TRNG I HC TH DU MT KHOA KHOA HC T NHIN --------o0o--------

TRNG TRT
Ging vin:

Trn Thanh Hng

PHN I TH NHNG HC

Chng 4

Keo t v kh nng hp ph
4.1. Keo t

4.2. Kh nng hp ph ca t

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.1. Khi nim - Keo t l nhng ht rt t tan trong nc, c ng knh rt nh. - C nhiu kin khc nhau v ng knh keo t: + Theo Garrison Sposito: 0,01 - 10 m + Theo Nyle C. Brady v cs : nh hn 1 m + Theo A.E. Vozbutskaia: nh hn 0,2 m

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.1. Khi nim

Hnh 4.1. S cu to mixen keo (theo N.I. Gorbunov)

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t * Keo t c t din ln - T din l tng s din tch b mt ca mt n khi lng (g) hoc mt n v th tch (cm3). - Keo t c kch thc rt b nn t din ca n rt ln.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t * Keo t c t din ln
Kch thc ht (mm) 0,25 - 0,05 0,05 - 0,01 0,01 - 0,005 Hm lng (%) 17 50 20 Din tch b mt (m2/1g t) 0,5 4,1 9,9 % b mt tng s 0,2 1,7 4,1

0,005 - 0,001
0,001 - 0,0001 0,0001 Tng s

6
3 4 100

12,7
18,8 194,0 240,0

5,2
7,8 81,0 100,0

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t * Keo t c nng lng b mt - Phn t trn b mt ht keo chu cc lc tc ng xung quanh khc nhau. - Do cc lc ny khng th cn bng ln nhau t sinh ra nng lng t do, sinh ra nng lng b mt ch tip xc gia cc ht keo vi mi trng xung quanh.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t * Keo t c nng lng b mt - Thnh phn c gii t cng nng th t din cng ln v do nng lng b mt cng ln, kh nng hp ph vt cht cng cao.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t * Keo t c mang in - Tu thuc vo cu trc ca ht keo m keo t c th mang in m hoc in dng. - Trong t c keo m, keo dng v keo lng tnh. Phn ln keo t mang in m.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t * Keo t c tc dng ngng t - Keo t c th tn ti hai trng thi khc nhau: trng thi keo tn (sol) v trng thi keo t (gel). - Qu trnh bin sol thnh gel gi qu trnh ngng t. - trng thi ngng t, keo t c ngha trong vic ci to kt cu ca t, gi cht dinh dng khi b ra tri, tng ph cho t.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.3. Phn loi keo t * Da vo tnh mang in - Keo m (asidoit)
Khuch q

Nhn

Hnh 4.2. S cu to keo m (theo Gorbunov)

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.3. Phn loi keo t * Da vo tnh mang in - Keo dng (Basidoit)
Khuch

q
Nhn

Hnh 4.3. S cu to keo dng (theo Gorbunov)

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.3. Phn loi keo t * Da vo tnh mang in - Keo lng tnh (Ampholitoit) + Keo ny mang in m hay dng ph thuc vo phn ng ca mi trng xung quanh.

+ V d: Keo Al(OH)3 khi pH < 8,1 biu hin keo dng, khi pH >8,1 l keo m (im ng in ca keo ti pH=8,1).

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.3. Phn loi keo t * Da vo thnh phn ho hc - Keo hu c
Khuch q Nhn

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.3. Phn loi keo t * Da vo thnh phn ho hc - Keo v c (keo khong)
Khuch q Nhn

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.1. KEO T 4.1.3. Phn loi keo t * Da vo thnh phn ho hc - Keo hu c-v c Cc keo hu c t trng thi t do m thng lin kt cht vi cc cht khong hoc cc keo v c to thnh keo hu c-v c phc tp.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.1. Khi nim chung

Hp ph l c tnh ca cc ht t c th ht c cht rn, cht lng, cht kh hoc lm tng nng cc cht trn b mt.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t - Hp ph sinh hc - Hp ph c hc - Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t) - Hp ph ho hc

- Hp ph l ho hc (hp ph trao i)

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph sinh hc - Hp ph sinh hc l kh nng sinh vt (thc vt v vi sinh vt) ht c cation v anion trong t. - Nhng ion d di chuyn trong t c r cy v vi sinh vt ht bin thnh nhng cht hu c khng b nc cun tri. R cy, thn cy sau lc cht i s tch lu xc hu c trong t.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph sinh hc - Vi sinh vt c nh m cng l mt hnh thc hp ph sinh hc. - Ngoi hin tng cy ht thc n di dng ion t dung dch t, cation v anion c th i t t vo cy theo qu trnh trao i ion.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph sinh hc

K-Ca2+ R cy CO2 H2CO3 H2O H+ K-2H+ Ca2+

HCO3K-NO3-

NO3K-HCO3-

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph c hc - Hp ph c hc l c tnh ca t c th gi li nhng vt cht nh trong khe h ca t. - Hin tng ny thy r nht khi ma, nc ma c do ln ct, st... nhng khi thm su xung cc tng t di, nc mch chy vo ging, nc tr nn trong.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph c hc - Nguyn nhn ca hp ph c hc:

+ Kch thc khe h trong t b hn kch thc cc vt cht

+ B khe h g gh lm cn tr s di chuyn cc ht

+ Cc vt cht mang in tri du vi b khe h nn b ht gi li.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph c hc - Tc dng: + Lm xut hin trong t nhng lp qu nhiu keo st, t tr ln cht do l tnh xu + Gip cc phn t t khng b ra tri xung su.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t) - Hp ph l hc l s thay i nng ca cc phn t cht tan trn b mt cc ht t. - Nguyn nhn ca hin tng hp ph l hc do tc dng ca nng lng b mt pht sinh ch tip xc gia cc ht t vi dung dch t (hoc khng kh).

