Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam

THNG TIN TON HC

Thng 12 Nm 2011 Tp 15 S 4









Thng Tin Ton Hc
(Lu hnh ni b)


Tng bin tp

Phng H Hi

Ban bin tp:

Phm Tr n
on Trung Cng
Trn Nam Dng
Nguyn Hu D
on Th Hiu
L Cng Li
c Thi
Nguyn Chu Gia Vng


Bn tin Thng Tin Ton Hc
nhm mc ch phn nh cc
sinh hot chuyn mn trong
cng ng ton hc Vit Nam
v quc t. Bn tin ra thng k
4-6 s trong mt nm.

Th l gi bi: Bi vit bng
ting Vit. Tt c cc bi, thng
tin v sinh hot ton hc cc
khoa (b mn) ton, v hng
nghin cu hoc trao i v
phng php nghin cu v
ging dy u c hoan
nghnh. Bn tin cng nhn ng
cc bi gii thiu tim nng
khoa hc ca cc c s cng
nh cc bi gii thiu cc nh
ton hc. Bi vit xin gi v ta
son. Nu bi c nh my
tnh, xin gi km theo file (ch
yu theo phng ch unicode
hoc .VnTime).




Mi lin h vi bn tin xin gi
v:

Bn tin: Thng Tin Ton Hc
Vin Ton Hc
18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni

e-mail:
ttth@vms.org.vn







Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam
Website ca Hi Ton hc:
www.vms.org.vn

