn, th trn li thng ta cng c mt vng kn l hnh vung 7 7, nhng trn li cong ta s khng kt thc im A m thay vo l mt nh A ca hnh vung nh gia nh trong Hnh 9. V hai im A v A r rng tng ng vi cng mt im trn li thng, mt cch l tng, mi bc tranh c to bi phng php Escher s nhn cng mt mu ti A v A . Ta vit mt cch l tng l v trong tc phm thc ca Escher, im A nm trong vt trn mu trng chnh gia tranh. By gi ta cng ng nht mt phng cha li cong ca Escher, tc l mt phng cha tranh in thch bn ca ng vi C, im gc 0 c t vo chnh gia tranh. Ta xc nh bi = A/A . Mt

ng cong elliptic
Trong khi bc tranh trn li thng c lp i lp li vi t l 256, mt phin bn hon ho tng ng ca n trn li cong s tun hon vi chu k nhn tnh phc . Hay ni cch khc, ta c ln lt f (256z ) = f (z ), v g (w) = g (w). Mi lin h gia hai s phc 256 v l g? Ta c th xc nh c m khng cn phi o c n trn li ca Escher hay khng? tr li nhng cu hi ny, ta bt u bng vic h thng li nhng iu bit. thun tin,

ta loi b 0 ra khi C v xt cc hm trn C thay v trn C. iu ny s to ra mt l trng, nhng khc vi m trng trong tc phm ca Escher, n qu nh nn ta c th b qua. Tip theo, thay v xt cc hm tun hon f vi chu k nhn tnh 256, ta xt cc hm c : C / 256 {trng, en}, cm sinh f trong 256 k hiu cho nhm con ca nhm nhn C sinh bi 256. Cng nh th, thay v xt hm g ta xt hm g : C / {trng, en}. Phng php ca Escher cho ta cch chuyn i qua li gia cc hm f v g . Tc l ta c mt song nh h : C / C / 256 sao cho g c cm sinh t f bi php hp thnh h. g =f Tnh cht then cht ca nh x h c th hin qua li trch dn trong [1], ...cc hnh vung ban u vn duy tr tt hnh dng ca n khi c th hin ra trn tranh. Tc l Escher mong mun nh x h l mt php bin i bo gic, hay ni cch khc, n l mt ng cu gia cc a tp gii tch phc mt chiu. Ta d dng hiu r cu trc ca nhm C / , vi C v | | = 1. nh x m exp : C C cm sinh mt ton nh bo gic C C / . Ton nh bo gic ny gip ta ng nht C vi khng gian ph ph dng ca C / v c hch l L = Z2i + Z ln , c th c ng nht vi nhm c bn ca C / . Cng vy, ta c th xem C / nh l mt bn sao ca ng cong elliptic C/L Vi cc thng tin ny, ta s tm hiu thm mt s tnh cht khc ca nh x h : C / C / 256. Bng cch chn ta thch hp, ta c th gi s h(1) = 1. Tip theo ta nng nh x h ln thnh mt php bo gic duy nht C C bin 0 thnh 0 v nh x bo gic ny cm sinh mt ng cu nhm C/L C/L256 .

By gi, theo mt kt qu kinh in v cc xuyn phc (xem [2, Ch. VI, Theorem 4.1]) ta suy ra rng nh x C C ni trn l mt php nhn vi mt v hng C tha L = L256 . Kt hp tt c cc thng tin trn, ta thu c mt ng cu gia hai dy khp ngn sau.
0 L C
exp exp

C / h

0 L256

C / 256 0.

Hnh 10 minh ha hnh vung giao hon bn phi.

Hnh 10. Hnh bn tri, pha di trong C l bt bin qua cc php nhn bi i v 4. Nghch nh ca hnh ny trong C qua nh x m exp s cho ta mt hnh mi bt bin qua php tnh tin theo dn
1 L 4 256

= Zi/2 + Z ln 4. Nghch nh

ca hnh ny qua php nhn vi v hng = (2i +ln 256)/(2i) s cho ta hnh trn cng bn phi. Php nhn ny bin i dn trn thnh
1 dn 4 L = Zi/2+ Z(i ln 4)/(i +2 ln 4). V dn

ny cha 2i nn nh ca hnh ni trn qua nh x m s l hnh di cng bn phi. Hnh ny bt bin di cc php nhn bi cc cn bc 4 ca . Mi tn nm ngang bn di biu th cho nh x a tr w h(w) = w = e ln w . nh x ny l n tr modulo h s ca php co gin.

tnh , ta xem nh x nhn () : L L256 nh l mt ng cu gia cc nhm c bn. Tht vy, nh x ny chnh

l ng cu gia hai nhm c bn ca C / v C / 256 c cm sinh bi h. Phn t 2i trong nhm c bn L ca C / tng ng vi chu trnh n lin trong C ngc chiu kim ng h quanh gc t . Chnh xc n mt php ng lun, n chnh l ng ABCDA dc theo cc cnh trong li m ta xt. Nh ta thy, qui trnh Escher bin ng ny thnh mt ng trong C i quanh gc ta ng mt ln ng thi nhn vi 256; trong C / 256, ng ny tr thnh mt vng kn c phn t i din l 2i + ln 256 trong L256 . Vy ng cu () : L L256 ang xt s bin 2i thnh 2i + ln 256, v do = (2i + ln 256)/(2i). Dn L lc ny c cho bi L = 1 L256 , v t | | > 1 ta suy ra = exp(2i(ln 256)/(2i + ln 256)) = exp(3, 1172277221 + 2, 7510856371i). Cn nh x h by gi c cho bi cng thc n gin h(w) = exp(w) = w(2i+ln 256)/(2i) .

do l ta chn | | = 22, 58, ln hn gi tr o c trong li Escher. c gi c th nhn ra mt s im sai bit khc. Nhng khc bit ny cho thy Escher khng t c mt kt qu hon ho cho mc ch ban u l v nn mt li bo gic. Nhng ta cng tht s ngc nhin rng Escher t c n chnh xc nh th trong qu trnh to ra tc phm ny.

Lp y vt trng

Hnh 12. Thch bn ca Escher c dui thng t li Escher.

Hnh 11. Li bo gic hon ho.

