Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam

THNG TIN TON HC

Thng 6 Nm 2011 Tp 15 S 2

Thng Tin Ton Hc

(Lu hnh ni b)
Tng bin tp
Phng H Hi

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Phm Tr n on Trung Cng Trn Nam Dng Nguyn Hu D on Th Hiu L Cng Li c Thi Nguyn Chu Gia Vng

cc bi gii thiu tim nng khoa hc ca cc c s cng nh cc bi gii thiu cc nh ton hc. Bi vit xin gi v ta son. Nu bi c nh my tnh, xin gi km theo file (ch yu theo phng ch unicode hoc .VnTime).

Mi lin h vi bn tin xin gi v:

Bn tin: Thng Tin Ton Hc Vin Ton Hc 18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni

Bn tin Thng Tin Ton Hc nhm mc ch phn nh cc sinh hot chuyn mn trong cng ng ton hc Vit Nam v quc t. Bn tin ra thng k 4-6 s trong mt nm. Th l gi bi: Bi vit bng ting Vit. Tt c cc bi, thng tin v sinh hot ton hc cc khoa (b mn) ton, v hng nghin cu hoc trao i v phng php nghin cu v ging dy u c hoan nghnh. Bn tin cng nhn ng

e-mail: ttth@vms.org.vn

Hi Ton Hc Vit Nam

Website ca Hi Ton hc:

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nh ba 1: Daniel Gray Quillen (1940-2011) Ngun: Internet

Phng vn Ch tch Vin hn lm Gio dc Nga Nikolai Nikandrov

Andrew Chernakov Li dn: Ch tch Vin hn lm Gio dc Nga Nikolai Nikandrov tr li phng vn ca phng vin bo Tin tc (Izvestia) ca Nga v o to gio vin, v h o to hai cp v cc chun gio dc mi hin nay Nga. Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c. cho thy nng lc ca hc sinh Lin X cao hn r rt so vi hc sinh phng Ty cng th h. Ti mun ni ti c lng thng tin bao rng, c kin thc v vn hc nc ngoi, v thm ch c trnh ngoi ng - mt chuyn rt ngc nhin. V vy, ng thi, nn gio dc Lin X cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v mt tm nhn rng. Nhng t cui nhng nm 1980 khi vic ph phn Lin X mt cch ty tin tr thnh mt th mt, th ci tch cc c thay bng ci tiu cc. Hn th na, bt c h thng gio dc no cng khng th duy tr mt hnh thi bt di bt dch trong mt thi gian di, v h thng gio dc Lin X cng ch tt i vi thi i ca n. Cn phi nht ra nhng ci tt nht v tin ln pha trc. Tin tc: Di thi i Lin X phn ln thanh nin u c ng c hc tp r rng. Hc vn phc v khng ch tin thn trong x hi m cn c hiu nh mt ngha v cng dn no - ton b h thng gio dc c xy dng trn h t tng . Nhng sau cc gi tr thay i cn bn v gi tr vt cht chin thng gi tr tinh thn. Nikandrov: Th trng l mt phm tr kinh t, nhng n c chuyn sang cc

Nikolai Dmitrievich Nikandrov Ngun: Internet Tin tc: Tha ng Nikolai Dmitrievich, nhiu chuyn gia khng nh rng nn gio dc i chng Lin X l tt nht th gii. Vy h thng ca chng ta c g khc so vi cc h thng khc? Nikandrov: Ti cng cho rng nn gio dc Lin X nu khng phi l tt nht th gii th cng l mt trong nhng nn gio dc tt nht. Xin hy nh li nhng thnh tu xut sc ca khoa hc Lin X. y c mi lin h trc tip vi gio dc. Cc cuc thm d kin khc nhau

mt khc ca i sng chng ta mt cch c thc v b bin thnh nguyn tc chnh khng ch ca cc mi quan h kinh t m c quan h con ngi. Tin tc: Vic hin nay ch rt nhng hc sinh t im ba trong k thi quc gia thng nht vo hc cc trng i hc s phm cng l li ca thc th trng? Nikandrov: Dy hc l mt cng vic rt phc tp v xa nay vn c tr lng thp Nga. Lng ca cc gio vin ph thng tuy chm nhng c tng ln, hin nay trong giai on suy thoi, trong i ng gio vin khng c s sa thi hng lot. Nhng d sao ti vn cho rng chnh v th kinh t khng m mang c vi thi cuc ca h l nguyn nhn chnh dn ti tnh trng hin nay ca ngnh gio dc. Tin tc: Hin nay nh nc nng mc khuyn khch vt cht cho nhng gio vin gii ln 200.000 rp, a vo cc gii thng cho cc gio vin tr mun chuyn n lm vic Sibir v Vin ng (na triu rp trong thi gian 2 nm cng vi gii quyt cc vn nh ), t ra nhim v trong vng ba nm chuyn tt c cc trng ph thng Nga sang h thng tr lng mi. V vy, xt v mt ny nm Nh gio 2010 bt u c th tr thnh nm ca nhng thay i ln, ng c nht tr khng? Nikandrov: n Cha. Bt k s h tr no, bt k nhng hnh thc nng cao uy tn no ca gio vin cng l mt n hu. V ngoi li ch vt cht thun ty y cn c ngha o l. Ngi ta thy rng ngh gio hin nay c quan tm nhiu hn trc y. Ngha l xut hin nhng trin vng nht nh cho nhng ngi c th lm vic vi tr em. Tin tc: Nhng thc ra th khng phi ai cng c kh nng . . .

Nikandrov: y l nguyn nhn th hai sau nguyn nhn vt cht, khin mi ngi quay lng li vi hot ng s phm. i din vi tr em sut my ting trong mt ngy, lng nghe chng, dy hc, gio dc v ng thi vn kim sot c nhng cm xc ca mnh l mt gnh nng thc s. Vng, khng phi ai cng c kh nng , nhng nu c tm lng v s tr cng xng ng iu cng c th hc c. V cui cng, nguyn nhn th ba s thay i xonh xoch cc nh hng c bn, c bit trong cc khoa hc x hi, khin cho cc gio vin b mn b mt phng hng v b vt kit v mt o l. Tin tc: Vic phn ln cc trng i hc s phm c nh st nhp vo cc trng tng hp c in vi vai tr l nhng khoa ca chng, ch li cho tri ni nhng trng ln v c uy tn nht, cng l mt im lnh ch ? Nikandrov: Ti cho rng lm iu nhanh s nguy him. Bi chng ta c kinh nghim tng t. Ngay t thi X Vit, mt lot cc nc cng ha cc trng i hc s phm b bin thnh cc trng i hc tng hp c in. Nhng th l mt tai ha, cc sinh vin tt nghip cc trng khng cn mun v lm vic trng ph thng. Tin tc: Cn by gi th h mun sao? Ch c 4% sinh vin tt nghip cc trng i hc s phm v lm vic trng ph thng. Nikandrov: Th bn ngh sau khi tt nghip cc trng i hc tng hp h s v nhiu hn chng? Ngoi ra, kinh nghim trc y cho thy rng trng i hc c in, gio dc hc, phng php ging dy v tm l hc cc mn c s trong o to gio vin c ging dy vi khi lng t hn v dn dn b b

ri. V vy, trong cng vic quan trng ny chng ta phi vt qua m khng cht nng vi. Tin tc: Nhng nhng trng i hc s phm km cht lng n ni hin nay khng tuyn sinh vin trong ch tiu ngn sch, cn phi b ng ca mt cch khng thng xt. Nikandrov: Nhng trng nh vy s t ng ca. Khng nn ng ti nhng trng p ng yu cu hin nay. Hy cho h lm vic. Tin tc: Vic chuyn nh trng i hc ca chng ta hin nay sang h o to hai cp v kch hot tin trnh Bologna Nga ng cng cho l nng vi ? Nikandrov: Ti e rng y chng ta c th phm mt lot sai lm v mt mt. Ti c cm nhn l cn phi lm iu dn dn. Tuy nhin nhng cha c chng c 100%. Tin tc: Nhng d sao h nm sau l nm cui cng chng ta tuyn sinh vin nm th nht vo h o to cn b chuyn mn, cn sau cc trng i hc Nga s o to ton c nhn v thc s. Hiu trng trng Bauman, vin s Igor Fyodorov tuyn b thng rng h o to hai cp c th nh hng tiu cc ti vic o to k s nghin cu cp thng lu. C thm mt v d, qu tht, lin quan n B Vn ha. Theo thng bo ca mt sinh vin t mt trng i hc m nhc Moscow, do vic chuyn i ca Nga theo ng ray Bologne, ti trng trung cp m nhc mang tn Gnesiny danh gi c k hoch ct gim gi hc n cn 1/5 ca mt b mn chnh lin quan n vic lnh hi mt loi nhc c ny hay khc, cn th vo cc nhc s Richter v Oistrakh tng lai s phi nhai li cc mn gio dc ph cp. Cc nh s phm u kinh hong. Mi ngi u r rng rng cht lng m

nhc ca cc sinh vin ang tt dc ng k- anh bn ny vit trn Tin tc. Nikandrov: Ti cho rng trong khi p dng o to c nhn v thc s, vn phi gi li h o to cn b chuyn mn trong mt thi gian nht nh. Tin tc: Tuy nhin hin nay khi tt c c chun ha, ngi ta c th nhn bng c nhn y, cn bng thc s th sang phng Ty nhn. Chng l iu ny xu chng? Va tha h lin thong ngoi ng, va c ng ra ngoi th gii. Nikandrov: Bn c bit ai thng nhiu nht t vic p dng cc nguyn tc Bologna ta v chu u v vic a vo h c nhn v thc s khng? Nc M chnh h hin nay kim sot phn ln th trng dch v gio dc th gii, nhng trong tng lai, s bnh trng ca h trong lnh vc ny s b khng ch bi s tn ti cc chng trnh, bng cp v thi gian hc tp khc nhau cc nc khc. Cn hin nay khi tt c s c chun ha, tr ngi cui cng s c loi b v nhng k c tin s i hc ht, tt nhin, mt nc kinh t pht trin nht, ngha l, li l nc M. Dy hc l mt cng vic rt khng n gin v xa nay c tr lng thp Nga Tin tc: Nhng l th trng, cho d l th trng cc dch v gio dc. Ngi ta mua ca ai c th tt nht theo gi ph hp. Ngha l, cn phi pht trin nn gio dc ca mnh v cnh tranh trn th trng ny. Nhng chng l trc y, trc cch mng, tng lp qu tc v tr thc Nga khng gi con em mnh sang phng Ty hc tp hay sao? V d, Boris Pasternak tng 6 nm hc son vn, tng tt nghip phn vin trit ca khoa S-Ng vn trng tng hp Moscow, v n nm 1912 li d thnh Marburg kha

