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1
(
2
3
).
(ii) Gi id l php hon v ng nht,
ta c id = id = , vi mi S
n
.
(iii) Vi S
n
, nh x nghch o
1
cng nm trong S
n
.
Khi S
n
cng vi php hp thnh cc
nh x cng c gi l mt nhm.
Khng phi mt tp hp vi mt php
ton bt k cng l mt nhm (xem V
d 1.2(ii) di). Ta c nh ngha tng
qut.
nh ngha 1.1. Mt nhm G l mt tp
hp cng vi php ton nhm G G
G, (a, b) ab, tha mn
- a, b, c G, (ab)c = a(bc) (tnh cht
kt hp).
- e G tha mn ae = ea = a, a G
(phn t n v).
- a G, b G sao cho ab = ba = e
(phn t nghch o).
G l mt nhm abel nu
- a, b G, ab = ba (tnh cht giao
hon).
Nu php ton nhm vit theo li nhn
(tng ng, li cng) th phn t n v
cn c k hiu l 1 (tng ng, 0),
phn t nghch o ca a k hiu l a
1
(tng ng, a v gi l phn t i).
Mt nhm con ca G l mt tp con
H G tha mn e H v vi a, b H
th a
1
H, ab H. Nh vy, nu a H
th a
n
, a
n
H vi mi n = 1, 2, . . .. Nu
H = {a
n
: n Z} vi mt phn t a no
th H c gi l mt nhm xyclic sinh
bi a.
V d 1.2. (i) Mt s nhm abel quen
thuc l
- Nhm vi php cng: Z Q R
C.
- Nhm vi php nhn: {1} Q
hoc R
>0
R
. y k hiu
k
:= k \ {0}.
(ii) Tp R
>0
khng l mt nhm i vi
php cng v vi x R, x > 0 th x
R
>0
.
22
Nhm hu hn. Nu nhm G c hu
hn phn t th ta ni Gl mt nhm hu
hn. Cp ca G l s phn t ca nhm
v k hiu l |G|. Vi mi g Gc mt
s nguyn dng n > 0 sao cho g
n
= 1.
S nguyn dng nh nht nh vy c
gi l cp ca g v k hiu l ord(g).
V d 1.3. Xt tp Z/nZ gm cc lp
thng d mod n. Vi a,
b Z/nZ, ta c
a +
b = a +b v a.
:= { a Z/nZ :
(a, n) = 1}. Bng thut ton chia Euclide
ta chng minh c (Z/nZ)
cng vi
php nhn l mt nhm abel hu hn,
cp ca nhm ny l (n) = #{0 < a <
n : (a, n) = 1}.
V d 1.4. Nhm S
n
l mt nhm hu
hn v c gi l nhm i xng (hay
nhm cc php th). S
n
l mt nhm
abel khi v ch khi n < 3. Cp ca S
n
l |S
n
| = n!. Nu thay tp {1, . . . , n} bi
mt tp X c n phn t th ta cng c
nhm i xng trn X, k hiu l S
X
.
Vi mi nhm con H ca mt nhm
hu hn G v a G, t aH := {ab :
b H}. D thy vi a, a
G th hoc
aH = a
H hoc aHa
H = (hoc trng
nhau hoc khng giao nhau). Ni ring,
G c phn tch thnh mt hp ri cc lp
k c dng aH.
Mnh 1.5 (nh l Lagrange). Mi lp
tng ng nh ngha nh trn u c
cng s phn t v bng cp ca H. Ni
ring, s lp tng ng l |G|/|H|.
V d 1.6 (p-Nhm). Cho p l mt s
nguyn t. Mt p-nhm l mt nhm hu
hn vi cc phn t c cp l mt ly tha
ca p. Khi , mt nhm G l p-nhm khi
v ch khi G c cp l mt ly tha ca p.