T cng thc ny ta thu c li nh trong Hnh 11. N c hnh dng rt ging vi li Escher trong Hnh 4. Hnh vung nh chnh gia ca li ny nh hn so vi hnh vung trong li Escher. L

lp y vt trn mu trng trong Phng tranh, u tin chng ti khi phc li cc phc ha trn li ca Escher v trn thch bn bng cch thc hin ngc li qui trnh ca Escher. lm c iu ny, chng ti dng mt phn mm chuyn bit ca Joost Batenburg, mt sinh vin ton Leiden. Nh ta thy trong Hnh 12, m trng gia trong tc phm ca Escher s tng ng vi mt vng trng hnh xon c trong phc ha do chng ti khi phc li, ngoi ra cn c nhng sai bit khc na. Tip theo, hai ha s ngi H Lan l Hans Richter v Jacqueline Hofstra hon thin v iu chnh kt qu thu c nh trong Hnh 13.

10

Hnh 13. Mt chi tit trong bc v ca Hans Richter v Jacqueline Hofstra.

n giai on phi mu, iu chnh m nht, chng ti gp phi cc vn v dy khng u ca cc ng nt v phn gii khng lin mch trong

phc ha. Khi chng ti quyt nh dng mt phng thc t nhin vt qua nhng tr ngi ny, bng cch yu cu cc im nh (pixel) phi c phn b u theo o Haar trn ng cong elliptic ni trn. Ta lm iu ny bng cch xt nghch nh ca cc phc ha ny qua nh x m thu c mt hnh trn li cong trong C. Trn hnh ny, Jacqueline Hofstra phi mu thu c hnh c tnh cht tun hon vi chu k kp nh trong Hnh 14. Khi phin bn l tng ha ca tc phm ban u s c to ra mt cch d dng nh Hnh 15.

Hnh 14. Nghch nh ca hnh trn li thng qua hm m to nn mt hnh tun hon vi chu k kp trn li cong, sau khi dc phi mu. Chu k chiu ngang l ln 256, chu k thng ng l 2i.

Hnh 15. Phin bn l tng ca tc phm cng vi vng trung tm c phng to ln 4 v 8 ln.

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Cho thay i ta thu c cc nh x gii tch khc nhau h : C / C / 256 , v cc nh x ny cho ta nhng phin bn th v khc ca tc phm Phng tranh. c gi c th tham kho thm website sau y xem nhng hnh nh ny, cng vi cc nh ng c phng to ca vng trung tm tc phm http://escherdroste.math.leidenuniv.nl

TI LIU
[1] Bruno Ernst, De toverspiegel van M. C. Escher, Meulen-hoff, Amsterdam, 1976. Bn dch ting Anh ca John E. Brigham: The Magic Mirror of M. C. Escher, Ballantine Books, New York, 1976. [2] Joseph Silverman, The Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. [3] Erik Th, The Magic of M. C. Escher, Harry N. Abrams, New York and London, 2000.

Ngi dch: Nguyn An Khng (Trng H K thut Cng ngh Tp. HCM) Dch t bn ting Anh vi s cho php ca Notices AMS, cc tc gi v nhng ngi gi bn quyn cc tranh, hnh trong bi. Cng ty MC Escher (H Lan) gi bn quyn bc tranh ca Escher v Hans de Rijk (Bruno Ernst) gi bn quyn cc hnh cn li trong bi.

Nh ton hc Thy in

Lars V . H ormander (1931-2012)

Nguyn Th Tuyt Mai v Nguyn Th Qunh Trm (i hc Thng mi) Lars V . H ormander sinh ngy 24/1/1931 ti Mjallby, mt lng chi nm ven b bin pha nam Thy in. Thi th u, ng theo hc ti ngi trng trong lng, sau chuyn n thnh ph Lund hc cp cao hn (Gymnasium). y ng c mt thy gio l hc tr ca nh ton hc ni ting Marcel Riesz khuyn khch hc cc kin thc ton cao cp. ng tt nghip nm 1948 v tip tc hc i hc ti i hc Lund. trng i hc, H ormander c c hi hc trc tip Marcel Riesz cc mn l thuyt hm c in v gii tch iu ha. Nm 1950 ng nhn bng thc s v bt u nghin cu di s hng dn ca Riesz. H ormander khi u nghin cu l thuyt phng trnh o hm ring sau khi Riesz ngh hu nm 1952. Trong thi gian lm lun n tin s, H ormander c hai nm thc hin ngha v qun s (1953-1954). Khong thi gian , ng vn tip tc cc nghin cu ca mnh. Sau khi hon thnh lun n tin s vo nm 1955, ng ng k v tr gio s ti i hc Stockholm, tuy nhin trc khi c quyt nh ng ri Thy in sang M v lm vic ti cc trng i hc Chicago, Kansas v Minnesota. Nm 1962, ti i hi Ton hc th gii t chc ti Stockholm, H ormander c trao huy chng Fields nh nhng ng gp cho l thuyt phng trnh o hm ring. Cng trnh ca ng tr li nhiu cu hi quan trng v cc hin tng vt l nh thi tit, in t, dng cht lng... Lars H ormander v Lars Ahlfors (1936) l hai ngi Thy in nhn c huy chng cao qu ny tnh n nay.

12

H ormander xc nh khng ri Thy in, tuy nhin khi nhn c ngh cho v tr gio s ti Vin Nghin cu cao cp (IAS) Princeton th c hi lm nghin cu trong mt mi trng ton hc nng ng khin ng kh cng li. ng lm vic ti IAS trong nhng nm 1964-1968. Sau ng quay li Thy in v lm vic ti i hc Lund. ng ni ting vi quyn sch Cc ton t o hm ring tuyn tnh (1963), trong cha ng nhng kt qu dn n huy chng Fields ca ng. c bit, ng dnh bn nm hon thnh bn tho bn tp Gii tch ca cc ton t

o hm ring tuyn tnh xut bn gia nhng nm 1983-1985. Quyn sch ny vn c coi l mu mc trong lnh vc phng trnh o hm ring. H ormander l ph ch tch Lin on Ton hc th gii t nm 1987 n nm 1990. ng l vin s vin Hn lm khoa hc hong gia Thy in. Bn cnh huy chng Fields, ng cng l ch nhn gii thng Wolf (1988) v gii thng Leoroy P . Steele dnh cho mc Trnh by ton hc (Mathematical exposition, 2006). H ormander mt ngy 25/11/2012 ti Lund, hng th 81 tui.

Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc

LTS: tng cng s hiu bit ln nhau trong cng ng cc nh ton hc Vit Nam, Ta son mong nhn c nhiu thng tin t cc hi vin HTHVN v chnh bn thn, c quan hoc ng nghip ca mnh. Trong khun kh Chng trnh trng im quc gia pht trin Ton hc n nm 2020 (PTTH2020), B GD&T ra quyt nh thng cho 37 cng trnh ton hc nm 2012 do cc ging vin cc trng i hc, cao ng v gio vin cc trng ph thng thc hin. Cc cng trnh c thng phi l nhng bi bo ng trn cc tp ch quc t hoc sch do cc nh xut bn quc t uy tn xut bn. Mc ch ca vic trao thng l khuyn khch ging vin ton cc trng i hc, cao ng v gio vin ton cc trng ph thng y mnh nghin cu khoa hc. Bn cnh , Chng trnh PTTH2020 cng trao hc bng cho sinh vin ton cc trng i hc v hc sinh chuyn ton cc trng ph thng c thnh tch hc tp xut sc. Thng tin thm c th xem trn trang web ca vin NCCCT ti a ch http://viasm.edu.vn/npdm Trng Xun v T hp hnh hc t ngy 19/02 - 15/03/2013 ti Vin Ton hc c t chc bi Vin Ton hc v Trng ton Berlin trong khun kh chng trnh hp tc gia Vin Ton hc v cc trng i hc ti Berlin. Hn 30 hc vin, trong c 10 hc vin t c tham d Trng Xun. GS. Ng Vit Trung, PGS. Phan Th H Dng, TS. Trn Nam Trung v TS. H Minh Lam ging cc bi ging chun b cho Trng Xun. GS. G unter M. Ziegler

13

(FU Berlin) ging v biu din cc a din li trong khng gian nhiu chiu, cc GS. Raman Sanyal (FU Berlin) v Matthias Beck (San Francisco State University) ging v cc vn tnh ton t hp trn cc tp li a din m cng c l cc phn hoch tp li a din bng cc phc a din. Cc bi ging u rt hay v gy nhiu hng th cho nhng ngi tham d. Mi bui lm vic, sau bi ging l n phin t cha bi tp ca cc hc vin. Khng kh trao i si ni gia cc bn tr ca Vit Nam v c xung quanh nhng vn do cc gio s a ra li nhiu n tng rt tt i vi cc bn hc vin ca hai nc. Gii thng L Vn Thim nm nay c trao nhn cuc gp mt u Xun Qu T do Hi Ton hc t chc ngy 2/3/2013. Danh sch c nhn nhn gii thng nh sau Gio vin: Nh gio Nguyn Duy Lin (sn 1962), trng THPT chuyn Vnh Phc. Thy Nguyn Duy Lin bi dng nhiu hc sinh ot gii cao, trong trc tip ging dy 21 hc sinh ot gii cp quc gia, mt em ot huy chng vng quc t. Hc sinh: 1. u Hi ng, trng THPT chuyn

H S phm H Ni, gii nh HSG quc gia 2011, gii nht HSG quc gia 2012 v huy chng vng IMO 2012. u Hi ng hin nay ang hc ti Khoa TonC-Tin hc, HKHTN - HQG H Ni. 2. Nguyn Phng Minh, trng THPT chuyn H S phm H Ni, gii nh HSG quc gia cc nm 2011, 2012 v huy chng bc IMO 2012. Nguyn Phng Minh hin nay ang hc ti Khoa TonTin hc, H S phm H Ni. 3. Phan Hng Hnh Trinh, n, lp 12 trng THPT chuyn Nguyn Tt Thnh, Kon Tum, huy chng vng k thi 30/4 nm 2012 v gii nh HSG quc gia 2013. Hnh Trinh l hc sinh u tin ca trng THPT chuyn tnh Kon Tum ot gii nh v tham d k thi tuyn chn i tuyn IMO 2013 ca Vit Nam. Trch nhim mi GS. TS. ng c Trng c ti b nhim l trng khoa Ton-Tin hc, i hc KHTN, HQG Tp. H Ch Minh. Ngoi ra, ban ch nhim khoa Ton-Tin hc cn c cc ph trng khoa gm TS. Phm Th Bo (chuyn ngnh Tin hc) c b nhim li v hai ph trng khoa c b nhim mi l TS. Trnh Thanh o (chuyn ngnh i s) v TS. Hunh Quang V (chuyn ngnh Gii tch).

Mc Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc s ny c thc hin vi s cng tc ca Trn Nam Trung (Vin Ton hc).

Tin Ton hc th gii

Ton hc ca Hnh tinh Tri t (MPE2013) l ch c dnh cho nm c bit 2013 bi hn mt trm hip hi, trng i hc, vin nghin cu, t chc trn khp th gii, bao gm UNESCO. Tt c cc hot ng trn hnh tinh u c th xem nh nhng h ng lc theo ngha rng ln nht, t cc qu

14

trnh a cht, kh quyn, .. n cc qu trnh ca con ngi nh ti chnh, nng nghip, giao thng, nng lng, .. Nhng thch thc ca hnh tinh tri t v nn vn minh ngy nay mang tnh cht a ngnh v nhiu mt, trong ton hc ng vai tr trung tm trong nhng n lc ca khoa hc tm hiu v i ph vi nhng thch thc ny. MPE2013 l mt d n ton cu nhm khuyn khch cc hot ng nghin cu, gio dc v tng cng nhn thc ca cng ng i vi cc vn ca hnh tinh tri t cng nh vai tr trung tm ca cc khoa hc v ton trong vic i mt vi cc thch thc ny. Cc hot ng chnh trong khun kh MPE bao gm vic t chc cc chng trnh di hn, cc hi ngh, trng h, cc bi ging ton th cc hi ngh ln, cc bi ging i chng, trin lm, .. Thng tin c th xem trn trang web ca MPE http://mpe2013.org Hi Ton hc M (AMS) k nim 125 nm thnh lp. c thnh lp t nm 1888 nhm thc y cc li ch ca nghin cu v o to ton hc, hin nay AMS c trn 30 ngn thnh vin l cc nh ton hc v trn 570 thnh vin l cc c s nghin cu v o to t khp ni trn th gii. Ngy nay AMS ng vai tr quan trng i vi nn ton hc M v c nh hng rng ln i vi ton hc th gii thng qua vic t chc cc hi ngh, xut bn sch v tp ch, cc gii thng. c bit, Mathematical Reviews, hay c bit vi tn thng dng l MathSciNet, l mt c s d liu tm kim khng l v rt hu ch i vi cc nh ton hc trn ton th gii.