hc v trit ca gio s ni ting German Cohen. C g xu y nh? Nikandrov: V c Lensky, nu cc bn cn nh, cng hc G ottingen. Ti khng ni iu xu, nhng theo d bo, trong 10 nm ti y s c mt lng tht thot nghim trng cc sinh vin Nga sang phng Ty hc tp. Do s khng hong dn s vo nhng nm 1990, phng Ty cng nh Nga, sau vi nm na s lng sinh vin s gim i hai ln. Hu nh mi ngi u c tnh ton. Hn na, b nc ra i l nhng sinh vin xut sc nht, c nng lc nht, gii ngoi ng v c kh nng tr tin. V khng phi l tt c trong s h s tr v, sau khi nhn bng c nhn hay thc s. Tin tc: Ta s ng n chun gio dc mi do cc chuyn gia ca ng xy dng. T nay nh nc pht ra nhng yu cu i vi cc iu kin hc tp v kt qu ca n. iu rt tt. Tuy nhin chnh l phn c ng ca chun c m rng qu th buc cc trng ph thng t xoay s, gy s hi cho nhiu ngi. Liu y c s nguy him l kh nng h thp trnh gio dc chung khng? Nikandrov: Chun l trnh ti cao. Ni mt cch th thin l t nay s khng c mt danh mc c th v vic dy tc gi no nhiu hn Pushkin hay Solzhenitsyn, mc d cc gio vin lun lun quan tm iu . n gin l p n cho nhng cu hi khng phi trong vn bn ca chun, m trong cc ti liu khc i km theo chng. Hin nay cc chuyn gia ca Vin Ni dung v Phng php dy hc ca chng ti ang chun b cc vn bn ny. So vi trc y hin nay cc trng ph thng c nhiu iu kin hn trong vic la chn chng trnh dy hc ph hp. Nhng ng thi vn c khong 3/4 ni dung c quyt nh cp lin bang. V nu bn thn chun l

mt vn bn cn c thc hin mt cch nghim ngt, th phn c ng ca n c th thay i ty theo nhng iu kin c th, v d trnh v din o to ca trng. Tin tc: Mc tiu chin lc t ra trong cc chun mi l pht trin nng lc t gii quyt cc vn ca tr em trn c s kinh nghim c lnh hi. iu i hi phi dy hc nh phng thc da vo nng lc c nhn thc hin m chng ta vay mn ca chnh nhng ngi M . Phi chng chng ta khng c nhng nghin cu ca mnh? Nikandrov: Vi tt c tnh c bn ca nn gio dc X Vit, n lun lun thiu phn thc tin, ngha l khng phi kin thc, m l k nng. Cn phng php da trn nng lc thc hin nhn mnh vo nhng kh nng p dng cc kin thc thu c. N xut hin Hoa k trong nhng nm 1970, v ban u hng n hc sinh, ch khng phi gio vin. Cc nh lnh o ca h thng gio dc M lo ngi rng cc gio vin ph thng tip thu qu nhiu l thuyt, m khng bit vn dng vo thc t. V h em phng php ny vo thc t. Nhng 10 nm tri qua, v ngi ta dn dn t b phng php , v rng vic o to c bn bt u b lin ly. Cn hin nay lch s li c th lp li nc ta. V vy tt nht l ta phi hc trn sai lm ca ngi khc. Tin tc: Cui cng, ti khng th khng hi: ng ngh th no v lot phim truyn hnh Trng hc va m ln? Chng l tt c trong u l ba t, nh nhiu gio vin khng nh? Nikandrov: Vn khng phi l trong c bao nhiu s tht v bao nhiu di tr. Vn ch khc. Ngy nay ta khng cn c kim duyt. Thay vo l mc 55

trong Hin php, trong c ni ring: Quyn v t do ca con ngi v cng dn c th b hn ch ca hin php lin bang ch trong phm vi cn thit bo v nhng c s ca h thng lut php, o c, sc khe, quyn v nhng li ch chnh ng ca nhng ngi khc... Ti, qu tht, bit v trng hc hn l b Valeria Gai Germanika. V hon ton c th ng : ng vy, nhng g trong chiu cho mi ngi, c th xy ra. Nhng mt m rc ri nhng qui thai o c, nh c pht trn Knh Mt v c m t nh l bc tranh in hnh ca trng hc ca chng ta, th khng c trn thc t. y cc th php ngh thut to ra ngh: cc bn ang xem b phim nhiu tp v mt trng ph thng Nga rt bnh thng, trong nc c c vn nhng trng nh vy. Thc t khng phi vy.

Cn ai ngh v cc em nh ang phi xem tt c nhng th ny trn v tuyn? V chnh tr con lun c thin hng bt chc. V nhiu em s ni: Khng cn g hn th! Ha ra, iu ny l c th. Tuyt! Mai chng ta s bt mt a con gi trong lp i tiu khin, ri i tng tin m dy L cho n cht v.v.... Mt s th khc n gin l khng chp nhn c. Mt hc sinh lp 9, ln dy thay cho c gio gi Vn, bt u ni v Pushkin nh l v... mt ngi da en, vi c im ni bt l kch c m ai cng bit l ca ci g. Cho n nay ti vn khng th no tin l nhng th nh vy c th vng vng trn knh chnh truyn khp c nc. Tm lm v gh rn. Xt on theo mi iu, b Germanika tng c vn r rng vi vic hc tp trng. iu ny th ti c th hiu. Tuy nhin ti sao o c, sc khe tinh thn v quyn ca hng triu cc cng dn ca chng ta li b li vo y?

Trch dch t http://www.izvestia.ru/education1/article3138423/ c Thi (HSP H Ni) dch

2012 - Nm Alan Turing

Phm Tr n (Vin Ton hc) Nm 2012, cng ng cc Nh ton hc trn ton th gii s k nim 100 nm ngy sinh ca nh ton hc li lc Alan Turing (23/6/1912 - 7/6/1954). Alan Turing l nh ton hc c nhiu ng gp to ln cho cc ngnh Khoa hc tnh ton, Khoa hc my tnh, Tr tu nhn to, L thuyt ton hc ca Tnh tnh c (the mathematical theory of computability) v Sinh hc pht trin (developmental biology). Nm 1999, trc thm ca mt th k mi, Tp ch Time, mt tp ch hng u ca M, t chc bu chn 100 danh nhn c nh hng nht trong Th k XX, Alan Turing lt vo danh sch ny. Ngoi ra ng cn c cng ln trong

vic b cc h mt m ca Pht xt c trong Th chin th II, gp phn gip phe ng minh ginh c th ch ng trn chin trng v cui cng nh bi l pht xt in cung gy ra cuc Th chin II. Cuc i ca Alan Turing li l cuc i ca mt thin ti m phn bc. S i x v nhn o ca chnh ph Anh i vi c nhn ng dn ng n t t tui 41, ci tui "vng" ca cc nh khoa hc - k thut, trong mt tn thm kch hon ton do s u tr ca con ngi gy ra (xem [1]). Hn 50 nm sau, ti ngy 10 thng 9 nm 2010, Chnh ph Anh mi c li xin li chnh thc Alan Turing trn trang web ca Ph Th tng nc Anh. Cc nh ton hc trn ton th gii cho rng nh th l cha v yu cu Chnh ph Anh khi phc li danh d v xt cng nhn cng lao ng gp ca Alan Turing trong Th chin th II. V th l xut hin sng kin ngh ly nm 2012, nm k nim 100 nm nm sinh cu Alan Turing l Nm Alan Turing. Ni dung hot ng ca Nm Alan Turing l trong sut c nm 2012 v khp mi ni trn ton th gii, cc nh ton hc s t chc cc hot ng khoa hc, trin lm, ni chuyn gii thiu v cuc i v s nghip ca Alan Turing, gii thiu cc cng hin ca Alan Turing trong ton hc v trong cc lnh vc ng dng ca ton hc vo thc tin cuc sng. Tt c cc hot ng ni n trn s c tin hnh ch yu ti nhng ni c gn lin vi cuc i v s nghip ca Alan Turing nh ti Cambridge, ti Manchester v ti Bletchley Park. Cc hi ngh khoa hc v Tin hc l thuyt, v Khoa hc - My tnh v v Mt m hc t chc trong nm 2012 s ginh mt phn chng trnh, k nim 100 nm ngy sinh ca Alan Turing.

Ban iu hnh ca Nm Alan Turing, tn vit tt trong giao dch quc t l TCAC (Turing Centenary Advisory Committee), c thnh lp. Trong Ban iu hnh c cc nh khoa hc v cc nhn vt hot ng x hi ni ting nh nh ton hc S. Barry Cooper (Ch tch), nh vit tiu s Turing Andrew Hodges, Wendy Hall, ngi u tin ngoi khu vc Bc M c bu lm Ch tch Hi My tnh ACM (thng 07/2008), Hugh Loebner, ngi sng lp ra Gii thng Loebner v Tr tu nhn to, nh iu khin hc Kevin Warwick, . . . . Danh sch cc thnh vin ca TCAC cn ang tip tc c b sung thm. Ban iu hnh cng ngh cc nh ton hc trn ton th gii xut thm cc hnh thc hot ng mi ca Nm Alan Turing. Nm Alan Turing cng c s ng h ca cc on th v ca cc hi khoa hc nh: Hi My tnh Anh (British Computer Society), Hi Lgic hnh thc (Association for Symbolic Logic), Hi Khoa hc my tnh l thuyt chu u" (European Asociation for Theoretical Computer Science), Hi Kurt Godel. Ban iu hnh cho ra mt bn tin ca "Nm Alan Turing". Bn c c th truy cp v c cc bn tin ny ti a ch www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/ Tp ch Thng tin Ton hc cng cng ng cc nh ton hc Vit Nam xin cho mng v xin chc "2012 - Nm Alan Turing" thnh cng tt p. Ti liu tham kho 1. Phm Tr n, Li xin li mun mng ca chnh ph Anh i vi mt nh ton hc. TTTH, tp 13, s 4 (2009), 6-10. 2. Wikipedia (the encyclopedia), Alan Turing Year. 3. Cc bn tin ca ATY.