Tht vy, gi s G c cp l mt ly
tha ca p v a G. Xt nhm xyclic H
sinh bi a. R rng |H| = ord(a). Do
theo nh l Lagrange, ord(a) l c ca
cp ca G.
i vi chiu ngc li, ta ch chng
minh cho trng hp G l abel (trong
cc bi tp phn sau ch c trng hp
ny xy ra). Gi s G l mt p-nhm abel
v H l mt nhm con ln nht ca G
m c cp l mt ly tha ca p. Ta s
chng minh H = G. Gi s c mt phn
t a G \ H. Khi ord(a) = p
n
vi
n > 0 no . Xt tp H
:= {ab : b
H}. D thy H
l hp ri ca cc tp
hp H, aH, a
2
H, . . . , a
p
n
1
H v H
l mt
nhm abel. Ni ring, H
l mt nhm
con ca G vi cp l |H
| = |H|.p
n
> |H|.
iu ny mu thun vi cch chn H. Vy
G = H v G c cp l mt ly tha ca
p.
Tc ng nhm. Xt nhm i xng S
n
v tp X = {1, 2, . . . , n}. Vi mi S
n
,
i X, ta c (i) X. Tng ng ny
r rng tha mn (
1
2
)(i) =
1
(
2
(i)).
Khi ta ni rng c mt tc ng ca
nhm S
n
ln tp X. Tng qut hn, ta c
nh ngha.
nh ngha 1.7. Cho G l mt nhm
hu hn v X l mt tp hu hn. Mt
tc ng ca G ln X l mt nh x
G X X, (g, a) g(a) tha mn:
vi g, h G, a X, (gh)(a) = g(h(a))
v e(a) a. Vi mi a X, tp con
orb(a) := {g(a) X : g G} c
gi l qu o ca a. Phn t a X c
nh di tc ng ca G khi v ch khi
orb(a) = {a}. Tp X c phn hoch
thnh hp ri cc qu o.
V d, xt tc ng ca nhm i xng
S
n
ln tp X = {1, . . . , n}. Vi hai phn
t bt k i, j = 1, . . . , n, lun c mt php
th, k hiu l (i, j) v gi l php chuyn
v, tro i v tr ca i, j v c nh cc v
23
tr khc. Do tc ng ny ch c mt
qu o l c tp X.
Vi mt tp con Y X, tp Stab(Y ) :=
{g G : g(Y ) Y } l mt nhm con ca
G v c gi l nhm con n nh ca
Y . Ta c mt song nh {g. Stab(a) : g
G} orb(a), gh g(a). nh l La-
grange (Mnh 1.5) cho ta
Mnh 1.8. Vi mi a X, qu o
orb(a) c s phn t bng |G|/| Stab(a)|.
Ni ring, | orb(a)| l c ca |G|.
Cho p Z l mt s nguyn t v G l
mt p-nhm. Xt mt tc ng ca G ln
mt tp hu hn X. Theo Mnh 1.8,
nhng qu o c nhiu hn mt phn
t c s phn t l ly tha ca p. Nhng
qu o cn li ng vi cc im c nh
ca X. K hiu X
G
l tp cc im c
nh, ta c mnh .
Mnh 1.9. C |X| |X
G
| (mod p).
Mt ng dng th v ca mnh trn
l nh l s hc sau y.
nh l 1.10 (Lucas). Cho cc s nguyn
m, n 0 v mt s nguyn t p. Ta c
_
m
n
_
k
i=0
_
m
i
n
i
_
(mod p),
trong m
i
, n
i
l cc ch s trong biu
din c s p ca m, n, ngha l
m = m
k
p
k
+. . . +m
1
p +m
0
,
n = n
k
p
k
+. . . +n
1
p +n
0
,
vi 0 m
0
, . . . , m
k
< p v 0
n
0
, . . . , n
k
< p.
Chng minh. Xt mt tp M gmmphn
t. Chia M thnh cc tp con ri nhau:
m
i
tp con c p
i
phn t, i = 0, 1, . . . , m.
Trn mi tp con, c mt tc ng t
nhin ca nhm xyclic Z/p
i
Z. Do
nhm G =
k
i=0
(Z/p
i
Z)
m
i
tc ng t
nhin theo tng thnh phn ln tp M.
y (Z/p
i
Z)
m
i
= Z/p
i
Z . . . Z/p
i
Z l
tch m
i
ln Z/p
i
Z.