nh ba 1: Richard S. Hamilton
Ngun: Internet
1
Thy ti - Gio s Hong Ty
Trn Vn Nhung (Hi ng Chc danh gio s nh nc)
Bi vit nhn dp GS. Hong Ty nhn
Gii thng Carathodory v k nim 55
nm (1956-2011) thnh lp Khoa Ton-
C-Tin hc, Trng H Khoa hc T nhin,
HQG H Ni.
GS. Hong Ty
Nhiu ti liu trong nc v quc t
vit, vinh danh Gio s Hong Ty
mt cch xng ng. Gio s l chu ni
ca c Hong Vn Bng, em trai ca Tng
c thnh H Ni Hong Diu. ni v
mt con ngi, mt nh khoa hc, nht
l khi ngi c tn vinh v nhiu
mt, trong mt vi trang giy, trong mt
cu chuyn ngn, l mt vic khng th
lm c, t nht l i vi ti. Tuy nhin
sau 45 nm c bit GS. Hong Ty, vi
t cch l mt hc tr t thi ph thng
chuyn ton, ti mun ni khi qut v
ng nh sau: Gio s Hong Ty l mt
nh ton hc xut sc, ni ting th gii,
mt nh s phm mu mc, ngi c
nhiu tng tm chin lc trn quan
im h thng v sng to ton hc, v
chn hng khoa gio v trn c l xy
dng v pht trin t nc.
Mc d c nhiu bi vit v GS.
Hong Ty, nhng chng ti thy vn
cn t bi vit v thi gian ng l Ch
nhim Khoa Ton, Trng i hc Tng
hp H Ni, trc khi ci tn Tuys Cut
(Lt ct Ty) tr thnh quen thuc trong
gii ton hc trn th gii v trc khi
ng ch tr mt nhm nghin cu t vn
gm nhng nh khoa hc, gio dc v
vn ha ni ting v giu tm huyt vi
t nc, a ra nhng kin ngh pht
trin gio dc nc nh. V th, trong bi
vit ny, chng ti mun b sung thm
vo phn "cn t bi vit" , mun n
li nhng k nim khng th no qun
v GS. Hong Ty, ngi thy mu mc
ca mnh t nhng nm hc ph thng
chuyn ton A0 (1965-1967) trn khu
s tn Thi Nguyn ca Trng i hc
Tng hp H Ni. (A0 l tn vit tt b
mt ca lp chuyn ton kha I chng ti
trong nhng nm chin tranh chng M,
khi i s tn. A1, A2,... ch cc lp ton
nm th nht, th hai,..., B l vt l, C l
ha hc,...).
Chng ti vit bi ny chc mng
GS. Hong Ty khi ng l ngi u
tin trn th gii va c trao tng
Gii thng Constantin Carathodory ca
Hip hi Quc t v Ti u Ton cc
v chc mng Khoa Ton-C-Tin hc,
Trng HKHTN, HQGHN, trn 55 tui
(1956-2011), m GS. Hong Ty l Ch
nhim khoa th hai (c ngi ni l Ch
nhim khoa u tin).
2
1. Nhng k nim v GS. Hong Ty -
Mt nh ton hc xut sc, mt nh s
phm mu mc
GS. Hong Ty c tn vinh
trong nc v ngoi nc, c trao
Gii thng H Ch Minh t u (nm
1996) v khoa hc cng ngh, cng vi
cc gio s T Quang Bu, L Vn Thim,
Nguyn Vn Hiu,..., Gii thng Phan
Chu Trinh (2010) v l ngi u tin
trn th gii va c Hip hi Quc
t v Ti u ton cc trao gii thng
cao qu mang tn nh ton hc xut sc
ngi Hy Lp Constantin Carathodory
(1873-1950), do nhng ng gp tin
phong v nn tng ca ng trong lnh vc
ny. L tc gi ca 170 cng trnh khoa
hc c cng b trn cc tp ch ton
hc ni ting trn th gii, GS. Hong
Ty c tha nhn l cha ca L
thuyt Ti u ton cc (Global Optimiza-
tion), trong c khi nim quan trng
Tuys Cut (Lt ct Ty) mang tn ng.
Khi nim ny c ng a ra khong
nm 1966 khi ng ang l Ch nhim
Khoa Ton ca trng i hc Tng hp
H Ni.
Ngay t nhng nm 1963-1964, khi
cn ang hc lp 8 lp 9 qu, ti
c bit n tn thy Hong Ty
v thy L Hi Chu qua cc sch gio
khoa ton ph thng, tn cc nh ton
hc T Quang Bu, L Vn Thim, Hong
Ty, Nguyn Cnh Ton, Phan nh Diu,
Hong Xun Snh, Hong Chng (em trai
thy Hong Ty),..., qua bo Ton hc v
Tui tr. Ti cn nh nhng cun sch
gio khoa ph thng mn ton ngy y
rt mng, rt c bn, sc tch v cht
lc, nhng vn cung cp cho chng ti
nhng kin thc cn thit. V sao khng
cn nhiu nhng vn ? V cc tc gi
l nhng nh ton hc v s phm uyn
thm, l nhng thy gio trc tip
dy ton bc ph thng v i hc,
thc s nghin cu ton hc v s
phm, tham kho nhng sch gio
khoa chun mc ca cc nc c nn s
phm chun mc v tin tin trn th gii
nh Nga, Php,... C th ni th ny c
khng: vit sch gio khoa chun mc
cn phi c nhng bc thy chun mc?
Chun mc y c hiu theo ngha
c s kt hp hi ha gia l thuyt vi
thc hnh, gia s cp vi cao cp, gia
truyn thng vi hin i, gia quc gia
vi quc t. Chng ti rt mng khi thy
rng hin nay khi i mi chng trnh
v sch gio khoa ph thng, B Gio dc
v o to, Vin Khoa hc Gio dc Vit
Nam, Nh Xut bn Gio dc Vit Nam
v cc tc gi dy cng nghin cu v
tham kho c chn lc cc chng trnh,
sch gio khoa ph thng ca nc ta t
trc n nay v ca cc nc tin tin
trn th gii, theo ng phng chm
gio dc ca ng ta l "c bn, hin i
v Vit Nam".
Nm 1965, thy Hong Ty dy cho
lp 9 chuyn ton A0 kha I ca chng
ti nhng khi nim u tin v lgic
ton, ton hc hu hn v l thuyt
th. Mc d thy dy cho chng ti khng
nhiu, v vi cng v Ch nhim khoa
thy rt bn, nhng n tng v nhng
bi ging ca thy trong ti cn su m
cho n tn ngy nay, sau gn na th k.
Trong phng hc s si thi s tn, ci
bng en rt nh, nhng vn c
bui hc thy vit trn m khng cn
xa bng. ng l thy c ngh thut s
dng v trnh by trn bng mt cch ti
u! i mt sng ca thy lun hng v
pha hc tr khi nu vn , khi t cu
hi, khi gi v khi khuyn khch, ng
vin chng ti. Thy ch dy hc tr
hiu c xut x, bn cht v cc mi
lin quan ca vn . Cch dy ca thy
3
c o v cun ht, khng sa vo cc
cng thc v k thut, trnh cho hc
tr thy cy m khng thy rng. Mi
khi cn vit ln bng th thy li vit rt
nn nt, cn thn, r rng, v d ch ci
c, t,..., cn c c ui bn tri.
L mt hc sinh nh qu mi ra tnh,
ln u tin khi c nghe nhng bi
ging ton ca cc thy Hong Ty, Phan
c Chnh, Hong Hu ng, Nguyn
Tha Hp, L Minh Khanh, Nguyn Duy
Tin, ng Hu o, va tr va gii
va trn y nhit huyt, ti c cm gic
nh mnh ang c b m cho ra ph
xem tr o thut vy. th trong mi
trng mi ca lp chuyn ton u tin
c nhiu bn gii c ton v ting Nga
n t nhiu tnh thnh trn min Bc,
nh bn Hong Vn Kim, Thanh Sn,
Nguyn nh Bn, Nguyn Nam Hng,
Nguyn Lam Sn, Nguyn Vit Chnh,
Phan Trnh Hi, Nguyn Vn Xoa, Nguyn
Hu Dung, Cao Cng Tng,..., cng
khin ti b "ngp" trong thi gian u.
n nay mc d nhng kin thc c th
thu c t bi ging ca cc thy c th
b qun mt nhiu, nhng n tng,
k c v trnh , ti nng, tm huyt
v lng yu ngh ca cc bc thy vn
cn ng li mi trong sut cuc i
chng ti nh mt cht men say. ng
nh William A. Warrd ni: "Ngi thy
trung bnh ch bit ni, ngi thy gii
bit gii thch, ngi thy xut chng bit
minh ha, ngi thy v i bit cch
truyn cm hng."
Mt ngy cui thu u ng nm 1967,
khi bt u vo hc lp ton nm th
nht ca Khoa Ton, Trng i hc Tng
hp H Ni, khu s tn ti tnh Thi
Nguyn, chng ti c n GS. Ch
nhim khoa Hong Ty n thm v ni
chuyn khai ging kha hc. Tt c
chng ti b cun ht bi cu chuyn
hp dn ng k hm . C lc ng ni
vui: "Khi ti ni ting Anh nc ngoi
ngi ta li khen ti gii ting Php".
ng cho chng ti bit nn ton hc
Nga s sau ny cng c bt u,
pht trin v r nhnh t trng phi
ban u v l thuyt hm bin thc ca
N. N. Luzin (1883-1950). Cng ngy khi
ngm li ti cng thy trong hn na th
k va qua, nn Ton hc X Vit c
nh hng to ln, tch cc n nn Ton
hc Vit Nam v hnh nh qu trnh xy
dng, pht trin v phn nhnh ca Ton
hc nc nh cng theo mt l trnh gn
tng t nh nc Nga. Nhiu chuyn
ngnh ton hc v cc gio s hng u
cng c sinh ra t gii tch, t vic
ng dng trc tip hoc gin tip gii
tch, nht l gii tch hin i, vo cc
lnh vc khc, nh ti u ha, gii tch s,
ton ng dng, xc sut-thng k, tp,
l thuyt s, mt m, i s tru tng,
ha hc, sinh hc, vt l, thin vn,...
GS. Hong Ty (nm 1972)
Nm 1984, khi ti ang hc tp v
nghin cu khoa hc ti Trng i hc
Tng hp Bremen (CHLB c) theo Hc
4
bng Nghin cu Humboldt (AvH), th
GS. Hong Ty c GS. D. Hinrichsen
mi n lm vic v bo co trong sem-
inar v kt qu nghin cu bi ton ti
u ca ng. Mc d nhiu ln c
nghe GS. Hong Ty ging bi hoc bo
co seminar, hi ngh, nhng l ln
u tin ti c nghe ng ging bi
nc ngoi. Ti c chng kin cc
bn quc t tham d hm rt thn
phc ni dung ton hc v tnh s phm
cao trong bi ging ca ng. GS. Hong
Hu ng cng c GS. L. Arnold
mi n bo co khoa hc ti trng ny
v s m Lyapunov. Sau hai bo co ca
hai ng Hong, Hong Ty v Hong Hu
ng, cc bn c cho rng cc gio s
ton hc Vit Nam u l nh s phm
gii, u vit bng rt p!
2. GS. Hong Ty - Mt nh khoa hc
c t duy chin lc v h thng
GS. Hong Ty khng ch quan tm n
o to i hc m GS. cn rt quan tm
n o to bc ph thng. V lch s
hnh thnh ca Khi chuyn Ton A0, sau
ny ti c nghe mt s thy, trong
c GS. Nguyn Duy Tin, k li rng:
tng u tin v vic m lp chuyn
ton Vit Nam thuc v GS. Hong
Ty, lc l Ch nhim khoa Ton, c
tham kho cch lm ca cc nh ton hc
X Vit v i nh A. N. Kolmogorov, P.
S. Alexandrov, I. M. Gelfand,... Ti cho
rng GS. Hong Ty cn tham kho c
kinh nghim ca Hungary, mt nc nh
nhng rt mnh v ton, khi lp ra lp
ton nng khiu u tin. xut ca
GS. Hong Ty c s ng h mnh m
ca GS. L Vn Thim, Ph Hiu trng,
ngi anh c ca nn Ton hc Vit Nam
hin i; ca GS. Ngy Nh Kon Tum,
Hiu trng; ca GS. T Quang Bu, B
trng B H v THCN v ca Th tng
Phm Vn ng, ngi m khi cn sng
lun lun quan tm n gio dc, ni
ring l vic o to hc sinh gii. Lc
u, lp c gi l Lp Ton c bit,
sau c i thnh tn khim tn hn l
Lp Ton d b ri Lp Chuyn ton.
Tc gi Hm Chu, ngi c nhiu bi
vit v cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam, k li
rng chnh GS. Hong Ty cng l mt
trong s nhng nh ton hc u tin
ca ta tham kho kinh nghim v nh
s gip ca Lin X, CHDC c v
mt s nc XHCN, phn tch, cn
nhc, xut v cui cng nm 1974 Vit
Nam c on gm 5 hc sinh gii u
tin i d thi Olympic Ton quc t (IMO
1974) ti CHDC c v ngay ln u tin
Hong L Minh ginh huy chng
vng, V nh Ha huy chng bc, ng
Hong Trung v T Hng Qung huy
chng ng v Nguyn Quc Thng
thiu 1 im th c huy chng ng.
L Tun Hoa, nm cng c vo
short list ca i tuyn luyn thi,
chun b, nhng cui cng khng c
i thi v nm u tin c on ch c 5
hc sinh, ch khng phi 6 nh sau ny,
m anh Hoa ng th 6. Nay GS. TSKH.
L Tun Hoa tr thnh Ch tch Hi
Ton hc Vit Nam v Gim c iu
hnh Vin Nghin cu cao cp v Ton.
Anh k li: GS. B trng T Quang Bu
cng rt quan tm, ng h v hng tun
ng u n thm thy v tr c s s 9
ph Hai B Trng xem vic chun b i
tuyn u tin ra sao.
C l GS. Hong Ty v GS. Phan nh
Diu l hai trong s cc nh ton hc
Vit Nam u tin nhn thy tm quan
trng ca L thuyt h thng v mun
ng dng l thuyt vo khoa hc, gio
dc, qun l, kinh t v nhiu lnh vc
khc. C phi v th chng, khi nghin
cu v bn bc v bt c lnh vc no,
nht l gio dc, GS. Hong Ty cng
5
lun khuyn co phi xem trng tnh h
thng ca n. Bn thn lnh vc m c i
ng quan tm nghin cu l l thuyt ti
u ton cc cng mang tnh h thng su
sc. Nh chng ta u bit, nhng vn
ton cc v h thng, khng ch trong
ton hc, khoa hc m trong mi lnh vc
nh kinh t, x hi,..., bao gi cng kh
khn, phc tp v quan trng hn nhiu
so vi nhng vn a phng, cc b.
Ngi u tin vo nm 1961 t nn
mng cho l thuyt h thng ton hc
l M. D. Mesarovic, da trn tng t
nm 1950 ca von Bertalanffy, Norbert
Wiener, John von Neumann v l thuyt
h thng tng qut. R. E. Klmn, ngi
M gc Hungary, trong bi bo ng trn
Journal of SIAM v. 1, n. 1 (1963) a
ra cc khi nim ban u v nu mt s
bi ton t nn mng cho l thuyt h
thng hin i. Vit Nam, nm 1983
GS. Hong Ty cng GS. Nguyn Khoa
Sn xy dng v iu hnh Trung tm
phn tch h thng ti Vin Nghin cu
qun l kinh t trung ng.
V mt lch s, c l nh bc hc ngi
Scotland Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) l
ngi u tin trn th gii nu ra
tng v "h thng". Nh vy, phi mt
hn na th k sau l thuyt h thng
ton hc v iu khin hc mi ra i.
Geddes khng phi l nh ton hc m l
nh nghin cu v sinh hc, mi trng,
quy hoch th, x hi hc, gio dc
hc,... v ni ting nht v nhng tng
cp tin trong quy hoch th v gio
dc. Ngay t u th k trc, Geddes
khuyn co loi ngi khi cng nghip
ha v th ha, phi lun ch gi
gn mi sinh, mi trng, phi lun c
ci nhn h thng quy hoch tng
th. Li khuyn co n gin nht, ngn
gn nht, nhng cng tng hp nht ca
ng l: Suy ngh phi ton din, hnh
ng phi c th (Think globally, act
locally). Gn y, Lin hip quc cng
dng cu ny lm khu hiu hnh
ng cho c loi ngi khi bc sang
th k XXI, khng ch trong vic bo v
mi trng, khc phc hu qu ca bin
i kh hu, m trong c vic gii quyt
cc xung t sc tc, tn gio, quyn li,
chnh tr, chng khng b,... Tm li, y
khng ch l khu hiu m cn l nguyn
tc suy ngh v hnh ng ca c loi
ngi khi bc sang th k mi ny.
Vic trn tr c c mt chin
lc v k hoch pht trin Ton hc
Vit Nam c bt u kh sm. T
cui nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, GS.
Hong Ty cng cc nh ton hc tin
bi khc nh GS. T Quang Bu, GS. L
Vn Thim, GS. Nguyn Cnh Ton, GS.
Phan nh Diu,..., xy dng chin lc
pht trin Ton hc Vit Nam cho giai
on 1970-1990. Nh , ch trong vng
10 n 20 nm, Ton hc Vit Nam
c nhng tin b ng k v mt s lnh
vc vn ln v c uy tn cao trn th
gii. tip ni v hin i ha, sau hn
hai nm chun b, gn y Chng trnh
trng im quc gia pht trin Ton hc
giai on 2010 n 2020 v Vin Nghin
cu cao cp v Ton, do GS. Ng Bo
Chu v GS. L Tun Hoa ng u,
c Chnh ph ph duyt.
Ngy hm nay, chng ti cng i
vi ng ch Nguyn Xun Phc, y vin
B Chnh tr, Ph Th tng Chnh ph,
thay mt Chnh ph, v GS. Bi Vn Ga,
Th trng B GD-T, n nh ring
chc mng GS. Hong Ty nhn dp GS
c trao Gii thng cao qu Constantin
Carathodory. Chng ti knh chc thy
khe mnh, tip tc cng hin nhiu hn
na cho ton hc, khoa hc, gio dc v
pht trin t nc.
(27/9/2011)
6
V l trao "Gii thng Thin nin
k" u tin ca Vin Clay
Phm Tr n (Vin Ton hc)
Tin cc bo: Ngy 18 thng 3 nm
2010, GS. James Carlson, Vin trng
Vin Ton hc Clay thng bo vi bo
ch "Gii thng thin nin k" u tin
c ch. Gii c trao tng cho Tin
s Grigori Perelman, St. Peterburg, Nga,
vi thnh tu gii c gi thuyt
Poincar, mt trong s by bi ton c
coi l c kh vo "bc" thin nin k.
V sao c tn "Gii thng thin nin
k "? tr li cu hi ny, chng ta hy
ngc dng thi gian...
l vo nm 1900, thi im trc
thm ca mt th k mi v cng l trc
thm ca i hi Ton hc Th gii ln
th 2, d nh t chc vo thng 8/1900
ti Paris, nc Php. David Hilbert (1862-
1943), mt nh ton hc c ni ting v
c uy tn bc nht vo thi k , c
mi lm mt bo co ton th trc i
hi. Thay cho vic trnh by mt bo co
tng quan v mt vn ton hc no
nh mi ngi vn ch i, Hilbert
a ra 23 bi ton kh, cha c li gii,
coi nh l nhng thch thc ca Ton hc
Th k XIX chuyn giao li cho Ton hc
Th k XX. Nhng bi ton ny, sau
c gi vi ci tn chung l "cc bi ton
Hilbert" v c nh s t 1-23. Cho
n nm 2000, nm cui ca th k XX,
hu ht cc bi ton Hilbert c gii
quyt, ch cn li bi ton v Gi thuyt
Riemann (pht biu nm 1859) l cha
c li gii. Qu trnh gii cc bi ton
Hilbert thc s gp phn thc y s
pht trin ca ton hc th k XX.
Thi gian tri nhanh... Chng ta li
ang vo nm 2000, trc thm ca
mt th k mi v cng l ca mt thin
nin k mi: Thin nin k th ba. Hc
tp David Hilbert, ng ch ca Vin Ton
hc Clay mun c mt s kin g tng
t, hoc cn hn th na th cng hay,
nh s kin Hilbert tng lm. V th
l, vo ngy 24/5/2000, ti trng i
hc "Collge de France", Paris, trong mt
cuc mt tinh trng th, Vin Ton hc
Clay long trng cng b 7 bi ton cc
kh, c mnh danh l "7 Bi ton thin
nin k" v treo gii thng mt triu
la tin thng cho mi mt trong s 7
bi ton kh ny. Trong 7 "Bi ton thin
nin k" ny, gi thuyt Poincar ng
v tr th 3 cn gi thuyt Riemann ng
v tr th 4.
Vi nt v Vin Ton hc Clay. Vin Ton
hc Clay, tn vit tt l CMI (Clay Math-
ematics Institute), l mt vin ton t
nhn, phi li nhun, c tr s ti bang
Massachusetts, M. Vin do mt thng
nhn t ph yu thch ton ti thnh
ph Boston l ng Landon Clay cng phu
nhn sng lp v cung cp ti chnh. Lnh
o vin l mt ban gim c, gm 3