Phng vn Srinivasa Varadhan

Martin Raussen v Christian Skau (tip theo v ht) R & S: Gio s vit cng Daniel Stroock mt s bi bo ng ch v qu trnh khuch tn. Na nhm do Kolmogorov v Feller xy dng c mt s hn ch nghim trng v Paul Levy nu ra tng biu din qu trnh khuych tn di dng phng trnh vi phn ngu nhin. Ito cng c mt s ng gp quan trng trong lnh vc ny. Xin gio s hy gii thch v sao ng v Stroock li chuyn n thnh bi ton martingale? Varadhan: Ti phi k mt cht v lch s ca vn ny. Hi , Mark Kac thng lm vic ti Trng i hc Rockerfeller. i hc New York v i hc Rockerfeller thng t chc x-mi-na chung xen k mi tun ti mt ni. Do chng ti thng phi li xe i li gia hai trng tham d. Ln ti n d x-mi-na trng Rockerfeller v thu taxi tr v trng New York. C ngi cp n mt kt qu ca Ciesielski, mt nh xc sut ngi Ba Lan ang thm Marc Kac; hy nhn vo nghim c bn ca phng trnh truyn nhit trn ton khng gian v nghim c bn vi iu kin bin dng Dirichlet. Theo Nguyn l Cc i, nghim c bn vi iu kin bin Dirichlet phi nh hn hoc bng nghim kia. Nu ly t s gia hai nghim c bn ny th ta c mt s nh hn hoc bng 1. Cu hi t ra l: cho tham s t (tham s thi gian ca nghim c bn) tin ti 0, khi no th t s gia nghim c bn tin ti 1 vi mi im x v y thuc min xc nh. Cu tr li l: khi v ch khi min xc nh l mt tp hp li! Tt nhin, y chng ta phi s dng mt s k thut lin quan n cc tp hp c xc sut khng v mt s k thut khc ca L thuyt Xc sut. Mt cch trc gic ta thy, l do ca hin tng ny l v trong chuyn ng Brown, nu mt phn t chuyn ng t im c ta x v y trong khong thi gian t th khi t tin ti 0, n phi chuyn ng theo ng thng. Bi v gi tr trung bnh ca n ging nh ca cu Brown, m nghim ny lun tuyn tnh, nn c mt ng thng ni hai im. Nu thi gian dn ti 0 th phng sai tin ti 0. iu c ngha l phn t chuyn ng theo ng thng. Do , nu khng gian chng ta xt khng phng m cong th phn t c th chuyn ng theo ta trc a. Nghim c bn ca phng trnh truyn nhit s bng ly tha vi c s e, c s bng tr bnh phng ca khong cch trc a chia cho 2t, ging nh vi khong cch Euclid. ngh ny xut hin khi ti ang trn taxi tr v nh. Sau ti vit mt bi bo v s bin thin ca nghim c bn vi thi gian nh. Thc ra, ti ngh l bi bo m nhng ngi lm phng trnh o hm ring Courant quan tm, v n mang n cho ti c hi lm vic Vin bi v khi ti vn l mt nghin cu sinh. D sao, n lc th cch chng minh ch s dng tnh cht martingale ca qu trnh truyn

nhit. Ti khng s dng nhiu k thut ca phng trnh o hm ring. Stroock lc ang l sinh vin sau i hc ca i hc Rockefeller; chng ti thng xuyn trao i vi nhau. Ti cn nh vo ma xun nm , trc khi Stroock tt nghip sau i hc, chng ti trao i vi nhau v vn ni trn. Chng ti suy ngh: nu nh php chng minh ch cn dng n tnh cht martingale th tnh cht martingale l xc nh qu trnh. Liu c th xc nh tt c cc qu trnh khuch tn ch thng qua tnh cht martingale ca chng? Dng nh iu l s thng nht cc cch tip cn khc nhau: Kolmogorov v Feller tip cn theo phng trnh o hm ring, phng php phng trnh vi phn ngu nhin l mt cch tip cn khc, phng php na nhm li l mt cch tip cn khc na. V cch tip cn bng tnh cht martingale thng nht c tt c cc quan im . R rng l mt phng php hu ch hn nhiu; sau khi nhin cu, chng ti nhn thy rng phng php martingale cho cch pht biu ngn gn nht c th; l l do v sao mi cch tip cn ni trn u suy ra t . V cch pht biu l gn nht, nn lc ny chng ti nhn ra bc kh nht chnh l chng minh tnh duy nht nghim. Sau chng ti ch ra c rng vi bt c phng php tip cn no khc, bn c th chng minh tnh duy nht nghim. Chng ti mun m rng kt qu v chng minh tnh duy nht cho nhng lp bi ton m trc cha c chng minh tnh duy nht; phi mt mt nm ri chng ti mi c ngy tng mi cht n v th l chng ti gii quyt c trn vn vn . R & S: c phi li l mt pht le sng ca tr tu?

Varadhan: ng nh vy; iu c ngha l chng ta c th lm c nhiu iu sau bn hay nm nm lin tc suy ngh v nhng iu .

Ba nh ton hc c gii thng Abel L. Carleson, S. Varadhan, P . Lax Ngun: Internet R & S: Trc khi kt thc nhng cu hi lin quan n ton hc, chng ti mun hi gio s v nhng ng gp ca ng trong lnh vc gii hn thy ng lc hc, l ngnh khoa hc miu t tng tc mc v m gia cc ht trong h rt ln. Cng trnh ca gio s v lnh vc ny c miu t l s quan st mi trng t mt ht ang chuyn ng. Xin gio s gii thch r hn iu ny? Varadhan: Ti s c gng gii thch n. i tng ca thy ng lc hc t l hay cn gi l gii hn thy ng lc hc l i tng khng thc s khi ngun t L thuyt Xc sut. N khi ngun t c hc c in, phng trnh dng Hamilton, l bi ton lin quan n phng trnh Euler i vi dng cht lng v l h qu trc tip ca chuyn ng Hamilton. Sau , ta c th coi mt dng cht lng nh l mt tp hp s lng ln ht ring bit. Cc ht ny tng tc vi nhau theo cc nh lut Newton c in, khi khng bit g v c lng t. Chng ta cn c th m t chuyn ng ca mi ht ring bit. Nhng vic ny i hi chng ta phi gii h phng trnh vi phn 1068 chiu

v ch khi bn mi yn tm. Thay v gii h phng trnh vi phn khng l , chng ta gii h nh cc phng trnh o hm ring phi tuyn m t chuyn ng ca h bo ton lng. Nu khng c cc lng bo ton th cc ht s nhanh chng t ti trng thi cn bng v ngng chuyn ng. Cn nu c nhng lng c bo ton th c h s thay i a phng rt chm v do ta phi thay i thang o thi gian. Khi , ta c th quan st s thay i ca cc ht ny. V khi lng c bo ton, iu ny c ngha l mt trung bnh l mt ca mt bin s; v m men c bo ton nn vn tc dng chy l tc ca mt bin s; v nng lng c bo ton nn nhit l nhit ca mt bin s. i vi cc lng c bo ton ny ta nhn c cc phng trnh o hm ring. Gii h phng trnh chng ta tm c nghim m t cc tnh cht v m ca cc ht ti a phng y. Vi cc tham s cho trc, im cn bng tn ti v duy nht i vi cc gi tr c nh ny ca cc tham s l gi tr trung bnh. Trong s Hamilton, c mt mt cong c nh ng vi mc nng lng v m men xc nh trc. Trn b mt , qu trnh chuyn ng c gi nh l c tnh cht ergodic do c duy nht mt o bt bin. o bt bin ny m t dng iu a phng ca cc ht theo thi gian. l s m t mang tnh cht thng k; thc t chng ta khng th bit chnh xc ht ang v tr no ti mi thi im; v thc ra chng ta cng khng quan tm n iu . Chng trnh ny, mc d theo quan im vt l hnh nh l hp l, li cha tng c din t di dng ton hc. Oscar Lantord c l l nh ton hc n gn nht vi l thuyt ny ch ra rng, vi mt thc o thi gian rt nh, t h

phng trnh Hamilton chng ta c th chuyn sang h phng trnh Boltzmann. chuyn t h phng trnh Boltzmann sang h phng trnh Euler chng ta cn mt thang o thi gian ln, nhng cha r l nhng kt qu trc y liu c cn ph hp trong ch ny. V nhng mc ton hc ca nhng chuyn ny s khng phi l ch m ng ra n phi c mt. Mt khc, nu h chu tc ng ca nhiu mt t thi th h phng trnh Hamilton tt nh c thay bng h phng trnh vi phn ngu nhin ca cc ht chuyn ng vi bc nhy ngu nhin. Lc ny bi ton tr nn d hn rt nhiu. chnh l l thuyt ergodic. Tnh cht ergodic ca h ng lc ngu nhin l vn rt kh. Nhng i vi qu trnh Markov th n tr nn d dng hn nhiu. Nu nhiu khng ng k th h vn c trng thi cn bng. Lc ny chng ta c th gii quyt chng trnh t u n cui v chng minh c cc kt qu mt cch thun ty ton hc. Tr li lch s ca vn ny: Khi chng ti ang d hi ngh Luminy, Mc-xy, do hi ton hc Php t chc. Lc , George Papanicolaou (bn ng nghip ca ti, ngi s c mt Oslo vo ngy mai) v ti ang i ti Calanques. Trn ng tr v, ng y ni chuyn vi ti v ch ny. ng y ang quan tm nghin cu tng tc gia cc phn t ca chuyn ng Brown di tc ng ca th nng. ng y mun gii quyt bi ton v gii hn t l o h thy ng lc hc. Ban u ti ngh khng kh tm ra li gii v dng nh n rt t nhin. Nhng khi bt tay vo gii ti b tc d rt c gng vt qua. Bi ton c hai bc mu cht, ti mi gii quyt c bc mt v b tc bc hai. Lc ti nh b d bi ton ti . Mt nm sau,