Gi X l tp tt c cc tp con ca M
c n phn t. Nh vy |X| =
_
m
n
_
. D
thy G tc ng cm sinh ln tp X. Mt
tp con N thuc X l bt bin di tc
ng ca G khi v ch khi n l hp ca
cc tp con c p
i
phn t trong cch chia
trn. Vi mi p
i
, c n
i
tp con ca N
nh vy. Do s tp con N M c
n phn t v bt bin di tc ng ca
G l
k
i=0
_
m
i
n
i
_
. Khng nh c suy t
Mnh 1.9.
2. T HP
2.1. Php th. Mt php th S
n
c hon ton xc nh bi cc gi tr
(1), . . . , (n). Do c mt cch khc
biu din l
_
1 2 . . . n
(1) (2) . . . (n)
_
.
Ch rng cn c gi l mt hon
v ca cc s 1, 2, . . . , n v k hiu l
(a
1
, . . . , a
n
) vi a
i
= (i). Nu a
i
= i
th ta c th b a
i
trong k hiu trn. Tc
ng t nhin ca nhm xyclic () ln tp
X = {1, 2, . . . , n} cho ta phn tch ca X
thnh hp ri cc qu o
X = X
1
X
2
. . . X
r
,
vi mi X
i
c dng {a, (a), . . . ,
k
i
(a)}.
Mi X
i
c gi l mt chu trnh ca
v ta c ord() = [|X
1
|, . . . , |X
r
|] | n!.
V d 2.1 (IMO 2001). Cho n > 1 l mt
s nguyn l v cc s nguyn c
1
, . . . , c
n
.
Vi mi php th a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) ca
1, . . . , n, nh ngha S(a) =
n
i=1
c
i
a
i
.
Chng minh rng tn ti cc php th
a = b sao cho n!|S(a) S(b).
Li gii. Nu tt c S(a) khc nhau mod
n! th do c n! php th nn
{S(a) : a S
n
} = {0, 1, . . . , n!1}modn!.
24
Do ,
aS
n
S(a) =
(n!1)n!
2
=
n!
2
(mod n!). Ta c
aS
n
S(a) =
aS
n
n
i=1
c
i
a
i
=
n
i=1
c
i
aS
n
a
i
=
n
i=1
c
i
.(n1)!
n
i=1
i =
n
i=1
c
i
.n!
n + 1
2
= 0
(mod n!).
iu ny mu thun vi khng nh trn.
Vy c hai php th khc nhau a, b sao
cho S(a) S(b) (mod n!).
V d 2.2 (IMO 1999 shortlist (Phn
Lan)). C n 2 c gi chi mt tr
chi, mi ngi gi mt qu bng. Mi
cp trong s tt c
_
n
2
_
cp, theo mt th
t no , i qu bng h ang c cho
nhau. Tr chi c gi l "th v" nu
cui cng khng c c gi no nhn li
qu bng ban u. Ngc li, nu cui
cng tt c cc c gi u nhn li qu
bng ban u th tr chi c gi l
"chn ngt". Tm gi tr ca n (a) c
mt tr chi th v v (b) c mt tr chi
chn ngt.
Li gii. Mt php chuyn v (i, j) vi
i, j = 1, . . . , n, i = j l mt hon v hai
v tr i, j cho nhau v gi nguyn cc v
tr khc. Mt tr chi l mt cch thc
hin lin tip, hay l mt cch xp th
t, N =
_
n
2
_
php chuyn v (i, j) ca tp
{1, . . . , n}. Gi s th t l t
1
, . . . , t
N
.
Mt tr chi s ng vi php hon v P =
t
N
t
N1
. . . t
1
. Tr chi l th v tng ng
vi P khng c im c nh. Tr chi l
chn ngt nu P = id l php ng nht.
(a) Tn ti mt tr chi th v khi v ch
khi n = 3.
Tht vy, nu n = 2 th P
2
:= (1, 2) r
rng l th v. Nu n = 3 th mi tr chi
c dng P = (b, c)(a, c)(a, b) = (a, c) nn
khng l th v.