K nim 125 nm thnh lp ca AMS s thng qua rt nhiu hot ng trong c nm nay. Bch khoa ton th v Ton hc (Encyclopedia of Mathematics) l ngun truy cp m c thit k c bit cho cng ng ton hc. B Bch khoa ton th Ton hc trc y c nh xut bn Kluwer in nm 2002. Hin nay nh xut bn Springer hp tc cng vi Hi Ton hc Chu u a ni dung ca b sch ny ln mng internet v m vi tt c mi ngi. Vi hn 8 ngn mc v trn 50 ngn khi nim ton hc, y l ngun tham kho s v cp nht nht hin nay i vi cng ng ton hc. Hin nay cc khi nim mi ca ton hc vn c cp nht vo b sch ny hng ngy thng qua mt hi ng bin tp. c gi quan tm c th truy cp ni dung b sch ti http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org Gii thng Abel 2013 c Vin hn lm Khoa hc v Vn chng Na Uy cng b trao cho nh ton hc gc B Pierre Deligne, Vin Nghin cu cao cp IAS, Princeton, M. Theo trang web ca gii thng Abel, Deligne c trao gii Abel nm nay cho nhng ng gp su sc c nh hng lu di cho hnh hc i s vi nhng tc ng lm thay i ln l thuyt s, l thuyt biu din v nhng lnh vc lin quan. Pierre Deligne l mt trong nhng hc tr xut sc nht ca Grothendieck, ng ni ting vi li gii gi thuyt Weil - mt tng t ca gi thuyt Riemann cho a tp i s, nh ng nhn c huy chng Fields nm 1978. Deligne chnh l mt trong hai thy hng dn lun n tin s ca GS. L Dng Trng, ngi kia l Claude C. Chevalley. Ngoi hai gii thng trn,

15

Deligne cn nhn c gii thng Crafoord (1988), gii thng Balzan (2004) v gii thng Wolf (2008). Gii thng Abel c trao km khon tin 6 triu Krone Na Uy (xp x 1 triu la M). Gii thng Wolf nm 2013 s c trao cho tm nh khoa hc v ngh s. Cc gio s George Mostow (i hc Yale, M) v Michael Artin (MIT, M) cng nhn gii thng cho mc Ton hc. Mostow c trao gii v nhng ng gp tin phong v nn tng cho hnh hc v l thuyt nhm Lie. ng nguyn l ch tch th 49 ca Hi Ton hc M (1987-1988) v l vin s vin Hn lm khoa hc quc gia M. Michael Artin l nh hnh hc ln ca th k 20, nhng ng gp ca ng cho hnh hc i s c tnh c bn v lun gy kinh ngc v s su sc v phm vi rng ln. Yakov Sinai (H Princeton, M) nhn gii thng Steele nm 2013 ca Hi Ton hc M cho mc Thnh tu trn

i. Yakov Sinai nguyn hc tr ca Andrey Kolmogorov, ng l gio s ti i hc Lomonosov, Nga, trc khi chuyn sang i hc Princeton nm 1993. Cc cng trnh ca ng c vai tr nn tng trong l thuyt h ng lc, l thuyt ergodic, l thuyt xc sut, c hc thng k v vt l ton. Theo li gii thiu gii thng Steele, ni bt trong cc cng trnh ca ng l s kt hp c o ca cc k thut gii tch ti tnh, trc gic hnh hc sc so v s hiu bit su sc cc hin tng c bn ca vt l.

Yakov Sinai. Ngun: Internet

Danh sch xp hng cc tp ch ton hc ca Hi ng Nghin cu Australia (ARC) nm 2010

(tip)

Cc tp ch ton l thuyt - Phn 1 (1)

Nhm A* (Th t theo bng ch ci) 1. Acta Mathematica 2. Advances in Mathematics 3. American Journal of Mathematics 4. Annales Scientifiques de lEcole Normale Superieure 5. Annals of Mathematics 6. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis

(1)Danh sch cc tp ch ton ng dng, ton hc tnh ton v thng k c ng trong TTTH Tp

16 S 3, 4. Danh sch cc tp ch ton l thuyt s c chia ng trong hai s 1, 2 ca Tp 17.

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7. Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 8. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 9. Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations 10. Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 11. Communications in Partial Differential Equations 12. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 13. Duke Mathematical Journal 14. Ergodic Theory & Dynamical Systems 15. Geometric and Functional Analysis 16. Geometry and Topology 17. Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, Paris. Publications Mathematiques 18. Inventiones Mathematicae 19. Journal de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees 20. Journal fuer die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik: Crelles journal 21. Journal of Algebra 22. Journal of Combinatorial Theory: Series A 23. Journal of Combinatorial Theory: Series B 24. Journal of Differential Equations 25. Journal of Differential Geometry 26. Journal of Functional Analysis 27. Journal of Mathematical Logic 28. Journal of the American Mathematical Society 29. Journal of the European Mathematical Society 30. London Mathematical Society. Proceedings 31. Mathematische Annalen 32. Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 33. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society

Nhm A 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. Advanced Nonlinear Studies Advances in Differential Equations Algebraic and Geometric Topology Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata Annals of Combinatorics Annals of Pure and Applied Logic Asterisque Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society Cambridge Philosophical Society. Mathematical Proceedings Canadian Journal of Mathematics Communications in Analysis and Geometry Communications in Contemporary Mathematics Communications in Mathematical Sciences Communications in Number Theory and Physics Compositio Mathematica Conformal Geometry and Dynamics Design, Codes and Cryptography Differential and Integral Equations Differential Geometry and Its Applications Discrete and Computational Geometry Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series A Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B Dissertationes Mathematicae Documenta Mathematica European Journal of Combinatorics Experimental Mathematics Fundamenta Mathematicae Fuzzy Sets and Systems Indiana University Mathematics Journal Institut Fourier. Annales International Journal of Algebra and Computation

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65. International Journal of Mathematics 66. International Mathematics Research Notices 67. Israel Journal of Mathematics 68. Japanese Journal of Mathematics 69. Journal dAnalyse Mathematique 70. Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 71. Journal of Algebraic Geometry 72. Journal of Approximation Theory 73. Journal of Combinatorial Designs 74. Journal of Convex Analysis 75. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 76. Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 77. Journal of Evolution Equations 78. Journal of Experimental Algorithmics 79. Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications 80. Journal of Geometric Analysis 81. Journal of Graph Theory 82. Journal of Lie Theory 83. Journal of London Mathematical Society 84. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 85. Journal of Mathematical Society of Japan 86. Journal of Operator Theory 87. Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 88. Journal of Symplectic Geometry 89. Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 90. K-Theory 91. L Enseignement Mathematique 92. Linear Algebra and Its Applications 93. Logical Methods in Computer Science 94. Mathematical Research Letters 95. Mathematische Zeitschrift 96. Michigan Mathematical Journal 97. Moscow Mathematical Journal 98. Nagoya Mathematical Journal 99. No DEA - Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications 100. Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic

101. Pacific Journal of Mathematics 102. Potential Analysis 103. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 104. Pure and Applied Mathematics Quarterly 105. Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 106. Random Structures and Algorithms 107. Representation Theory 108. Revista Matematica Iberoamericana 109. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Annali. Classe di Scienze 110. Selecta Mathematica 111. Semigroup Forum 112. SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 113. SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 114. St. Petersburg Mathematical Journal 115. Studia Logica 116. Studia Mathematica 117. Topology 118. The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 119. The Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming 120. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 121. Transformation Groups

Nhm B 122. Abstract and Applied Analysis 123. Academie des Sciences. Comptes Rendus. Mathematique 124. Acta Arithmetica 125. Acta Mathematica Hungarica 126. Acta Mathematica Scientia 127. Acta Mathematica Sinica 128. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis. Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum 129. Advances in Difference Equations 130. Advances in Geometry 131. Advances in Nonlinear Variational Inequalities 132. Aequationes Mathematicae

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133. African Diaspora Journal of Mathematics 134. Algebra and Logic 135. Algebra and Number Theory 136. Algebra Universalis 137. Algebras and Representation Theory 138. American Mathematical Monthly 139. American Mathematical Society. Notices 140. An international journal of Dynamical Systems 141. Analysis Mathematica 142. Analysis 143. Annals of Global Analysis and Geometry 144. Applicable Analysis: an international journal 145. Applied Categorical Structures: a journal devoted to applications of categorical methods in algebra, 146. Archiv der Mathematik 147. Archive for Mathematical Logic 148. Arkiv foer Matematik 149. Asymptotic Analysis 150. Australasian Journal of Combinatorics 151. Beitraege zur Algebra und Geometrie 152. Boundary Value Problems 153. Bulletin des Sciences Mathematiques 154. Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 155. Bulletin of the Malaysian Mathematical Society 156. Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 157. Central European Journal of Mathematics 158. Collectanea Mathematica 159. Colloquium Mathematicum 160. Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae 161. Communications in Algebra 162. Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations 163. Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 164. Discrete Mathematics

165. Discrete Mathematics and Applications 166. Doklady Mathematics 167. Dynamics of Partial Differential Equations 168. East Journal on Approximations 169. Electronic Journal of Differential Equations 170. Expositiones Mathematicae 171. Extracta Mathematicae 172. Finite Fields and Their Applications 173. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 174. Forum Mathematicum 175. Functional Analysis and Its Applications 176. Functional Differential Equations 177. Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Matematika (Moscow) 178. Geometriae Dedicata 179. Glasgow Mathematical Journal 180. Graphs and Combinatorics 181. Groups, Geometry, and Dynamics 182. Hokkaido Mathematical Journal 183. Homology, Homotopy and Applications 184. Houston Journal of Mathematics 185. Illinois Journal of Mathematics 186. Indagationes Mathematicae 187. Innovations in Incidence Geometry 188. International Journal of Differential Equations and Applications 189. International Journal of Number Theory 190. Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 191. Izvestiya: Mathematics 192. Journal de Theorie des Nombres de Bordeaux 193. Journal of Group Theory 194. Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 195. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 196. Journal of Interdisciplinary Mathematics

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197. Journal of Inverse and Ill-Posed Problems 198. Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 199. Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 200. Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 201. Journal of Number Theory 202. Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society 203. Kodai Mathematical Journal 204. Korean Mathematical Society 205. Kyushu Journal of Mathematics 206. Linear and Multilinear Algebra 207. Logic Journal of the IGPL 208. Manuscripta Mathematica 209. Matematica Contemporanea 210. Mathematica Scandinavica: ediderunt societates mathematicae Daniae Fenniae Islandiae Norvegiae Sveci 211. Mathematical Inequalities and Applications 212. Mathematical logic quarterly 213. Mathematika: a journal of pure and applied mathematics 214. Mathematische Nachrichten 215. Methods of Functional Analysis and Topology 216. Milan Journal of Mathematics 217. Monatshefte fuer Mathematik 218. Nonlinear Analysis: modelling and control 219. Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 220. Order: a journal on the theory of ordered sets 221. Osaka Journal of Mathematics 222. Periodica Mathematica Hungarica 223. Positivity 224. Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 225. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section A Mathematics 226. Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 227. Publicacions Matematiques

228. Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences 229. Results in Mathematics 230. Revista Matematica Complutense 231. Rocky Mountain Journal of Math. 232. Russian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical Notes 233. Russian Mathematical Surveys 234. Sbornik: Mathematics 235. Science in China. Series A: Mathematics 236. Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 237. Siberian Mathematical Journal 238. Sociedade Brasileira de Matematica. Boletim, Nova Serie 239. Societe Mathematique de France. Bulletin 240. Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics 241. Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications 242. Tohoku Mathematical Journal 243. Tokyo Journal of Mathematics 244. Topology and Its Applications 245. Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis 246. Turkish Journal of Mathematics 247. The Asian Journal of Mathematics 248. The Fibonacci Quarterly: a journal devoted to the study of integers with special properties 249. The Journal of Homotopy and Related Structures 250. The New York Journal of Mathematics 251. The Ramanujan Journal: an international journal devoted to areas of mathematics influenced by Ramanu 252. Theory and Applications of Categories 253. Ukrainian Mathematical Bulletin 254. Uniform Distribution Theory 255. Universitaet Hamburg. Mathematisches Seminar. Abhandlungen 256. Zeitschrift f ur Analysis und Ihre Anwendungen

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Dnh cho cc bn tr
LTS: "Dnh cho cc bn tr" l mc dnh cho Sinh vin, Hc sinh v tt c cc bn tr yu Ton. Ta son mong nhn c cc bi vit hoc bi dch c gi tr cho chuyn mc.