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Josef Fritz t Hungary sang thm v lm vic Vin Courant. ng y c mt bi ging v gii hn h thy ng lc. M hnh ca ng y c mt im khc bit nh vi m hnh ca chng ti. ng y s dng phng php khc v chng minh c nh l cho m hnh . Ti mi nhn ra l bc th hai ca ti khng chng minh c nh l cho m hnh c nay c th d dng chng minh c cho m hnh mi ny. Ti hon thin php chng minh v vit chung mt bi bo vi George Papanicolaou v mt hc tr ca ng y l Guo, l bi bo u tin ca ti v gii hn thy ng lc hc. Cng trnh ny khin ti thy thch th vi lnh vc mi ny. Khi quan st cc ht, bn c th t ra hai cu hi. Bn mun bit iu g xy ra vi ton b h cc ht nhng bn khng th nhn dng c chng; bn coi h l mt m my cc ht. Khi , bn c th xc nh mt ca m my thay i th no theo thi gian. Tt nhin bn khng th bit c tng ht chuyn ng th no. Hy hnh dung cc ht c hai mu khc nhau. By gi bn c hai mt khc nhau, mi ci c mt mu ring. Bn c phng trnh chuyn ng cho tng ca hai mt , nhng khng th c c phng trnh chuyn ng cho tng mt ring bit. Nhng do tch ring bit cc thnh phn, nn ta phi nhm vo cc ht v theo di chng! V th l, vic theo di s chuyn ng tng ht n l trong mt bin cc ht tr thnh quan trng. Cch l gii c ch ca ti l: xem mi ht ang theo di l tm ca v tr. Bn thay i h quy chiu cng vi ht. Khi ht ng yn vi h quy chiu ang xt v ton b v tr quay xung quanh n. Do bn c mt qu trnh Markov trong khng gian ca c v tr. Tt nhin y l qu trnh Markov v hn chiu,

tuy nhin nu chng ta chng minh c tnh cht ergodic ca n th bn c th chuyn ngc li bit ht ang theo di s chuyn ng nh th no, v rng theo mt ngha no th chuyn ng ca v tr quanh ht hoc ht chuyn ng quanh v tr bao nhiu ln l nh nhau. Ti ngh phng php ny cc k hu hiu v l h c xt theo quan im ca ht chuyn ng. R & S: Tht l th v! Xin hi gio s cu hi khc: ng c th m t mt cht v phong cch lm vic ca mnh? Gio s c t duy theo cc hnh nh hnh hc hay thin v t duy theo cng thc? Hay l gio s c cch phn tch suy ngh ring? Varadhan: Theo mt ngha no , ti thch suy ngh theo cch ca khoa hc vt l. Ti thch s dng trc gic nh cc nh vt l vn lm: t hin tng xy ra trong thc t, tm hiu nguyn nhn c hc sinh ra hin tng , sau phin dch chng sang ngn ng gii tch. Ti khng thch cch suy ngh hnh thc l bt u bng mt phng trnh, gii phng trnh ri xem iu g xy ra. Tm li, ti trc gic nh hng ti cch phn tch cn phi lm. R & S: Nhng cng trnh ton hc ca gio s c mt ngi bn ca ng miu t l "ging nh nhng bn nhc ca Sebastial Bach, rt chnh xc nhng cng rt p ". Gio s c th miu t cm gic v v p v tnh thm m ca ton hc qua tri nghim ca mnh? Varadhan: Ti ngh, on trch cc ng va nu c gn cho cun sch ca ti v Stroock vit chung trong bi ph bnh ca David Williams. Ti ngh ton hc l mn khoa hc p ch n c th gii thch nhng iu phc tp theo cch n gin. Ti ngh ton hc ging nh mt cng c lm n gin ha, a n s

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gii thch n gin cho nhng hin tng rt phc tp. N gip bn hiu c v sao trong mi trng hp s vic li xy ra ng nh vy. L do ng sau mi s vic xy ra thng kh n gin. Nhim v ca ton hc l i tm ci nguyn nhn n gin cho mt s kin phc tp. Tm li, ti tm thy s p ca ton hc trong s n gin ha. R & S: By gi ta c li nhn nh chung v ton hc khng? C mt nghch l l ton hc mi ni trong cuc sng ca ta nh ng va ni theo quan im ca ng: l cng c k thut, m t v tnh ton iu g ang xy ra trn th trng ti chnh. Nhng cng chng khng nhn thy iu ny. Dng nh cng ng ton hc rt kh thuyt phc mt ngi trn ph v cc nh chnh tr tin vo tm quan trng ca ton hc. Mt khc, ngy nay khng d g li ko cc sinh vin gii lm ton. Cn v sinh vin tt nghip, th M c hn mt na tin s l ngi t nc ngoi n. ng c gi no cng ng ton hc nng cao hnh nh ca mnh trc cng chng v lm sao ta c th li ko nhng sinh vin gii theo hc b mn p v th v ny khng? Varadhan: Cu hi kh th! Mi ngi ang tm cu tr li. Ti khng cho rng vic ny ch do mt nhm ngui gii quyt. C nhiu l do, c l l do bn cht cng vic ca h, nn hu ht cc nh ton hc rt rt r do bn nng. thuyt phc cng chng, bn cn loi c tnh thch ra ngoi ging o. Hu ht cc nh ton hc nghin cu xem l chuyn phin h lm mt thi gian nghin cu. Rt kh thnh cng, nhng cng c mt t v d. Vn l ch, lm sao m thuyt phc c cc nh chnh tr v cc gii c quyn lc lin quan khc v tm quan trng ca gio dc. Ti ngh rng trc y tng xy

ra mt chuyn khi ngi Nga bn v tinh Sputnik nm 1957. Ti khng bit ngy nay phi mt bao lu thuyt phc dn chng. Nhng ti cho rng c th c gng thuyt phc dn chng tin l ton hc c ch cho x hi. V ti ngh l tn hiu nm ch v mt trong nhng th lc mnh ca x hi ngy nay l li sut ti chnh v li sut ti chnh ang bt u nhn ra tm quan trng ca ton hc. C l s c mt sc p t li nhun ti chnh hon thin gio dc ton hc v trnh chung v ton hc ca cng ng v t nht l ti hy vng rng c th trong tng lai xa xi s t ra l c ch. R & S: Lin quan vi gii Abel cn c nhng cuc thi v gii thng khc nh cc cuc thi Niels Henrik Abel v Kapp Abel cho hc sinh, gii Holmbore cho gio vin ton, v hn na gii Ramanujan cho cc nh ton hc xut chng thuc Th gii th Ba. ng ngh g v cc hot ng ny? Varadhan: Ti cho rng rt b ch. Cc hot ng ny lm tng s nhn thc ca cng chng. Hy vng l tt c nhng iu ny s mang li hiu qu tch cc trong tng lai khng qu xa. Ti cho rng nhng iu Na Uy ang lm tht l tuyt vi. R & S: Cu hi cui cng ca chng ti, ng c nhng mi quan tm v s thch c bit g trong cuc sng bn cnh ton hc? Varadhan: Ti thch du lch. Ti cm thy th v v thch tri nghim khi i thm nhng vng mi l, ngm nhn cnh vt mi v c nhng kinh nghim mi. Trn cng v ca chng ti, bn s c c hi du lch v ti lun lun tn dng iu ny. Ti thch m nhc, c m nhc c in n v mt t m nhc c in phng Ty. Ti thch i nghe ha nhc khi c thi

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gian; ti thch cc nh ht, v New York l ni c nhng nh ht tuyt vi. Ti thch xem phim. Ti thch c vn hc Tamil, ti thng thc nn vn hc ny. Trn th gii khng c nhiu ngi quen bit vi ngn ng Tamil. l ngn ng 2000 tui, lu i nh ting Shanskrit. C l l ngn ng duy nht khng khc lm k t khi ra i 2000 nm v trc. V th, ti c th ly

mt cun sch v th ca c vit cch y 2000 nm v ti vn c th c n. Ti c th v ti lm nh th. R & S: Cui cng xin cm n ng rt nhiu v cuc phng vn th v ny. y cn l li cm n thay mt cho cc hi Ton hc Na Uy, an Mch v ca cng ng chu u. Varadhan: Cm n cc bn nhiu. Ti cng thch tr li phng vn.

Ngi dch: Nguyn Duy Tin & Vn Cng

Dnh cho cc bn tr
LTS: "Dnh cho cc bn tr" l mc dnh cho Sinh vin, Hc sinh v tt c cc bn tr yu Ton. Ta son mong nhn c cc bi vit hoc bi dch c gi tr cho chuyn mc.

Cc s nguyn Gauss
Nguyn Chu Gia Vng (Vin Ton hc) (tip theo v ht) 5. Mt s ng dng ca vnh Gauss Trc ht, nh l Fermat v tng hai s chnh phng c th c m rng nh sau. nh l 5.1. Cho mt s nguyn dng n. S nghim nguyn ca phng trnh x2 + y 2 = n bng 4 ln hiu ca s cc c 1 (mod 4) ca n tr cho s cc c 3 (mod 4) ca n. Chng minh. Theo nh l C bn ca s hc cho vnh Gauss ta c th vit n=
rk s1 s1 sh sh 1 2m pr 1 h h 1 p k 1

trong pi , j l cc phn t bt kh quy ca Z[i] vi pi = p i (nh vy pi l cc s nguyn t 3 (mod 4) v j c dng a + bi vi a2 + b2 = mt s nguyn t 1 (mod 4)). Gi s n = x2 + y 2 = (x + yi)(x yi). Theo tnh duy nht ca phn tch ra tch cc phn t bt kh quy trong Z[i] ta suy ra x + yi l mt phn t lin kt ca (1) r r
sh th t1 s1 t1 (1 + i)m p12 pk2 1 1 h ,
1 k

vi 0 tj sj . Nh vy s nghim nguyn ca x2 + y 2 bng 0 nu mt trong cc ri l l;

rk s1 s1 s1 sh 1 =(i)m (1 + i)2m pr 1 h h 1 p k 1

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4(s1 + 1) (sh + 1) nu tt c cc ri l chn. Ch rng nhn t 4 xut hin cng thc trn l do vic biu din 1 trn sai khc x + yi bi mt trong bn phn t kh nghch {1, i}. Mt khc, mi c l ca n u c th vit di dng tch cc phn t bt kh quy trong Z[i]
vh vh uk v1 v1 1 h , 1 h d = pu 1 pk 1