Xt n > 3. Xt P
n
:= (1, 2)(1, 3)(2, 3)
. . . (1, n)(2, n) . . . (n 1, n). Khi P
n
=
P
n1
(1, n, n 1, . . . , 2) = (1, n)(2, n
1) . . . (i, n + 1 i) . . . l th v nu n
l chn. Nu n l th hon v Q
n
:=
P
n1
(1, n)(2, n) . . . (k, n)(n 1, n)(n
2, n) . . . (k + 1)n l th v.
(b) Tn ti mt tr chi chn ngt khi v
ch khi n 0, 1 (mod 4).
Ta c sign(P) = (1)
(
n
2
)
. Do nu
P = id l php ng nht th 2|
_
n
2
_
, hay
n 0, 1 (mod 4).
Ngc li, gi s n 0, 1 (mod 4).
Xt trng hp n = 4k. Chia cc
c gi vo k nhm gm 4 c gi.
Trong mi nhm xt th t sau
(3, 4)(1, 3)(2, 4)(2, 3)(1, 4)(1, 2) = id.
Gia hai nhm khc nhau (k hiu l
{1, 2, 3, 4} v {5, 6, 7, 8}), ta c
(4, 7)(3, 7)(4, 6)(1, 6)(2, 8)(3, 8)(2, 7)(2, 6)
(4, 5)(4, 8)(1, 7)(1, 8)(3, 5)(3, 6)(2, 5)(1, 5)
= id.
Trng hp n = 4k + 1 ta chia thnh
k + 1 nhm gm k nhm c 4 c gi v
mt nhm ch c mt c gi. Gia hai
nhm c 4 c gi khc nhau ta lm nh
trn. Vi mi nhm c 4 c gi, k hiu l
1, 2, 3, 4, ta thm c gi d, k hiu l 5,
v tin hnh theo th t sau
(3, 5)(3, 4)(4, 5)(1, 3)(2, 4)(2, 3)(1, 4)(1, 5)
(1, 2)(2, 5) = id.
Bi 1 (Australia MO 2004). Tm tt c
cc hon v a
1
, . . . , a
2004
ca 1, . . . , 2004
sao cho
|a
1
1| = |a
2
2| = . . . = |a
2004
2004| > 0.
Bi 2 (IMO 2005 shortlist (USA)). Cho
mt s nguyn dng n 1 v mt
dy s nguyn a
1
, . . . , a
n
sao cho n |
(a
1
+ . . . + a
n
). Chng minh rng tn
ti hai php th v ca 1, . . . , n sao
cho (i) + (i) a
i
(mod n) vi mi
i = 1, . . . , n.
25
Bi 3 (IMO 2008 shortlist (Serbia) & Iran
MO). Vi n > 0, xc nh s cc hon v
a
1
, . . . , a
n
ca 1, . . . , n vi tnh cht
k | 2(a
1
+. . . +a
k
), k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
2.2. Bi ton t mu. Bi ton t mu
l mt ng dng in hnh ca l thuyt
nhm (nhm i xng) trong t hp.
Bi ton. Cho r mnh vi ging ht nhau
v n mu khc nhau. T mi mnh vi
bng mt mu no . Cho G l mt
nhm gm cc php hon v n mnh vi.
Hai cch t mu s c ng nht nu
cch ny nhn c t cch kia bng mt
php hon v trong G. Hi c tt c bao
nhiu cch t mu (sai khc hon v bi
nhm G)?
V d 2.3 (HSGQG 2010). Ngi ta dng
n mu t tt c cc vung con ca
bng vung kch thc 33, mi c
t bi mt mu. Hai cch t mu c coi
l nh nhau nu cch t mu ny nhn
c t cch t mu kia nh mt php
quay quanh tmca bng vung. Hi c
tt c bao nhiu cch t mu khc nhau?
Bi ton t mu c gii bng cch s
dng b Burnside.
B Burnside. Xt mt tp hu hn X
cng vi mt tc ng ca mt nhm hu
hn G. Vi mi g G, k hiu F(g) =
{x X : g(x) = x} v Z = {(g, x)
G X : x F(g)}. Bng cch m theo
g G hoc theo x X, ta c ng nht
thc
|Z| =
gG
|F(g)| =
xX
| Stab(x)|.
Mi phn t x X xut hin ng
| Stab(x)| ln trong tp Z. Nh vy, cc
phn t trong orb(x) xut hin c thy
| orb(a)|.| Stab(a)| = |G| ln.