Phng php xc sut (tip theo)

Trn Nam Dng (Trng i hc KHTN, HQG Tp. H Ch Minh) 3. PHNG PHP XC SUT NG DNG TRONG CC BI TON O LYMPIC Kt qu n gin sau y l b cha kha cho rt nhiu bi ton gii bng phng php xc sut: B 3.1. Cho X l bin ngu nhin. Khi tn ti im no ca khng gian xc sut m X E (X ), v tn ti im bo ca khng gian xc sut m X E (X ). Bi ton 4 (Iran TST, 2008). Gi s rng 799 i bng chuyn tham gia vo mt gii u m trong hai i bt k u vi nhau ng mt ln. Chng minh rng tn ti hai nhm A v B ri nhau, mi nhm c 7 i sao cho mi i bng ca nhm A u thua cc i bng ca nhm B. Li gii. Xt gii u nh mt th c hng y . Ta xt A l mt tp ngu nhin c 7 phn t. Gi X l s i thng tt c cc i ca A. Gi d(v ) l bc vo ca v, ta c 7 v Cd(v ) E (X ) = . 7 C799 2 Nhng v d(v ) = C799 , ngha l bc trong trung bnh ca mt nh ng bng 7 ta c 399. Theo tnh li ca hm Cx ( ) 7 799C399 1 7 E (X ) 800 6.25. 7 2 C799 Do X nhn gi tr nguyn, tn ti A sao cho X (A) 7. Vi A nh vy, ch cn chn 7 i bng ca B t nhm i thng tt c cc i ca A. Bi ton 5 (Nga, 1996). Trong vin Duma quc gia c 1600 i biu, lp thnh 16000 tiu ban, mi tiu ban c 80 ngi. Chng minh rng ta c th tm c hai tiu ban c t nht 4 thnh vin chung. Li gii. Chn ngu nhin mt cp tiu ban (tc l ly mt cch ngu nhin mt 2 cp trong C16000 cp). Gi X l s ngi c trong c hai tiu ban c chn. Ch rng X = X1 + X2 + + X1600 , trong mi Xi l bin ngu nhin {0, 1} ni rng ngi th i c mt trong c hai tiu ban hay khng. Theo tnh tuyn tnh ca k vng, ta c E (X ) = E (X1 ) + E (X2 ) + + E (X1600 ). iu thn k y l mi mt E (Xi ) c th tnh d dng. Gi ni l s tiu ban m ngi th i thuc vo. Khi , E (Xi ) =P (ngi th i c chn vo c hai tiu ban) =
2 Cn i . 2 C16000

Thng tin duy nht m chng ta bit v {ni } l tng ca chng: ni = 16000 80. iu ny gi chng
i

ta s dng tnh li nh gi E (X ) thng qua gi tr trung bnh ca {ni }, 80 c k hin l n v bng n = 16000 = 1600

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800: E (X )
2 2 1600Cn 1600C800 = = 3.995. 2 2 C16000 C16000

Nhng theo b , ta bit rng s c mt kt qu no cho ta: X 3.995. V X lun l s nguyn, kt qu ny thc s phi c X 4. Ni ring, ta kt lun rng c mt cp hai tiu ban c t nht 4 thnh vin chung. Bi ton 6. Gi s a, b, c l cc s thc dng sao cho vi mi n nguyn th an + bn = cn. Chng minh rng t nht mt trong ba s a, b, c nguyn. Ghi ch. Bn c th s dng kt qu l thuyt s quen thuc sau y: Nu x l s v t th phn l ca cc bi s ca x phn b u trn on [0, 1]. Ni ring, nu ta chn n mt cch ngu ( ) nhin trong {1, 2, . . . , N } th E {xn} 1 2 khi N . Li gii. Gi s rng khng c s no trong a, b, c l s nguyn. Chia hai v cho n v cho n dn n v cng, ta c a + b = c. T ta suy ra {an} + {bn} = {cn}. (1)

( ) ( ) E {bn} phi tin n 1 , v E { cn } 4 1 1 . Nhng cch duy nht c k vng 2 4 l khi a, b hu t, cn cch duy nht c k vng 1 2 l c v t. Nhng do a + b = c nn ta khng th c hai s hu t cng li ra s v t. Mu thun. Phng php xc sut c ng dng rt hiu qu trong vic chng minh s tn ti ca mt cu trc. Sau y chng ta xem xt mt s v d nh vy: Ta bit rng trong 6 ngi bt k tn ti ba ngi i mt quen nhau hoc ba ngi i mt khng quen nhau. Khi 6 c thay bi 5 th iu ny khng cn ng na v ta c th chng t iu ny bng cch ch ra phn v d. Khi cc con s l ln, vic xy dng phn v d tr nn kh khn. Trong nhng trng hp nh th phng php xc sut t ra hu dng. Bi ton 7. Chng minh rng gia 2100 ngi, khng nht thit phi c 200 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc 200 ngi i mt khng quen nhau. Li gii. Ta s cho mt cp hai ngi bt k quen nhau hoc khng quen nhau bng cch tung mt ng xu i xng. Trong mt nhm gm 200 ngi, xc sut h i mt quen nhau hoc i mt 2 khng quen nhau l 2 2C200 = 219899 .
200 cch chn ra 200 ngi, xc V c C2 100 sut tn ti 200 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc i mt khng quen nhau nhiu nht bng

Nu x v t th {xn} phn b u trn on [0, 1]. Ni ring, nu ta chn n mt cch trong {1, 2, . . . , N } th ( ngu ) nhin 1 E {xn} 2 khi N . Mt khc, nu x l s hu t c dng ti gin l p q
1 =2 1q . [ 1 12) Nh vy n nm trong khong 4 , 2 . Tm ( li, vi ) mi s khng nguyn [ 1 ]x, ta c E {xn} t, trong t 1 4, 2 .

th {xn} c k vng tin n

q 1 2q

Ly k vng hai v ca (1), v cho n dn n v cng, ta thy rng cch ( ) duy nht c ng thc l E {an} v

(2100 ) 219899 < 1. 200! T y suy ra xc sut khng tn ti 200 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc i mt khng quen nhau ln hn 0. Ni cch khc, khng nht thit phi c 200 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc 200 ngi i mt khng quen nhau. Bi ton c chng minh.
200 19899 C2 < 100 2