Chng minh. Tht vy, gi s Z sao cho | a + i, | a i, nh vy | 2i. Ni ring ta c N( ) | N(2i) = 4. Mt khc, | a + i N( ) | N(a + i) = a2 + 1. Nh vy s nguyn dng N( ) va l c ca 4 va l c ca s nguyn l a2 + 1, do N( ) = 1 v l mt phn t kh nghch. Ta bit rng nh l C bn ca s hc cn ng cho Z[i] v tp cc phn t kh nghch ca Z[i] l {1, i}. Mt khc, theo b trn, y + i, y i l nguyn t cng nhau. Nh vy y + i, y i l lp phng ca cc phn t ca Z[i] (do mi phn t kh nghch u l lp phng ca mt phn t kh nghch no ). Do tn ti cc s nguyn a, b sao cho y + i = (a + bi)3 (bng cch ly lin hp, ta c y i = (a bi)3 ). So snh cc phn o ca hai v ca ng thc y + i = (a + bi)3 ta c 1 = b(3a2 b2 ). Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn n gin ny ta c (a, b) = (0, 1). T y, suy ra y = 0 v nh vy x = 1. i li v mt bi thi ph thng. Bi ton s hc trong k thi Hc sinh gii quc gia 2010 c th c pht biu p hn. Cho d khng phi l mt ng dng trc tip ca vnh cc s nguyn Gauss, s hiu bit v vnh Gauss, m c th y l cc ng thc do tnh nhn ca hm chun, c th lm sng t hn chng minh trnh by sau y. Mnh 5.4. Vi mi n nguyn dng, phng trnh x2 + 15y 2 = 4n , c ng n nghim nguyn khng m. Chng minh. Bi ton quan tm n cc nghim nguyn khng m, cho gn ta vit nghim thay cho nghim nguyn

vi 0 ui ri , 0 vj sj . Nhng pi 3 (mod 4) vi mi i v j j 1 (mod 4) vi mi j nn d1 (mod 4) u1 + + uk 1 (mod 2).

Tng ng ny d dng dn n hiu ca s cc c 1 (mod 4) v s cc c 3 (mod 4) ca n bng 0 nu mt trong cc ri l l; (s1 + 1) (sh + 1) nu tt c cc ri l chn. V ta c iu phi chng minh. Mnh 5.2. Phng trnh y 2 = x3 1, c nghim nguyn duy nht (x, y ) = (1, 0). Chng minh. Gi s (x, y ) l nghim nguyn ca phng trnh nu. Nu x chn th y 2 1 (mod 8) nhng 1 khng phi chnh phng modulo 8. Vy x l v y chn. Vit li phng trnh di dng x3 = (y + i)(y i). Trc ht ta c nhn xt n gin sau. B 5.3. Vi mi a 2Z, cc phn t a + i v a i l nguyn t cng nhau trong Z[i].

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khng m. Trc ht nhn xt rng vi n = 1, 2 bi ton l tm thng 22 + 15 02 = 4, 42 + 15 02 = 12 + 15 12 = 42 . Ta phn chia cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh cho thnh hai loi: nghim chn v nghim l theo ngha hin nhin. Ngoi ra ta k hiu P t(n) l phng trnh x2 + 15y 2 = 4n . Ta s chng minh P t(n) c ng n 1 nghim chn v 1 nghim l. iu ny c suy ra cc khng nh sau, trong khng nh u tin l tm thng. K 1: Nu (x, y ) l mt nghim nguyn ca P t(n) th (2x, 2y ) l mt nghim nguyn ca P t(n + 1). K 2: Vi mi n 1, nu P t(n) c t nht mt nghim l th P t(n + 1) c t nht mt nghim l. K 3: Vi mi n 2, nu P t(n + 1) c t nht hai nghim l th P t(n) c t nht hai nghim l. Tht vy, trc ht, K 2 v K 3 cng vi quy np theo n chng t phng trnh P t(n) c ng mt nghim l. Kt hp iu ny vi K 1, ri li tin hnh quy np ta suy ra P t(n) c ng n nghim trong n 1 nghim l chn v duy nht 1 nghim l.

hai cp s nguyn ny l l. Ly (x , y ) l cc gi tr tuyt i ca cp l ny ta c mt cp nguyn dng l tha mn x2 + 15y 2 = 4n+1 . Chng minh K 3. Gi s x, y l cc s nguyn dng l tha mn x2 + 15y 2 = 4n+1 . Ta c cc ng thc sau ( ) ) ( x + 15y 2 xy 2 (4) + 15 = 4n , 8 8 ) ( ) ( x+y 2 x 15y 2 + 15 = 4n . (5) 8 8
y y x+y x15y Do x+15 x = 2y 2Z 8 8 = 8 8 x y x+15y nn 8 Z 8 Z (v cng tnh 15y y chn l) v x8 Z x+ Z (v 8 cng tnh chn l). By gi, vi n 2 ta c x2 + 15y 2 = 4n+1 x2 y 2 y x y 0 (mod 4). 0 (mod 16) x+ 2 2 x+y x y Nhng hiu 2 2 = y 1 (mod 2) y xy nn ta phi c hoc x+ 8 Z hoc 8 Z. Mt khc do n 2 v y l, ta c x2 y 2 = 4n+1 16y 2 = 0 (mod 32). Ta suy ra 16 x + y v 16 x y . Cc lp lun trn chng t nu (x, y ) l mt nghim l 15y | x+y , 2 ) hoc ca P t(n + 1) th hoc ( |x8 x+15y |xy | ( 2 , 2 ) l mt nghim l ca P t(n).

kt thc, ta s chng minh hai nghim l (x, y ) = (x , y ) ca P t(n + 1), theo xy dng trn, em li hai 2 2 nghim l phn bit ca P t(n). C th Chng minh K 2. Gi s x + 15y = y x y n hn, ta s ch ra rng ( x+15 4 vi x, y l cc s nguyn dng l. 8 , 8 ) = y y x 15y x +y ng thc x2 + 15y 2 = 4n c th c ( x +15 , x , 8 ) v 8 8 ), = ( 8 y x15y x+y x +15y vit li bng hai cch tng ng sau: ( 8 , 8 ) = ( 8 , x 8 ), = ( )2 ( )2 x 15y x +y ( 8 , 8 ). Mt s trng hp l x + 15y xy (2) +15 = 4n+1 , hin nhin, minh ha, ta xt hai 2 2 trng hp bt tm thng hn v kh ( ) ( ) x 15y 2 x+y 2 in hnh trong lp lun. (3) +15 = 4n+1 . ( ) ( ) 2 2 x +15y x y y xy (1) Gi s x+15 , = , . 8 8 8 8 x15y xy Ch rng do x, y l l nn ( 2 , 2 ) Nh vy, y ta gi s x, y, x , y , y x15y x+y x+15y xy x +15y v ( 2 , 2 ) l cc cp s nguyn. Hn , x l cc s 8 , 8 , 8 8 y x+y na x + = x l l nn mt trong nguyn dng l. Ta suy ra 2y = 2 2

15 y y 2y + 2 x hay y = y + x 8 8 . Nhng y x y, y , 8 u l cc s nguyn l nn ng thc ny khng th xy ra. ) ( ) ( x 15y x +y y x+y , = , . (2) Gi s x+15 8 8 8 8

Tng t, y ta gi s x, y, x , y , x+15y xy x 15y x +y , 8 l cc s 8 , 8 , 8 nguyn dng l. Ta suy ra y = y y x 7y = x+ y . Nhng y, y , x + 8 8 8 l cc s nguyn l nn ng thc ny khng th xy ra.

Nh vy, thc ra theo mt ngha no cc nghim ca P t(n + 1) c sinh ra t cc nghim ca P t(n) bng cch nhn chng vi cc phn t chun ] bng 4 [ c 1+ 15 dng x + y 15 Z . Tht vy, 2 vic nhn mi nghim (x, y ) ca P t(n) vi 2 c mt nghim chn ca P t(n) thc cht n t vic N(2) = 22 = 4 v do nu N(x + y 15) = 4n th N(2(x + y 15)) = 4n+1 . Bi tp 12. Chng minh rng phng trnh x5 y 2 = 1 ch c nghim nguyn duy nht (x, y ) = (1, 0). Bi tp 13. Tng qut hn, vi mi n 2, chng minh rng phng trnh xn y 2 = 1 ch c nghim (x, y ) = (1, 0). Bi tp 14. Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh y 2 = x3 4. Bi tp 15. Chng minh rng phng trnh x4 y 4 = z 2 khng c nghim nguyn (x, y, x) vi xyz = 0. 6. Gi gii mt s bi tp p1 Bi tp 1: t f (x) = n =1 (x + n). Th p1 th n=1 = f (i)f (i). kt thc, nhn xt rng f (x) = xp1 1 + pg (x) vi g l mt a thc h s nguyn. Bi tp 13: Ch cn xt n = p nguyn t. Hn na, vi p = 2 bi ton l tm thng nn ta s gi s p l. Bng cch xt theo modulo 4, d thy nu (x, y ) l mt nghim th x l v y chn. Vit phng trnh di dng xp = (y i)(y + i) ta suy ra y +i = (a+bi)p vi a, b l cc s nguyn no . T ng thc ny, ta d dng chng minh c b = 1 v
p1

Trong chng minh trn, im mu cht nm cc ng thc (2), (3). Trc ht, s xut hin ca cc mu s 2 trong cc y xy biu thc x+ 2 , 2 , . . . thc ra n t vic ta kn o lm vic vi vnh [ ] 1 + 15 Z = 2 { } a + 15bi ; a, b Z, a b (mod 2) . 2 y chnh l vnh cc s nguyn ca trng s Q( 15). Cng nh vnh cc s nguyn Gauss, ta c th nh ngha chun trn vnh ny bng cch t N(z ) = z z . Khi , ni rng (x, y ) l mt nghim nguyn ca x2 + 15y 2 = 4n tng ng [ vi] vic phn t x + y 15 Z 1+ 215 c chun bng 4n . Lu rng ng thc 12 + 15 12 = 16 chng t N( 1+ 215 ) = N( 1 215 ) = 4. Theo tnh nhn ca chun, ta c )) ( ( 1 15 N (x + y 15) + = 2 2 ( ( )) 1 15 N (x + y 15) = 4n+1 . 2 2 Khai trin cc biu thc trn ta c khng g khc ngoi cc ng thc (2), (3) trn.