Mnh 2.4 (B Burnside). S qu
o ca tc ng nhm G ln tp X l
N =
1
|G|
gG
|F(g)| =
1
|G|
aX
| Stab(a)|.
B Burnside cng c mt vi
tc gi gi l B Cauchy-Frobenius.
Cauchy l ngi u tin chng minh
cho trng hp tc ng ch c mt qu
o (tc ng bc cu). Frobenius chng
minh trng hp tng qut. Theo cc tc
gi ny, Burnside l ngi u tin vit
kt qu trn trong mt quyn sch.
nh l m ca Plya (dng n gin).
p dng b Burnside, ta pht biu li
bi ton t mu: K hiu cc mnh vi l
v
1
, . . . , v
r
, cc mu l c
1
, . . . , c
n
. Xt tp
hp cc nh x X = {f : {v
1
, . . . , v
r
}
{c
1
, . . . , c
n
}}. Mi cch t mu tng ng
1 1 vi mt hm f X. Nhm G S
r
tc ng ln tp {v
1
, . . . , v
r
} nn c tc
ng t nhin ln tp X cho bi (g, f)
GX f g X. Theo b Burnside,
s cc qu o ca tc ng ny l
N
G
=
1
|G|
G
|F()|,
vi F() = {f X : f((v
i
)) =
f(v
i
), i = 1, . . . , n}. Gi cc chu trnh ca
l V
1
, . . . , V
t
. Khi f F() tng
ng vi f l nh x hng khi hn ch
ln tng chu trnh V
i
, i = 1, . . . , t. Nh
vy, |F()| = n
c()
vi c() = t l s chu
trnh ca .
Mnh 2.5 (nh l m ca Plya,
dng n gin). Ta lun c
N
G
=
1
|G|
G
n
c()
.
Mnh trn l mt dng n gin ca
nh l m ca Plya. nh l m tng
qut cho ta thng tin c th hn v s
cch t mu vi nhng hn ch v phn
b l mt kt qu quan trng trong t
26
hp, tuy nhin vic trnh by tng i
di v vt ra khi phm vi ca bi gii
thiu ny.
V d 2.3 xt li. Gi l php quay
quanh tm hnh vung gc
2
theo chiu
kim ng h. Khi G = () l mt
nhm xyclic cp 4. S chu trnh ca
l 3, ca
2
l 5, ca
3
l 3 v ca
4
= id l 9. Theo nh l m ca
Plya (Mnh 2.5), s cch t mu l
N =
1
4
(n
9
+n
5
+ 2n
3
).
V d 2.6 (S Stirling). K hiu s php
th trong S
r
c k chu trnh l
_
r
k
v gi l
s Stirling. S Stirling lin quan n bi
ton tm s cch xp r qu bng vo n ci
st vi hai cch xp l nh nhau nu sai
khc mt cch nh s li cc qu bng.
Bi ton bng-st thuc kiu bi ton
t mu. Trong trng hp ny, ta khng
phn bit cc qu bng nn nhm tc
ng l S
r
. Theo nh l m ca Plya,
s cch xp l
N =
1
r!
r
k=0
_
r
k
_
n
k
.
Mt khc, mi cch xp tng ng vi
mt chui n + r 1 k t gm r k t
b (bng) v n 1 k t s (st). S cch
sp xp do l N =
_
n+r1
r
_
. Ta suy ra
(n +r 1) . . . (n + 1)n =
r
k=0
_
r
k
_
n
k
.
y l mt nh ngha khc ca s Stir-
ling.
Bi 4. C bao nhiu cch sn cc mt ca
mt hnh lp phng bng 8 mu vi iu
kin mi mt c sn mt mu v hai
cch sn l nh nhau nu sai khc mt
php xoay hnh lp phng.
Bi 5 (AIME 1996). Hai ca hnh
vung 7 7 c t mu vng. Cc cn
li c t mu . Hai cch t c coi
l ging nhau nu chng c th thu c
t nhau bng mt php quay trn mt
phng quanh tm ca hnh vung. Hi c
bao nhiu cch t mu?