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t) - Nng lng b mt ph thuc sc cng b mt v din tch b mt. - Vt cht no lm gim sc cng mt ngoi ca dung dch t s tp trung trn mt ht keo, y l s hp ph dng. V d: axit axetic

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t) - Vt cht no lm tng sc cng mt ngoi ca dung dch t th b y ra khi keo t i vo dung dch, s hp ph ny gi l hp ph m.V d phn t ng.

Ti sao khi phn chung ngi ta thng trn thm t bt?

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph ho hc - Hp ph ho hc l s to thnh trong t nhng mui khng tan t nhng mui d tan. Na2SO4 + CaCl2 CaSO4 + 2NaCl Fe3+ + PO43- FePO4 - Hp ph ho hc l nguyn nhn tch lu P v S trong t.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T 4.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t * Hp ph l ho hc - Hp ph l ho hc l c tnh ca t c th trao i ion trong phc h hp ph vi ion ca dung dch t tip xc.

- Trong t c keo m v keo dng nn t c kh nng hp ph c cation v anion.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH 4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi qu trnh hnh thnh t

- Kaolinit l keo st in hnh cho qu trnh hnh thnh t nhit i m, montmorilonit c trng cho qu trnh hnh thnh t n i. - Cng ln cao nhit cng gim, cng ph hu gim, qu trnh hnh thnh t cng thay i, t l keo st gim nhng t l keo hu c tng.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH 4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t

nh hng ca hin tng t keo v tn keo n trng thi kt cu t: + Keo t lm cho t c kt cu bn + Keo tn lm ph v kt cu ca t

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH 4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t

nh hng ca thnh phn cation hp ph n kt cu t: + Keo hp ph nhiu cation ho tr 1 th t l cc ht kt kch thc b t 0,005 - 0,002mm tng ln nhiu.

+ Keo hp ph nhiu cation ho tr 2 th t l cc ht kt c kch thc ln t 0,02 - 0,25mm tng ln rt nhiu

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH 4.3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t

nh hng ca tnh trng, co ca keo t n l tnh t: + Lm cho th tch t b thay i, t b nt n khi kh v nho nhot khi ma + T nh hng n ch nc v ch kh trong t cng nh s pht trin ca b r cy.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH

4.3.2. Quan h gia keo t vi ho tnh t + Nhng t giu Ca2+ v Mg2+ c phn ng trung tnh hi kim v no baz cao + Nhng t cha nhiu H+ v Al3+ trong thnh phn cation hp ph s c phn ng chua, no baz thp + Nhng t c nhiu Na+ trong thnh phn cation hp ph s c tnh kim

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH

4.3.4. Quan h gia kh nng hp ph ca t vi ch bn phn v ci to t * Vi ch bn phn + t c kh nng hp ph cao, khi bn phn c th tp trung bn lt, bn lng phn ln.

+ t c kh nng hp ph nh khng nn bn lt nng, cn bn thc vo cc giai on sinh trng cy cn nhiu dinh dng.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph

4.3. NH HNG CA KEO T & KH NNG HP PH

4.3.4. Quan h gia kh nng hp ph ca t vi ch bn phn v ci to t

* Vi cc bin php ci to t + Phn ng trao i cation ca keo t l c s khoa hc ca bin php ho hc ci to t.

[K]2H+ + CaCO3 [K]Ca2+ + H2O + CO2 + S dng nc ngt ci to cc t mn (ra Cl-, SO42-).

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.4. BIN PHP DUY TR V NNG CAO KH NNG HP PH CA T

Mun bo v v nng cao ph t cn tm cch duy tr, tng cng v thay i thnh phn, s lng keo t.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.4. BIN PHP DUY TR V NNG CAO KH NNG HP PH CA T - t c thnh phn c gii qu nh cn bn st kt hp vi phn hu c, ti ph sa sng, ... - t thnh phn c gii qu nng c th ci to bng cch bn ct, bn t ph sa th, bn nhiu phn hu c v trng cy phn xanh.

Chng 4 - Keo t v kh nng hp ph 4.4. BIN PHP DUY TR V NNG CAO KH NNG HP PH CA T - Bn phn hu c v v c l bin php thay i thnh phn ion hp ph ca keo. - i vi nhng loi t c kh nng hp ph thp c th bn vo t cc khong vt c dung tch trao i cation cao nh bentonit, zeolit nng cao dung tch hp ph cho t.