) 2 ( p (a2 )k = 1. 2k
k=0

Li ch rng v b = 1 nn x = a2 + 1 v do a chn. Nu a = 0 th (x, y ) =

16

(1, 0). Ta gi s a = 0. Khi v tri ca ng thc trn 1 (mod 4) nn v phi ca ng thc trn bng 1 v c th vit li mt cch tng ng di dng p1 ( p ) 2 k ( k ) a2k2 = 1. (1) 2p
k=1 2

kt thc, hy chng minh rng nh gi 2-adic ca v phi lun dng v ta c iu mu thun cn tm. Bi tp 14: Ta s chng minh phng trnh cho ch c cc nghim (x, y ) = (2, 2), (5 11). Gi s (x, y ) l mt nghim. D thy x y (mod 2). Ta phn ra hai trng hp suy lun.

(1) Gi s x, y l cc s nguyn l. Th th y 2i, y + 2i l cc s nguyn Gauss nguyn t cng nhau. Ta suy ra y + 2i = (a + bi)3 vi a, b Z no . T y ta suy ra (a, b) = (1, 1), (2, 2) v (x, y ) = (5, 11); (2) Gi s x, y l cc s nguyn chn. y t x = x 2 , y = 2 . Ta c x , y l cc s nguyn l v t y +i, x + i c c chung ln nht bng 1+ i. +i T y ta suy ra y 1+i cng nh y +i l cc lp phng cc s nguyn Gauss no . Trng hp ny cho (x, y ) = (2, 2).

Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc

LTS: tng cng s hiu bit ln nhau trong cng ng cc nh ton hc Vit Nam, Ta son mong nhn c nhiu thng tin t cc hi vin HTHVN v chnh bn thn, c quan hoc ng nghip ca mnh. Vin Nghin cu cao cp v Ton (VIASM) s thu a im ti tng 7 th vin T Quang Bu, i hc Bch khoa H Ni t 01/06/2011 trong thi gian t nht l 2 nm u. Sau khi chun b xong phng lm vic v mua sm ni tht, trang thit b (d kin t 2-3 thng), Vin s i vo hot ng chnh thc. Gio s Ng Bo Chu, gim c khoa hc ca Vin NCCC v Ton s v Vin lm vic t 18/6/2011 n ht thng 8. Trong thi gian Vit Nam Gio s Chu s t chc mt trng h v cc dng t ng cu ti Vin cho sinh vin v cc nh nghin cu tr, ng thi gio s s c mt bi ging ti Cu lc b Ton hc dnh cho cc hc sinh ph thng yu thch ton c t chc hng thng ti Vin Ton hc.

Trch nhim mi: Vin Khoa hc v

Cng ngh Vit Nam ra quyt nh c GS. TSKH. L Tun Hoa sang cng tc bit phi ti Vin NCCC v Ton trong thi gian 3 nm v thi gi chc Ph Vin trng Vin Ton hc, bt u t 01/06/2011. B GD&T c quyt nh tip nhn v c Gio s Hoa lm gim c iu hnh ca Vin trong 3 nm, bt u t 01/06/2011.

Tin bun. PGS. TS. Trn Th L, nguyn

Trng Khoa Ton - Tin hc, i hc

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Khoa hc T nhin, HQG thnh ph H Ch Minh, sau mt thi gian lm bnh, mc d c gia nh v cc bc s tn tnh cu cha, nhng v bnh nng, PGS. TS. Trn Th L t trn lc 13h ngy

23/05/2011 (nhm ngy 21/04 nm Tn Mo) ti bnh vin Thng Nht, thnh ph H Ch Minh. Ban Chp hnh HTH xin chia bun cng gia nh ca PGS. TS. Trn Th L.

Tin Ton hc Th gii

Gii thng Abel 2011. Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Na Uy va thng bo, Gii thng Abel nm 2011 c trao tng cho GS. John Milnor, cng tc ti Vin cc Khoa hc v Ton, thuc i hc Stony Brook, New York, M, v nhng cng trnh c tnh tin phong trong cc lnh vc T p, Hnh hc v i s ca ng. Gii thng Abel c t nm 2003 v c trao tng cho cc nh ton hc c nhng cng trnh c nh hng c bit su sc v rng ln n s pht trin ca cc khoa hc v ton. Gii c trao hng nm, mi nm mt gii, tr gi 6.000.000 NOK (tin Na Uy), tng ng vi 750.000 USD. Thng tin chi tit hn v Gii thng Abel v v gii thng Abel 2011, c th xem trn trang web: http://www.abelprisen.no/en/ Gii thng Ramanujan 2010. Trung tm Vt l L thuyt Quc t (ICTP) ti Triest, , va ra thng bo Gii thng Ramanujan nm 2010 c trao tng cho Yuguang Shi, Trng cc Khoa hc v Ton, i hc Bc Kinh, Trung Quc. Lnh vc nghin cu ca Yuguang Shi l hnh hc cc a tp Rieman (khng compact) y . Gii thng tr gi 15.000 USD, do qu Abel ca Na Uy ti tr, c ginh cho cc nh ton hc thuc cc nc Th gii th 3, tui khng qu 45. Gii c trao hng nm, mi nm mt gii. Gii thng Shaw 2010. Ngy 28/09/2010 gii thng Shaw nm 2010 cho lnh vc Ton hc c trao cho Jean Bourgain t Vin Nghin cu cao cp (IAS) Princeton, M. Jean Bourgain c trao gii v nhng cng trnh su sc trong lnh vc Gii tch v nhng ng dng ca chng trong L thuyt Phng trnh o hm ring, Vt l l thuyt, T hp, L thuyt s, L thuyt ergodic v Khoa hc my tnh l thuyt. Gii thng tr gi mt triu USD.

Jean Bourgain (Ngun: Internet) Jean Bourgain sinh nm 1954 B v nhn bng tin s ti i hc T do Brussels nm 1977. Sau khi bo v lun n ng lm vic i hc T do Brussels, i hc Illinois (M), Vin Nghin cu cao

18

cp IHES (Paris, Php) v hin nay ng ang l gio s ti Vin Nghin cu cao cp IAS Princeton, M. Jean Bourgain l ch nhn ca huy chng Fields nm 1994 v nhiu gii thng khc. ng cng l vin s nc ngoi ti cc Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Php, Ba Lan v Thy in. Gii thng Shaw c thnh lp t nm 2002 v trao hng nm cho ba lnh vc l: Thin vn hc, Khoa hc s sng v Y dc, Ton hc. Trc Jean Bourgain c nhng nh khoa hc sau y c trao gii trong lnh vc Ton hc: S. S. Chern (2004), A. Wiles (2005), D. Mumford v W. Wu (2006), R. Langlands v R. Taylor (2007), V . Arnold v L. Faddeev (2008), S. Donaldson v C. Taubles (2009). Daniel Gray Quillen (1940-2011). Daniel Gray Quillen, "kin trc s trng" ca K-L thuyt i s bc cao, gii thng Cole 1975 v gii thng Fields 1978, mt ngy 30/04/2011 ti Florida, M. ng sinh nm 1940 ti New Jersey, M v nhn bng tin s ti i hc Harvard (1964) di s hng dn ca R. Bott. Sau khi bo v lun n Quillen lm vic ti Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (M), t nm 1984 ng nhn gh Waynflete Professor ti i hc Oxford (Anh) v ngh hu nm 2006. ng mt v bnh Alzheimer. B nhim Trng ban Chng trnh ca ICM 2014. Ch tch LTHTG, gio s Ingrid Daubechies va k quyt nh b nhim gio s Carlos Kenig (H Chicago,

M) lm Trng ban Chng trnh ca ICM - 2014, c t chc ti Hn Quc t 13-21/08/2014. Cc thnh vin ca Ban Chng trnh s do Ban iu hnh ca LTHTG chn la v b nhim tip sau. Ban Chng trnh s c cuc hp u tin vo thng 10/2011 xc nh cu trc chng trnh ca ICM 2014. Chng trnh ca cc i hi trc y ch c tnh cht tham kho. LTHTG ku gi cc nh ton hc trn phm vi ton th gii, nu c kin, ngh, sng kin g v cu trc chng trnh ca ICM 2014, xin lin h v Ban Chng trnh trc ngy 01/09/2011, theo a ch: PC-chair-ICM2014@mathunion.org Ban iu hnh LTHTG 2011-2014. Ban iu hnh (EC - Executive Committee), thc cht l Ban Chp hnh ca LTHTG nhim k 2011-2014, do i hi ng ca LTHTG, hp Bangalore, n , ngy 16/08/2010, bu ra, gm c : Ch tch: Ingrid Daubechies (M). Tng th k: Martin Gr otschel (c). Ph ch tch: Christian Rousseau (Canada), Marcelo Viana (Brazil). Cc y vin: Manuel de Leon (Ty Ban Nha), Yiming Long (Trung Quc), Cheryl E. Praeger (c), Vasudevan Srinivas (n ), John Francis Toland (Anh), Wendelin Werner (Php), Laszlo Lovasz (Hungary, y vin khng bu, ginh cho cu Ch tch kha trc).

Mc Tin THTG s ny do Phm Tr n (Vin Ton hc) v nhm CTV thc hin.