Bi 6 (T mu vng c). Ngi ta lm
cc chui vng c c r ht trong
mi ht mang mt trong n mu cho
trc. Hai chui vng c gi l cng
kiu nu vng ny nhn c t vng
kia bng mt php tnh tin theo cc ht.
Hi: (a) C nhiu nht bao nhiu chui
vng c thuc cc kiu khc nhau? (b)
C bao nhiu chui vng m vi mi mu
u c t nht 2 ht mang mu ?
Bi 7. Cho tp V = {v
1
, . . . , v
n
}. Mt
th G trn tp nh V c cho bi mt
tp gm cc cp khng sp th t (v
i
, v
j
),
i = j, gi l cc cnh ca G. Hai
th l ng cu vi nhau nu th ny
nhn c t th kia bng cch nh
s li cc nh. Tm s ln nht cc th
khng ng cu vi nhau.
2.3. Mt s bi ton khc. Trong hai
phn trc ta thy ng dng ca nhm
i xng. Trong phn ny ta s xt mt s
bi tp vi cc cu trc nhm khc.
V d 2.7 (USAMO 2008). Trong mt hi
tho v ton, hai nh ton hc bt k
hoc l bn nhau hoc l ngi l. Trong
thi gian n tra, nhng ngi tham d
n mt trong hai phng n. Mi nh
ton hc u n trong mt phng cha
mt s chn ngi bn ca mnh. Gi
s c t nht mt cch sp xp nh vy.
Chng minh rng s cch chia cc nh
ton hc vo hai phng l mt ly tha
ca 2.
Li gii. nh ngha mt lnh l mt tp
cc hng dn, mi nh ton hc c
ngh hoc li hoc di chuyn. Gi
s ang c mt cch chia tt, ngha l
mi nh ton hc c s chn bn trong
27
cng phng. Xt tp G tt c cc lnh sao
cho xut pht t cch chia ny, sau khi p
dng mt lnh ta c mt cch chia tt
khc. Cc lnh cng c gi l cc
lnh tt. Gi tp ny l G. Khi lnh
I m mi nh ton hc nguyn ti ch
cng thuc tp G.
G l mt nhm abel: Nu A, B G l
hai lnh bt k, ta k hiu A.B l lnh
nhn c bng cch p dng ln lt
lnh B ri tip lnh A. D thy hai lnh
A.B v B.A nh nhau. Ta chng minh
A.B cng l mt lnh tt, ngha l thuc
vo tp G. Tht vy, xt mt nh ton hc
x trong hi tho. Nu B(x) l li th
c chn bn ca x c hai phng phi
i sang phng khc. Nh vy, nu xut
pht t mt cch chia tt bt k khc, sau
lnh B th s ngi i v n phng ca
x cng l chn hoc cng l l. Dn n
s bn cng phng ca x sau vn l s
chn. Tng t, nu B(x) l sang phng
khc th c chn bn ca x hai phng s
li phng. Nu xut pht t mt cch
chia tt khc, th s bn li phng x
n v s bn s n phng cng cng
chn hoc cng l. Do x c chn bn
cng phng sau lnh B. Tm li, A.B l
mt lnh tt v do A.B G. Ni ring,
G l mt nhm abel.
Nu A G, ta c A.A = I. Do G l
mt 2-nhm v |G| l mt ly tha ca 2.
Bi 8 (IMO 1999 shortlist (Anh)). Cho A
l mt tp gm N lp ng d mod N
2
.
Chng minh rng c mt tp B gm N
lp ng d mod N
2
sao cho tp A+B :=
{ a +
b : a A,
b B} cha t nht N
2
/2
lp ng d.
Tin Ton hc Th gii
L trao Gii thng Abel - 2010. Ngy
24/5/2011 ti Oslo, th Na Uy, ch
thn nh vua Harald trao tng "Gii
thng Abel - 2010" cho GS. John Mil-
nor (Vin cc Khoa hc v Ton, i hc
Stony Brook, New York, M), ngi
c cc cng trnh khoa hc c tnh tin
phong trong tp, hnh hc v i s .