thnh vin u l ngi thuc gia nh
Clay, Landon Clay ch thn lm gim
c. Ban gim c "thu" mt ban c
vn khoa hc, gm ton cc nh ton
hc ni ting trn th gii v mt vin
trng iu hnh cc cng vic. T
thng 2 nm 2008, ban c vn khoa hc
ca CMI gm Andrew Wiles, Yum-Tong
Siu, Richard Melrose, Gregory Margulis,
7
James Carlson v Simon Donaldson. Vin
trng hin ti ca CMI l James Carlson.
Mc tiu ca Vin Ton hc Clay l lm
cho ton hc ngy cng p hn na,
mnh hn na v ph dng hn na.
thc hin mc tiu trn, ngoi "Gii
thng thin nin k" nh ni n
phn trn, vin cn c cc gii thng
ton hc Clay khc, cc hc bng ton
hc Clay dnh cho cc nh ton hc tr
c nhiu trin vng, c chng trnh Clay
thc tp sau tin s (postdoctoral pro-
gram), c trng h Clay hng nm. Cc
k yu ca cc trng h c xut
bn vi s cng tc ca Hi Ton hc M
(AMS).
Gi thuyt Poincar v ngi chng
minh n. Henri Poincar (1854-1912)
l nh vt l v ton hc ngi Php,
mt trong nhng nh ton hc ln nht
ca th k XIX v na u th k XX.
Gi thuyt do ng ra l mt trong
s cc thch thc ln nht ca ton hc
th k XX. Ni dung c bn ca gi
thuyt Poincar bt ngun t mt nhn
xt c tnh trc quan trong dn gian:
trn cc mt cu 2 chiu thng thng,
mi ng cong khp kn u c th co
li lin tc thnh mt im. Nm 1904,
Henri Poincar t cu hi: tnh cht ny
cn ng na khng trong khng gian
3 chiu? ng phng on cu tr li l
khng nh, nhng khng chng minh
c. Sau ny phng on ca Poincar
c cc nh ton hc gi l Gi thuyt
Poincar. Cu hi nh th cho hnh cu
n-chiu vi n > 3 gi l "Gi thuyt
Poincar m rng".
V gi thuyt Poincar, bn c c th
tham kho thm trong [3].
Gi thuyt Poincar c Grigori Perel-
man chng minh nm 2003 trong ba bi
bo ng trn trang arXiv.org. Nh kt
qu ny, nm 2006 Perelman nhn
c gii thng Fields ti i hi Ton
hc Th gii ti Madrid, Ty Ban Nha. Tuy
nhin, ng t chi khng n nhn
gii thng Fields ln . Cn ln ny,
liu Perelman c n nhn gii thng
Clay hay khng?
Tr li cu hi trn ca cc nh bo,
GS. James Carlson ch xc nhn l lin
lc c bng th in t vi Perelman v
"chc chn ng y s tr li cho ti bit".
ng t chi khng cung cp thm bt c
thng tin no khc na. Mt tia hy vng
c nhm ln v mi ngi li hy vng
v ch i!
GS. Grigory Perelman
L tn vinh v trao "Gii thng thin
nin k" u tin. Cng ti cuc hp
bo ngy 18/3/2010, GS. James Carl-
son thng bo l vinh danh v trao gii
thng thin nin k ca Vin Ton hc
Clay s c t chc ti Vin Henri
Poincar, Paris, t 7-9/6/2010. Chng
trnh gm ba phn. Phn mt l mt bi
ging ph cp, gii thiu vi ng o
qun chng yu thch ton v bi ton
Poincar. Phn hai thc cht l hi ngh
khoa hc Clay nm 2010 vi ch xoay
quanh "Gi thuyt Poincar". Phn ba l
l trao "Gii thng thin nin k" u
tin.
V "Bi ging ph cp Clay - 2010".
Ngy 7/6, bi ging ph cp ton hc
Clay c tienne Ghys (lcole normale
8
suprieure) trnh by ti Vin i dng
hc, Paris. c khong 450 ngi tham
d. Trong s nhng ngi d, ngi ta
thy bn cnh cc nh ton hc tr tui,
cc sinh vin ton ti cc trng i hc
Paris, cn c cc nh ton hc ni ting.
V "Hi ngh khoa hc - 2010" ca Vin
Ton hc Clay. Hi ngh khoa hc nm
2010 ca Vin Ton hc Clay vi ch
v "Gi thuyt Poincar" c t
chc vo cc ngy 8-9 thng Su ti hai
ni: Vin i dng hc v Vin Henri
Poincar. Nhng ngi tham d hi ngh
khoa hc bao gm cc nh ton hc c
nhng ng gp nht nh vo qu trnh
hnh thnh nn chng minh gi thuyt
Poincar ca Perelman. C th k ra ngi
Michael Atiyah v John Morgan vi bo
co v lch s ca gi thuyt Poincar v
v nhng vn c lin quan, hin cn
m, cha c li gii. Tip theo l mt bo
co rt n tng ca Curtis Mc Mullen v
"Tin trnh ca cc cu trc hnh hc trn
cc 3-a tp".
Bui chiu c dnh cho hai bo co
ca hai nh ton hc ln, vn c coi
l nhng "cy a, cy " trong lnh
vc tp - hnh hc l William Thurston
v Steven Smale. Bo co ca William
Thurston c nhan "B mt ca cc 3-a
tp", cn Steven Smale ni v nhng vn
tp thi k hu Perelman. Sau cng
l bo co ca Simon Donalson v cc bt
bin ca cc a tp v s phn lp cc bi
ton.
Cc bo co trong ngy th hai ca
hi ngh i su hn vo chuyn ngnh,
cp n nhng kha cnh khc nhau
trong chng minh ca Perelman. David
Gabai c bo co v cc 3-a tp hyper-
bolic. Bo co ca Mikhail Gromov c tn
l "Th no l a tp?". Bui chiu c cc
bo co ca Gerard Besson v Gang Tian.
Geraed Besson ni v gi thuyt hnh hc
ha ca Thurston cn Gang Tian li ni
v cc phn th d trong k thut chng
minh ca Perelman.
L trao gii thng din ra nh th
no? Chiu ngy 8/6, ngay sau bo co
ca Gang Tian (bui sng cn li) l l
vinh danh v trao gii thng cho Grigori
Perelman.
Trong phn vinh danh, cc din gi
pht biu cc cm tng, cc suy ngh
ca mnh i vi gi thuyt Poincar v
i vi ngi gii c bi ton ny,
TS. Grigori Perelman. Andrew Wiles l
ngi ng n u tin. ng ni
v ngha v tm quan trng ca gi
thuyt Poincar v v cch gii ca Perel-
man. Andrew Wiles cm n Perel-
man v cng cm n c nhng nh
ton hc i trc Perelman, nhng ngi
c nhng ng gp quan trng vo
thnh tu ton hc ny, c bit l
Richard Hamilton. Tip theo, Michael
Atiyah, William Thurston, Simon Donal-
son v Mikhail Gromov u ni nhng li
tt p v Perelman.
Sau l vinh danh l thi im quan
trng nht, nhy cm nht v cng c
nhiu ngi trng ch nht: tin hnh
trao gii thng.
Tuy mi ngi u t nhiu d on
trc, kh nng Perelman n nhn
phn thng ch l 50/50, th nhng
khi Cdric Villani, Gim c Vin Henri
Poincar, t trong hu trng bc ra
gia ai snh ng ca Vin Henri
Poincar v tuyn b bui l bt u, th
mi ngi, khng ai bo ai, u quay u
ra pha ca chnh v hy vng s nhn thy
Perelman xut hin v i vo i snh
nhn gii. Mt pht tri qua, nhng
khng c ai bc vo t ca chnh ca
i snh! ng vo thi im ny th Lan-
don Clay, Gim c Vin Ton hc Clay, t
9
pha khc ca hu trng bc ra trong
tay cm bc tng nh, mt biu tng
ca gii thng. n gia i snh, Lan-
don Clay ngc cp mt nhn vo khong
khng v hn xa xm, ng thi hai tay
t t nng cao a v pha trc, c
nh th ng ang trao phn thng cho
ai , km theo li ni: "Ti xin trao
phn thng ny cho ngi c nhn
gii". V ri sau , vi mt ging u
u nh ang c bn quyt nh khen
thng, ng ni tip: "Vin ton hc Clay
tng gii thng Thin nin k u tin
ny cho TS. Grigori Perelman, Saint Pe-
terburg, nc Nga, v c cng chng
minh c Gi thuyt Poincar".
Khi Landon Clay va dt li, th phu
nhn ca ng, b Lavinia Clay, thnh vin
ban gim c Vin Ton hc Clay, khoc
tay mt thanh nin t ngoi bc vo v
dng li gia i snh. u ni ln
ting x xo, Perelman, Perelman!!??
Sau mi ngi mi v l ngi
thanh nin l chu ch tn ca Henri
Poincar, ng Francois Poincar. Thay
mt gia nh Henri Poincar, ng gi li
cm n ti cng ng cc nh ton hc,
khng qun v k tc thnh cng
s nghip ca ngi ng ca mnh, cm
n Vin Ton hc Clay t chc l trao
gii thng trng th ny.
Cdric Villani thay mt ban t chc
tuyn b bui l kt thc, trong mt bu
khng kh trm, lng.
L trao "Gii thng Ton hc Thin
nin k" u tin ca Vin Ton hc Clay
din ra nh th . Mt cch rt
"kch", m trn i ny c l ch "Clay"
mi c!
Ti liu tham kho
1. Poincar Conjecture and material there in
http://www.claymath.org/poincare/.
2. Eva Miranda, The Clay Public Lecture and Conference
on the Poincar Conjecture, Paris, 7-9 June 2010.
EMS-Newsletter, September 2010, 21-23.
3. Phm Tr n, Bi ton Poincar: Nhng chng ng
chinh phc cc nh cao, TTTH 13(1) (2009), 4-7.
4. Phm Tr n, Bi ton Poincar v cu chuyn nm
mt sau ca tm huy chng Fields-2006. Din n
Ton hc, http://pedia.vnmath.com/2009/06/
Thng k - ngh hp dn ca
thp k ti
Julian Champkin (Significance magazine)
Chng ta ang sng trong mt cuc cch
mng v d liu. D liu chng ta c v
cch chng ta x l chng ang thay i
tng ngy. Hal Varian, kinh t trng ca
Google, a ra v d: thi k u ca
Web, cui mi trang ti liu thng c
dng ch Ti liu c bn quyn. Khng
c sao chp. Ngy nay, cui mi trang
ti liu thng l Ti liu c bn quyn.
Bm vo y gi i. Tc l ngy nay
chng ta d dng tip cn nhiu ngun d
liu phong ph v cch qun l chng
thay i. Hal Varian l ngi tng a
ra nhiu nhn nh ni ting v thng k
trong k nguyn ca d liu. Di y l
bi phng vn Hal Varian, thc hin bi
Julian Champkin tng bin tp tp ch
Significance magazine, mt n phm ca
10
Hi Thng k Hong gia Anh v Hi Thng
k M.
Hal Varian thc ra khng phi l mt
nh thng k. ng l mt nh kinh t,
v hin l kinh t trng ca cng ty
Google. Th nn ng cng c xem nh
l ngi pht ngn ca Google t chc
nm trong tay mt lng d liu khng l
v c l cng l trung tm phn tch d
liu ln nht m th gii tng thy. ng
tng nhn nh Ngh hp dn trong
thp nin ti s l thng k.
Ti gp ng hi ngh Gp g thng
nin ca Hi Thng k M ti Vancou-
ver nm 2010, ni m ng n ni
chuyn v tuyn nhn vin phn tch d
liu cho Google. ng khng chc l c
bao nhiu nhn vin lm v thng k,
phn tch d liu hin ang lm vic cho
Google. Tht kh nh ngha th no
l mt nh thng k, ng ni, nhng
trong khong 22.000 nhn vin hin ti
ca Google, c khong 600 ngi trong
nhm lm vic v cc vn thng k.
Varian bt u lm vic cho Google cch
y 9 nm khi ng ang l gio s
Berkeley, Ch nhim sng lp ca Trng
Thng tin (School of Information) v vit
bi cho cc mc thng xuyn ca t
New York Times. ng l tc gi ca mt
vi cun sch gio khoa ni ting v kinh
t. Do khng c g l qu nu ni ng
l mt trong nhng hc gi li lc ng
thi. ng l ngi nh nhn, t ni nhng
li l mt din gi d dm v y thuyt
phc.
L mt ngi lun khuyn khch th
h tr la chn ngh thng k, nhng ti
sao ng li chn kinh t ch khng phi
l thng k khi bt u s nghip? ng
tr li Khi ni v t nh thng k, ti
nh ngha theo ngha rng, bao gm tt
c nhng ngi m s dng cc phng
php nh lng phn tch d liu. Th
nn n bao gm cc nh kinh t hc, tm
l hc thc nghim, khoa hc my tnh
v nhiu ngnh ngh khc. Theo nh
ngha th ng ng l mt nh thng
k. Cng vic ca ng hon ton l x l
v phn tch d liu. Chng c g ng
bn ci v li nhun v sc mnh kinh
t (thm ch c chnh tr) m Google thu
c t vic phn tch kho d liu khng
l ca n. Hal Varian, do , l ngi l
tng chia s vi chng ta v d liu
ln, v nhng c hi v thch thc cho
cc nh thng k v v nhng g c l s
gp phn lm thay i c th gii chng
ta ang sng.
Hal Varian, kinh t trng ca Google
Ngun: Internet
Nh ng vit trong mt cun sch
kinh t ca mnh, chng ta ang trong
thi k bng n v thng tin/d liu.
Cn c nhng phng php mi gip
khm ph tri thc t nhng lng d liu
khng l ny. i vi nhng tp d liu
ln (tc l nhng tp d liu phc tp,
nhiu chiu - ND), nhiu phng php
thng k truyn thng khng p dng
c. Mt v d n gin l trong d liu
v gen sinh hc, s gen - tc l s bin d
bo - thng l hng triu, ln hn rt
nhiu s quan st thng l hng trm.
Nhng phng php phn tch hi quy
c in khng p dng c trong tnh
hung ny. ng nhn xt: Trong thp k
11
va ri, chng ta chng kin s kt
hp rt thnh cng gia cc nh khoa
hc my tnh lm vic v hc my (ma-
chine learning - ND) v cc nh thng k.
Cc nh khoa hc my tnh thng lm
vic vi d liu ln s dng nhng m
hnh tng i n gin trong khi cc nh
thng k thng c nhng m hnh cht
ch nhng li tp trung vo d liu nh.
Ti ngh hai lnh vc ny c rt nhiu th
hc ln nhau.
Mt bng chng l ng gp ca ng
trong vic xy dng m hnh u gi
qung co trn Google. Khng c mt
gi chun cho qung co trn Google, n
c bn bng cch u gi. Khi ti mi
vo Google, m hnh u gi qung co
ang c xy dng bi mt nhm k s
my tnh y ti nng, nhng h khng
bit v nhng m hnh thng k kinh t
c v thit k u gi. Nhim v u
tin ca ti l thit lp m hnh ny v ti
ngh l ti c mt vi ng gp thng
qua s dng l thuyt tr chi v mt vi
k thut thng k c in khc.
Ngy nay d liu c khp ni, rt r
v gn nh l min ph. Ti sn tri thc
khng ch n gin l d liu na. Cc
cng ty do khng th ch n gin l
bn d liu, m phi tm cch phn tch
v gii thch chng. ng chia s: Mt
iu tuyt vi Google l h xy dng
c mt c s h tng c kh nng qun
l, lu tr mt cch hiu qu nhng lng
d liu khng l, gip cho vic phn tch
khm ph tr ln d dng hn. Rt nhiu
cng ty khc cng ang thu thp d liu
ln nhng h khng c c s h tng hay
chuyn gia tt thc s khai thc c
thng tin hu ch t d liu h c.
V nhng g chng ta thu c khi
tri thc t nhng lng d liu ln nh
vy c khai thc mt cch hiu qu l
khng tm thng. Thng k khi m ng
dng vo phn tch d liu ln thu c
t internet t c nhng sc mnh
tuyt vi v Google ang i tin phong
trong lnh vc ny. Mt bng chng l
chng trnh dch ngn ng t ng ca
h - n c xy dng bi cc nh thng
k ch khng phi cc nh ngn ng hc.
Khng nht thit l phi hiu c, v d
ting Php hoc ting Anh, mi c th
dch c t ngn ng ny sang ngn
ng kia. iu ny nghe c v tht l lng,
ng ni: Tht l ng ngc nhin khi
m cc cng c thng k c ng dng
hiu qu vo dch thut t ng. iu
mu cht l c c mt c s d liu
v cc bn dch song song ra nhiu ngn
ng khc nhau t cng mt vn bn. Vi
mt lng ln cc vn bn nh vy,
lm mt php tm kim thng k cho cc
t m xut hin nhng v tr tng i
ging nhau v th l bn c th dch
c phn ln ngn ng ca loi ngi.
Hai d n ln v ng dng ca thng
k m Varian t ho l nhn dng ging
ni v xe khng ngi li. Varian chia s
Hai d n ny l s kt hp tuyt vi
ga cc nh thng k v cc nh khoa
hc my tnh Google. Rt rt nhiu cc
thut ton thng k c pht minh v
s dng trong hai d n ny. Vic cn
li l c th ha cc thut ton bng
my tnh. Mt ng dng truyn thng
ca thng k l d bo. D liu mua bn
trc tuyn c th c s dng o
lm pht. C nghin cu ch ra rng c
tng quan gia s lng tm kim tn
cng ty vi lng chng khon c giao
dch ca cng ty . Lng click chut
(trn mt trang a c) c th ch ra th
trng a c ang ln hay xung. Var-
ian gi l bt mch nn kinh t. Ti
ngh rng mi tp d liu nh vy u
c nng lc d bo. Cng ging nh v
d v dch ngn ng t ng, khng cn
12
thit phi hiu c lut nhn qu mi
c th thu c d bo t d liu tm
kim, tt c nhng g chng ta cn l h
s tng quan. Hu ht bt k mi quan
h no u c th c khai thc theo
cch ny. V d, s liu tm kim thng tin
v tr cp tht nghip trong mt tun c
th l mt ch s tt d bo t l tht
nghip. ng ni thm Tt nhin c rt
nhiu ng dng khc m hin ti chng
ti cha lm c. Chng ti s phi lm
vic bn rn trong khong vi chc nm
na. Ti ngh rng bi ton la chn m
hnh s tr nn quan trng trong tng
lai. Trc y, chng ta thng ch xt vi
bin d bo. By gi chng ta c hng
triu bin tim nng. Lm sao quyt
nh nn chn bin no?
Trong bui ni chuyn tuyt vi vi
Varian ng cn cp n nhiu vn
th v khc v vai tr ca thng k ti
Google v trong thc t. Tuy nhin, ti
mun kt thc bi vit y vi mt
tin tt lnh cho cc nh thng k. Var-
ian lun nhc i nhc li: Thng k s
l mt ngh hp dn trong thp k ti.
Ti t hi, vy ngh g s l ngh hp dn
trong thp k tip theo?
Ngi dch: Trn Minh Ngc, H KHTN - HQG H Ni v
Trng Kinh t, H New South Wales, c.
Lc dch t bn ting Anh (vi s cho php ca tc gi): J. Champkin, Hal Varian and
the sexy profession, Significance Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 1 (March 2011).
Gio s H Huy Khoi trn 65 tui
T Th Hoi An (Vin Ton hc)
Gio s H Huy Khoi sinh ngy 24
thng 11 nm 1946 ti H Tnh, trong
mt gia nh c truyn thng hiu hc.
Sau khi tt nghip ph thng ti trng
Hunh Thc Khng, ng theo hc ngnh
Ton hc ti H Tng hp H Ni.
Trong nhng nm thng kh khn
thiu thn nhng y nhit huyt ny,
gio s c tip cn vi nhiu hng
khc nhau ca ton hc di s ging
dy, hng dn ca cc nh ton hc
ni ting ca Vit Nam l cc gio s L
Vn Thim, Hong Ty, ... c bit, trong
khong thi gian ny, Gio s Khoi
bt u nghin cu l thuyt phn b gi
tr ca Nevanlinna di s hng dn ca
Gio s L Vn Thim.
Giai on tip theo trong nghip ton