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Thng bo
THNG BO S 1 CA BAN T CHC ICM 2014 Thn i gi cc ng nghip, i hi Ton hc Th gii ICM 2014 s c t chc ti Trung tm Hi ngh v Trin lm COEX (Convention & Exhibition Center), Seoul, Hn quc, t 13 21/08/2014. Chng ti ang chun b mi iu kin tt nht c th i hi c tin hnh mt cch m mn nht v mong rng cc bn c th tham d v s hi lng v i hi. Chng ti xin thng bo l trang web chnh thc ca ICM 2014 m v cc bn c th ng k tham d qua trang web ny ti a ch: http://www.icm2014.org Sau khi ng k, tn ca cc bn s c trong danh sch nhng ngi tham d ICM 2014 v cc bn s nhn c cc bn tin ca ICM 2014 trong thi gian 3 nm. Trong thi gian ny, nu cn thit, cc bn vn c th truy cp vo trang web Mypage sa i cc thng tin c nhn ca mnh hoc xin rt thi khng ng k tham d i hi na mt cch d dng v thun tin. Nu cc bn c iu g khng r v ICM 2014, hy lin h vi chng ti bng email theo a ch: icm@icm2014.org hoc bng th thng theo a ch: SEOUL ICM 2014 Secretariat, The Korea Science and Technology Center 204 635-4 Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-703, Korea. Fax: +82-2-563-2022. Hn gp cc bn ti Seoul! Hyungju Park, Trng ban T chc ICM-2014. VIN TON HC TUYN CN B HP NG NGHIN CU TR Vin Ton hc cn tuyn 10 cn b hp ng nghin cu tr. i tng tuyn chn l sinh vin va tt nghip i hc khng qu 3 nm thuc cc chuyn ngnh ton, ton ng dng v ton-tin vi im s trung bnh cc mn v ton trong thi gian hc i hc l t 7, 5 tr ln. Cn b trng tuyn s c Vin k hp ng lao ng 2 nm theo ngch bc ca thang lng nh nc. Trong thi gian hp ng, cn b c to iu kin c i hc thc s hay nghin cu sinh ti Vin hoc nc ngoi. Cn b no c nng lc s c d tuyn vo bin ch chnh thc ca Vin. Mi thng tin v h s d tuyn xin lin h trc tip: C Nguyn Lan Dn, trng phng Qun l tng hp, Vin Ton hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit, H Ni. in thoi: (04)38363113 (c quan) hoc 0123 919 8365 (di ng). Thi hn np n l trc ngy 30/06/2011. Xt v thng bo kt qu trong thng 07/2011. Ghi ch: t xt ny c lp vi vic tuyn cn b bin ch hng nm vo thng 9. TUYN SINH CHNG TRNH PHI HP O TO THC S TON HC TRNH QUC T, VIN TON HC Vin Ton hc, thng bo tuyn sinh kha 5 (nm hc 2011-2012) chng trnh "Phi hp o to thc s ton hc trnh quc t". Hc vin c tuyn s hc mt nm ti Vin Ton hc, nm th hai s c c i hc ti cc trng i hc nc ngoi l i tc ca Vin.

20

Trong nm th nht, hc vin c cp hc bng 900.000/thng, trong 10 thng. Nhng hc vin ngoi H Ni c h tr mt phn tin thu ch . c bit, hc vin cha c vic lm s c Vin Ton hc xem xt k hp ng lm vic c thi hn. Hc vin khng phi ng hc ph. K hoch tuyn sinh - Ch tiu tuyn: 15. - iu kin: Th sinh tt nghip i hc t loi kh tr ln, c im trung bnh cc mn Ton t 7 im tr ln, khng qu 26 tui. - Lch tuyn chn: Vic tuyn chn c chia thnh ba vng + Vng 1: S tuyn h s. Th sinh qua vng s tuyn s c thng bo bng in thoi d thi Vng 2. + Vng 2 (Hai ngy 12 13/08/2011): Thi vit 3 mn: i s (i s tuyn tnh v i s i cng), Gii tch (Gii tch c in v mt phn Gii tch hm) v Ting Anh (hai bi dch Anh-Vit v Vit-Anh v ton). Th sinh c chng ch Toefl t 450 im tr ln hoc tng ng c min thi mn Ting Anh. + Vng 3 (Hai ngy 15-16/08/2011): Phng vn (cc kin thc chung v ton). Th sinh d thi vng 2 v vng 3, nu khng c c quan ch qun tr cp, s c Vin ti tr tin n, ti H Ni. H s d tuyn lm thnh 2 b ging nhau gm: - n xin d tuyn. - S yu l lch, nu r a ch lin h (s T, fax, email) v c chng nhn ca CQ ch qun hoc a phng. - Cng vn c i d thi ca c quan ch qun (nu c). - Bn sao giy khai sinh v hai nh 4 6. - Bn sao c xc nhn bng TNH, bng im v cc cng trnh khoa hc (nu c). - Bn sao chng ch Ting Anh (nu c). - Bn cam kt thc hin ngha v ca lu hc sinh (theo mu ca B GD&T). v gi theo a ch MathAcad, Vin Ton hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit, H Ni, trc ngy 16/07/2011. Thng tin thm c th xem ti trang web ca Vin Ton hc. TUYN SINH CHNG TRNH PHI HP O TO THC S TON HC TRNH QUC T, TRNG I HC S PHM H NI Theo Quyt nh s 3943/Q-BGD&T ngy 31 thng 7 nm 2007 ca B GD-T v vic ph duyt n phi hp o to thc s Ton hc trnh quc t gia Trng i hc S phm H Ni v mt s trng i hc nc ngoi, nm hc 2011-2012, Trng i hc S phm H Ni tip tc c php o to Cao hc theo n trn. Theo chng trnh ca n ny, hc vin ca n ny s hc mt nm (M1) ti Trng i hc S phm H Ni, nm th 2 (M2) s c c i hc cc trng i hc nc ngoi l i tc ca Trng, di s hng dn ca cc gio s do Trng lin h. Lch tuyn chn v hc trong nm hc 2011-2012 nh sau: 1. Ch tiu c tuyn: 15 hc vin, trong mi hc vin trng tuyn vo n khng phi ng hc ph v c tr cp hc bng l 900.000/ 1 thng trong thi gian 10 thng. 2. Vic tuyn chn chia thnh 3 vng.

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Vng 1: S tuyn h s (theo mu km theo, mu h s ny cng c th download t trang Web: www.hnue.edu.vn). Hn np h s trc ngy 31/7/2011. H s d thi gi v theo a ch sau: Phng Sau i hc (P 408-Nh Hiu b, Trng i hc S phm H Ni), 136 Xun Thy, Cu Giy, H Ni. Th sinh phi tt nghip H loi kh tr ln, c im trung bnh cc mn Ton t 7 im tr ln, Nh trng s chn ra ti a 30 th sinh d thi vng 2. Vng 2: (Th 7 ngy 6/8 v Ch nht ngy 7/8) thi vit 3 mn: i s (i s tuyn tnh v i s i cng), Gii tch (Khng gian metric-Khng gian tp- o v tch phn Lebesgue-Gii tch hm) v ting Anh (hoc ting Php). Th sinh no c chng ch Toelf t 500 im tr ln hoc tng ng th c min thi mn ting Anh. Ni dung n tp cho cc mn thi trn c th download t trang Web: www.hnue.edu.vn Th 2 ngy 8/8 s c thng bo kt qu vng 2; 20 th sinh t im cao nht 2 mn Ton v khng c im di trung bnh s c thi vng 3. Vng 3 (Th ba ngy 9/8): phng vn (cc kin thc chung v Ton). Cng b kt qu chiu ngy 10/8. 3. Lch hc: Khai ging vo ngy 25/8/2011 v kt thc vo thng 7/ 2011. TRNG H "TON HC CHO SINH VIN" 2011 Vin Ton hc, 11-30/07/2011 Trng h "Ton hc cho sinh vin" 2011 c t chc nhm h tr sinh vin gii ca cc trng i hc pht huy c kh nng hc tp ca mnh v tp dt nghin cu trong qu trnh hc i hc. Trng h nm 2011 s c t chc ti Vin Ton hc, l bc tip ni ca trng h cc nm 2008 - 2010. Vin Ton hc c th ti tr cho mt s sinh vin xut sc tham d Trng h, bao gm chi ph i li, ti H Ni v h tr mt phn sinh hot ph. Thi gian: t 11-30/07/2011. a im: Vin Ton hc (18 Hong Quc Vit, H Ni, T: (04) 37563474). Chng trnh 1. Bui sng: C su lot bi ging b sung kin thc cho nhng gio trnh m sinh vin khoa Ton ca cc trng cha c hc su. l cc bi ging v: - i s: GS. TSKH. Nguyn T Cng - i s hin i (L thuyt nhm, vnh v mun, dnh cho sinh vin hc ht nm th 3). - i s tuyn tnh: TS. on Trung Cng - i s a tuyn tnh (Xy dng dng chun Jordan, tch ten-x, i s ngoi, dnh cho sinh vin hc ht nm th nht). - L thuyt th: TS. Trn Vnh Linh - L thuyt th v t hp (dnh cho sinh vin hc ht nm th nht). - T p: TS. V Th Khi - T p (T p i cng v mt s vn trong T p, dnh cho sinh vin hc ht nm th 2). - Phng trnh vi phn: PGS. TSKH. Nguyn Minh Tr - L thuyt n nh Lyapunov ca Phng trnh vi phn (dnh cho sinh vin hc ht nm th 2). - Ton ti chnh: TS. Lu Hong c - Nhp mn Ton ti chnh (dnh cho sinh vin hc ht nm th 3).

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2. Bui chiu: Gii thiu mt s hng nghin cu v tho lun. Tuyn chn hc vin - Sinh vin c Trng h ti tr do cc trng khoa Ton ca mt s trng chn lc gi i vi s lng do Vin Ton hc n nh trong th mi gi n cc trng. Sinh vin tham d Trng h 2010 vn c th c tham d li nu c c i v c hai mn hc nm trc u t yu cu tr ln. - Ngoi ra Vin Ton hc cng ng cho mt s sinh vin n tham d Trng h vi iu kin t tc hon ton kinh ph. Tuy nhin, m bo Trng h khng ng qu, sinh vin no c nguyn vng phi gi n ng k n Vin trc ngy 30/06/2011 v ch c tham d khi c s chp thun ca Vin. Thng tin chi tit xem ti: http://www.vms.org.vn/conf/Truonghe11.htm TRI H TON HC 2011 Ba V, 15-20/8/2011 Tri h Ton hc c Vin Ton hc t chc vi mc ch b sung cc kin thc nng cao cho hc sinh gii ton nhm hng ti cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia v quc t. Vi s tham gia ca cc gio vin giu kinh nghim trong lnh vc bi dng hc sinh gii, tri h cng l ni l tng cc gio vin hc hi, trao i kinh nghim nhm phc v tt hn cng tc bi dng hc sinh gii. Thi gian: t 15/8-20/8/2011. a im: TTTN Gio dc Sinh thi v Mi trng Ba V, H Ni. Ban t chc: TS V Th Khi, TS. Nguyn Chu Gia Vng (Vin Ton hc) i tng tham d: Hc sinh THPT v gio vin THCS, THPT. Ni dung hot ng: - Bi ging v Ton dnh cho hc sinh v gio vin - Bi kim tra dnh cho hc sinh - Giao lu trao i kinh nghim v cng tc bi dng hc sinh tham gia thi HSG Ton Ph tham d: 1,5 triu ng/ngi bao gm chi ph n , thm quan trong thi gian Tri h. Tri h s xem xt min ph tham d cho mt s em hc sinh c thnh tch hc tp tt hoc hon cnh kh khn. Trong bn ng k cn ghi r tn v thnh tch ca hc sinh xin min ph tham d. Hnh thc ng k: Hc sinh tham d theo on, mi on cn c t nht 1 gio vin (hoc ph huynh) ph trch i cng. Ngi ph trch on gi email cc thng tin theo mu di y v ban t chc: V Th Khi, Vin Ton hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit H Ni, Email: vtkhoi@math.ac.vn, in thoi: 0935136372. Thng tin ng k: - Tn v a ch nh trng: - H v Tn, a ch v S in thoi ngi ph trch on: - Danh sch cc thnh vin trong on: (tn hc sinh, lp hc, a ch v s in thoi gia nh) - Xin min ph tham d: (tn hc sinh, thnh tch hc tp) - Thng tin khc: (nu c) Thng tin chi tit hn xem ti: http:www.vms.org.vn/info/traihe2011.pdf