Cng vi l trao gii cn c cc "Bi
ging Abel" v "Bi ging khoa hc" din
ra ti i hc Oslo. Mc ch ca cc "Bi
ging Abel" l gii thiu rng ri vi cc
nh ton hc tr v sinh vin mt ci nhn
ph thng hn i vi cng trnh c
gii. Nm nay, nhng ngi thc hin
bi ging Abel ngoi John Milnor ra cn
c Curtis McMullen v Michael Hopkins
(i hc Harvard, M), "Bi ging khoa
hc" do Etienne Ghys (Ecole Normale Su-
perieure, Lyon, Php) trnh by.
Gii thng Shaw-2011 lnh vc Ton
hc c tng chung cho Demetrios
Christodoulou (ETH Z urich) v Richard
S. Hamilton (i hc Columbia, New
York) do c nhng kt qu c tnh cch
mng trong lnh vc phng trnh vi phn
phi tuyn, hnh hc Riemann, hnh hc
Lorentz v ng dng cc kt qu ny vo
l thuyt tng i tng qut v vo tp.
Gii thng tr gi 1.000.000 $ c chia
u cho hai ngi c gii.
Gii thng Caratheodory trong lnh
vc Ti u Ton cc c trao cho gio
s Hong Ty, Vin Ton hc Vit Nam.
y l gii thng ca Hi Ti u Ton
28
cc quc t, c trao hai nm mt ln
cho mt ng gp c nhn (hoc ca
mt nhm lm vic) vo l thuyt, thut
ton v ng dng ca ti u ton cc.
Gii thng mang tn nh ton hc Con-
stantin Caratheodory c trao cho mt
cng trnh xut sc mang nhng ng
gp c kim chng bi thi gian.
Cc tiu chun nh gi bao gm s
xut sc v khoa hc, tnh sng to, tm
quan trng, chiu su v nh hng. Gii
thng u tin, tr gi 2000US$ c
trao ti i hi Ti u Ton cc Th gii
ln th II, 3-7/7/2011, ti Chania, Hy
Lp. Gio s Hong Tuy c trao gii
cho nhng cng trnh tin phong v nn
tng ca ng trong Ti u Ton cc.
Hi ngh Ton hc cc nc M La tinh
2013. "Hi ngh Ton hc cc nc M
La tinh" s c t chc ti Guanajuato,
Mexico, t 5-9/8/2013. Mc ch ca hi
ngh l nhm biu dng cc thnh tu
ton hc xut sc ca cc nc M La
tinh, thc y hn na s cng tc gia
cc nh nghin cu, cc sinh vin, gia
cc vin v cc hi ton hc thuc khu
vc cc nc M La tinh.
Hi ngh c ti tr bi Hi Ton hc
M (AMS), Hi Ton hc Canada, LTH
M La tinh v vng Caribbe, Hi Ton
hc Mexico v Hi Ton hc ng dng
v Cng nghip (SIAM).
GS. Albrecht Dold mt ngy
26/9/2011, th 84 tui. Albrecht Dold
l mt nh Tp i s ni ting, gio
s trng HTH Heidelberg, c. Ngoi
nhng ng gp trong tp i s, ng
cn c bit n nhiu vi t cch t
cch l mt trong cc Editor ca Springer
Lecture Notes in Mathematics.
Tin ICM - 2014. S c 1.000 nh ton
hc t cc nc ang pht trin c ti
tr tham d ICM - 2014. Ban T chc
ICM-2014 ca Hn Quc ra khu
hiu hnh ng "Dreams and Hopes for
Late Starters!" ("M c v hy vng cho
cc nh ton hc thuc cc nc chm
pht trin!"). thc hin mc tiu ny,
Hn Quc d kin s mi 1.000 nh ton
hc t cc nc ang pht trin tham d
ICM - 2014 vi ti tr tin v i v v Ban
T chc s cn khong 2.000.000 USD.
Ban T chc ICM - 2014 ca Hn
Quc thnh lp "Qu ti tr SEOUL
ICM - 2014" v hin quyn gp c
860.000 USD t s ng gp ca cc
trng i hc trong nc cng vi
400.000 USD t Ban T chc ICM Bc
Kinh chuyn sang. S tin cn thiu, Ban
T chc hy vng s c c t s cng tc
xin ti tr vi cc nh ton hc quc t.