ca mnh, Gio s Khoi lm nghin cu
sinh ti Vin Ton mang tn Sleklov di
s hng dn ca Gio s Yu. Manin.
Trong nhng nm thng Vin Ton
Steklov Gio s Khoi t c nhng
thnh tu nghin cu quan trng. Gio
s hon thnh lun n tin s vi
ti "p-Adic Interpolation and the Mellin-
Mazur Transform nm 1978 v sau l
lun n tin s khoa hc vo nm 1984.
Gio s tng c mi n lm vic
ti nhiu vin nghin cu hng u trn
th gii nh Vin Max-Planck v Ton
Bonn, Vin IHES Paris, H Harvard, . . .
ng l ngi t nn mng cho s ra i
ca l thuyt Nevanlinna p-adic, l s
13
kt hp gia l thuyt p-adic v l thuyt
phn b gi tr ca Nevanlinna. L thuyt
ny v sau c nhiu nh ton hc
trn th gii quan tm nghin cu, pht
trin. Cc cng trnh ca ng c
ng ti trn mt s tp ch hng u v
Ton ca th gii.
Gio s H Huy Khoi khng ch c
bit n nh mt nh Ton hc m cn
l mt nh s phm c tm huyt. Nhng
bi ging, bui ni chuyn ca ng lun
thu ht ng o sinh vin ti d. Cho
ti nay, c 11 nghin cu sinh bo v
thnh cng lun n Tin s v cn c mt
s hin ang lm vic di s hng dn
ca ng.
Gio s H Huy Khoi c bu l
Vin s Vin Hn lm cc nc th gii
th ba (TWAS), hin l Ch tch Hi ng
hc hm ngnh Ton v y vin Hi ng
khoa hc ngnh Ton ca qu NAFOS-
TED.
GS. H Huy Khoi
Nhn dp Gio s H Huy Khoi trn
65 tui, Ban t chc hi ngh i s-Hnh
hc-T p (t chc vo thng 11/2011 ti
Thi Nguyn) dnh mt phn trong
chng trnh tn vinh nhng ng
gp ca ng i vi nn ton hc nc
nh cng nh th gii. Nhn dp ny ti
cng xin thay mt cc hc tr ca Thy,
xin gi ti Thy nhng li chc tt p
nht, chc Thy lun c nhiu sc khe
v nhit tnh tip tc ng gp cho s
pht trin ca ton hc nc nh.
Gio s Nguyn T Cng trn 60 tui
L Thanh Nhn (i hc Khoa hc - i hc Thi Nguyn)
Gio s Nguyn T Cng sinh ngy
25 thng 12 nm 1951 ti H Tnh, tt
nghip i hc ngnh Ton ti i hc
tng hp Martin Luther Halle, CHDC
c v v Vin Ton hc - Vin KH&CN
Vit Nam cng tc t nm 1974. Nm
1982, Gio s bo v thnh cng lun
n tin s ti i hc Tng hp Hum-
boldt, Berlin, CHDC c v nhng kt
qu lin quan n gii t do ca cc h
hlnm phng. Gio s bo v lun
n tin s khoa hc v i s Giao hon
ti Vin Ton hc nm 1995.
GS. Nguyn T Cng l mt chuyn
gia c uy tn quc t trong lnh vc i s
giao hon. Theo ngun MathSciNet, Gio
s cng b 49 bi bo trn nhng tp
ch quc t c uy tn vi hng trm trch
dn t cc bi bo v tc gi khc.
GS. Nguyn T Cng c nhiu quan
h hp tc nghin cu vi cc nh ton
hc nc ngoi. Gio s cng vi GS.
Ng Vit Trung v GS. L Tun Hoa t
chc thnh cng vang di hai hi ngh
quc t v i s giao hon v cc lnh
vc lin quan ti Vin Ton hc nm 1996
v 2006 vi hng trm nh ton hc tn
14
tui trn th gii tham d. Vi vai tr
l Trng Ban t chc hoc Ban chng
trnh, Gio s cng vi GS. S. Goto
(H Tng hp Meiji, Nht Bn) t chc 7
Hi ngh quc t Nht-Vit v i s giao
hon (lun phin mt nm Nht Bn,
mt nm Vit Nam). Gio s c
mi c bo co chnh ti nhiu hi ngh
quc t t chc ti Thy S, Ty Ban Nha,
Php, Italia, c... Gn y, Gio s
c bo co mi ti Hi ngh i s giao
hon ln th 32 ca Nht Bn ti Tokyo
thng 12/2010.
GS. Nguyn T Cng v GS. L Tun
Hoa ti hi ngh AHIT 2011
GS. Nguyn T Cng l mt chuyn
gia u ngnh ca Vit Nam trong lnh
vc i s Giao hon, ng vai tr
ch cht trong nhiu kt qu ca nhm
nghin cu Vin Ton hc. Gio s
xy dng v pht trin nhng nhm
nghin cu ti cc a phng nh Thi
Nguyn, Tp. H Ch Minh, Quy Nhn,
Vinh,... Gio s lun l ngi ch cht
trong vic t chc cc hi ngh i s-
Hnh hcTp, i hi Ton hc ton
quc. Gio s hng dn 10 lun n
tin s bo v thnh cng v ang hng
dn 3 nghin cu sinh.
Thy Nguyn T Cng dnh rt
nhiu thi gian v tm huyt hng
dn cc hc tr chng ti. Nm 1999, c
thng tri, Thy cho nhm nghin cu
sinh chng ti n nh hc ton, v c
T Th Phng Ha - v Thy - nhiu
ln chun b cm tra cho chng ti. Mi
khi c mt hc tr bo v lun n thnh
cng, thy c u vui mng mi tt c cc
hc tr c v mi n d tic chia vui vi
tn tin s ti nh. Trong khoa hc, khi
xut hin nhng tng tm c nht,
Thy u dnh cho chng ti. l l
do ti sao hn 10 nm nay, Thy khng
vit ring cng trnh. Ring vi ti v anh
Trn Tun Nam, sau khi hon thnh lun
n tin s, bit chng ti xa s thiu
ng lc tip tc nghin cu, Thy c
cch rt c bit khin chng ti ai cng
n lc.
Hi ngh i s - Hnh hc - Tp 2011
c t chc ti i hc Thi Nguyn
ng dp sinh nht ln th 60 ca Gio s
Nguyn T Cng. Ban t chc hi ngh
dnh mt phn chng trnh tn
vinh nhng ng gp ca Gio s trong
khoa hc v o to. Nhn dp sinh nht
ln th 60 ca Thy, thay mt cc th
h hc tr, em xin gi ti Thy li chc
mng sinh nht vi tt c lng knh trng
v bit n su sc. Knh chc Thy lun
mnh kho v l ch da vng chc v
khoa hc v tinh thn cho chng em.
Thi Nguyn, 25/12/2011
15
Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc
LTS: tng cng s hiu bit ln nhau trong cng ng cc nh ton hc Vit Nam, Ta
son mong nhn c nhiu thng tin t cc hi vin HTHVN v chnh bn thn mnh, c
quan mnh hoc ng nghip ca mnh.
GS. Hong Ty c trao tng
gii thng Constantin Carathodory u
tin ca Hip hi Quc t v Ti u Ton
cc. y l gii thng c trao hai nm
mt ln cho mt c nhn hoc mt nhm
tc gi c nhng ng gp mang tnh
nn tng cho l thuyt, thut ton v ng
dng ca ti u ton cc. Trong thng
bo ca Hip hi Quc t v Ti u Ton
cc, GS. Hong Ty c chn trao gii
u tin v nhng cng trnh mang tnh
khai ph v nhng ng gp nn tng ca
ng cho ti u ton cc. Gii thng bao
gm 2000 USD v mt bng chng nhn.
GS. TSKH. L Tun Hoa, Ch tch Hi
Ton hc Vit Nam, Gim c iu hnh
Vin Nghin cu cao cp v Ton, l mt
trong ba nh ton hc trn th gii c
bu trong nm 2011 thnh thnh vin
chnh thc ca Vin Hn lm Khoa hc
cc nc th gii th 3 (TWAS). GS. L
Tun Hoa l mt chuyn gia v i s
giao hon v Hnh hc i s v c nhiu
ng gp quan trng trong hai ngnh
ny. Thng tin thm xin xem bi trang 17.
Gii thng Vin Ton hc 2011
c trao cho TS. Trn V Khanh, i hc
Tn To, Long An v TS. Bi Trng Kin,
i hc Xy dng H Ni.
TS. Trn V Khanh sinh nm 1983 ti
C Mau, tt nghip i hc Khoa hc t
nhin, HQG TpHCM nm 2005 v bo
v lun n Tin s nm 2009 ti i hc
Padova, Italia, nm 2009. TS. Khanh
c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu xut sc,
xut bn trn cc tp ch c uy tn cao v
Ton nh Advances in Mathematics, In-
ventiones Mathematicae, ...
TS. Bi Trng Kin sinh nm 1972 ti
Ninh Bnh, tt nghip i hc Vinh nm
1993, bo v lun n Tin s nm 2003 ti
Vin Ton hc. T nm 2005 ti 2010 l
nghin cu sinh sau tin s ti i Loan
v Hn Quc. TS. Kin c hn 20 cng
trnh khoa hc trn nhiu tp ch c uy
tn.
TS. Trn V Khanh v TS. Bi Trng Kin
Hi tho Thng nin ca VIASM (VI-
ASM Yearly Meetings) l mt hot ng
khoa hc ca Vin Nghin cu Cao cp v
Ton. Hi tho Thng nin ca VIASM
mi cc nh khoa hc c uy tn trn th
gii ti ging bi v cc ti c tnh thi
s cao ca Ton hc ng i. Cc hi
tho khoa hc hot ng di hnh thc
ny c t chc t nhiu thp nin
ti cc trung tm ton hc trn th gii,
in hnh l Seminar Bourbaki Paris.
Cc bi ging ti Hi tho s c ng
16
ti hng nm trn mt s c bit ca
Acta Mathematica Vietnamica.
Hi tho Thng nin 2012 ca VI-
ASM s c t chc v cc ngy 25-
26/8/2012 ti tr s Vin VIASM. Cc
gio s inh Tin Cng, J.-P. Demailly,
H. Esnault, B. Gross, v L. Schwartz
nhn li mi c bi ging.
Chi tit v Hi tho Thng nin s
c cng b trn Website ca VIASM
http://www.viasm.edu.vn/
Hi ngh Ton quc v i s - Hnh
hc - T p (vit tt l AHIT) nm
2011 c t chc ti i hc Thi
Nguyn t ngy 3-5/11/2011. Hi ngh
AHIT 2011 c s tham gia ca trn
190 i biu t cc trng i hc v vin
nghin cu trong c nc vi gn 60 bo
co. Hi ngh tip theo s c t chc ti
i hc S phm H Ni vo nm 2014.
Hi ngh Vit-Hn v L thuyt ti u
v ng dng ln th 8 c t chc
ti i hc Lt trong thi gian t 8-
10/12/2011. y l hi ngh hai nm
mt ln v l hot ng phi hp gia
Vin Ton hc v i hc Quc gia Puky-
ong (Hn Quc).
Ti i hc Quy Nhn t ngy 12-
16/12/2011 din ra Hi ngh chung
ln th 7 gia Vit Nam v Nht Bn v
i s giao hon. c trn 40 i biu
t cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu
ca Vit Nam v 30 i biu t Nht Bn
cng mt s i biu n t Hoa K, c,
Hn Quc, n tham d hi ngh. Trn
bn mi bo co c trnh by ti
hi ngh tp trung vo cc hng khc
nhau ca i s giao hon v cc lnh vc
lin quan nh Hnh hc i s, T hp,
L thuyt k d, Phng trnh vi phn i
s... Hi ngh Vit-Nht v i s giao
hon l hot ng phi hp thng nin
gia Vin Ton hc v i hc Tng hp
Meiji (Nht Bn), t chc lun phin ti
Vit Nam v Nht Bn.
Hi ngh quc t v Ton hc v ng
dng c t chc ti i hc Kinh t-
Lut, HQG tp. H Ch Minh t ngy 20-
22/12/2011. C khong 120 i biu n
t nhiu nc tham d hi ngh, trong
c GS. Efim Zelmanov, gii thng
Fields nm 1994, tham d v c bo co
ti hi ngh.
Scopus a Tp ch Acta Mathematica
Vietnamica (AMV) vo c s d liu ca
mnh.
Scopus c tn chnh thc l SciVerse
Scopus l mt c s d liu th mc
thuc nh xut bn Elsevier. Scopus lu
tr tm tt v trch dn ca cc cng
trnh khoa hc vi gn 18.000 u sch
t 5.000 nh xut bn trn th gii, trong
s c hn 16.500 tp ch v khoa hc
k thut, t v khoa hc x hi.
Vic chn lc cc tp ch a vo
c s d liu ca Scopus c Else-
vier y quyn cho mt y ban c lp
m bo tnh m v minh bch ca
vic tuyn chn. AMV l tp ch u
tin ca Vit Nam c Scopus a vo
c s d liu ca mnh sau khi nhn
c ngh t y ban c vn, thng
10/2011. Trong thi gian ti AMV s
c thng k bi Scopus, xem chi tit
ti http://www.scopus.com/home.url
17
Danh sch hi vin Hi Ton hc c cng nhn
t tiu chun chc danh GS/PGS nm 2011
STT H v tn Chc danh Ni cng tc
1 Nguyn Quang Diu GS i hc S phm H Ni
2 Nguyn Mnh Hng GS i hc S phm H Ni
3 ng c Trng GS HKHTN - HQG Tp. HCM
4 Phm Ngc Anh PGS HV Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
5 Nguyn Sinh By PGS i hc Thng mi
6 Phan Th H Dng PGS Vin Ton hc
7 L Minh H PGS i hc KHTN - HQG H Ni
8 Phm Hong Hip PGS i hc S phm H Ni
9 L Hng Lan PGS i hc Giao thng vn ti
10 Trn Tun Nam PGS H S phm Tp. H Ch Minh
11 Khut Vn Ninh PGS i hc S phm H Ni 2
12 Phm Hong Qun PGS i hc Si Gn
13 Nguyn Thnh Vn PGS i hc KHTN - HQG H Ni
Gio s L Tun Hoa c bu vo TWAS
on Trung Cng (Vin Ton hc)
Ngy 21/11/2011, ti cuc gp thng
nin ln th 22 ca Vin Hn lm Khoa
hc cc nc th gii th ba (TWAS)
Trieste, , GS. TSKH. L Tun Hoa, Ch
tch Hi Ton hc, Gim c iu hnh
Vin Nghin cu cao cp v Ton,
c bu lm thnh vin chnh thc ca
TWAS. y l mt vinh d ca bn thn
GS. L Tun Hoa v cng l mt nim vui
ln ca cng ng ton hc Vit Nam.
Cho n nay c 5 nh ton hc Vit Nam
nhn c vinh d ny l cc gio s
L Dng Trng (1993), Ng Vit Trung
(2000), H Huy Khoi (2004), o Trng
Thi (2006), L Tun Hoa (2011).
GS. L Tun Hoa l mt chuyn gia
v i s gio hon v Hnh hc i s.
Thng k ca trang MathSciNet cho bit
ng cng b 52 cng trnh nghin cu
thuc cc lnh vc ny vi 177 s ln trch
dn t cc bi bo khc. Cc cng trnh
ca ng c cng b trn cc tp ch c
uy tn cao trong ngnh i s cng nh
ca Ton hc ni chung. Theo thng bo
trn trang web chnh thc ca TWAS, GS.
L Tun Hoa t c nhng thnh
tu ln v cc nh l cu trc trong l
thuyt cc a tp xuyn v v cc ch s
chnh quy Castelnouvo-Mumford ca a
tp x nh, dn n cc pht trin mi
18
trong cc lnh vc ny. Gn y ng
t c nhng kt qu ni bt v
phc tp ca cc i s phn bc v cc
a tp x nh.
GS. L Tun Hoa v GS. Efim Zelmanov
(Huy chng Fields 1994) trong mt hi
ngh Tp. H Ch Minh
GS. L Tun Hoa sinh nm 1957 ti
Thanh Ha, bo v tin s ti i hc
Tng hp Halle, CHDC c nm 1990
v i s giao hon v Hnh hc i s
di s hng dn ca GS. Wolfgang Vo-
gel. Nm 1995 ng bo v lun n tin
s khoa hc ti Vin Ton hc. ng c
phong Ph gio s nm 1996 v Gio s
nm 2004. T nm 1998 n 2011 ng
l Ph Vin trng ca Vin Ton hc. T
thng 6/2011 ng l Gim c iu hnh
ca Vin Nghin cu cao cp v Ton.
Khng th khng nhc n nhng ng
gp ca GS. L Tun Hoa cho cng ng
ton hc Vit Nam. ng m nhim chc
v Ph tng th k Hi Ton hc Vit
Nam t 1999 n 2004, Tng th k t
2004 n 2008 v Ch tch Hi Ton
hc Vit Nam t thng 8/2008 n nay.
T ngy 1/1/2012 ng s chnh thc gi
cng v Ch tch Hi Ton hc ng
Nam (SEAMS), nhim k 2 nm.
Ring i vi TTTH, GS. L Tun Hoa
c ng gp rt ln ngay t nhng s
u tin, vi t cch l ng Tng bin
tp. Nhn dp ny, Ban bin tp TTTH xin
chc mng GS. L Tun Hoa v chc gio
s lun c nhiu sc khe, gp thm cc
cng trnh nghin cu su sc cho ton
hc cng nh ng gp cho cng ng
ton hc Vit Nam.
Hi ngh i s-Hnh hc-T p 2011
on Trung Cng (Vin Ton hc) v L Thanh Nhn (HKH Thi Nguyn)
Hi ngh ton quc v i s-Hnh hc-
Tp, gi tt l AHIT, c t chc ti
i hc Thi Nguyn t 3-5/11/2011
kt thc tt p v li nhiu n tng
i vi cc i biu tham d. Hi ngh
AHIT din ra hai nm mt ln v l
hi ngh trong nc ln nht v i s,
L thuyt s, Hnh hc v T p. Hi ngh
ln ny do Vin Ton hc v i hc Thi
Nguyn phi hp t chc vi s ti tr
ca i hc Thi Nguyn, Vin Ton hc,
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam,
i hc Khoa hc v i hc S phm
trc thuc i hc Thi Nguyn.
Vi gn 200 i biu tham d, hi ngh
AHIT nm nay t con s k lc v
s ngi tham d trong cc hi ngh
AHIT t trc n nay. Cc i biu
n t nhiu trng i hc v cao ng
trong c nc, ri u t Bc vo Nam.
Mt iu ng mng l ngoi cc trung
tm ln t trc n nay v i s, L
thuyt s, Hnh hc, Tp, nhiu trng
cc tnh xa cng c cc i biu tham
d v tham gia bo co.
19
S lng bo co trong hi ngh
AHIT 2011 cng t con s k lc vi
54 bo co, trong ni bt c nhiu bo
co vi cht lng cao ca mt s tc gi
tr, k c bo co mi. Vi s lng bo
co ln nh vy, vic lp chng trnh
hi ngh khng phi l d dng. Ban t
chc quyt nh mi bui hp c hai
tiu ban, ch c cc bui bo co mi mi
hp ton th. Trong by bo co mi ln
ny c ba nh ton hc tr di 40 tui
v hai gio s nc ngoi n t Php
v Thy S. Hu ht cc bo co ca i
biu trong nc u c trnh by bng
ting Vit v vit bng ting Anh. Thi
quen ny c bt u trong vi nm va
qua mt s ni v cho thy hiu qu
trong vic gip cc nh ton hc tr t tin
khi trnh by bo co ca mnh trc cc
ng nghip quc t.
Cc i biu v d hi ngh u n
tng vi s n tip chu o v chuyn
nghip ca ban t chc a phng. Vi
s lng i biu cng nh s bo co
tng i ln, phi chia tiu ban nhng
cc bui tho lun din ra sun s v
chnh xc v thi gian.
Hi ngh nm nay dnh ra hai bui
k nim GS. TSKH. H Huy Khoi trn
65 tui v GS. TSKH. Nguyn T Cng
trn 60 tui. Ngoi nhng thnh tu v
khoa hc v o to, hai gio s l nhng
ngi c nhng ng gp khng nh
trong vic t chc cc hi ngh AHIT
trong nhiu nm va qua. Vic dnh ra
hai bui k nim hai ng l s ghi
nhn ca cng ng cc nh ton hc
trong chuyn ngnh i s, L thuyt s,
Hnh hc v Tp i vi s ng gp ca
hai ng cho cng ng ni ring, cng
nh ton hc Vit Nam ni chung.
Hi ngh tip theo s c t chc ti
i hc S phm H Ni vo nm 2014.
Dnh cho cc bn tr
LTS: "Dnh cho cc bn tr" l mc dnh cho Sinh vin, Hc sinh v tt c cc bn tr yu
Ton. Ta son mong nhn c cc bi vit hoc bi dch c gi tr cho chuyn mc.
Cu trc nhm trong mt s
bi ton s cp
on Trung Cng (Vin Ton hc)
(tip theo v ht)
3. PHNG TRNH HM
Trong phn ny ta xt mt lp phng
trnh hm m li gii s dng cc nhm
hu hn.
V d 3.1 (Putnam 1971). Tm tt c hm
s f : R \ {0, 1} R tha mn
f(x) +f(
x 1
x
) = 1 +x, x R\ {0, 1}.
20
Li gii. t D := R\{0, 1}. Xt cc hm
g
0
, g
1
, g
2
: D D vi g
0
(x) = x, g
1
(x) =
(x 1)/x, g
2
(x) = 1/(1 x), x D. Ta
c g
1
g
1
= g
2
, g
3
1
= g
0
= id (hp thnh
3 ln), dn n G = {g
0
, g
1
, g
2
} l mt
nhm xyclic.
Phng trnh hm ban u vit li l
f(x)+f(g
2
(x)) = x+1. K hiu f
i
= f g
i
,
i = 0, 1, 2. Thay x ln lt bi g
1
(x) v
g
2
(x) ta nhn c h phng trnh