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HI NGH TON QUC V I S - HNH HC - T P 2011 Thi Nguyn, 03-05/11/2011 Hi ngh ton quc v i s - Hnh hc - T p c t chc hai nm mt ln. Mc ch ca hi ngh l to iu kin cho cc nh nghin cu, ging vin ang cng tc ti cc vin nghin cu, cc trng i hc v cao ng trong c nc trao i cc kt qu nghin cu t c trong thi gian gn y v cc lnh vc i s, Hnh hc, T p. Hi ngh i s - Hnh hc - T p 2011 c t chc t ngy 03-05/11/2011 ti i hc Thi Nguyn. n v phi hp t chc Vin Ton hc, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam v i hc Thi Nguyn Cc c quan ti tr i hc Thi Nguyn v Vin Ton hc, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam Ban t chc Gim c H Thi Nguyn (ng trng ban), GS. TSKH. L Tun Hoa (Vin NCCC v Ton, ng trng ban), Ph G H Thi Nguyn (Ph trng ban), PGS. TS. Nng Quc Chinh (H Thi Nguyn), TS. on Trung Cng (Vin Ton hc), PGS. TS. Phm Vit c (H Thi Nguyn), PGS. TS. Nguyn Duy Hoan (H Thi Nguyn), PGS. TS. Li Khc Li (H Thi Nguyn), TS. H Minh Ton (Vin Ton hc), TS. Trn Nam Trung (Vin Ton hc). Ban chng trnh GS. TSKH. Ng Vit Trung (Vin Ton hc, Trng ban), TS. L Minh H (H Khoa hc T nhin - HQG H Ni), PGS. TS. Bi Xun Hi (H Khoa hc T nhin - HQG tp. H Ch Minh), PGS. TS. L Thanh Nhn (H Thi Nguyn), GS. TSKH. c Thi (HSP H Ni), GS. TS. Nguyn Quc Thng (Vin Ton hc), GS. TS. L Vn Thuyt (H Hu). T th k: TS. Mai Anh Khoa (H Thi Nguyn). ng k tham d v bo co: Thi hn ng k tham d l 31/08/2011, ng k bo co trc ngy 01/10/2011. Giy mi tham d s c BTC gi trc ngy 10/10/2011. Ti tr: BTC s xem xt ti tr mt phn kinh ph cho cc cn b tr ng k tham d (u tin cc cn b tr c bo co). n xin ti tr cn km theo mt th gii thiu ca mt nh ton hc c uy tn. Hn cui nhn n ti tr l 15/08/2011. Thng bo v ti tr trc ngy 01/09/2011. Lin h (ng k tham d, gi tm tt bo co v n xin ti tr): DAHITO2011, Vin Ton hc, 18 Hong Quc Vit, 10307 H Ni. Email: dahito2011@math.ac.vn; Fax: (04) 37564303 Thng tin chi tit xem ti: http://www.vms.org.vn/conf/DaHiTo2011.htm

5th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Complex Processes March 5-9, 2012, Hanoi, Vietnam The conference is organized jointly by Institute of Mathematics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology with special support from

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Heidelberg Graduate School of Mathematical and Computational Methods for the Sciences Daimler and Benz Foundation, Ladenburg. ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Phan Thanh An (Hanoi and Lisbon) Sabine Pickenhain (Cottbus) Uri Ascher (Vancouver) Rolf Rannacher (Co-chair, Heidelberg) Tran Khanh Dang (Ho Chi Minh City) Gerhard Reinelt (Heidelberg) Nguyen Huu Dien (Hanoi) Johannes P . Schloeder (Heidelberg) Tran Van Hoai (Ho Chi Minh City) Ruediger Schultz (Duisburg) Nam-Dung Hoang (Berlin) Tao Tang (Hong Kong) Ekaterina Kostina (Marburg) Michel Thera (Limoges) Thomas Ludwig (Hamburg) Nam Thoai (Ho Chi Minh City) Volker Mehrmann (Berlin) Fredi Troeltzsch (Berlin) Hoang Xuan Phu (Chair, Hanoi) Nguyen Dong Yen (Hanoi) Ta Duy Phuong (Hanoi) Ya-xiang Yuan (Beijing) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Pham Ky Anh (Hanoi) Robert E. Bixby (Houston) Hans Georg Bock (Chair, Heidelberg) Zhiming Chen (Beijing) Peter Deuflhard (Berlin) Iain Duff (Oxfordshire) Sebastian Engell (Dortmund) Martin Gr otschel (Berlin) Donald Goldfarb (New York) Dinh Nho Hao (Hanoi) Markus Hegland (Canberra) TOPICS - mathematical modeling - numerical simulation - methods for optimization and control - parallel computing: architectures, algorithms, tools, and environments - software development PLENARY SPEAKERS Frank Allgoewer (Stuttgart) Ralf Borndoerfer (Berlin) Ingrid Daubechies (Princeton) Mats Gyllenberg (Helsinki) Karl Kunisch (Graz)

Karl-Heinz Hoffmann (Munich) Willi Jaeger (Heidelberg) Rolf Jeltsch (Z urich) Richard Longman (New York) Marek Niezgodka (Warsaw) Hoang Xuan Phu (Co-chair, Hanoi) Alfio Quarteroni (Lausanne and Milan) Rolf Rannacher (Heidelberg) Horst Simon (Berkeley) Nguyen Thanh Son (Ho Chi Minh City) Hoang Tuy (Hanoi)

- applications of scientific computing in physics, mechanics, hydrology, chemistry, biology, medicine, transport, logistics, site location, communication, scheduling, industry, business, finance, etc.

Bob Russell (Burnaby) Volker Schulz (Trier) Christoph Schwab (Z urich) Tamas Terlaky (Bethlehem, PA)

Deadline for registration and submission of abstracts: September 29, 2011. Notification of acceptance for presentation: December 21, 2011. Deadline for submission of full papers for the conference proceedings published by Springer: May 12, 2012. For detailed information please visit: http://hpsc.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/HPSCHanoi2012

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HI NGH TON HC PHI HP PHP - VIT Hu, 20-24/08/2012 y l hi ngh phi hp ca Hi Ton hc Php (SMF) v Hi Ton hc Vit Nam (VMS), s c t chc ti i hc Hu, t 20 n 24 thng 8, nm 2012. Hi ngh c cc bo co mi ton th, cc tiu ban v cc thng bo ngn. Ngoi ra cn c bo co c ni dung i chng, cc bui tho lun v hp tc ton hc gia hai nc cng nh vai tr ca Ton hc trong x hi ni chung v mi quan h gia Ton hc v Cng nghip ni ring. Hi ngh do hai Hi Ton hc v i hc Hu t chc. DANH SCH D KIN BO CO MI TON TH Hlne Esnault (Essen) inh Tin Cng (Paris 6) Hunh Vn Ngi (i hc Quy Nhn) Jean Bernard Lasserre (Toulouse) Pierre Mathieu (Marseille) Ng Bo Chu (Chicago-VIASM-Paris 11) Ng Vit Trung (Vin Ton hc) Nguyn Hu Vit Hng (HQG H Ni) Sylvain Sorin (Paris 6) Jean Christophe Yoccoz (Collge de France) V H Vn (Rutgers)

CC TIU BAN Vic t chc tng tiu ban phi do mt nh ton hc Php v mt nh ton hc Vit Nam cng xut v gi n L. Schwartz (schwartz@univ-paris13.fr) v L. T. Hoa (lthoa@math.ac.vn) trc 10/09/2011. Ban t chc ca tiu ban chu trch nhim tm kim ti tr cho tiu ban ca mnh. Bo co tiu ban di 30 pht. Ban Chng trnh s xem xt cc xut v thng bo danh sch cui cng v cc tiu ban trong thng bo s 2. BAN CHNG TRNH J. P . Brasselet (Marseille) Marc Bui (EPHE) Patrick L. Combettes (Paris 6) c Thi (HSP H Ni) H Huy Khoi (Vin Ton hc) L Tun Hoa (Vin Ton hc) Nguyn Hu D (HQG H Ni) Etienne Pardoux (Marseille) Phan Quc Khnh (HQG tp. H Ch Minh) L. Schwartz (Paris 13) M. Zinsmeister (Orlans)

Thng tin chi tit xem ti: http://www.vms.org.vn/conf/SMF-VMS_3Colors.htm

THNG TIN TON HC, Tp 15 s 2 (2011) Mc lc

Phng vn Ch tch Vin Hn lm Gio dc Nga Nikolai Nikandrov . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phm Tr n: 2012 - Nm Alan Turing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phng vn Srinivasa Varadhan (phn cui) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nguyn Chu Gia Vng: Cc s nguyn Gauss (phn cui) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin tc hi vin v hot ng ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin ton hc th gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thng bo Thng bo s 1 ca ICM 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vin Ton hc tuyn hp ng cn b nghin cu tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tuyn sinh chng trnh phi hp o to thc s ton hc trnh quc t, Vin Ton hc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tuyn sinh chng trnh phi hp o to thc s ton hc trnh quc t, trng i hc S phm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trng h "Ton hc cho sinh vin" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tri h "Ton hc cho hc sinh ph thng" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hi ngh ton quc v i s-Hnh hc-T p 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5th International conference on high performance scientific computing . . . . . . Hi ngh ton hc phi hp Php-Vit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19 19 20 21 22 23 23 25 1 5 7 12 16 17