Cc trng nghin cu ICPAM - CIMPA.
ICPAM-CIMPA l mt trung tm quc t
v ton (l thuyt v ng dng) ca UN-
ESCO, ICPAM (International Centre for
Pure and Applied Mathematics) c tr
s ti Nice, Php v c B Gio dc
v Nghin cu Php ti tr. Hng nm
ICPAM-CIMPA t chc cc trng nghin
cu ton trnh cao, thi gian khong
2 tun, ti cc nc ang pht trin.
ICPAM-CIMPA chu trch nhim mi cc
ging vin n ging v xt ti tr cho
cc nh ton hc tr cc nc ln cn
n d cc trng ny.
Chng trnh ca ICPAM-CIMPA nm
2011 v 2012 c th xem ti a ch
http://www.cimpa-icpam.org/
Mc Tin THTG s ny do Phm Tr n (Vin Ton hc) v nhm CTV thc hin.
Knh mi qu v v cc bn ng nghip
ng k tham gia Hi Ton hc Vit Nam
Hi Ton hc Vit Nam c thnh lp t nm 1966. Mc ch ca Hi l gp phn y mnh
cng tc ging dy, nghin cu ph bin v ng dng ton hc. Tt c nhng ai c tham gia ging
dy, nghin cu ph bin v ng dng ton hc u c th gia nhp Hi. L hi vin, qu v s
c pht min ph tp ch Thng Tin Ton Hc, c mua mt s n phm ton vi gi u i,
c gim hi ngh ph nhng hi ngh Hi tham gia t chc, c tham gia cng nh c thng
bo y v cc hot ng ca Hi. gia nhp Hi ln u tin hoc dng k li hi vin
(theo tng nm), qu v ch vic in v ct gi phiu ng k di y ti BCH Hi theo a ch:
Ch Cao Ngc Anh, Vin Ton Hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni
V vic ng hi ph c th chn mt trong cc hnh thc sau y:
1. ng tp th theo c quan (km theo danh sch hi vin).
2. ng trc tip hoc gi tin qua bu in n ch Cao Ngc Anh theo a ch trn.
BCH Hi Ton hc Vit Nam
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam
Phiu ng k hi vin
1. H v tn:
Khi ng k li qu v ch cn in nhng
mc c thay i trong khung mu en ny
2. Nam N
3. Ngy sinh:
4. Ni sinh (huyn, tnh):
5. Hc v (nm, ni bo v):
C nhn:
Ths:
TS:
TSKH:
6. Hc hm (nm c phong):
PGS:
GS:
7. Chuyn ngnh:
8. Ni cng tc:
9. Chc v hin nay:
10. a ch lin h:
E-mail:
T:
Ngy: K tn:
Hi ph nm 2011
Hi ph : 50 000
Acta Math. Vietnam. 70 000
Tng cng:
Hnh thc ng:
ng tp th theo c quan (tn c
quan):
ng trc tip/th pht nhanh
Gi bu in (xin gi km bn
chp th chuyn tin)
Ghi ch:
- Vic mua Acta Mathematica Vietnamica l
t nguyn v trn y l gi u i (ch bng
50% gi chnh thc) cho hi vin (gm 3 s,
k c bu ph).
- Gch cho tng ng.
THNG TIN TON HC, Tp 15 s 3 (2011)
Mc lc
L Tun Hoa: Mt nh khoa hc ln ra i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Nguyn Hu Anh, ng c Trng: Nhng bi hc ln t thy ng nh ng 3
Phm Tr n: Ingrid Daubechies - N ch tch u tin ca Lin on Ton hc
Th gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
H Huy Khoi v Ng Bo Chu: Tn mn v "ngh lm ton" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Trn Vn Nhung: Bi ging u tin ti Vin Nghin cu Cao cp v Ton . . . . . . . 13
H Huy Khoi: Olympic Ton hc Quc t ln th 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Robbert Dijkgraaf: Din vn khai mc Olympic Ton hc Quc t 2011 (on
Trung Cng v Nguyn Th Qunh Trm dch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
on Trung Cng: Cu trc nhm trong mt s bi ton s cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Tin ton hc th gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27