f
0
+f
1
= x + 1,
f
1
+f
2
= g
1
(x) + 1,
f
0
+f
2
= g
2
(x) + 1.
H ny c nghim
f
0
(x) = f(x) =
x
3
x
2
1
2x(x 1)
,
f
1
(x) =
x
3
+x
2
2x + 1
2x(x 1)
,
f
2
(x) =
x
3
3x
2
+ 4x 1
2x(x 1)
.
Th li vo phng trnh ban u ta c
hm cn tm l
f(x) =
x
3
x
2
1
2x(x 1)
.
Bi ton. Cho mt min D R v mt
tp cc hm G := {g
0
, . . . , g
n1
: D
D}. Gi s vi php hp thnh G l mt
nhm. Cho trc cc hm
0
, . . . ,
n1
, :
D R. Phng trnh hm chng ta quan
tm l
(1)
0
(x)f(g
0
(x)) +
1
(x)f(g
1
(x))+
. . . +
n1
(x)f(g
n1
(x)) = (x),
vi x D v f l hm cn tm.
gii phng trnh ny ta ln lt
thay x bi g
0
(x), . . . , g
n1
(x) v nhn
c mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh vi
h s l cc hm
i
(g
j
(x)), h s t do
gm cc hm (g
i
(x)) v n l cc hm
f
i
(x) := f(g
i
(x)), i, j = 0, . . . , n 1.
Cch gii h ny tng t nh trong i
s tuyn tnh. Ch rng iu kin cn
v mt nghim f
0
, . . . , f
n1
ca h
phng trnh suy ra nghim ca phng
trnh (1) l f
0
g
1
0
= f
i
g
1
i
vi mi
i = 0, . . . , n 1.
Ch 3.2. Cch gii nh trn cng cho
bit khi no phng trnh (1) c mt
nghim duy nht hay v s nghim. Trng
hp h c v s nghim xy ra khi ta thay
bin mi vo th ch c phng trnh h
qu. V d, xt phng trnh hm
f(x) +f(x) = x
2
.
Thay x bi g(x) = x khng mang n
phng trnh mi. Nghim ca phng
trnh ny l f(x) =
1
2
x
2
+ F(x) vi F(x)
l mt hm l bt k.
Cu trc nhm no hay xut hin trong
phng trnh (1)? gii phng trnh
hm (1), ta cn xc nh c nhm
G. Thng thng, G l mt nhm xyclic
hoc l mt nhm hu hn n gin.
Xt trng hp G = (g) l mt nhm
xyclic, ni cch khc, nh x g : D D
sinh ra G tha mn iu kin g
n
= id
(hp thnh n ln), vi mt s t nhin n
no .
V d 3.3. nh x g : R R cho bi
g(x) = [x] +{x +
1
n
} l xon bc n, ngha
l g
n
= id. y, vi a Z ta chia cc
na on nh sau
[a, a+1) = [a, a+
1
n
)[a+
1
n
, a+
2
n
). . .
[a +
n 1
n
, a + 1).
Khi , cc nh x hn ch
g : [a+
k 1
n
, a+
k
n
) [a+
k
n
, a+
k + 1
n
),
k = 1, . . . , n 1,
v g : [a +
n 1
n
, a + 1) [a, a +
1
n
),
21
l cc song nh.
Ch rng nh x g trn c xy
dng t nh x quen thuc
g
0
: R/Z R/Z, x x +
1
n
(mod Z).
V d 3.4. K hiu a
i
= tan
1
(
i
n
), i =
n + 1, n + 2, . . . , 0, . . . , n 1, v D =
R\ {a
n+1
, . . . , a
0
, . . . , a
n1
}. nh x sau
l xon bc n,
g : D D, g(x) = tan(tan
1
(x) +