200

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Ta thy y mt phng php tng qut xy dng v d ngu nhin: Nu xc sut ca tn ti v d ta cn l dng th tn ti v d . Bi ton 8. Trong mi ca bng 100 100, ta vit mt trong cc s nguyn 1, 2, . . . , 5000. Hn na, mi mt s nguyn xut hin trong bng ng hai ln. Chng minh rng ta c th chn c 100 ca bng tha mn ba iu kin sau: (1) Mi mt hng c chn ng mt . (2) Mi mt ct c chn ng mt . (3) Cc s trong cc c chn i mt khc nhau. Li gii. Chn hon v ngu nhin (a1 , . . . , a100 ) ca {1, . . . , 100} v chn th ai trong hng th i. Cch chn nh vy tha mn (1) v (2). Vi mi j = 1, 2, . . . , 5000, xc sut chn hai c cng s j l 0 nu hai ny cng 1 1 hng hoc cng ct v l 100 99 trong trng hp ngc li. Do xc sut cch chn ny tha mn (3) t nht l 1 >0 1 5000 100 999 v ta c iu phi chng minh. Tt nhin, ta c th d dng chuyn hai li gii xc sut ni trn sang li gii ch s dng thun ty php m (bng cch tnh s cc kt qu thun li thay v tnh xc sut), m thc cht s hon ton ging. Nhng, theo chng ti, li gii xc sut ngn gn v t nhin hn. Mt tnh cht mang tnh c trng ca xc sut l ng thc P (A1 ) + P (A2 ) + + P (An ) = 1, nu {A1 , A2 , . . . , An } l mt phn hoch ca khng gian xc sut . Tnh cht ny c th dng chng minh nhiu ng thc t hp bng phng php xc sut. Ta bt u bng bi ton n gin sau:

Bi ton 9. Cho p, q l cc s thc dng sao cho p + q = 1. Chng minh rng p + pq + pq 2 + pq 3 + = 1. Li gii. Xt th nghim tung ng xu vi xc sut ra mt nga l p v mt xp l q. Ta thc hin th nghim cho n khi ra c mt nga. Gi X l s ln tung, khi P (X = n) = pq n1 . V tri ca ng thc trn bng P (X = 1) + P (X = 2) + + P (X = n) + v d nhin l bng 1. Bi ton 10 (IMO Shortlist, 2006). Cho S l tp hu hn cc im trn mt phng sao cho khng c ba im no thng hng. Vi mi mt a gic li P vi cc nh thuc S, gi a(P ) l s cc nh ca P v b(P ) l s cc im ca S nm ngoi P. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x, ta c ng thc xa(P ) (1 x)b(P ) = 1,
P

trong tng c tnh theo tt c cc a gic li c nh thuc S. (Ch quan trng: on thng, mt im v tp rng c coi l a gic li vi 2, 1 v 0 nh tng ng.) Li gii. Ta t mu mt cch ngu nhin cc im bng mu en v mu trng, trong cc im c t mu en vi xc sut x. Vi mi a gic li P, gi EP l bin c tt c cc nh ca P c mu en v tt c cc im nm ngoi P c mu trng. Cc bin c ny i mt xung khc nhau, nh th v tri l xc sut ca s kin c mt EP no ng. Nhng y l s kin chc chn xy ra: ta ch cn xt bao li ca tt c cc im mu en!

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tnh xc sut ca mt bin c theo nh ngha c in ta thng phi gii quyt hai bi ton t hp: tnh s cc kt qu thun li v tnh s cc kt qu c th. Thng thng, bi ton sau n gin hn bi ton trc. iu ny to ra mt tnh hung ng dng th v: Nu ta tnh c s kt qu c th v xc sut th s tnh c s kt qu thun li. Bi ton 11. Trong s cch chn ra ba nh t 8 nh ca hnh lp phng n v, c bao nhiu cch chn m ba nh c chn l nh ca mt tam gic u? Bi ton ny khng kh, nhng cng kh ri. Ta gii bi ny bng cch tnh xc xut ba nh c chn ngu nhin to thnh ba nh ca mt tam gic u. Li gii. Ta ln lt chn cc nh: nh u tin c th l mt nh bt k. Vi nh th hai, khi nh th nht c chn th ta ch c th chn mt trong ba nh c khong cch 2 n 3 nh u. Xc sut thnh cng l 7 . lt cui, xc sut thnh cng l 2 6. Nh vy xc sut ba nh c chn l 1 ba nh ca mt tam gic u s l 7 . V 3 s cch chn ba nh t 8 nh l C8 nn s cch chn tha mn iu kin 3 nh c chn l nh ca mt tam gic u 1 3 s bng 7 C8 = 8. Cc v d trn y cho thy phng php xc sut i khi mnh hn cc phng php truyn thng. Ta kt thc phn ny bng v d sau, s dng mt tnh cht mang tnh hin nhin ca xc sut, l xc sut ca mt bin c lun nm gia 0 v 1. Bi ton 12. Trong mt k thi c n mn thi, trong c ting Php v ting Anh. Th sinh c th thi bao nhiu mn ty nhng ch c th chn mt trong hai ngn ng cho mi mn thi. Vi hai mn thi bt

k, tn ti mt th sinh thi hai mn ny bng cc ngn ng khc nhau. Nu mi mt mn c nhiu nht 10 th sinh d thi, hy tm gi tr ln nht c th ca n. Li gii. p s l 1024. V d sau y cho thy n = 1024 l c th. Gi s c 10 th sinh (nh s t 1 n 10) tham d tt c 1024 mn thi (nh s t 0 n 1023). Vi th sinh i, mn thi th j s c thi bng ting Php nu ch s th i tnh t bn phi sang trong biu din nh phn ca j l 0 v s thi bng ting Anh trong trng hp ngc li. Bng cch ny d dng kim tra c iu kin c tha mn. (Kt qu cng nh v d c th thu c khng my kh khn nu ta thay 10 bng mt s nh hn v quan st quy lut.) chng minh rng 1024 l s ln nht, ta gn ngu nhin cho cc th sinh l ngi Php hoc ngi Anh. Gi Ej l bin c mi th sinh thi mn j u thi bng ng vi quc tch mnh c gn. V c nhiu nht 10 th sinh mi mn, ta c xc sut P (Ej ) 210 . V vi hai mn thi bt k, tn ti mt th sinh thi hai mn ny bng hai ngn ng khc nhau, nn khng c hai Ej no c th xy ra ng thi. T y ta suy ra P (t nht mt trong cc Ej xy ra) n = P (E1 ) + + P (En ) . 1024 Nhng v xc sut ca mt bin c bt k khng vt qu 1 nn t y ta suy ra n 1 1024 , hay n 1024. chnh l iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp. 1. Trong bng n n mi mt trong cc s 1, 2, . . . , n xut hin ng n ln. Chng minh rng tn ti t nht mt hng hoc mt ct vi t nht n s phn bit.