n
).
Ch rng nu ta chia
D = D
n+1
. . . D
0
. . . D
n1
D
n
,
vi D
n+1
= (, a
n+1
), D
n
=
(a
n1
, ), D
i
= (a
i1
, a
i
), i = n +
2, . . . , n 1, th g : D
i
D
i+1
vi mi
i = n +1, . . . , n 1 v g : D
n
D
n+1
l cc song nh.
Ch 3.5. S rt th v nu ta xy dng
c cc v d tng t trn nhng tp ri
rc nh N, Z.
C mt lp cc hm g quan trng l cc
php bin i phn tuyn tnh. Phn tip
theo ta s i xy dng cc php bin i
ny.
Tc ng ca nhm GL
2
(R) ln R. Xt
nhm tuyn tnh tng qut thc
GL
2
(R) =
{(
a b
c d
)
: a, b, c, d R, ad = bc
}
,
v mt tc ng ln khng gian x nh
thc P
1
(R) := R {} cho bi
GL
2
(R) (R {}) R {},
(
a b
c d
)
x
ax +b
cx +d
.
Vi mi ma trn GL
2
(R), tc ng
trn cho ta mt nh x trn R {}, gi
l php bin i phn tuyn tnh,
g : R {} R {}, x
ax +b
cx +d
.
V d, cc hm g
1
(x) = x, g
2
(x) = 1/x
l nhng php bin i phn tuyn tnh
quen thuc. Bng cch chia c t s v
mu s ca phn thc tuyn tnh trn cho

| det | ta c th gi s det() = 1,
k hiu nhm cc ma trn tng ng l
G. Ch rng tc ng ca hai phn t
, G trng nhau.
Ta quan tm n nhng php bin i
xon, ngha l g G tha mn g
n
(x) = x,
x R {}. Nhng php bin i ny
tng ng vi cc ma trn
A =
(
a b
c d
)
G,
tha mn A
n
= I
2
vi n N. V A tha
mn phng trnh a thc
2n
1 = 0
nn A cho ha c v cc gi tr ring
ca A l cc cn bc 2n ca n v, ngha
l
A
(

m
1
0
0
m
2
)
,
vi l mt cn nguyn thy bc 2n ca
1, 0 m
1
m
2
< 2n. Ta c

m
1
+m
2
= det A = ad bc,

m
1
+
m
2
= tr(A) = a +d R.
iu kin
m
1
+m
2
l s thc suy ra m
1
+
m
2
{0, n, 2n, 3n}. Chn = cos

n
+
i sin

n
, ta xt ring r cc trng hp:
m
1
+m
2
= 0, hay m
1
= m
2
= 0. Trng
hp ny ng vi A = I
2
v n = 1.
m
1
+ m
2
= n. Khi
m
2
=
n

m
1
=

m
1
. Do ,

m
1
+
m
2
=
m
1

m
1
= 2 cos
m
1

n
+i2 sin
m
1

n
.
iu kin
m
1
+
m
2
R tng ng
vi sin
m
1

n
= 0, hay m
1
= 0, dn n
m
2
= n. Ma trn cho ha A l
A
(
1 0
0 1
)
.
22
Ni ring, trng hp ny ch xy ra khi
n = 2.
m
1
+ m
2
= 2n. Tnh ton tng t nh
trn, ta c

m
1
+
m
2
=
m
1
+
m
1
= 2 cos
m
1

n
R.
Ma trn cho ha ca A l
A
(

m
1
0
0
m
1
)
.
iu ny tng ng vi det(A) = 1 v
a +d = 2 cos
m
1

n
. Ni ring, A SL
2
(R).
m
1
+ m
2
= 3n. V m
2
< 2n nn m
1
=
3n m
2
> n. Ta c
m
2
=
3n

m
1
=

m
1
. Do ,

m
1
+
m
2
=
m
1

m
1
= 2 cos
m
1

n
+i2 sin
m
1

n
.
iu kin
m
1
+
m
2
R tng ng vi
sin
m
1

n
= 0. V n < m
1
< 2n nn trng
hp ny khng xy ra.
Nh vy trong cc trng hp trn, ch
trng hp n = 2 c ma trn khng nm
trong SL
2
(R), cc trng hp cn li u
suy ra A SL
2
(R).
Tip theo, ta quan tm n bc xon
ca nh x phn tuyn tnh, ngha l vi
n cho trc, tm nhng ma trn A sao cho
n l s nguyn dng nh nht tha mn
A
n
= I
2
. Nu n = 1 th A = I
2
. Nu
n = 2 th A ng dng vi ma trn ng
cho
A B
2
:=
(
1 0
0 1
)
.
Xt n > 2. Theo nh phn tch trn, ma
trn cho ha ca A c dng
B =
(

m
1
0
0
m
1
)
,
vi 0 < m
1
< 2n. Bng cch lp lun
tng t nh trn, khng c ma trn
thc C no tha mn C
n
B
2
. Do
iu kin A
n
= I
2
tng ng vi
A
2n
= I
2
. T y suy ra, n l s nh nht
A
n
= I
2
khi v ch khi bc xon ca
ma trn A l mt trong hai gi tr n, 2n,
do tng ng vi (m
1
, n) = 1. Dn
n, s ma trn ng cho nh vy bng
s c nguyn dng ca n.
Mt s trng hp c th:
(a) n = 2: Ta c a +d = 0. Cc php bin
i tng ng l
ax +b
cx a
, vi a
2
+bc = 1.
(b) n = 3: Khi m
1
= 1, 2 v a+d = 1.
Cc php bin i phn tuyn tnh c
dng
ax +b
cx + 1 a
, vi a(1 a) bc = 1,
v
ax +b
cx 1 a
, vi a(1 a) bc = 1.
(c) n = 4: Ta c m
1
= 1, 3, do a +d =