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2. (IMO Shortlist, 1999) Cho A l mt tp hp gm n thng d modulo n2 . Chng minh rng tn ti tp hp B gm n thng d modulo n2 sao cho t nht mt na thng d modulo n2 c th vit di dng a + b vi a A v b B. 3. Trong mt gii c vua c 40 k th. C tng cng 80 vn c u, v hai k th bt k u vi nhau nhiu nht mt ln. Vi mt s nguyn n, chng minh rng tn ti n k th cha h u vi nhau. (Tt nhin l s n cng ln cng tt.) 4. Cho A1 , . . . , An v B1 , . . . , Bn l cc tp con hu hn khc nhau ca N sao cho: (i) Ai Bi = vi mi i; (ii) (Ai Bj ) (Aj Bi ) = 0 vi mi i = j . Chng minh rng vi mi s thc p, 0 p 1, ta c n |B | p|Ai | (1 p) i 1.
i=1

5. (Bay Area MO, 2004) Cho n s thc khng ng thi bng 0 v c tng bng 0. Chng minh rng tn ti mt cch nh s a1 , a2 , . . . , an cc s ny sao cho a1 a2 + a2 a3 + + an1 an + an a1 < 0. 6. Cho p v q l cc s khng m c tng bng 1 v m, n l cc s nguyn khng m. Chng minh rng (1 pm )n +(1 q n )m 1. 7. (M TST, 2001) Vi tp hp S, k hiu |S | l s phn t ca S . Cho A l tp hp cc s nguyn dng vi |A| = 2001. Chng minh rng tn ti tp B sao cho: (1) B A; (2) |B | 668; (3) Vi mi u, v B (khng nht thit phn bit), ta c u + v B .

(cn na)

vui: y l ai?
Ngi trong nh ba k ny l mt chuyn gia ni ting v hnh hc i s. ng l ai? Gii thng 300.000 ng s c Thng tin Ton hc tng cho c gi gi cu tr li chnh xc tn nh ton hc ny cng bi vit hay nht, khng qu 500 t v ng. Tn ngi ot gii v bi vit s c ng trong s TTTH tip theo. Cu tr li v bi vit xin gi v ttth@vms.org.vn trc ngy 15/06/2013.

Gii k trc: Ngi trong nh ba ca Tp 16 S 4 l nh ton hc Thy in Lars V.

H ormander. Chc mng ngi nhn gii thng gii cu k trc l Nguyn Th Tuyt Mai v Nguyn Th Qunh Trm, trng i hc Thng mi (xem bi trang 11).

THNG BO
trnh lng ph cng nh tit kim kinh ph ca Hi Ton hc Vit Nam, ban bin tp bn tin Thng tin Ton hc ch trng hn ch vic gi Thng tin Ton hc dng bn in. Cc hi vin Hi Ton hc c nhu cu tip tc nhn bn in ngh gi th yu cu hoc email v a ch: Ban bin tp Thng tin Ton hc Vin Ton hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni Email: ttth@vms.org.vn trc ngy 30 thng 6 nm 2013. Bn in t ca bn tin Thng tin Ton hc c ti min ph t trang web ca Hi Ton hc ti a ch: http://www.vms.org.vn

Knh mi qu v v cc bn ng nghip ng k tham gia Hi Ton hc Vit Nam

Hi Ton hc Vit Nam c thnh lp t nm 1966. Mc ch ca Hi l gp phn y mnh cng tc ging dy, nghin cu, ng dng v ph bin ton hc. Tt c nhng ai c tham gia ging dy, nghin cu, ng dng v ph bin ton hc u c th gia nhp Hi. L hi vin, qu v s c pht min ph tp ch Thng Tin Ton Hc, c mua mt s n phm ton vi gi u i, c gim hi ngh ph nhng hi ngh Hi tham gia t chc, c tham gia cng nh c thng bo y v cc hot ng ca Hi. gia nhp Hi ln u tin hoc ng k li hi vin (theo tng nm), qu v ch vic in v ct gi phiu ng k di y ti BCH Hi theo a ch: Ch Cao Ngc Anh, Vin Ton Hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni Vic ng hi ph c th thc hin theo mt trong cc hnh thc sau y: 1. ng tp th theo c quan (km theo danh sch hi vin). 2. ng trc tip hoc gi tin qua bu in n ch Cao Ngc Anh theo a ch trn. Thng tin v hi vin Hi Ton hc Vit Nam cng nh tnh hnh ng hi ph c cp nht thng xuyn trn trang web ca Hi. BCH Hi Ton hc Vit Nam ..................................................................................................................................

Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam

Hi ph nm 2013

Phiu ng k hi vin
1. H v tn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Khi ng k li, qu v ch cn in nhng mc c thay i trong khung ny.

Hi ph: Acta Math. Vietnam (*):

50 000 70 000

2. Nam N 3. Ngy sinh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Ni sinh (huyn, tnh): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Hc v (nm, ni bo v ): C nhn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thc s: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin s: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TSKH: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Hc hm (ni c phong): PGS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GS: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Chuyn ngnh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Ni cng tc: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Chc v hin nay: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. a ch lin h: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................. Email: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in thoi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ngy: K tn:

Tng cng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hnh thc ng: ng tp th theo c quan Tn c quan: ng trc tip/th pht nhanh Gi bu in (xin gi km bn chp th chuyn tin)

Ghi ch: - (*) Vic mua Acta Mathematica Vietnamica l t nguyn v trn y l gi u i (ch bng 50% gi chnh thc) cho hi vin (gm 3 s, k c bu ph). - Gch cho tng ng.

THNG TIN TON HC, Tp 17 S 1 (2013)

Gii Nobel kinh t 2012 - S phn phi cn bng v thit k th trng . . . . . . . . . Nguyn Tin Thnh Cu trc ton hc trong tc phm Phng tranh ca Escher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. de Smit v H. W. Lenstra Jr. Nguyn An Khng dch Nh ton hc Thy in Lars V . H ormander (1931-2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nguyn Th Tuyt Mai v Nguyn Th Qunh Trm Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin Ton hc th gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Danh sch xp hng cc tp ch ton hc ca Hi ng Nghin cu Australia (ARC) nm 2010. Cc tp ch ton l thuyt - Phn 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dnh cho cc bn tr Phng php xc sut (tip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trn Nam Dng

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