2. nh x g khi c dng
ax +b
cx +

2 a
vi a(

2 a) bc = 1,
v
ax +b
cx

2 a
, vi a(

2a)bc = 1.
(d) n = 5: m
1
nhn cc gi tr 1, 2, 3, 4.
Tng ng, a +d nhn cc gi tr
1
2
(1 +

5);
1
2
(1 +

5);
1
2
(1

5);
1
2
(1 +

5).
Bi 1. Tm tt c hm f : C C tha
mn
f(z) +zf(1 z) = 1 +z, vi mi z C.
Bi 2. Tm tt c hm s f(x) tha mn
2f
(
x
x 1
)
3f
(
3x 2
2x + 1
)
=
13x 4
2x 3x
2
.
Bi 3. Tm tt c cc hm s f : R\ {0, 1}
tha mn
f(x) +f
(
1
1 x
)
=
2(1 2x)
x(1 x)
.
23
Bi 4. Tm tt c cc hm s f(x) tha
mn
f
(
x 3
x + 1
)
+f
(
3 +x
1 x
)
= x.
Bi tp sau l mt v d th v trong
cu trc nhm xut hin trong phng
trnh hm. Phng trnh trong bi ny
khng cng kiu vi cc phng trnh
trn.
Bi 5 (IMO shortlist 2001 (Czech)). Tm
tt c cc hm s f : R R tha mn
f(xy)(f(x) f(y)) = (x y)f(x)f(y),
vi mi x, y R.
4. MT S BI TON S HC
V d 4.1 (IMO shortlist 2004 (Ireland)).
Vi mi s nguyn dng n > 1, k hiu P
n
l tch cc s nguyn dng m < n tha
mn n|m
2
1. Tm phn d ca P
n
khi
chia cho n.
Li gii. t G
n
:= {0 < m < n : n|m
2

1}. Theo nh ngha P

n
=

mG
n
m. C
n nh : G
n
(Z/nZ)

vi (Z/nZ)

l nhm cc phn t kh nghch i vi

php nhn trn Z/nZ. nh (G
n
) l mt
nhm con. Tht vy, nu m
1
, m
2
G
n
th
(m
1
m
2
)
2
1 = m
2
1
(m
2
2
1) + (m
2
1
1)
chia ht cho n. Thm vo , nu m G
n
v m

l mt s nguyn dng tha mn

m

m 1 (mod n) th (m

)
2
(m

)
2
.1
(m

)
2
m
2
(m

m)
2
1 (mod n), do
m

(G
n
).
Nhm con (G
n
) l mt 2-nhm abel v
theo nh ngha, n|m
2
1 vi mi m G
n
.
Gi s m
1
, . . . , m
k
l mt h sinh cc tiu
ca (G
n
). Khi cc phn t ca G
n
u
c biu din duy nht dng m
i
1
. . . m
i
j
vi
1 i
1
< . . . < i
j
k. S phn t ca G
n
do l s tp con ca tp {1, . . . , k}, l
2
k
. Ta cng c
P
n
m
2
k1
1
. . . m
2
k1
k
(mod n).
Nu k > 1 th r rng P
n
1 (mod n).
Trng hp ny xy ra khi v ch khi c
mt phn t m G
n
vi 1 < m < n 1.
Hay n, n/2 u khng l ly tha ca mt
s nguyn t l.
Nu k = 1 th r rng G
n
= {1, n 1},
dn n P
n
1 (mod n).
Bi 6 (IMO 1977 (H Lan)). Cho s t
nhin n > 2. t V := {1 + kn : k =
1, 2, . . .}. Mt s m V c gi l khng
phn tch c trong V nu khng tn ti
hai s a, b V sao cho m = ab. Chng
minh rng tn ti mt s N V sao cho c
nhiu hn mt cch phn tch N thnh tch
cc phn t khng phn tch c trong V .
Bi 7 (P. Radovici-Marculescu). Chng
minh rng 19
19
khng vit c dng
m
3
+n
4
vi m, n l hai s t nhin.
5. TP CON TR MT TRONG R
Mnh 5.1. Cho A l mt nhm con
khng tm thng ca nhm cng cc s
thc (R, +). Nhm A hoc l xyclic hoc
tr mt trong R.
Chng minh. t = inf{a A : a > 0}.
S lun tn ti v nu c mt phn t
a A, a < 0 th a > 0 v a A. Ta
xt ba trng hp:
TH1. = 0: Khi tn ti mt dy s thc
dng (a
n
)
n
A gim dn xung 0. Xt
mt on bt k (a, b) R, khng mt
tnh tng qut c th gi s 0 < a < b.
Khi lun c mt phn t a
n
trong dy
trn sao cho 0 < a
n
< b a. t N =
[
b/a
n
]
Z. Khi d thy a < Na
n
< b.
V A l mt nhm nn Na
n
A, do
(a, b) A = v A l tr mt trong R.
TH2. > 0 v A: Tng t nh trn,
c mt dy s thc dng (a
n
)
n
A
gim dn xung . V > 0 nn vi ch
s n ln th 0 < a
n+1
a
n
< .
iu ny mu thun vi cch chn v
24
a
n+1
a
n
A (A l mt nhm). Do
trng hp ny khng xy ra.
TH3. > 0 v A: Mi s thc a A
u c biu din dng a = n + b vi
n Z v 0 b < . Do A l mt nhm
nn b = a n A. T cch chn
suy ra b = 0. Vy A = Z l mt nhm
xyclic.
V d 5.2 (DeMO). Cho trc mt hnh
ch nht. Theo phng ca cc cnh, ct
hnh ch nht thnh hai hoc ba hnh ch
nht bng nhau v gi li mt. Chng
minh rng vi mi > 0 cho trc, xut
pht t hnh ch nht ban u, c hu
hn cch ct sao cho hnh ch nht cui
cng c t l hai cnh nm trong khong
(1 , 1 +).
Li gii. Gi t s di hai cnh ca
hnh ch nht ban u l r. Sau mt s
hu hn ln ct, t s di hai cnh
hnh ch nht mi c dng 2
m
3
n
r vi
m, n Z. chng minh t s ny gn
1 ty , ta chng minh kt qu tng qut
hn l tp {2
m
3
n
: m, n Z} tr mt
trn R
0
. iu ny tng ng vi tp
A = {m + nlog
2
3 : m, n Z} tr mt
trn R. Khng nh c suy ra t Mnh
5.1.
V d 5.3 (V. I. Arnold). Chng minh rng
c v hn ly tha (k c m) ca 2 bt
u bng ch s 7.
Li gii. Mt ly tha 2
k
c ch s u
tin l 7 khi v ch khi tn ti h Z sao
cho 7 2
k
/10
h
< 8. Ta i chng minh
tp {2
k
/5
h
: k, h Z} tr mt trn R
0
,
hay tng ng, tp A = {k + hlog
2
5 :
k, h Z} tr mt trn R. iu ny c
suy ra t Mnh 5.1.
Bi 8. Cho nh x lin tc f : R R tha
mn f(x) = f(x +

2) = f(x +

3) vi
mi x R. Chng minh rng f l mt nh
x hng.
Bi 9. Chng minh rng tp {sin n : n
Z} tr mt trong on [1, 1].
Bi 10. Trn mt phng ta , cho P l
mt ng gic u v X = l mt tp
cc im sao cho X ng i vi cc php
ly i xng qua cnh ca P. Chng minh
rng X tr mt trn mt phng.
TI LIU
[1] thi hc sinh gii quc gia 2010.
[2] M. Bessenyei, Functional equations and fi-
nite groups of substitutions, Amer. Math.
Monthly 117(10) (2010), 921-927.
[3] on Trung Cng, Ti liu bi dng i
tuyn Vit Nam tham d IMO 2011.
[4] D. Djukic, V. Jankovic, I. Matic, N. Petrovic,
The IMO compendium - A collection of
problems suggested for the International
Mathematical Olympiads 1954-2009. Prob-
lem Books in Mathematics. Springer 2010.
[5] Trn Nam Dng, Ti liu bi dng i tuyn
Vit Nam tham d IMO 2010.
[6] R. Gelca, T. Andreescu, Putnam and beyond.
Springer 2007.
[7] Serre, J. P., Linear representations of finite
groups. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 42.
Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New York
1977.
[8] R. Stanley, Topics in algebraic combinatorics.

Du Xun Nhm Thn

./oo /o ooo o/ t? o c/ ./oo /o
oo /oo /oo/ / oo / 1/c/ .oo //o/ /u /o/ o
/ /co uo / o/ ooo o/ /uo
,oo/ //c oo/ o/u o /oo/ o



0H Ht| Itss \tt 0|t| ksm |tss |tts \|s\ mr| |s| ts tst \t| |ts tss Ht| lss tt ms| |s| Hs
kt| s tst ss ss tss |\sm lz tstt 0s ksss |r| t\ss Is F\zrs s t\ss I\s, I\st\ I\s|,
Hs kt|.
I\r| |ss: 9\I|\, I\z s, ss II/Z/Z0IZ (|zt ss Z0 |\ss 6|ts ssm k\sm I\|s).
kt \\r| \ss\ |s| 0|ts Itss \tt, I& Htss stt 0|t| st &\00 (k\zs lrs |z |t t\zt tt tt tt
|\ts |st t|ts |s| tr sss). Itr t Hs kt| \\tss I\00.
0ss \ ls| ||ts: 0t tt |\t |t |t| tt s ls| ||tt j\s \rj, \|s\ lt s\ tst ls| ||ts tt ssts
ts |\sm lz z| tms| |r|: thuky@vms.org.vn
kzr| s\s l| tss lts I00.000l/szr| s |t| ls Z szr| l| \tm.
ks| mts tz tt ms| tss tst s .
(Lr| mr| ss |\s t\t |s mr| t|ts)
THNG TIN TON HC, Tp 15 s 4 (2011)
Thy ti - Gio s Hong Ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Trn Vn Nhung
V l trao "Gii thng Thin nin k" u tin
ca Vin Ton hc Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Phm Tr n
Thng k - ngh hp dn ca thp k ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Julian Champkin (Trn Minh Ngc dch)
Gio s H Huy Khoi trn 65 tui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
T Th Hoi An
Gio s Nguyn T Cng trn 60 tui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
L Thanh Nhn
Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Gio s L Tun Hoa c bu vo TWAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
on Trung Cng
Hi ngh i s-Hnh hc-T p 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
on Trung Cng v L Thanh Nhn
Cu trc nhm trong mt s bi ton s cp (tip theo v ht). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
on Trung Cng